.' .

. PRESTRESSED CONCR·ETE

WITH COMPUTER APPUCATIONS

,

sf

Dr. B. N. THADANI.

Revised by: DR. I. P. DESAI

First Indian Edition IN S.I. UNITS

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Vol. I Applied Staties July 1987

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Vol. 2 Applied Dynamics December 1987

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Forthcoming Titles by Dr. B.N. THADANI 1 Structural Steel Design

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Others 1 .. The Pharmacist's. Medical DictionarybY\Smt. M.B. THADANI M.Sc. (Pharm) Licenced Pharmacist, Manitoba, Canada

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DR. B. N. THADANI

B.E., (HONS), Pp'p., A.M.I.E., A.M.1. STRUCT. E.

University of Manitoba, CANADA

Formerly. Professor and H.ead of the Department of Structural Engineering. V.J. T. Institute Bombay

Revised by:

DR. J. P. DESAI

M.E. (HONS), P'hlD. t Univer istv of Roork ee ) Sardar Patel College of Engineering AND HER I (West), BOMBAY -400 058 .

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weinal! book corporation BOMBAY

First Published 1986

First Edition Published by

CANTEXT PUBLICATIONS, CANADA. First Indian 'Edition 1988

All rights reserved by the Publisher. No Part of this Publication may be reproduced or translated in any form or language or by any means, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher

This edition published by:

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weinall book corporation

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

DR. J.P. Desai & Professor B.H. Pancholi, of Sardar Patel College of Engineering Bombay have consistently taken keen interest in the publication of t"tis book. I am happy to express my sincere gratitude to them.

I am also grateful and obliged to Dr. B.N. THADANI for giving me his kind permission to publish this book and further encouraging me to bring out his other publications Reinforced Concrete Design and the Pharmacist's Medical Disctionary. I also express my thanks to Mis.

RANG BHARATI, Todi Estates, Bombay 400 013 for all the care they have taken in the printing and get-up of this book.

20th October 1988 BOMBAY

MANJULA DESAI Publisher

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

It gives me great satisfaction to see the publication of the Indian edition of my book, which has already received a warm welcome in Universities across Canada. I trust it will be just as welcome and useful to engil'\,e~ting students in Indian Universities and Technical Schools and contribute, no matter how slightly. to the technological progress in India. In this way I can flatter myself, to a certain extent. that I am repaying my debts to the country I left so long ago, but for which I still hold 'such strong feelings.

My sincere thanks go to Shrimati Manjula Desai of Weinall Book Corporation for undertaking the publication of this edition; also to Prof. J. P. Desai of Sardar Patel College of Engineering for the active interest he has taken in revising and rewriting the text so as to make it compatible with the lat-est Indian practices.

CANADA October 1988

B. N. THADANI

- \

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 Prestressed concrete

1-1 Types of prestressing 1 1-2 Stress resultants in prestressed beams )

1-3 Stress calculations 9

1-4 Deflection calculations 12

1-5 Materials used in prestressed concrete 1 4 1-6 Losses in prestress 175 15 1-7 Ultimate strength of prestressed beams 19

1-8 A few remarks 22

Problems 1 23

CHAPTER Z Prestressed concrete Beam design

2-1 Introduction 25
2-2 Notation 27
2-3 Beam Design 29
1.Pretensioned Beams 29
2.Post tensioned Beams 36
Problems 2 42
Bibliography 43
Tables 1 to 13 45
'<
Computer Programmes 58
Appendix A 61
Section Properties 63 l

CHAPTER 1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

1-1 TYPES OF PRESTRESSING

The process of prestressing any structural members consists in inducing initial stresses in the member, which are of opposite sense to those produced when the member is subjected to service loads. Since concrete is weak in tension, but much stronger in compression, it is desirable to introduce initial compressive stresses in those fibres of a concrete beam, which are subsequently subjected to tensile stresses caused by bending. These initial compressive stresses are made large enough so that under working loads, the entire concrete section is in compression and is effective in resisting flexure.

Two types of systems are used in generating initial compressive stressses in concrete beams, as shown schematically in Fig. 1-l. In the pretensioning system of Fig 1 -l(a), high tensile steel wires or strands are stretched between steel bulkheads mounted on a massive stressing bed, which may be up to 100 m in length. The wires are prevented from slipping back to their original lengths by using simple wedge anchors at the ends, which bear down on the bulkheads. Steel forms of the desired beam shape are placed around the wires and high strength concrete is poured into the forms. After steam curing of the concrete, so as to develop high initial strength, the forms are removed and the wires are cut with an oxy-acetlyene torch. The wires now try to spring back to their original lengths but are prevented from doing so by the bond between the concrete and steel.

Though a certain amount of slip does occur, the major part of

2

the tension in the wires is brought to bear on to the ends of the concrete beam, thus precompressing, or prestressing, it. As shown in Fig. 1-l(b), the prestressing force generated in the beam can actually cause it to camber or deflect upwards. As is obvious, the term "pretensioning" refers to the fact that the wires are tensioned prio~ !9,tp~.,J:.fl.~yng of the concrete.

In, apost-teiisioning system, on the other hand, the concrete

.Is cast first ill suitable forms, with unstretched high tensile steel cables or tendons threaded through ducts embedded in the concrete. Once the concrete is cured and has gained adequate strength, the forms are reemoved and the steel cables are tensioned by jacking each cable at one or both ends. After a cable is stretched, a special anchorage is used to keep the cable in tension while the jack is removed. After completion of the jacking operation, the cables bear down on the beam at both ends, through the anchors, thus precompressing the beam. The ducts are then grouted with cement

, mortar so as to bond the cables to the concrete. Again, as in the case of pretensioned beams, the prestressing force will cause a post-tensioned beam to camber upwards as shown in Fig. 1-1(b).

Bulkhead

Bulkhead Concrete

S' I ~ •.. \Steel

Imp e ! forms

~nchorage ' .

•. : ... Strands

Bed/

, I'
• • • ,p
• Strands
-Ii f0o- l- j3
, .. • • . ,
I J Stressing bed up to 100 m

(a)

Concrete is cast first

Fig. 1-1 Pretensioning and post-tensioning systems

A great advantage of post-tensioning, as compared to pre tensioning systems, is that the cables can be easily curved or draped within the

CH.1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

3

concrete to any desired profile. This enables the designer to achieve substantial economy in the case of large span beams. Furthermore, continuous prestressed beams can be designed and constructed using post-tensioning methods, which is not possible when pretensioning is used. While draping of wires and strands is possible in simple pretensioned beams, it is always awkward and the Oexibility provided by post-tensioned beams is absent. Pretensioning systems, on the other hand, are ideally suited for the mass production of prestressed beams using standardized shapes.

Detailed descriptions of the various systems in use are to be found in the references in the Bibliography.

1 -2 STRESS RESULTANTS IN PRESTRESSED BEAMS

Fig. 6-2 shows a beam subjected to specified loads P l' P 2 and prestressed with a cable carrying a constant prestressing force T along its entire length. The beam section is shown as being trapezoidal only for the sake of convenience in drawing the figure. In actual practice, prestressed sections are generally 1- or T- shaped.

Cable

m

Axis II

y

::?ig. 1-2 Notation used for prestressed beams

The distance between the centroid G of the concrete area Ac' and the centroid Gs of the steel area As is termed the eccentricity

e. Very little error is involved in assuming that the net concrete area A can be approximated by the gross concrete area A 1

so that 1n what follows it w ill be assumed that g

AG= AC = A

f

l

The line passing through the centroids of all concrete sections is the beam axis. Vertical distances y of points within a section are measured from a horizontal axis passing through the concrete centroid G.

4

The analysis of prestressed concrete beams refers to the calcula tion of the concrete and steel stresses at any section of the beam, when the beam is subjected to the following loading cases.

(a) Prestress acting alone

(b) Prestress with dead loads

(c) Prestress with dead and live loads.

As pointed out in §11-1, the entire section of a prestressed beam is effective under working or specified loads and, therefore, the analysis is based on the working load method, WhICh assumes elastic behaviour of concrete. Thus the principle of superposition applies and the stresses in the beam, due to a combination of loads, can be found as the sum of the stresses due to each load taken separately.

Fig. 1-3(a) shows a free body- diagram of the left segment I of the beam, which has been obtained by sectioning it at m-m, The stresses across the section are defined as follows.

m

m

m

(a)

(b)

to'ig.1 -3 Stresses and stress resultants in a prestressed beam

f c = normal stresses in the concrete assumed to be distributed linearly over the beam depth;

v = shear stresses across the section, with a distribution as given by elementary beam theory;

f s = tensile stress in the high tensile steel. The line of action of this stress will make a small angle of e radians wi th the beam axis.

In Fig. 1-3(b), the stresses are summed up to give the stress resultants C, Cy, T as shown, where

C = f f cdA = sum of all normal stresses in the concrete section. This resultant acts at a distance of e' from the centroid G.

CH. 1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

5

C y = J vdA = sum of all shear stresses across the section. T = Asfs = total prestresseing force in the steel.

These internal resultants will oppose the external resultants defined by the bending moment M and the shear force V, evaluated about the centroid. G of the section. The following equilibrium equations are satisfied by the force system of Fig. ,1-3(b), noting that for a small angle 0 measured in radians,

cos 0 '" 1.t- sin 0 '" 0

T cos 0 - C = 0; C = T cos 0 = T

V - C y - T sin 0 = 0; C y = V - T sin 0 = V - TO -M + (T cos O)e - Ce' = 0; M - Te + Ce' = 0

(11-1) (11-2)

( 1-3)

The moment in the concrete, Me' is numerically defined as

IMel = ICe'l = ITe'l

(1-4)

Equation (1-3) can then be re-written as

Me = Te - M

M = T(e - e') = Tz

(11-5) ( 1-6)

or

M where z = e - e' =T

(1-6a)

is the lever arm between the compressive force C in the concrete and the tensile force T in the steel. In terms of the lever arm, equation (1-5) could be expressed as

(1-7)

The moment Me in the concrete, as defined by equation (1-4), must not be confused with the external bending moment M. The difference between the two can be understood better by referring to Fig. 1-4. This is again a free body diagram for the beam segment I of Fig. 1-3, where the compression C in the concrete has been moved parallel to itself so as to act at the centroid G. The resulting couple Me = Ce' is the moment in the concrete. This moment is considered positive when it causes tension in the bottom fibres of the beam. As shown in Fig. 1 -4, the moment Me must be regarded as negative

6

according to this convention. In general, if the compression C acts below the beam axis, the moment Me will be negative.

m

[ v. IVc

f---- '~: _L ~Mc =Ce'

.... \.G -Ie

-

Fig. 1-4

Resultant compression C moved to the centroid produces a moment Me

T

m

The variation of the lever. arm z , as given by equation (1-6a), along the axis of a prestressed concrete beam deserves some consideration. In an ordinary reinforced concrete beam, the lever arm is practically constant along the beam axis so that the location of the compressive force C is almost fixed. The stress in the steel reinforcement varies with the bending moment, from a value equal to the yield stress at critical sections, where the moment is a maximum, to zero at sections where this moment is zero. In a prestressed concrete beam, on the other hand, the prestressing force T is constant along the beam axis and therefore the lever arm z, as defined in equation (1-6a), varies directly as the external bending moment.

Since the location of the prestressing cable, and therefore the force T is fixed, once the beam is cast, the variation in the lever arm z is produced by a shift in the location of the compression C in the concrete along the axis of the beam. A line passing through the points where the compression C acts is termed the pressure line or, more simply, as the C-line and is shown dashed in Fig. 1-3(b).

"Equation (1-6) leads to an interesting result. If the external moment M is zero, then the lever arm z = 0, e = e' all along the axis of the beam, or the C-line will coincide with the cable profile. However, the moment in the concrete becomes

M = M 0 = Ce' = Te e e

(1-8)

where the superscript 0 refers to the fact that no loads act on the beam. Thus, moments in the concrete are generated even in the absence of applied loads. These moments, in fact, are caused by the eccentricity of the prestressing force T with respect to the beam axis and can lead to high flexural stresses in the concrete.

In most cases, this moment Me 0 is negative and produces upward deflections in the beam, causing the beam axis to camber upwards as shown in Fig. r-Itb). It may be noted that equation «i-s) could

CH. 1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

7

be re-written in terms of the moment Mea as Me = Mea - M

n-9)

In the examples which follow, it will be assumed that bending moments and moments in the concrete are positive when they cause tension on the bottom fibres of the beam.

EXAMPLE 1-1 Refer to Fig. 1-5. Assuming that the prestressing force T = 1500 kN, plot the C-line and draw the Me diagram for the following cases.

(a) No extemalloads act on the beam,

(b) the beam carries a central point load of P = 80 kN.

In both cases, the beam self-weight can be neglected.

(a) With no loads acting on the beam, the external reactions and therefore the external moment M ::: O. As explained above, this implies that the lever arm z = 0, e = e' = 0 and the line of pressure coincides with the cable profile. The numerical value of the moment in the concrete is given by equation (1-8) as

Mea = Te = 1500e

Noting that the C-line will lie below the beam axis, or by observing that this moment will cause tension in the upper fibres of the beam, it can be concluded .that this moment is negative. The corresponding Me a diagram shown in Fig. 1 -5(b) is obtained very simply by mult iplying the eccentricities e along the beam axis by the prestressing force. For instance, at the midspan, eD = 100 mm and

Mea (at V) = 1500(100) kN-mm = 150 kN-m

Obviously, the resulting diagram is similar in shape to the cable profile.

(b) The external bending moment diagram caused by the point load is shown in Fig. 1-5(c), with the maximum ordinate at the midpoint being

MD =Y.PL = Y.(80)(12) = 240 kN-m

The variation of the lever arm z along the beam axis is shown in Fig. 1-5. According to equation (1-6a),

M M

z =M/T = 1500 m = 1.5 mm

For instance, at the midspan V,

8

ZD = 240/1.5 = 160 mm

The. C-line can be plotted by measuring out values of Z above the cable profile as shown in Fig. 1-5{a). For example at the midspan, the compression C will be located, according to equation (.1-6a), at a distance of e'D from the axis, where

e'D = eD - zD = 100 - 160 = -60 mm

The negative sign indicates that the compression is located at a distance of 60 mm above the beam axis.

1 P=:80 kN

I ",AxiS _ 60 /,C-line •

,1-'- ~,:::..:::.~ --~ __ - -;-

50J..Lc.-- 100 I --:;., _JO

. Cable

A .... ~

11000

~

-}SO

M~ =: Te {kN-m} (b)

~

{d.J

{a}

~

+ 240.

fe}

-751Elc -751Elc

~75IEIO

~~ c {f} Coniuqate beam

VC 11000 VB

A

Fig. 1-5 Location of the pressure line in the beam of Example 1 -1

The final Me diagram is obtained by substituting the values of z and e in equation {.1-7}. At the midspan,

Me{at D) = 1500{160 - 100) kN-mm = 90 kN-m

CH. 1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

9

This moment will be positive, since the compression C acts above the beam axis. A simpler technique for obtaining the final Me dbfam is to superimpose the moment diagram for M on the Me diagram, as has been shown in Fig. 1-5(e). This follows from equation (1-9).

1-3 STRESS CALCULATIONS

Fig. 1-6 shows a section of a typical I-shaped prestressed beam.

The stress analysis of the section requires the calculation of the stresses in both concrete and the prestressing steel, knowing the prestressing force T and the bending moment.

Top A A

~ ~_jb

h

(n-7)As

y

(0)

(b)

Fig. 1 -6 Typical prestressed concrete beam section

The stress f s in the steel can be easily found as

fs = T/As

where As is the area of the high tensile steel as indicated in Fig. 1-6(a).

The stresses across the concrete section are best found by superposition as shown in Fig. 1-7. Consider the case when the external bending moment M = 0 in Fig. 1-7(a). The C-line coincides with the cable profile and the moment in the concrete Me ° = Te; The section is therefore subjected to a compression of C = T and a moment of MeO• The stress at any fibre located at a distance y from the centroid G is found as the sum of the stresses due to the axial compression and flexure, or

., = C + Me,~= T + Tey t c A I A I

(1-10)

where A is the gross area of the section and I its centroidal moment of inertia.

10

The stress at the centroid G, where Y = 0, is simply T

Ic = A

(1-10a)

ft

-.

~

....•

Top

Bottom

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 1-7 Stress distribution in a prestressed beam

In particular, the maximum or rmrumum stresses at the top and bottom fibres, f t, fb can be written as

. T TeYt T Te f t = A - -1- = A - St

T Te~ T Te fb =1\ +-1- = A + -%.

where

1 1

St = Yt; -% = ~

(1-11)

(1-11a)

are the section moduli of the beam shape. Note that in equation (1-11), compressive stresses are considered as positive. The variation of concrete stresses over the depth of the section is also shown in the figure.

When the beam is subjected to a bending moment of M as in Fig. 1-7(b), the stresses at the top and bottom fibres are

M M

f t = St ; fb = - -%

(1-12)

with the stress at the centroid being zero. The final stress distribution across the beam depth, due to both prestress and the bending moment, is shown in Fig. 1-7(c). This is obtained by summing up the stresses in Figs. 1-7(a) and (b). In particular, the stresses at the top and bottom fibres are found by adding up equations (1-11), (1-12)to get

T Te + M • T Te M

f t = A - St St' fb = A + -% - -%

( 1-13)

CH.1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

11

Note that the stress at the centroid G remains unchanged at f c = T/A.

Theoretically, one should use the transformed section shown in Fig. 1-6(b) for evaluating the sectional properties of a prestressed beam shape. Thus the area A and the moment in inertia I in equations (1-10) to (1-13) should be replaced by A and I ,

where e e

and Ie is the moment of inertia of the transformed section in Fig. 1-6(b) about an axis through the centroid G1. Sample calculations show that the error involved in using the properties of the gross concrete section, A and I, in lieu of Ae, Ie' is of the order of 5%. Program "J" in the Appendix can be used to evaluate the values of A and I for prestressed concrete T-beams.

EXAMPLE 1-2 Calculate the top and bottom fibre stresses at the midspan section and at a section distant 3 m from the left support of the beam in Fig. 1-5 for the following loading cases.

(a) Prestress alone of T = 1500 kN

(b) Prestress plus the central point load of P = 80 kN.

Neglect the self weight of the beam.

The properties of the gross concrete section will be used in the .. tress calculations. From Fig. 1-6 (a)

A = 300(500) = 150 000 mm Z.

St = % = b:Z. = t<300)(SOO)Z. = 1.5(10)6 mm ' Stresses at the midspan

At the midspan D of the. beam, the external moment is 240 kN-m and the eccentricity is 100 mm, The stresses at the top and bottom fibres are found by evaluating each term in equation ~11-13) and entering the results in the following stress table.

Stress T + Te ! + Te +~ Sum
due to A - S A- S -S
t-. (MPa) 10.0 -12.0 -2.0 19.2 17.2
I fb (MPa) 10.0 12.0 22.0 -19.2 2.8
1- 12

For instance, according to equation (1-13), when no external moments act, the stresses at midspan due to prestress alone are

=I._Te =1500000_1500(10)5 ... _ ?=_ •

ft A St 150000 12.5(10)6 - 10 1... z MPa (tension)

fb =i + ~ = 10 + 12 = 22 MPa (compression)

These values are entered in column (3) of the table on the previous page. The term ±M/S in column (4) gives the stresses caused by the point load and is evaluated as

.J! - + 240(10)6 - +19 2 MP

_. S - -12.5(10)6 - -. a

The required answers are entered in columns (3) and (5) of the table on the previous page, in ~talics.

Stresses at' a section 3 m from the support

The bending moment at a section 3 m from the left support is easily found from Fig. 1-5(c) as 120 kN-m. the eccentricity at this section is 75 mm, As before, the stresses .at the top and bottom fibres are calculated by evaluating the contribution of each term in equation (1-13) and entering the results in the following stress table.

Stress T Te ! + Te +M Sum
due to it s- A- S -S
f t (MPa) 10.0 -9.0 1.0 9.6 10.6
fb (MPa) 10.0 9.0 19.0 - 9. 6 9.4 The required answers are given in italics in the table above and can be read off from columns (3) and (6)

1-4 DEFLECTION CALCULATIONS

When calculating elastic deflections of prestrssed concrete beams under specified or service loads, the flexural rigidity EI should be based on' the properties of the gross concrete section. This is justifiable since the entire concrete section is effective under service conditions. Furthermore, the proportion of high tensile steel in the section is very small so that the equivalent concrete area of the steel is negligible.

CH. 1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

13

Deflections are best calculated by finding the following deflection components caused by individual loading cases and then sum ming them up.

(a) Deflections caused by prestressing acting alone. As explained earlier, prestressing produces the moment Mc 0 in the concrete, which causes a prestressed beam to camber upwards in the absence of applied loads.

(b) Deflections caused by the dead and live loads. These loads may be considered separately or can be taken together.

Once the elastic deflections are computed, long-term deflections can be found without difficulty. In the example which follows, the conjugate beam method will be used to calculate deflections.

EXAMPLE 1-3 Calculate the deflection at the midspoint of beam AB in Example 1-1, Fig. 1-5, due to

(a) Prestress acting alone.

(b) Prpestress plus the central point load of P = 80 kN.

Assume fck = 35 MPa.

The modulus of elasticity is found from §5.2.3.1 of IS 1343:1980

as

E = 5700/35 = 33 722 MPa c

1== 1~ (300)(500)3 == 3125(10)6 mrn "

E I = 33 722 (3125) (10)6 N mm2 = 1(15 380 kN-n2

c

(a) Deflection due to prestress

The conjugate beam, loaded with the ,\1(.:'IEl diagram, is shown in Fig. 1-5(0. As can be seen, the loading consists of a rectangle of height -75/ Eel and a triangle of height -75/Eel. The reactions VAc, VBc of the conjugate beam are found as

1 675

VAc == vBe == ZEcl [(-75)(IZ) + (-75)(%)(12)] = - Eel

The bending moment in the conjugate beam at the midpoint C, which is also the required deflection, becomes

Ac == E~T [-675(6) + 75(6)(~'2)(6) + Yz(75)(6)(~)(6)] == - Zi!~ 2250

or Ac == - 104 810 m == -Z1.5 mm Ans.

Since the ordinates of the McO/El diagram are negative, this

14

deflection is directed upwards. (b) Total deflection

The deflection caused by the central point load P is found from the standard formula

PL 3 80(10)3

I1c(load) = 48EcI = 48(105 380) m = 15.8 mm

which is obviously downwards. Therefore the final deflection is

I1c = 21.4 -15.8 = 5.6 mm upwards Ans.

1-5 MATERIALS USED IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

As can be seen from Example 1 -2, the concrete in a prestressed beam is already subjected to heavy compression even before the live loads are applied. In fact, throughout the life of the beam, high compressive stresses occur at either the top or bottom fibres during various stages of loading. Concrete used for prestressed construction should therefore possess the following' characteristics.

(a) High compressive and tensile strength to resist the heavy stresses induced by prestressing, particularly at the ends of prestressed beams.

(b) High modulus of elasticity so as to keep the strains and deflections, both elastic and long-term, at a low level.

(c) High strength in shear, bond and bearing.

(d) Above normal density to protect the high tensile steel cables against corrosion.

Fortunately, all these requirements are met with by specifying that high strength concrete, with specified strengths from 30. to 60 MPa, be always used in prestressed construction.

In order to provide the large prestressing forces needed in prestressed members, the steel used for prestressing purposes must have a very high tensile strength, of the order of 1900 l\1Pa. Such steel comes in the form of individual small diameter wires, or as strands consisting of several wires twisted together lightly to form a rope, or as bars.

Fig. 1-18 shows a typical stress-strain curve for a high tensile steel strand, with a nominal diameter of 12.7 rnrn, consisting of 7 w ires arranged as shown in Fig. 1-8(b). The central wire is slightly larger in diameter than the surrounding 6 wires, all wires being approximately 4 mm in diameter.

The stress-strain curve shows no definite yield point as is observed

CH. 1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

15

in the case of ordinary mild steel. However, a nominal yield stress fy is usually specified, which should not be less than O.Bf ,

pu

where f is the ultimate strength of the' steel at failure. Note that thePH,odulus of elasticity of high tensile steel is ~92 000 MPa, which is very close to the value for mild steel.

fy at Es = 1%

w

tg9 (b)

Ultimate strength = 1900 MPa A rea z: 99 mm-

Stress at 1% strain = 1700 MPa Total strain = S. '1%

Es = 192000 MPa

0.5 1.0 1.5 5.4

Ss x 100

(a)

Fig. 1-8 Stress-strain curve for high tensile steel

The permissible stresses for both steel and concrete, which are to be used in prestressed concrete design, are specified in Clause 22 of the Standard. Note that a temporary overstress is permitted in both materials during the prestressing operation, but the final in-service permissible stresses are given in the following. code provisions:

Compressive stress in concrete = § 22.8.1

Tensile stress in concrete = § 22.7.1.

Tensile stress in steel after anchorage = § 22.1.1

1 -6 LOSSES IN PRESTRESS

The initial concrete and steel stresses produced in .a prestress.ed beam do not remain constant, but tend to drop off In value WIth the passage of time. Because of this reduction !n ~tr.e~s, the prestressing force T in the steel falls down from Its initial value of Ti to its final or effective value of T f. The causes of loss of prestress,

16

as listed in the Standard, can be grouped into losses due to concrete and the losses due to steel.

The losses due to concrete are:

(1) Elastic shortening of concrete (2) Creep of concrete

(3) Shrinkage of concrete

Those due to steel are:

(4) Slip at anchorages

(5) Relaxation of steel stress. The term "relaxation" is used to describe the gradual drop of tensile stress in a tensioned steel strand in which the strain is kept constant.

(6) Frictional loss

Detailed studies of the mechanics of losses in prestress, as well as their magnitudes, will be found in the. references in the Bibliography. These studies show that the total prestress loss in posttensioning systems is 15%, while in the case of pretensioning systems, it amounts to 20%. In summary, the final prestressing force Tf can be expressed in terms of the ini tial prestress T i as

( 1-14)

where R = 0.85 for post-tensioning systems and R = 0.8 for pretensioning systems.

Equation (1-13) can be used for the stress analysis of a prestressed beam, before or after losses occur, by replacing the term T by T i or T f as required. The procedure is explained in the following example.

EXAMPLE 1 -4 Find the top and bottom fibre stresses in the concrete at the ends and the midspan section of the post tensioned beam of Fig. 1 -9. The following loading cases are to be considered.

(a) Initial prestress of T i = 2000 kN plus self weight.

(b) Final prestress of Tf, assuming R = 0.85, plus self weight and a service live load of 12 kN/m.

Take fck = 60 MPa,fpu = 1900 MPa, A = 229 500 mrn "

,.t. .; '~.~}~~ lllm2, St = 39.55(10)6 rnm ", % = 21.85(10)6 mm'3

.;,,,,. . ~ . Comment on' whether- the stresses in concrete and steel are within the permissible values specified in the Standard.

The self weight of the beam is readily found as wv = 23.5(0.2295) = 5.4 kN/m

....

...

CH.1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

17

,.*--~~:_-4-;'~::J--±

I .800 I .800 I .800 I

I I 600 I

n~167

750 200

1 As "';:1 . C.

H

'SO

Fig. 1 -9 Post-tensioned beam analysed in Example 1 -4

and the final prestressing force as Tf = RTi =0.85(2000) = 1700.kN

,

End section

The bending moment at this section will always be zero and the stresses will be due to prestress acting alone, at an eccentricity of e = 50 mm. The 'str-ess calculations are given in the usual tabular form below.

Stress Ti Tie Ti Tie Tf Tfe
due to A s- A +y -+ S
A
f t(MPa) 8.71 -2.53 6.18 5.25
f b (MPa) 8.71 4.57 13.28 11.29
..___ The values in italics in columns (3), (4) are the required answers. the stresses caused by the final prestress of Tf= 0.85Ti are found very easily by multiplying the results in column (3) by the factor R = 0.85.

Midspan section

Under the self weight of 5.4 kN/m, the midspan moment MD becomes

MD = i \l)DLl = ~ (5.4)(l4A)l = 140 kN-m The live load moment is

1 1

ML =g\VLLl =g(lZ)(l4.4ll = 311 kN-m

18

The stress table below has two extra columns to include the stresses due to these moments. Note that the eccentricity at the midspan section is e = 200 mm,

I Stress I Ti Tie r. Tiel T f Tfe MD 1 iii
I
i due to A S A+S IA +r: S S
ft 8.71 -10.14 I -1. 43 I -1.22 3.54 8.86
i I 1
fb 8.71 18.30 i 27.01 22.96 -6.41 -14.23 The answers required are obtained by sllDiming up the appropriate

values from the stress tpble. . .

(a) Initial prestress of Ti ph.uJseLTvfl.fght

Under this loading, the top and bottom fibre stresses are fo~ by adding up the values in columns llt aDd (5) to get

ft = -1.43 + 3.54 = 2.11 MPa; (b = 2.7.01 - 6.41 = 20.6.0 MPa Aas.

After losses, the prestressing force drops .t o T f = 1700 kN and the stresses are .cbtamed byaddiag up the values in columns (4) and (5). The resu1ts are

ft = -1.22 + 3.54 = 2.32 MPa; I» = 22.% - 6.41 = 16.55 MPa Ans.

(b) Final prestress of T f plus total load

The required stresses are the sums of the values in columns (4), (5) and (6). The results are

ft = -1.22 + 3.54 + 7.86 = 10.18 MPa Ans. I» = 22.96 - 6.41 -14.23 = 2.32 MPa AIls.

According to the Standard, the permissible compressive stress is 0.35 f ck = 0.35x60 = 2~ MPa. Exarninat ion of the stress table for the midspan section shows that a high stress of fb r.; 27.01 MPa is recorded in column (3) under initial prestress, which exceeds the allowable stress. In practice, though, this stress is not allowed to occur. As explained in §6-2, the moment MeG in the concrete causes the beam to camber upwards, thus bringing the dead load into play. The stress of fb '" 27.01 MPa is then reduced bv the amount of --GAl Mp a due to the dead load to 8 value of 20.6 MPa which is less t har. the permissible value of 21. tvlPa.

The stresses due to the other cornbinations of loads are w ithir.

CH 1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

19

the safe values.

The initial and final stresses in steel are found as

f = T ·/A = 2000(10)6 := 1333 MPa

si ~ s 1500

tsr= Rfsi := 0.85(1333) = 1130 MPa Ans.

Since fsf is less than the permissible value of 0.87 x 0.87 := 0.7569 x 1900 - 1438 MPa, the steel stress is acceptable.

1 -7 ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF PRESTRESSED BEAMS

Though a prestressed beam is designed for service loads using elastic methods and assuming the entire section to be effective, the Standard requires that the ultimate strength of the section be calculated. It should then verified that the factored moment resistance At r of the beam satisfies the usual relation

(1-15)

Since high tensile steel does not have a pronounced yield point, Clause 22.1.2. of the Standard allows the following value of the

steel stress, f . to be used in calculating the moment resistance.

pul

f k xO.87 f

pul P P

( 1-16)

where

kp is obtained from Table 11 or 12 of the code.

( 1-16a)

ihe factor k is a coefficient which relates the values of

the stresses f I Pand f which are defined as follows.

pu p .

F " ultimate t eriis ie stress of pres tressrnq t endeors permitted

pul in limit state method. As stated in Appendix B of the standard, this varies from 0.87f to 0.65 f .

p P

F P =- characteristic tensile strength of the tendons.

Referring to Fig. 1-10, the following other quantities are defined as follows.

Xu i: neutral axis depth calculated assuming a stress of fpu in the prestressing steel.

d = distance from the extreme compression fibre to the centroid of the prestressing steel.

20

b 0 .. 4brck %t~l
0.0035
" "ul_
u

ESp fpul kpO:S?!p r,
frl (0) (b) (e) (d)
w Fig. 1-10 Li mit state analysis of prestressed beams.

To start with, the neutral axis depth Xu in Fig. 1-10(b} is calculated from Table 11 to 12 of code. (Fig. 1.10c). The value of k is then found from equation (1-16a) and substituted in equaPion (1-16), to get the value of the steel stress f I' This value is now used in Fig. 1-10(d) to obtain final str&~ block depth x , assuming a factored steel stress of ~ f , where f =

0.87 acc'6rdinq to clause 22.1.1. p P P

As explained in the example which follows, the moment of resistance M is determined as for an ordinary reinforced concrete beam, f6110wing the procedure outlined in Chapter L of Basic RC Design. If the stress block depth x in Fig.l-l0(d) is less than the flange thickness hf, the section beh~vesas a rectangulaWt

section of breadth b and the following equations will apply.

= kud where ku is obtained from Table 11 or 12 of the code.

Xu (1-17)

M

r = f IA (d-0.42 x )

pu p u

EXAMPLE 1-5 calculate the factored moment resistance of the beam section of Fig. 1.11 and check if it satisfies equation (1.15). Note that for fck = 60 MPa,. Assume f u = 1900 MPa, f p = 0.87f pu for strands (see page 43 of the Standarcfl.

(1-18)

The beam section is shown to a larger scale in Fig. 1-11. At ultimate conditions, the beam behaves as an ordinary reinforced

-~~~--~~~~~~- -~~~-~--~-~--~~-----~- ---------

CR. 1

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

21

. (b)

d =527 G

(a)

0.36fck

)

z

)

k 0.87 f

P p

(c)

(d)

Fig. 1 -11 Moment resistance of the prestressed beam of Example 1 -5

concrete T-beam. It is assumed that the neutral axis lies in the flange, as shown in Fig. 1-11 (a), at a distance of Xu from the top surface of the beam. The effective depth d measured to the centroid Gs of the steel area works out to d = S27 mm.

A f

p P = 1500 x 0.87 x 1900

bdfck 600 x 527 x 60 = 0.13

Referrinq Table 11 of code x

u

d = 0.276

Xu = 145 rnrn, From equation (1.16),

f pu = 1900(0.87 x 0.87) = 1438 MPa.

Referring to Fig. 1-11 (c) and again equating the stress resultants Cr. Tr•

Tr = Cr = fpu Ap= 1438 x 1500 N = 2157 kN

From equations (1-17), (1-18),

z = d - 0.42 x 527 - 0.42 (145) = 466.1 mrn

u

22

Mr :'2157 (466.1) kN-mm = 1005 kN-m

Further,

Mf = 1.5 MD + 1.5ML = 1.5 (140) + 1.5(311) = 676.5 kN-m

Since Mf < Mr, the moment resistance of the beam is adequate.

1 -8 A FEW REMARKS

It is not possible, within the limited scope of this Chapter, to discuss in detail the actual design of a prestressed concrete beam. This involves the determination of the cross sectional dimensions, the area of high tensile steel needed, location of strands within the beam section, stirrup design for shear and so on. Further details will be found in Chapter 2 -Prestressed Concrete Beam Design

and also in the texts listed in the Bibliography.

CH. 1

PRESTRESSED CON CRETE

23

PROBLEMS 1

(1-1) The beam shown is prestressed with an effective prestress of 2800 kN. Plot the MeO diagram due to prestress alone and the Me diagram when the beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m including its self weight. Calculate the lever arm at .,.uarter points and at midspan and plot the C-line.

'~"

"1' --- "/ -- - T

A 8

I' Ie =r

10 000 '10 000

w C-line

Prob.l -1

(1-2) Calculate the top and bottom fibre stresses for the beam in the above Problem 1 ·-1 at quarter span and midspan sections due to (a) prestress alone, and (b) prestress plus the distributed load.

I" jP 18~.L!i[JI

fAXi, ,.. =-;:;;::j e T /"

A--'::':::--==-:Y---~:=O 335.11 G 900

I 8000 I 8000 I. 8000:r -I-J: 18'

Prob. 1-3

!

(1-3) The sectional properties of the prestressed T-shape shown in the figure are as follows;

.A:;:: 237 600 mmz; -% :;:: 31.56(10)6 mm3; St :;:: 53.12(10)6 mm '

An initial prestress of 2200 kN is applied, which is reduced by 15% to 1870 kN after losses. Calculate the initial and final stresses at he midspan section due to (a) prestress plus dead load at 6 kN/m, ::..nd (b) prestress plus dead load plus two point load P :;:: 32 kN acting at third points.

0,-4) Assuming fck = 60 MPa, fpu :;:: 1900 MPa, calculate the area of high tensile steel neeaea and comment on the safety of the design 0' the beam in the previous Problem 1 -3.

24

0-5) Calculate the midspan deflection of the beam of Problem 1-1 due to prestress plus total load. Take the modulus of elasticity of concrete as 33 000 MPa.

(1-6) Calculate the final midspan deflection after losses for the beam of Problem 1-3. Take Ec = 33 000 MPa

(1-7) Find the factored moment resistance of the beam section shown in the figure, assuming a steel area of 200 mm z, with e = 300 mm, fpu = 1900 MPa.

Prob. 1-7

CHAPTER 2

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

Beams are most commonly used structural members in pre-

stressed concrete design. In this chapter, the design of simply

supported beams is given as per IS 1343 : 1980.

The code permits only the limit state method of design.

The designer has to provide a beam section which should generally satisfy the following six limit states

1) Limit state of collapse in -

(i) flexure, (ii) shear and (iii) torsion

2) Limit state of serviceability in -

(i) deflection, (ii) cracking and (iii) maximum compress ion

In general, the beam is des igned on the bas is of the rnos t critical limit state and is then checked for the other limit states. In this chapter, the trial section is chosen as per the limit state of serviceability in maximum compression.

This limit state ensures that maximum compressive stresses remain within the permissible limits both at transfer and at working. Equations (1), (2), (4) and (5) given in this book are based on this limit state.

The scope of this book is to help the designer to select a suitable section which can then be fianalised so as to satisfy the other limit states.

26

The tables given in this chapter should substantially simplify the task of the designer in selecting the cross sectional dimensions of pre-tens ioned and post-tens ioned concrete beams to meet with given design requirements. The tables list the essential properties of various sections in terms of dimens ion less parameters, which cover most of the shapes encountered in practice.

A suitable shape can be quickly selected with the aid of these tables, without the usual trial and error procedures. A final sec tien can then be decided upon and the design completed. Computer programs are also provided so that the properties of any T'c or I-section, not listed in the tables, can be evaluated rapidly.

27

NOTATION

A = area of concrete section

As = area of prestressing steel

b = breadth of upper flange

b' = web thickness

C = concrete compression

C L = initial concrete compression

e = eccentricity of steel

f(bot) = concrete stress at bottom fibres of a section

fe

fei

ftl

f(top) G

Gs

h

1

= permissible concrete stress after all losses in prestress. compressive

= permissible concrete stress immediately following transfer of prestress

= concrete stress at centroid of section after transfer of prestress

T = permissible steel stress after all losses = A ' s

= permissible tensile stress in concrete after all losses in prestress

= permissible tensile stress in concrete immedia-

tely following transfer of prestress

= concrete stress at top fibres of a section = centroid of gross concrete section

= cen troid of steel area

= depth of section

= moment of inertia of the section

kt• kb = distances of top and bottom kern points from the centroid of the concrete section

28

Mo = bending moment due to dead loads

M L = bending moment due to live loads

M t = total bending moment = M 0 + M L

T

R = ratio of final to initial prestress = T i

S b' S t- = bottom and top section moduli

T = final prestress after losses

T i = initial prestress

t = thickness of upper flange

wO' wL = uniformly distributed dead, live loads

Y b' Yt = distances of the centroid of the concrete section from the bottom or top fibres

, I~

NOTE: The coefficients given in the tables must be multiplied by the following factors to get numerical values.

Quantity A Yb' Yt I Sb, St kb, kt
Multiplier bh h bh3 bh1. h 'I II

29

BEAM DESIGN

...

I

1

1 PRETENSIONED BEAMS

Fig. 1 shows a pretenstoned beam with the centroid G s of the steel area located at a constant eccentricity e below

the axis, passing through the centroid G of the concrete area. The beam sections subjected to the maximum stresses are the end sections, and the section where the total bending moment M t is a maximum. This is, in most cases, the midsection.

End section

Pretensioned beam

,
I
1/ Stra'1ds LJ:.--~ A
1----- \ --- - -
•
/'
"f- Mid-section :! ~
I xis

L

Beam section

Fig. 1 Pretensioned beam with straight strands

I

1

In order that the stresses in concrete remain within the specified permissible values. the section moduli of the beam shape must satisfy the following relations. which are derived in item [3] of the .Bibliography.

St MD + ML > Mt (1)
>
= f c + Rfti - f c + Rfti
Sb MD + ML Mt ( 2)
> ~
= Rfci + ft Rf ci + f t 30

Further,

Sb Yt fc+Rfti St = Yb - Rfci+ ft

(2a)

A section which will satisfy equations (1), (2) and (2a) can be easily picked out from Tables 1 to 13 and the numerical values of the depth h and breadth b determined from practical considerations. In most cases, no more than a couple of trials are needed.

Next, the prestressing force and the eccentricity required are calculated by considering the limiting permissible stresses at the top and bottom fibres of the beam. The following four combinations of limiting stresses at the end or mid- section are admissible

Top f c (mid) f ti (end) f c (mid) f ti (end)
fibre
Bottom f ci (end) f t (mid) f~ (mid) f ci (end)
fibre The following combinations of permissible stresses will cause overstressing of the top or bottom fibres and are not advisable.

fei (end) and ft (mid), both at the bottom fibre ":1 (end) and f c (mid), both at the top fibre.

Once a suitable stress combination is selected, the initial ,

concrete stress at the centroid, ic» is found assuming a

straight line variation of stress across the beam section. ,

Then the required initial prestress T L and the corresponding ~

eccentricity are found as

Ti :: fGiA

e = ~~[f(bot) - fG iJ

( 3)

( 3a)

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN 31

The numerical details are explained below in the following Example.

EXAMPLE 1 Design a simplify supported pretensioned beam as shown in Fig. 2, for the following .data. Assume the eccentricity of strands is constant over the length of the beam.

T

Span = 10 m, R = Ti = 0.85

Live load wL = 14 kN 1m

fei = 18 MPai f e = 20 MPai fs = 1100 MPa ft = 2 MPa (tenSile); fti = 1 MPa (tensile)

245

111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111III'!,

I· L=10 000 -

(a)

~IMS7

350

Fig. 2 Pretensioned beam designed in Example 1

Trial #1

Referring to Fig. 2, it will be initially assumed that the self weight wn of the beam is negligible so that the bending moment M 0 = O. The live load moment is found as

ML = iWL U' = i (14)(102) = 175 kN-m

From equations (1), (2), using the equality sign,

o + 175(106) 6

St = 20 + 0.85(1) = 8.39(10 ) mm3

0+175(106) 6

Sb = 0.S5( IS) + 2 =10.12( 10 ) mm-'

32

From eq ua tion (2a).

10.12 _ 0.546h T39 - O. 454h·

where. obviously. Yt + Yb == h

A section should be selected where the ratio Y t tv b = 0.546/0.454. Scanning the Tables shows that Table 8 indicates a section which almost satisfies this requirement with b'/b = 0.3. tlh = 0.2. The section. however. is flipped about the axis going through the centroid G so that the upper flange has a breadth of O. 7b as is shown in Fig. 2(b). Consequently. the values of Sb. St and

Yb. Yt must be interchanged. The sectional properties are therefore

A=0.52bh; Yb= 0.45385h; Yt=0.54615h

St==0.10953bh2; Sb=0.13181bh2 (a)

The web width b' should be at least 60 mm to satisfy cover requirements for the strands. A flange width of

b = 320 mm will be used so that b' = 0.3b = O. 3( 320) . =

96 mrn , which is adequate. Substituting this value of b in expression (a) and equating it to the desired value

of S b gives

Sb = 0.13181( 320)h2 = 10.12( 106); h = 490 mm

A value of h = 500 mm will be used to allow for the fact that. the dead load has been neglected so far. Then

Sb ='0.13181'(320)(5002) = 10.54(106) mrn? A = o. 52( 320) (500) = 83 200 mm2

The self weight at 23.5 kN/ml is found as'

we = 83 200(23.5)(10-6) = 1.95 kN/m

A value of wn = 2.5 k N 1m will be used to be on the safe side.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN 33

'Tr'ial #2

The dead load moment Mo can be now found as Mo ;:: t(2.5)OOl) = 31.3 kN-m

From equations (1), (2)

= (31.3 +175)(106) = 20 + 0.85(1)

= (31.3 + 175)(106) = 0.85(18) + 2

These values are slightly greater than the section modulii provided by the section of Trial #1. It is therefore advisable to increase the depth of the section to h = 510 mm and the breadth to b = 350 mm. Then the revised section moduli are

Sb = 0.13181(350)(5101) = 11.99(106) mm? St = 0.10953(350)(5101) = 9.97(106) mm?

which are greater than required. Further,

A = 0.52bh = 0.52(350)( 510) = 92 820 mm1

wo= 2.18 kN/m; Mo = 2.1:(01) = 27.3 kN-m The section is acceptable and is shown in Fig. 2( b). A stress table· is now set up to calculate the top and bottom fibre stresses at the end and midspan sections. Concrete stresses are considered positive when compressive and negative when tensile.

The Table is started by entering the stresses caused by the known dead and live loads, which have been underlined. For instance, due to dead load,

Mo 27.3(106) .

{(top) = St = 9.92(106) = 2.74 MPa

Mo 27. 3( 106)

f(bot) = Sb = 11.99(106) = -2.28 MPa (tensile)

34

The calculations for the stresses produced by the live load are similar.

The combination of limiting stresses used is now entered. In this case the following stresses, entered in boxes in Table 1, have been used

{c = 20 MPa at the top fibres at the mid-section after losses.

{ci = 18 MPa at the bottom fibres of the end section after losses.

Any of the other combinations listed on page 4 could \

have been used to produce an acceptable design.

The rest of the table is filled in by inspection. For instance, considering the bottom fibre stresses, column 2,

((bot) = R(18) = 0.85(18) = 15.3 MPa

and in column 4,

{(bot) = 15.3 - 2.28 = 13.02 MPa

TABLE 1

End section Midspan section
~ Ti T=RTi Mo r +MO ML T +Mt
s 1 2 3 It 5 E
{(top) MPa -0.34 -0.29 2.74 2.45 17.55 t; =~
-- --
{(bot) MPa s.. = ~ 15.30 -2.28 13.02 -14.60 -1. 58
-- -- Columns 1 and 6 list the maximum stresses that will occur at the end and mid-sections during the life of the beam. As can be seen, these are within the permissible values and the section is satisfactory.

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN 35
-0 .. 34 -0.29 Top 20

T+Mt
Fig. 3
Bottom Example 1
18.0 Stresses 13.02 -1.58
(a) End (b) in MPa (c) Mid- (d)
section section The variation of stresses at the end section. before and after losses. are shown in Fig. 3(a). (b). Figs.

3( C). (d) show the variation of stresses at the midsection after losses. when the beam is subjected to dead load and total load respectively.

The initial prestress and eccentricity can be now calculated. From Fig. 3( a) •

f G i = f( top) + ~ [ f( bot) - ( top) ]

= -0.34 + 0.546[18 - (-0.34)] = 9.67 MPa

From equations (3). (3a).

r, = fG i A = 9. 67( 92 820) N = 897 kN 11.99(10 )

e = 897( 103) (18 - 9.67) = III mm

The final prestress and the area of prestressing steel are

T 762( 103)

T = RT i = 0.85(897) = 762 kN; As = fs = 1100 = 693 mm:t

The design can be now completed by

1) locating' the strands within the section

2) checking the ultimate strength of the .section

3) checking for shear

4) checking deflections

The section may be improved by providing fillets at corners to reduce stress concentrations and spalling.

36

2 POST-TENSIONED BEAMS

Fig. 4 shows a post-tensioned beam where the eccentricity of the prestress varies along the beam axis. depending on the cable profile.

Mid-section

£;-. --~---a

'-------L-------1

Midsection

Fig. 4 Post-tensioned beam with draped cable

T:le critical stresses occur at the section where the

total bending moment is a maximum , which is generally the mid-section. Stresses at this section must be checked under the action of initial prestress plus dead load moment. and final prestress plus total moment. At the end sections. the eccentricity is generally zero and no special design problems are encountered.

The section moduli must satisfy the following relations.

ML + (1 - R)M 0 s , ~ fc:'" Rfti

( 4)

ML + (1 - R)Mo

Sb ~ Rf ci + ft

( 5)

where,

Yt

( Sa)

the case of pretensioned beams,

A trial section can be chosen from the Tables to satisfy the above relations, after which a stress table can be set up for the stresses at the' mid-section. It should be noted that all combinations of permissible stresses occur at the midspan. Further I because of the multiplier (1 - R) I which occurs

in the numerators of equations (4) and (5), and which is less

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN 37

than I! dead load moments do not significantly influence the choice of section to be used.

EXAMPLE 2 Design a post-tensioned berun for the following data. Refer also to Fig. 5.

Span = L = 25 m;

T

R = r: = 0.87

~ Live load wL = 10 kN 1m

f c L = 18 MPa; f c = 20 MPa; f s = 1100 MPa t; = 2 MPa (tensile); fti = 1 MPa (tensile)

Allow for a hole diameter of 10 mm for the cable ducts. 420

~ ~80

.1£""111,,111""""""1''''''1''''''''''''''''''''''''''"~I,!

I· L = 25 000 :r

900

(b)

Fig. 5 Post-tensioned beam designed in Example 2

Trial #1

To start with, it will be aasumed that the dead load moment Mo = O. The bending moment due to the live load is found as

Ah = ~ wLLz = ~(10)( 25Z) = 781. 3 kN-m

38

From equations (-1), (5), (5a), 781.3(106)

= io + O. 87 ( 1) = 37. 44 ( 10 6 ) m m 3

S - 781. 3(106) 44 24( 106) mm 3

b -0.87(18) + 2 = .

37.44

= =

44.24

0.458 0.542

Once again, the choice of the section is up to the designer. A suitable section is to be found in Table 9 with b'/b = 0.3, t/h = 0.15. However, formwork will be simplified if a symmetric 'shape is used. Bearing this in mind, a section from Table 11 will be tried with

b'

=

b

0.3;

t

Ii. = 0.2;

A = 0.58bh;

S t = S b = O. 1414 6b h 2

A value of b = 400 mm will be used so that the web width is b' = O. 3( 400) = 120 mm. This width can easily accomodate a cable, requiring a 40 mm duct, with adequate cover. The value of the depth h can be four.d by setting

Sb = 0.14146(400)h2 = 44.24(106); h = 890 mm

A value of h = 890 mm will be used so that

Sb = St = 0.14146(400)(8902) = 44.8(106) rnm ' A = 0.58(400)(890) = 206 500 mm2

The self weight at 23.5 kN/ml is evaluated as

,w

WD = 206 500( 23.5) (10- 6) = 4.85 ;: 5 kN 1m

and Mo = ~ Wo L~ = ~ (5) (252) = 390 kN-m

Trial #2

Using the value of Mo obtained above, the larger section modulus Sb required can be re-ca1culated from

PRESTRl:SSED CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN 39

equation (5) as

Sb = 781.3 + (l - 0.87)(390) (106) 0.87(18) + 2

= 47.11(106) mrn ' (> 44.8 x 106 rnrn ")

This is greater than the section modulus provided. value of b can be increased to b = 420 mm and the to h = 900 mm to provide a larger section modulus. sectional properties become

The depth The

Sb = 0.14146(420)(9002) = 48.12(106) mm ' A = 0.58(420)(900) = 219 000 mm2

Wo = 219 000(10-6)(23.5) = ~.15 kN/m Mo = ! (5.15)(252) = 402.3 kN-m

With the slightly larger value of the dead load moment, the section modulus required is re-calculated from equation (5) as

Therefore the section as shown in Fig. 5(b) is accept able .

The stress table, showing the var iatic ':. of .st resses

at the mid-section, can be set up as explained in Example L

TABLE 2

~ Ti T=RTi Mo T i + Mo ML T + Mt
~ , 2 3 It 5 _6
{(top) MPa -5.,29 -4.6 8.36 3.07 16.24 fc=~
--
{(bot) MPa 25.97 22.6 -8;36 17.61 -16.24 rt=~ The stresses due to the dead load moment are found as

40

. _ Mo _ 402.3(106) _

f(top) - St - 48.12(106) - 8.36 MPa = -f(bot)

The stresses due to the live load moment are

M L 781. 3(106)

f(top) = st = 48.12(106) = 16.24 MPa = -f(bot)

The combination of permissible stresses is taken as f c = 20 MPa at the top fibres, with f t = - 2 MPa at the bottom fibres, and the stress table is completed.

Maximum values of the stresses occur in columns 4 and 6 and are within the permissible values. Note that the stresses in columns 1 and 2 due to prestress alone do not occur since the upward camber-of the beam causes the dead load to come into play. This upward camber must be allowed to take place during jacking operations, or the midspan stresses at the top and bottom fibres will exceed the permissible values, as can be seen from Table 2.

..

-5.29 3. 0;...7 tse: __ ,--'-2_0---.,

I i, 1 Ti+Mo

Yt

l_ 4 h

fGi ~

(a) (b) +

L..-_...I

Stresses in MPa

Bottom

25. 97

17.61

-2

Fig. 6 Stress variations at mid-section

Fig. 6 shows the variation of stresses across the mid··section at various loading stages. From Fig. 6(a), the inithl concrete stress at the centroid is found as

Then

fGi = f(top) + ~ [f(bot) - f(top)]

= -5.29 + 0.5[25.97 - (-5.29)] = 10.34 MPa Ti = AfGi = 219 000(10.34) N = 2264 kN

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAM DESIGN 41

From equation (3a). 48.12(10 )

e = 2264(10 ) [25.97 - 10.34] = 332 mm

which falls within the section boundaries and is acceptable.

The final prestress T is found as

T = RTi= 0.87(2264) = 1970 kN

and the area of prestressing steel required is

z

A =! = 1970(103) = 1790 2

s t; nOO mm

The design must now be completed by

1) plotting the cable profile and ensuring that the resultant compression remains close to the kern points as defined by the distances kb. kt,i

2) locating the individual cables within the beam

3) checking the ultimate strength of the beam

4) providing shear reinforcement if required

5) designing the end zones where the anchorages are located

6) checking deflections.

The section can be improved by providing fillets at the corners. This will not change the sectional properties significantly.

42

PROBLEMS

1) Derive equations (l) to (5).

2) Using the data of Example 1 and the prestress and eccentricity calculated there. draw up a stress table for the beam section at quarter span.

3) Using the data of Example 2 and the prestress and eccentricity calculated there. draw up a stress table for the beam section at quarter span. Assume a parabolic variation of the cable profile. with the eccentricity e = 0 at the ends.

4) Fill in Table 1 of Example 1 using the same data and permissible stress combinations of (a) t-s. ft (b) ft. fe

(c) f c i.> f ti. In each case calculate the initial prestress and the eccentricity.

5) Fill in Table 2 of Example 2 using the same data and permissible stress combinations of (a) fe. fei (b) t-s. ft (c) fei. f ti- In each case also calculate the initial prestress and the eccen tricity .

6) A simply supported pretensioned beam spans 12 m and is to carry a live load of 15 kN 1m. Select a suitable shape and calculate the initial prestress and eccentricity if f e = 22 MPa. f ei = 20 MPa. f t = f ti = O. Assume straight strands.

7) A post-tensioned beam spans 35 m and is to support a live load consisting of a uniformly distributed load of 8 kN 1m and a central point load of 100 kN. Using the same permissible stresses as in Problem 6. choose a suitable shape and calculate the initial prestress and eccentricity at midspan.

43

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) IS 1343 : 1980, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Prestressed, Concrete, lSI; New Delhi 110 002.

2) Canadian Prestressed Concrete Institute, Metric Design Manual, Ottawa, 1982

3) Nilson, A., Design of Prestressed C;oncrete, Wiley, New York, 1978

4) Thadani, B. N., Reinforced Concrete Design - Canadian Code, Cantext Publications, Winnipeg, 1982

45

TABLE 1

b' t A Yt I Sb St kb kt
Ii' h lib
0.1 0.1 0.19 0.71315 0.28685 0.01800 0.02524 0.06275 0.33028 0.13284
0.1 0.2 0.28 0.75714 0.24286 0.01921 0.02538 0.07913 0.28263 0.09065
0.1 0.3 0.37 0.75541 0.24459 0.01929 0.02554 0.07889 0.21323 0.06904
0.1 0.4 0.46 0.73478 0.26522 0.02017 0.02745 0.07607 0.16538 0.05969
0.2 0.1 0.28 0.62857 0.37143 0.02830 0.04503 0.07620 0.27216 0.16082
0.2 0.2 0.36 0.67777 0.32223 0.03142 0.04636 0.09751 0.27088 0.12877
0.2 0.3 0.44 0.69091 0.30909 0.03183 0.04607 0.10298 0.23404 0.10470
0.2 0.4 0.52 0.68462 0.31538 0.03201 0.04675 0.10149 0.19518 0.08991
0.3 0.1 0.37 0.58513 0.41487 0.03655 0.06246 0.08810 0.23812 0.16882
0.3 0.2 0.44 0.62727 0.37273 0.04073 0.06494 0.10930 0.24841 0.14760
0.3 0.3 0.51 0.64411 0.35589 0.04170 0.06475 0.11719 0.'22979 0.12696
0.3 0.4 0.58 0.64482 0.35518 0.04176 0.06477 0.11759 0.20275 0.11167
0.4 0.1 0.46 0.55869 0.4U31 0.04394 0.07866 0.09958 0.21649 0.17100
0.4 0.2 0.52 0.59231 0.40769 0.04850 0.08188 0.11896 0.22878 0.15747
0.4 0.3 0.58 0.60863 0.39137 0.04989 0.08197 0.12747 0.21978 0.14133
0.4 0.4 0.64 0.61250 0.38750 0.05003 0.08168 0.12911 O. Z0174 0.lZ763
1.0 Lo 1.00 0.50000 0.50000 0.08333 0.16667 0.16667 0.16667 0.16667 46

TABLE 2

b' t A )lb )It I Sb • St kb kt
s Ti
0.1 0.10 0.210 0.b5000 0.35000 0.02597 0.0399b 0.07421 0.35340 0.19029
0.1 0.15 0.2b5 0.bb839 0.331b1 0.03093 0.04b27 0.09327 0.35199 0.174b2
0.1 0.20 0.320 0.b7500 0.32500 0.0344b 0.0510b 0.10b05 0.33141 0.1595b
0.1 0.25 0.375 0.b7500 0.32500 0.03b95 0.05474 0.11370 0.30320 0.14598
0.1 0.30 0.430 0.b7093 0.32907 0.038b6 0.057b3 0.11751 0.27328 0.13403
0.2 0.10 0.290 0.608b2 0.39138 0.03154 0.05183 0.08059 0.27793 0.17872
0.2 0.15 0.335 0.b3321 0.3b679 0.03535 0.05584 0.09b40 0.2877b 0.lbbb9
0.2 0.20 0.380 0.64736 0.352M 0.03781 0.05841 0.10723 0.28219 0.15371
0.2 0.25 0.425 0.65441 0.34559 ·0.03934 0.06012 0.11385 0.2b788 0.14146
0.2 0.30 0.470 0.65638 0.34362 0.04027 0.06135 0.11720 0.24936· 0.130C;4 t

h

TABLE 3

47

.
b' , A 1 Sb St kb kt
s h Yb Yt
0.1 0.10 0.2150 0.63750 0.36250 0.02738 0.04295 0.07554 0.35138 0.19980
0.1 0.25 0.2725 0.65464 0.34536 0.03275 0.05003 0.09483 0.34802 0.18360
0.1 0.20 0.3300 0.66136 0.33864 0.03643 0.05508 0.10758 0.32601 0.16692
0.1 0.25 0.3875 0.66230 0.33770 0.03883 0.05863 0.11499 0.29675 0.15131
0.1 0.30 0.4450 0.65969 0.34031 0.04028 0.06107 0.11838 0.26603 0.13723
0.2 0.10 0.2925 0.60438 0.39562 0.03215 0.05320 0.08127 0.27787 0.18189
0.2 0.15 0.3388 0.62806 0.37194 0.03616 0.05757 0.09722 0.28700 0.16995
0.2 0.20 0.3850 0.64188 0.35812 0.03869 0.06028 0.10805 0.28065 0.15658
0.2 0.25 0.4313 0.64900 0.35099 0.04020 0.06194 0.11454 0.26561 0.14365
0.2 0.30 0.4775 0.65137 0.34863 0.04102 0.06298 0.11768 0.24645 0.13190 Yt
+
I
.... h
G b
Yb ..
J. Js,
1'0. lbl 48

TABLE 4

b' t A 1 Sb St kb kt
s ii )'b )'t
0.1 0.10 0.2200 0.62613 0.37387 0.02860 0.04568 0.07652 0.34781 0.20768
0.1 0.15 0.2800 0.64263 0.35737 0.03422 0.05325 0.09575 0.34199 0.19018
0.1 0.20 0.3400 0.65000 0.35000 0.03788 0.05828 0.10823 0.31834 0.17141
0.1 0.25 0.4000 0.65234 0.34766 0.04006 0.06141 0.11524 0.28811 0.15354
0.2 0.10 0.2950 0.60042 0.39958 0.03269 0:05445 0.08182 0.27737 0.18459
0.2 0.15 0.3425 0.62344 0.37656 0.03682 0.05905 0.09778 0.28549 0.17243
0.2 0.20 0.3900 0.63717 0.36283 0.03936 0.06177 0.10848 0.27816 0.15839
0.2 0.25 0.4375 0.64464 0.35536 0.04078 0.06326 0.11476 0.26231 0.14459 h

49

TABLE 5

b' f A 1 Sb St kb kt
s h )lb )It
0.1 0.10 0.230 0.59782 0.40218 0.03256 0.05447 0.08097 0.35206 0.23684
0.1 0.15 0.295 0.60805 0.39195 0.04047 0.06656 0.10327 0.35006 0.22565
0.1 0.20 0.360 0.6Ull 0.38889 0.04635 0.07585 0.U9Z0 0.33111 0.21070
0.1 0.25 0.425 0.61029 0.38971 0.05055 0.08284 0.12973 0.30526 0.19492
0.1 0.30 0.490 0.60714 0.39286 0.05340 0.08796 0.13594 0.21744 0.17952
0.2 0.10 0.310 0.57258 0.42742 0.03740 0.06531 0.08750 0.28226 0.21070
0.2 0.15 0.365 0.58732 0.41267 0.04399 0.07490 0.10661 0.29208 0.20522
0.2 0.20 0.420 0.59523 0.40477 0.04879 0.08195 0.12054 0.28700 0.19516
0.2 0.25 0.475 0.59868 0.40132 0.05214 0.08709 0.12993 0.27354 0.18336
0.2 0.30 0.530 0.59905 0.40095 0.05436 0.09075 0.13559 0.25584 0.17123
0.3 0.10 0.390 0.55769 0.44231 0.04200 0.07531 0.09496 0.24348 0.19311
0.3 0.15 0.435 0.57327 0.42673 0.04730 0.08251 0.11084 0.25482 0.18968
0.3 0.20 0.480 0.58333 0.41667 0.05106 0.08754 0.12256 0.25533 0.18238
0.3 0.25 0.525 0.58928 0.41072 0.05362 0.09100 0.13057 0.24870 0.17334
0.3 0.30 0.570 0.59210 0.40790 0.05526 0.09333 0.13548 0.23769 0.16374 h

50

TABLE 6

b' t A 1 Sb St kb kt
s h Yb Yt
0.1 0.10 0.24000 0.57760 0.42240 0.03482 0.06028 0.08244 0.34351 0.25120
0.1 0.15 0.31000 0.58679 0.41321 0.04323 0.07367 0.10462 0.33751 0.23766
0.1 0.20 0.38000 0.59078 0.40922 0.04918 0.08325 0.12019 0.31629 0.21908
0.1 0.25 0.45000 0.59200 0.40800 0.05312 0.08973 0.13020 0.28935 0.19940
0.1 0.30 0.52000 0.59158 0.40842 0.05547 0.09377 0.13583 0.26122 0.18034
0.2 0.10 0.31750 0.56172 0.43828 0.03895 0.06934 0.08887 0.27990 0.21840
0.2 0.15 0.37625 0.57482 0.42518 0.04590 0.07986 0.10797 0.28697 0.21227
0.2 0.,20 0.43500 0.58247 0.41752 0.05077 0.08717 0.12161 0.27958 0.20040
0.2 0.25 0.49375 0.58662 0.41338 0.05396 0.09199 0.13055 0.26442 0.18632
0.2 0.30 0.55250 0.58840 0.41159 0.05585 0.09492 0.13569 0.24561 0.17180
0.3 0.10 0.39500 0.55206 0.44790 0.04298 0.07785 0.09595 0.24291 0,.19710
0.3 0.15 0.44250 0.56641 0.43359 0.04850 0.08564 0.11188 0.25283 0.19354
0.3 0.20 0.49000 0.57602 0.42398 0.05232 0.09084 0.12341 0.25187 0.18539
0.3 0.25 0.53750 0.58212 0.41788 0.05478 0.09412 0.13111 0.24393 0.17510
0.3 0.30 0.58500 0.58557 0.41442 0.05621 0.09600 0.13565 0.23189 O.I64U I- b 'I <6:]30

B
Yt +
l'
- h
G b
...
Yb 51

TABLE 7

b' t A Yb Yt 1 Sb St kb kt
s ii,
0..1 0..10. 0..250.0.0. 0..560.0.0. 0..440.0.0. 0..0.3668 0..0.6550. 0..0.8331 0..0.3348 0..2620.2
0..1 0..15 0..3250.0. 0..56924 0..430.76 0..0.4530. 0..0.7959 0..10.511 0..32362 0..24490.
0..1 0..20. 0..40.0.0.0. 0..5750.0. 0..4250.0. 0..0.510.8 0..0.8884 0..120.19 0..30.0.49 0..22210.
0..1 0..25 0..4750.0. 0..57894 D~421D6 0..0.5459 0..0.9429 0..12965 0..27295 0..19851
0..1 0..30. 0..550.0.0. 0..58182 0..41818 0..0.5640. 0..0.9694 0..13481 0..24522 0..17625
0..2 0..10. 0..3250.0. 0..55193 0..4480.7 0..0.40.26 0..0.7296 0..0.8981 0..27652 0..22449
0..2 0..15 0..38150. 0..56411 0..43588 0..0.4739 0..0.840.1 0..10.873 0..280.59 0..21681
0..2 0..20. 0..450.0.0. 0..57223 0..42777 0..0.5215 0..0.9114 0..12191 0..270.92 0..20.253
0..2 0..25 0..51250. 0..57774 0..42226 0..0.550.4 0..0.9526 0..130.34 0..25433 D.185~8
0..2 0..30. 0..5750.0. 0..58152 0..41848 0..0.565,3 0..0.9721 0..1350.9 0..23494 0..1690.7
0..3 0..10. 0..40.0.0.0. 0..54688 D.4S312 0..0.4382 0..0.80.14 0..0.9672 0..24181 0..20.0.36
0..3 0..15 0..450.0.0. 0..560.41 0..43959 0..0.4946 0..·0.8826 0..11253 0..250.06 0..19615
0..3 0..20. 0..50.0.0.0. 0..570.0.0. 0..430.0.0. 0..0.5321 0..0.9336 0..12375 0..24751 0..18672
0..3 0..25 0..550.0.0. 0..57670. 0..42330. 0..0.5547 0..0.9621 0..1310.8 ' 0..23833 0..17493
0..3 0..30. 0..60.0.0.0. 0..58125 0.41815 0..0.5666 0..0.9748 0..13531 0..22552 0..16247 Yt

:It

G kb h

+

52

TABLE 8

b' t A '1 Sb St kb kt
s Ji Yb Yt
0.1 0.10 0.25000 0.55400 0.44600 0.03810 0.06878 0.08543 0.34174 0.27512
0.1 0.15 0.32500 0.55884 0.44115 0.04827 0.08637 0.10941 0.33667 0.26576
0.1 0.20 0.40000 0.56000 0.44000 0.05589 0.09980 0.12703 0.31757 0.24952
0.1 0.25 0.47500 0.55921 0.44079 0.06135 0.10971 0.13919 0.29304 0.23098
0.1 0.30 0.55000 0.55727 0.44273 0.06502 0.11669 0.14688 0.26706 0.21216
0.2 0.10 0.33000 0.54091 0.45909 0.04254 0.07865 0.09267 0.28084 0.23836
0.2 0.15 0.39500 0.54841 0.45159 0.05132 0.09359 0.11366 0.28775 0.23694
0.2 0.20 0.46000 0.55218 0.44782 0.05788 0.10482 0.1:2924 0.28097 C.22787
0.2 0.25 0.52500 0.55357 0.44643 0.06255 0.11300 0.14012 0.26690 0.21524
0.2 0.30 0.59000 0.55338 0.44662 0.06568 0.11869 0.14707 0.24927 0.20117
0.3 0.10 0.04100 0.53292 0.46708 0.04692 0.08804 0.10045 0.Z4502 0.21474
0.3 0.15 0.46500 0.54112 0.45888 0.05432 0.10039 0.11839 0.25460 0.21590
0.3 0.20 0.52000 0.54615 0.45385 0.05982 0.10953 0.13181 0.25349 0.21065
0.3 0.25 0.57500 0.54891 0.45109 0.06372 0.11509 0.14127 0.24570 0.20191
0.3 0.30 0.63000 0.55000 0.45000 0.06632 0.12059 0.14738 . 0.23395 0.19140 53

TABLE 9

b' r A )It Sb St kb kt
s ii )lb 1
0.1 0.10 0.26500 0.52900 0.47100 0.04086 0.01724 0.08616 0.32139 0.29149
0.1 0.15 0.34150 0.53358 0.46642 0.05141 0.09641 0.11036 0.31159 0.21161
0.1 0.20 0.43000 0.53662 0.46338 0.05903 0.11000 0.12739 0.29626 0.25582
0.1 0.25 0.51250 0.53881 0.46113 0.06405 0.11886 0.13890 0.21102 0.23193
0.1 0.30 0.59500 0.54066 0.45934 0.06705 0.12403 0.14598 0.24535 0.20846
0.2 0.10 0.34250 0.52521 0.41413 0.04415 0.08521 0.09428 0.21528 0.24818
0.2 0.15 0.41315 0.53122 0.46878 0.05391 0.10148 0.11500 0.21194 0.24528
0.2 0.20 0.48500 0.53531 0.46469 0.06042 0.11281 0.13003 0.26810 0.23213
0.2 0.25 0.55625 0.53827 0.46173 0.06415 0 • .12029 0.14024 0.25211 0.21626
0.2 0.30 0.62150 0.54048 0.45952 0.06134 0.12460 0.14655 0.23356 0.19856
0.3 0.10 0.42000 0.52291 0.41109 0.04864 0.09303 0.10196 0.24218 0.22150
0.3 0.15 0.48000 0.52949 0.41051 0.05634 0.10640 0.11914 0.24947 0.22168
0.3 0.20 0.54000 0.53425 0.46575 0.06181 0.11570 0.13212 0.24579 0.21426
0.3 0.25 0.60000 0.53777 0.46223 0.06545 0.12171 0.14159 0.23599 0.20285
0.3 0.30 0.66000 0.54035 0.45965 0.06163 0.12516 0.14113 0.22293 0.18964 Yb +

b' -r 1. 1St

I· O.7b ·1

h

54

TABLE 10

b' t A Yb Yt 1 Sb St kb kt
s h
0.1 0.10 0.<:800 0.50804 0.49196 0.04304 0.08471 0.08747 0.31245 0.30256
0.1 0.25 0.3700 0.51368 0.48632 0.05374 0.10462 0.11050 0.29867 0.28276
0.1 0.20 0.4600 0.51956 0.48044 0.06095 0.11732 0.12687 0.27582 0.25505
0.1 0.25 0.5500 0.52556 0.47444 0.06539 0.12442 0.13783 0.25061 0.22623
0.1 0.30 0.6400 0.53165 0.46835 0.06776 0.12746 0.14469 0.22608 0.19917
0.2 0.10 0.3550 0.55162 0.48838 0.04657 0.09103 0.09536 0.26862 0.25642
0.2 0.15 0.4325 0.51713 0.48287 0.05580 0.10191 0.11557 0.26721 0.24952
0.2 0.20 0.5100 0.52255 0.47745 0.06204 0.11872 0.12294 0.25478 0.23279
0.2 0.25 0.5875 0.52793 0.47207 0.06588 0.12419 0.13956 0.23754 0.21241
0.2 0.30 0.6650 0.53328 0.46672 0.06194 0.12740 0.14557 0.21890 0.19159
0.3 0.10 0.4300 0.51396 0.48604 0.05009 0.09747 0.10307 0.23971 0.22669
0.3 0.15 0.4950 0.51969 0.48030 0.05786 0.11134 0.12047 0.24338 0.22493
0.3 0.20 0.5600 0.52500 0.47500 0.06311 0.12022 0.13287 0.23728 0.21468
0.3 0.25 0.6250 0.53000 0.47000 0.06636 0.12521 0.14120 0.22592 0.20034
0.3 0.30 0.6900 0.53478 0.46521 0.06811 0.12736 0.14641 0.21219 0.18459 TABLE 11

b' t A 1 Sb kb
s h Yb
0.1 0.10. 0.28 0.04493 0.08986 0.32095
0.1 0.15 0.37 0.05760 0.11521 0.31139
0.1 0.20 0.46 0.50 0.06713 0.13426 0.29188
0.1 0.25 0.55 0.07395 0.14791 0.26893
0.1 0.30 0.64 0.07853 0.15706 0.24541
0.2 0.10 0.36 0.04919 0.09839 0.27333
0.2 0.15 0.44 0.06046 0.12093 0.27484
0.2 0.20 0.52 0.50 0.06893 0.13786 0.26512
0.2 0.25 0.60- 0.07499 0.15000 0.25000
0.2 0.30 0.68 0.07906 0.15813 0.23254
0.3 0.10 0.44 0.05346 0.10693 0.24303
0.3 0.15 0.51 0.06332 0.12665 0.24833
0.3 0.20 0.58 0.50 0.07073 0.14146 0.24390
0.3 0.25 0.65 0.07604 0.15208 0.23397
0.3 0.30 0.72 0.07960 0.15920 0.22111
0.4 0.10 0.52 0.05773 0.11546 0.22205
0.4 0.14 0.58 0.06618 0.13236 0.22821
0.4 0.20 0.64 0.50 0.07253 0.14506 0.22666
0.4 0.25 0.70 0.07708 0.15416 0.22023
0.4 0.30 0.76 0.08013 0.16026 0.21087 I- b -I


Yt
+
G l h
b
Yb T 56

TABLE 12

b' t A Yb J Sb St kb kt
s Ji Yt
0.1 0.10 ·0.30250 0.47117 0.5288~ 0.04806 0.10200 0.09088 0.30044 0.33120
0.1 0.15 0.40375 0.41231 0.52769 0.06100 0.12916 0.11560 0.28633 0.31991
0.1 0.20 0.50500 0.47549 0.52451 0.07024 0.14772 0.13392 0.26519 0.29252
0.1 0.25 0.60625 0.47971 0.5a029 0.07641 0.15930 0.14687 0.24226 0.26276
0.1 0.30 0.70750 0.48449 0.51551 0.08017 0.16548 0.15553 0.21983 0.23390
0.2 0.10 0.38000 0.47960 0.52040 0.05204 0.10851 0.10001 0.26319 0.2855"
0.2 0.15 0.47000 0.47885 0.52:115 0.06355 0.13271 0.12194 0.25946 0.28237
0.2 0.20 0.56000 0.48035 0.51965 0.07175 0.14936 0.13807 0.24656 0.26673
0.2 0.25 0.65000 0.48317 0.51683 0.07122 0.15982 0.14942 0.22987 0.24588
0.2 0.30 0.74000 0.48682 0.51318 0.08055 0.16546 0.15696 0.21211 0.22359
0.3 0.10 0.45750 0.48517 0.51483 0.05599 0.11541 0.10876 0.23773 0.25226
0.3 0.15 0.53625 0.48378 0.516Zl 0.06606 0.13656 0.12798 0.23866 .0; 25466
0.3 0.20 0.61500 0.48434 0.51566 0.07323 0.15120 0.14202 0.23094 0.24586
0.3 0.25 0.69375 0.48620 0.51380 0.07801 0.16046 0.15184 0.21887 0.23129
0.3 0.30 0.71250 0.48895 0.51105 0.08091 0.16548 0.15833 0.20496 0.21422 h

57

TABLE 13

b' t A )'b )'t I Sb St kb kt
s Ji
0.1 0.10 0,32500 0.44807 0.55193 0.05039 0.11246 0.09130 0.28094 0.34605
0.1 0.15 0.43750 0.45178 0.54822 0.06321 0.13992 0.11531 0.26356 0.31982
0.1 0.20 0.55000 0.45909 0.54091 0.07191 0.15664 0.13294 0.2417Z 0.28480
0.1 0.25 0.66250 0.46816 0.53184 0.07738 0.16530 0.14551 0.21963 0.24951
0.1 0.30 0.77500 0.47822 0.52178 0.08052 0.16838 0.15433 0.19914 0.21727
0.2 0.10 0.40000 0.46250 0.53750 0.05427 0.11734 0.10096 0.25242 0.29335
0.2 0.15 0,50000 0.46250 0.53750 0.06565 0.14194 0.12214 0.24428 0.28389
0.2 0.20 0.60000 0.46666 0.53334 0.07333 0.15714 0.13750 0.22916 0.26190
0.2 0.25 0.70000 0.47321 0.52679 0.07814 0.16513 0.14834 0.21191 0.23590
0.2 0.30 0.80000 0.48125 0.51875 0.08088 0.16807 0.15592 0.19490 0.21009
0.3 0.10 0.47500 0.47Z36 0.52764 0.05803 0.12285 0.10998 0.23155 0.25864
0.3 0.15 0.56250 0.47083 0.52917 0.06799 0.14442 0.12850 0.22844 0.25674
0.3 0.20 0.65000 0.47307 0.52693 0.07469 0.15789 0.14175 0.21808 0.24291
0.3 0.25 0.73750 0.47775 0.52225 0.07886 0.16507 0.15101 0.20476 0.2Z383
0.3 0.30 0.82500 0.48409 0.51591 0.08122 0.16779 0.15744 0.19084 0.20338 58

COMPUTER PROGRAMS

The following programs are written in BASIC and can be run with little or no modification on the following Sharp Pocket Computers:

Model Nos. 1251, 1401, 1451, 1500

Program "J" can be used to calculate the section properties of any T-section as shown in Fig. C-1(a), by inputting the parameters

( 1)

The full listing of the program is given in Fig. C-1(b). The output gives the area of the section, location of the centroid, section moduli, moment of inertia. The following variables are used in the programs:

Variable Y or YT F or AREA I ST SB
Quantity Yt A I St Sb Then

s, = (ST)bh2; Sb = (SB)bh2

(2) (3) (4)

A = (F or AREA)bh

1= (l)bh3

For i.nstance, referring to Table 1 on page 19, the following values were entered in a Sharp 1401.

t b'

1i = 0.4 = A; Ii = 0.2 = B

The printout shown in Fig. C-l(c) agrees with the values given in line 8 of Table 1.

59

-LI- b .j 1 :309: ".T'" : C:"EAR
1 :305: PR UlT = LPF.'INT
t I ) 1810: HIPUT ""A=?'}; A:
T P~: I ~H "'A=IJ;H
1820: HiPUT "B<>"iB:
- b' I- h PRItH "'B="; B 1830:C=1-A

1:34'~1: !:'=A+B*C 1850:PRINT ·AREA=":

F'~:ua !:' 1860:S=A*A/2+B*C*<A+C/2

.... ----'-

Fig. c-ue)

1870: 'l=S·/F

i1=>3.4

1880:PRINT "Y=":PRINT Y 1890:Il=8*A*A/12+A*(Y-A

./2>*('"j'-A/2)

0.52

'-(=

3.291025641E-02

l'jH!::=:~'t!2

1929:PRI~T "I=Y:PRINT I 1930:~QINT ·ST=Y:PRINT

3. 153846154E-01

1=

r ./'y'

1949:PRINT ·SB=Y:PRINT

SB=

4.':' 75655431E-~n

I/(l-Y) l'j50: Et'm

Fig. c-ua

Fig. c-tts)

Program "K" can be used to calculate properties of I-sections of the type shown in Fig. C-2(a). The following parameters are to be inputted.

A = -ht " B t' C = b'. D = b"

=11; b ' b

60

The other variables are the same as in Program "J". Fig. C-2(b) gives the full listing of the program and Fig. C-2(c) the printout for the following input, which corresponds to the values in line 5 of Table 10, page 28.

t t' b' b"

h = 0.3 = A; 11 = 0.45 = B; 1)= 0.1 = ,C; b = 0.7 = D

The results in the printout agree with the values given in Table 10.

By setting B = D = 0, Program "K" can be used to give the same properties of T-sections as evaluated by Program "J".

JI t-. _b ---t.1 T

T'----

2000:"K·:C~EAR :PRINT = LPF'FlT

2005:INPUT "A=?":A:

P~~Ir'4T "H=",A

F'R an "B = " ;B

h

2020: INPUT 'C=?';C:

PRUH "C=";C 2030:INPUT YD=?";D:

PRall "[i=";n 2040:E=I-A-B 21~50: F=A+C:+<E+B*D

Fig. C-2(o)

Fig. C-2(b)

2070: Y=S,/F 2080:11=A*A*A/12+A*(Y~A

/2) * ('l-A/2)

A=0.3 B=0.45 C=13.1 D=0.7 AREA=

2090: 12=C*E*E*E/12+C*E. (A+E/2~Y)*(A+E/2-Y

2100: 13=D*B*B*B/12+B*D* (I-B/2-Y)*(1-B/2-Y

0.64

2110: 1=11+12+13 2120::3T=I./''(

2130: SB=I.·'''( 1-Y) 2140:PRIHT "AREA=":

PRINT F 2150:PRINT "YT=Y:PRINT

,(T=

1).4E,835'H75

1=

6.776761068E-02

ST=

0. 1446'H4}'~

y

2160:PRINT "!=":PRINT 1 2170:PRINT ·ST=Y:PRINT ST

2180:PRINT YSB=":PRIHT SB

21'~I~:E~m

SB=

~.274688342E-01

Fig. C-2(c)

APPENDIX A

PROGRAM "J"

Gross moment of inertia of aT-section

Listing

Fig. J-I gives a complete listing of the program

1890:·r:CLEAR 1819:IHPUT ·HF/H=?·;A 1820:IHPUT ·BW/B=?·;B 1839:C=1-A

1849:F=A+B*C 18S0:PRIHT'·AREA=· 1869:PRIHT F 1879:S=A*A/2+B*C*(A+C/2

)

lSS0:Y=S/F

1899:PRIHT ·Y=· 1900:PRIHT Y 1910:11=A*A*A/12+A*(Y-A

/2)*(Y-A/2)

1929:I2=B*C*C*C/12+B*C* (A+C/2-YY*(A+C/2-Y )

1939: 1=11+12 1940:PRIHT ·1=· 19S0:PRIHT 1 1960:PIUHT ·ST=· 1970: PRIHT l/Y 1980:PRIHT "SB=· 1990:PRIHT I/(l-Y) 1995:EHD

Fig. J-l

61

Outline,

Refelring to ft)g. J-2, the following dimensionless variables have been used

Variable Quantity h
y Y hf
A="h
F A=Abh b",
1= Ibh3 B="b
I
ST St = (ST)bhZ Fig. J-2
SB ~ = (SB}bhZ The location of the centroid, the calculation of the moment of inertia and the section moduli are performed using elementary statics.

Use

once the dimensionless parameters A, B are inputted, the computer calculates the various factors needed to evaluate the required section properties. .The numerical values of area, moment of inertia and section rnodut can" 'then be calculated as follows:

63

SECTION PROPER TIES

Program IIJII is used to evaluate section porperties of T -sections.

Referring to Fig. J-3, the centroidal distance y, the area A, the centroidal moment of inertia I, and the section moduli St and Sb of a plain T -section are .obtained as:

A = Abd, Y = Yh, .f = Ibh 3

s, = f = (ST)bh2, Sb = (1 ! y) = (SB)bh2

~J-1 )

The coefficients A, Y, I, ST, SB in the above equations are given by Program "J" once the ratios

..

(:J-2) \

are entered.

A

t ~. ty " f-
C.
hf
=
h bw
bw
- t: h

8-

Fig. J-3 Dimensions of aT-section

64

. EXAMPLE J-1 Locate the centroid and evaluate the centroidal moment of inertia. of the section of Fig •. J-3 if

hf = 100 mm, h = 500 mm, bw = 300 mm, b = 800mm From equaticn (J-Z), the ratios A, B are

100 300

A = 500= 0.2, B = 800 = 0.375

ARSA=

y=

e ...

1=

4.666666667E-e2

Fig. J-4

Printout for Example J-1

ST=

:.166666667E-0!

33=

7.777777778E-02

The computer printout is given in Fig. J-1 • Using the results, the required. section properties are found from equation (J-1) as

y = 0.4(500) = 200 mm 1=4670(10)6 mm" Ans,

·f-

\

-PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

DR. B. N. THADANI

The tables in tnls book should substantially simplify

the task of the design_t)r In selecting the cross sectional dimensions of pre-tensioned and post-tensioned concrete beams to meet with given design requirements. The tables Ustt~e essential properties of various sections in terms. of dlmensionless parameters. which cover most of the shapes

encountered in practice. '

A suitable shape can be quic'kly selected with the aid of these-tables, without the usual trial and error procedures. A final section can then be decided upon and the design completed. Computer programs are also provided so that the properties of any T- or I-section, not listed in the tables, can be evaluated rapidly.

In conformity with recent - trends, and in the interest of _ simplicity, Systeme International (SI) units have been used

throughout. DR. B. N. THADANI

. University of Manitoba, CANADA.

Rs. 32 .00

weinall book corporotion

BOMBAY

-..,;;. _.-"-- _....~ __ ~_c. . ,_~ .. _