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1. Introduction
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way
digital technology to control appliances at consumers' homes to save energy,
reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. It is capable of assessing
its health in real-time, predicting its behavior, anticipatory behavior, adaptation to
new environments, handling distributed resources, stochastic demand, and optimal
response to the smart appliances. It is a tool that allows electric utilities to focus on
evolving true business drivers by enabling cost containment, end-to-end power
delivery control, and a more secure infrastructure.
The grid is considered to have observability with nodes data integration and
analysis to support advances in system operation and control. This includes power
delivery integration and high level utility strategic planning functions.
Overall, the Smart Grid design goals are to provide grid observability; create
controllability of assets, enhance power system performance and security; and
reduce costs of operations, maintenance, and system planning. Benefits of the
Smart Grid with bring forth the following:
2. SMART GRID
Generating
plant
Transmission Line
Substation
Distribution
System End User
A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all
electricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive
transmission lines for less power loss, as well as the capability of the integrating
renewable electricity such as solar and wind. When power is least expensive the
user can allow the smart grid to turn on selected home appliances such as washing
machines or factory processes that can run at arbitrary hours. At peak times it
could turn off selected appliances to reduce demand.
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For the functional scope of the Smart Grid architecture [2], eight functional
scenarios have been defined. A short description of each case is provided in the
following subsections.
The key idea of this is a variable price profile given to the customer day ahead
before the delivery by a retailer. This profile is considered fixed after
transmission to the customer and, as such, the customer can rely on it. The price
profile will look different for each day, reflecting market conditions that vary
from day to day. These variations will likely further increase with expanding
generation from fluctuating sources like wind power and photovoltaics.
Generally, this concept allows for integration of loads as well as of generation
units at the customer site as it is up to the customer which devices are allowed
to be managed according to the variable tariff. To enable in-home energy
management, a suitable domestic system is required together with an automatic
home management device coupled to an intelligent meter.
As one important measure for realizing this potential, the action plan states that
awareness must be increased in order to stimulate end-customer behavioural
changes. A timely display of energy consumption is expected to have positive
effects on energy savings. Personalized and well targeted advice on how to save
energy can further help exploit the savings potential. A portal or display that
combines information about present and past consumption, comparisons to
average consumption patterns, and precise suggestions how to further lower
consumption, which are tailored personally to the customer, is expected to be
the most effective way of realizing the targeted increase in households’ energy
efficiency.
Taking the previous function one step further, the BRP uses these VPPs to,
additionally, bid actively into the reserve capacity markets.
The main principle of this is to allow the operation of a grid cell in island mode
in case of higher system instability in a market environment. The scenario has
two main steps, the first occurring before a possible instability and involves
keeping a load shedding schedule up-to-date. The second step is the steady
islanded operation. The transition to the island mode is automatic and neither
end users nor the aggregator interferes with it. The system manages the energy
within the island grid and it is considered that all nodes within the islanded grid
will participate in the system.
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The most important concept of this function is to support the black start
operation of the main grid. It is assumed that after the blackout the local grid is
also out of operation. The main goal is to start up quickly in island mode and
then to reconnect with the upstream network in order to provide energy to the
system.
Understanding the need for smart grid requires acknowledging a few facts about
our infrastructure. The power grid is the backbone of the modern civilization, a
complex society with often conflicting energy needs-more electricity but fewer
fossil fuels, increased reliability yet lower energy costs, more secure distribution
with less maintenance, effective new construction and efficient disaster
reconstruction. But while demand for electricity has risen drastically, its
transmission is outdated and stressed. The bottom line is that we are exacting more
from a grid that is simply not up to the task.
POWER SYSTEM
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A smart grid not only moves electricity more efficiently in geographic terms,
it also enables electricity use to be shifted overtime-for example, from period of
peak demand to those of off-peak demand. Achieving this goals means working
with consumers who have “smart meters” to see exactly how much electricity is
being used at any particular time. This facilitates two-way communication between
utility and consumer. So they can cooperate in reducing peak demand in a way that
it’s advantageous to both. And it allow to the use of two way metering so that
customer who have a rooftop solar electric panel or their ownwindmill can sell
surplus electricity back to the utility.
1. Intelligent –
2. Efficient –
3. Accommodating –
Accepting energy from virtually any fuel source including solar and wind as
easily and transparently as coal and natural gas: capable of integrating any
and all better ideas and technologies – energy storage technologies. For e.g.-
as they are market proven and ready to come online.
4. Motivating –
5. Resilient –
6. Green –
Slowing the advance of global climate change and offering a genuine path
towards significant environmental improvement.
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Technology
The bulk of smart grid technologies are already used in other applications such as
manufacturing and telecommunications and are being adapted for use in grid
operations. In general, smart grid technology can be grouped into five key areas
I. Integrated communications
Some communications are up to date, but are not uniform because they have
been developed in an incremental fashion and not fully integrated. In most
cases, data is being collected via modem rather than direct network
connection. Areas for improvement include: substation automation, demand
response, distribution automation, supervisory control and data
acquisition(SCADA), energy management systems, wireless mesh networks
and other technologies, power- line carrier communication s and fiber-
optics. Integrated communication will allow for real time control,
information and data exchange to optimize system reliability, asset
utilization, and security.
A smart grid replaces analog mechanical meters with digital meters that
record usage in real time. Smart meters are similar to Advanced Metering
Infrastructure meters and provide a communication path extending from
generation plants to electrical outlets (smart socket) and other smart grid-
enabled devices. By customer option, such devices can shut down during
times of peak demand.
TRANSFORMER LOSSES :-
Transformer
losses
a) IRON LOSSES
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b) COPPER LOSSES
The total power loss taking place in the winding of transformer is
called as copper (Cu) loss or electrical losses.
Cu losses =I12R1+ I22R2
Now, that we have learned the number of losses in T&D sector so also lets
have a view to reduce or conserve this losses. The major percentage of losses
occurring in T&D sector are only transformer losses. It contributes to 40% of
losses inT&D system. So, it is sole responsibility to reduce them.
Thus, energy conservation opportunities for trans former are available only in
design and material used. Also optimizing loading of transformer can increase
efficiency of system.
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The environmental protection agency (EPA) brought study report that nearly 61
billion K WH of electricity is wasted in each year only as transformer losses.
Study of typical grid system showed that, power transformer contributes nearly
40% to 50% of total transmission and distribution losses.
Amorphous transformer
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1) BY REDUCING RESISTANCE -
Losses are directly proportional to I2r in conductor. So, if we reduce ‘R’ from this surely
the losses will be reduced. For this we can use stranded or bundled conductors or ACSR
conductors. And even this method is been adopted and also successful.
AWRENESS IN CONSUMERS-
This is one of most important and useful/helpful for energy conservation. This
can be done by asking consumer to make use of energy efficientequipments,by
giving seminar about energy conservation and make them aware and understand
about the happening and there advantages and disadvantages etc.
SMART METERS
A smart meter generally refers to a type of advanced meters that identifies
consumption in more detail than a conventional meter and communicates that
information back to the local utility for monitoring and billing, a process known as
telemetering.
Future –
In the new future, will not be any vast development.
Risky because of financial developments and regulations.
In the long run, attitudes will change, wide spread usage of the smart grid
from every business to every home just like the internet.
RELIABILITY
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Reliability has always been in the forefront of power grid design and operation due
to the cost of outages to customers. In the US, the annual cost of outages in 2002 is
estimated to be in the order of $79B [5] which equals to about a third of the total
electricity retail revenue of $249B [6]. A similar estimate based on 2008 retail
revenue would be of the order of $109B. Much higher estimates have been
reported by others. The reliability issues in modern power grids are becoming
increasingly more challenging. Factors contributing to the challenges include:
The grid being operated at its “edge” in more locations and more often
because of:
Insufficient investment and limited rights of way
Increasing energy consumption and peak demand creating contention for
limited transfer capability
Aging infrastructure
Maximizing asset utilization driven by modern tools for monitoring,
analyzing and control
CONCLUSION
With the increasing world population, thereby increasing demand, and depleting
resources the need to be ‘smart’ and efficient in our energy usage has become an
imperative. Implementation of Smart Grid concept would go a long way in solving
many of the present energy issues and problems. The whole network needs to be
upgraded to meet the requirements i.e. at transmission as well as distribution level.
Researches are going on to find the optimal solution and new technology to make
all the desired characteristics possible.
Smart Meters, Smart Homes, Smart City and so on would constitute the Smart
Grid. As the new technologies would be invented and existing ones boosted up to
meet the desired specifications the Smart Grid would become a reality and change
the whole energy pattern throughout the world.
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Resources of information
Articles –
Websites:-
www.nima.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.xcelenergy.com/smartgridcity
www.schneider.com
www.powersmiths.com
www.renewableenrgyworld.com