10 Phut Hoc May Tinh-Chuong 1

LcrDUC HAo
10 PHCrr 1)0:

MAYTtNHMCIN~~

~

s- , """)5

Tim hieu CMOS

va CPU

I '

~ 1 .. 1___ I

/F' ' \, \-<\

I L__-:c__:__::_--:_____' \_- , j

LUi noi d6u

Tin h9C ngay nay ia mot ngiinl; h9C kh6ng the" thdu duoc trong moi linlt cue. De'dap ling yeu cdu ngay citng cao ciia d¢c gui, dnc bift la nhung nguai moi bi:it diiu. hay nhllng nguai b(in r9n coi cang vi~c, kh6ng co giil de'n lap. Chung toi bien soq.n b¢ sach. "10 Phut Hoe May Tinh M6i Ngay". B9 stich. g6m nliieu quyln. Trang cliuyen. muc hom nay, cluing t6i giai thieu nluing tac uu co ban vt "Tim hilu CMOS va CPU".

Quye"n sacli "Tim hie'u CMOS va CPU" duac trinii bay theo hinh thuc h9C nhanh, ro rang va nhilng kie'n thuc moi nhat.

Vai luang kdn thuc ca ban nluit duoc trinh. bay trong cu6n sach. nay, cdc ban. co tId tlj nghien cuu de' co duoc nhiing ky thuat su dung thann thao may tinh v(fn pliong m¢t each: nhanh chong vti chinh xac nh/it. Va sach. cling La nen. tang va co h¢i tien. xa han trong linh. ouc tin hoc.

Mttc du dii htt sue c6 geing nhung cluing toi khong the: trtinli khiji nhflng sai s6t ngoai y muon. Mong cdc ban. gop y mot each chtin. thanh:

Chiic cdc ban thanh. cong.

SO(Ln gia.

TiM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 7

,~ "-

TIM HIEU CMOS VA CPU

1. CMOS lam gi?

Trang khia canh den gian nhat, CMOS RAM chi nghra la mot s6 RAM trnh nang luong cue thap. Cac cong cu CMOS RAM ell chi 64byte, va nhung bo sung sau nay cung cap them 64byte mra (ToNG CQNG LA 128BYTE). cAc Bang mach chmh gtin day nhat sli dung 512 byte hay nhieu han M 1u"U tru st! cai dat CMOS cung voi thong lin ESCD (Du lieu cau hinh he th6ng rna roug) d.n thiet cho h$ thong plug-and-play (PnP) cua PC. Vai cac muc tieu cua cucn sach nay, chiing toi se xern xet h$ thong CMOS 128 byte co ban. Vi RAM: tt! nhien bi mat di khi ngucn nang hrcng' cua he thong hi ngAt nell nguo'i ta dua van PC mot b9 pin M tiep tuc cung cap nang hrong cho CMOS RAM (va RTC). SI! sao chep CMOS Hay giu eho ngay thang, thai gian, va cac thong so cua h$ thong kh6ng hi anh hircng eho den khi ban bat may tinh lai. Dl nhien la neu pin bi hong thi he thong se bi mat cac du lieu ngay thang, thai gian va tat ca cac thong s6 cai dat cua n6. Chung ta se tim hieu v€ cac ky thuat sao chep CMOS sau trong chuong nay.

SO DO CMOS

D~ danh gia dung tarn quan trong cua CMOS RAM, ban phai hi&u dugc thanh phan cua mot Ie CMOS RAM tieu bigu ducc th€ hien trong bang. Ban se thay ding mot CMOS 128 byte thOng dung' tuong thich ISA duoc chia thanh 4 khu vue riang biet tirong tuqng: 16 byte dG' lieu thai gian thuc ,OOh - OFh, 32 byte du lieu cau hinh ISA [lOh -

8 TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU

2Fhl, 16 byte du Iieu cau hinh BIOS rieng biet [30h - 3Fhl, va 64 byte du Iieu CMOS ma rqng [~?h -}Fh I. CMOS RAM b6 sung dli(,1e slt dung tieu bieu nhu ESCD (va kh6ng th~ tiep can diroc

qua su cai dat CMOS dac trung) ,

Bang Sa do ella CMOS RAM tieu bieu

OFFSET MOTA

TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 9

DOh Giay dong ho thai gian thuc (RTC).
Chua gia tri giay cua thai gian hien oBh
huu
01h Bong ho baa giay RTC. Chua gia
tri giay cua dong h6 bao RTC
02h Phut RCT. Chua gia tri giay cua
thoi gian hien ha-ih
03h. Dong ho bao phut RTC. Chua gia
tri phut ella dong ho bao RTC
04h Gia RCT. Chu-a gia tri gia cua thai
gian hian hanh
05h Bong h6 bao gib RTC. Chua gia
tri gia ella dong ho bao RTC
06h Thu trong tuan RCT. Chua thu
ngay hien hanh ella tuan
07h Ngay cua ngay thang RTC. Chua
gia tri ngay ella ngay thang hien
hanh 08h

Thang cua ngay thang RCT. Chua gia tri thang cua ngay thang hien hanh

Narn ella ngay thang RTC RTC. Chira gia tri narn ella ngay thang hien hanh

Thanh ghi trang thai A. Cac bit khac nhau xac dinh cac d$,c diEi"m

09h

OAh

OCh

DOh

OEh

sau:

Bit 7 Phie'n hen ha n h cap

nhat

Bit 6-4 Cai dat t§n 56 dua tren

thai gian

Bitt 3-0 Sl,i chon ll,ia mire df? gian do~n

Thanh ghi trang thai B. Cac bit khac nhau X8C dinh nhung dac di~m sau:

Bit 7 Nlta ehu ky cai d~t d6ng

h6

Bit 6 Sl,i gian doan tuan hoa

knong th~ Ic6 the

Bit 5 Sl,i gian dean dong h6

bao khong thEi"/eo thEi"

Bit 4 Su gian doan cap nhat

gici han kh6ng thiUco thE\"

Bit 3 T6' c dQ s o n g vu6 ng

kh6ng thEi"/e6 th€

Bit 2 Dinh dang t.hoi gian va

ngay thang (BCD/sO' nhi phan)

Bit 1 Ki€u gia (12/24)

Bit a Tie't kiem anh sang ban

ngay kh6ng thE\"/c6 th@:

Thanh ghi trang thai C. Cac phien chi d9C chi t.hi cac di~u ki~n trang thai ella h$ thong

Thanh ghi trang thai D. Phie'n CMOS RAM eo hieu lire tren bit 7 (phien tlnh trang cua pin)

Cac phien trang thai du baa. Cac bit khac nhau dinh ro nhirng dac

10

TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU

OFh

diem sau:

Bit 7 Nang hrong IC RTC co

hieu hrc/ khcng hieu luc

Bit 6 Kiern tra t6ng CMOS

RAM co hieu h,tc/ khong hieu luc

Bit 5 Cau hinh CMOS RAM

phu hop/ khong phu hop

Bit 4 Kich t hurt c b d n h o CMOS RAM phu hqpl kho~g phu hgp

Bit 3 Dia cUng C: su khci dong

sai sot/ thong qua

Bit 2 Trang thai thai gian la

kh6ng hieu lire/ co hieu luc

Bit 1-0 D1/ tru' - phai la 0

Thanh trang thai tAt CMOS. Cho phep CPU cai dat lai sau khi bat cong tAc W dinh· di~ chi dircc bio v$ sang kieu thuc, M~t rna tAt duoc ghi d day nen sau khi cai dat lai CPU se biet If do cai d(tt I~i. .'

OOh SI! thuc hien POST binh thuong

o 1h SI! khoi dong b9 vi mach

d~ quay ve kieu thuc .

02h - 03h SU: dung BIOS trong

04h Nh a y sang ma t m a

bootstrap

05h TAt do nguci s11 dung chi dinh. Nhay sang diem d 40:67h. B9 dieu khien gian doan va b9 d5ng xli If toan h9C duoc khdi d9ng

06h Nh a y sang d i em d

TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU Il

40:67h

07h Tra ve INT 15 chuc nang

87h

08h 'I'rd ve kiern tra b9 nho

POST

09h Khoi INT 18 chuc nang

87h dich chuyeu yeu du tAt

OAh Tit do nguoi sU' dung chi dinh, Nhay sang diem a 40:67h. B9 dieu khien gian dean va b9 dong xli If toan h9C kh6ng duoc khoi dilng

10h Kieu dla memo Xac dinh dla A: va B:

Cac bit 7-4 Dia A: kieu

Oh Kh6ng dia

1h Dia 360KB

2h Dia 1.2MB

3h Dia 730KB

4h Dia 1.44MB

5h Dla 2.88MB

Cac bit 3-0 Dia B: kieu

Oh Kh6ng dia

1h Dia 360KB

2h Dia 1.2MB

3h Dla 730KB

4h DIa 1.44MB

5h Dia 2.88MB

Cai dat cau hmh h$ thong. Cac bit khac nhau xac dinh cac dac diem

11h

sau:

12

TIM HI.tU CMOS vA CPU

12h

Bit 7 Trg giup chuot khong

the/ co th~

Bit 6 Ki~m tra bQ nho tren

1MB co the/ khong the

Bit 5 Tie'ng ttch U\c kiern tra

be> nho c6 the/ khong the

Bit 4 Kiem tra sai s6t tinh ngang hang cua be> nho co the/ khong the

Bit 3 Bi~u dien nut cai dat co

ich c6 the/ khong the '

Bit 2 Vung RAM kieu 47 cua dla cung (0:300h hay vung DOS han IKE)

Bit 1 Dei F1 nsu c6 bat ky thong diep baa 16i nao khong th€!'! c6 the

Bit 0 Khdi dong h(! thong vci

phim NumLock (tAtIb*t)

DIa cung kieu ID

Bit 7-4 6 dia cirng C: kieu

OOOOh Khong co 6 dia nao diroc

cai vao

0001h

Kieu 1

1110h

Kieu 14

1111h Kieu 16 - 47 (du'gc xac

dinh sau trong 1Ah)

Bit 3 - 0 6 dia cirng D: kieu

OOOOh Khong co {) dIa nao duoe

cai van

0001h

Ki~u 1

TIM HIEU CMOS v A CPU

13

13h

14h

15h

1110h

Kieu 14

lll1h Kieu 16 - 47 (duoc xac

dinh sau trong 19h)

Cac thong s6 dinh kieu

Bit 7 Su lap trinh toc dQ dinh

kieu co the/ 'khong the

Bit 6-5 S\f can tra toc de> dinh

kieu

Bit 4-2 T6c di;! dinh kieu

Cac thong so thiet bi, Liet ke su lua chon cac thong so' thiet bi

Bit 7-6 So' 6 dia mern

OOh Kh6ng c6 6 dia

01h MQt 6 dia

10h Hai 6 dia

Bit 5-4 Kieu man hinh

OOh Khong CGA cOng nhu

MDA

01h CGA 40x25

10h CGA 80 x 25

llh MDA

Bit :3 Bi;! dieu hop hinh anh

hien thi duoc cai d~t/ kh6ng cai dat

Bit 2 Ban phim duoc cai dat/

kh6ng cai dat

Bit 1 Bi) dong xu Iy t0811 h9C

du'qc cai di;iU khong cai dat

Bit 0 Luon luon cai dat cho 1 Bi) nhc co sa (vci cac s6 gia 1KB)-

14

16h


17h

18h

19h

1Ah

IBh

1Ch

1Dh

1Eh

1Fh

20h

21h

22h

byte it quan trong nhat

Bo nhd co si'1 (vdi cac s6 gia lIill) . byte quan trong nhat

Bo nho rna rong (voi cac s6 gia IKE) - byte it quan trong nhat

BQ nho rna rong (voi cac s6 gia IKE) - byte quan trong nhat

BIa cung C: ki~u (16·46)

10h to 2Eh Ki~'u 16 toi 46 tuong

ung

DIa cirng D: kieu (16·46)

lOh to 2Eh Kie'u 16 toi 46 tuong

ung

6 C xac dinh bdi nguoi sil dung: so' cac hinh try. - byte it quan trong

nhat .

6 dia C xac dinh bdi nguci stt dung: 86 cac hinh try. - byte quan trong nhat

6 dta C xac dinh bai nguci stt dung: so' cac diu

6 dia C xac dinh bri nguoi sil dung:

Hinh try. ghi preeomp .. byte it quan trong nhat

6 dta C xac dinh boi nguci su dung:

Hmh try. ghi preeomp. - byte quan trong nhat

6 dla C xac dinh bci nguoi stt dung: byte dieu khien

6 dla C xac dinh boi nguoi sil dung: vung do bo . byte it quan L~,!Hg nhat

6 dia C xac dinh boi ngiroi su dung: vung do bo . byte quan trong nhat


23h 6 dia C xac dinh hOi nguoi sit dung: 86 cac khu vue

24h 6 D xac dinh bdi nguoi sit dung: 86 cac hinh try. - byte it quan trong nhat

6 dIa D xac dinh bCti ngiroi sil dung: 86 cac hi nh tru - byte quan trong

nhat

6 dIa D xac dinh bdi nguoi sit dung:

S6 cae diu

6 dIa D xac dinh bdi nguoi sit dung:

Hlnh try ghi precomp. - byte it quan trong nhat

6 rna D xac dinh bai nguoi stt dung:

Hinh tru ghi preeornp. - byte quan

trong nhat

6 dia D xac dinh bdi ngirci su dung: byte dieu khien

6 dia D xac dinh bdi nguoi su dung: vung do bQ - byte it quan trong nhat

6 dIa D xac dinh bci ngiroi sil dung: vung do bo - byte quan trong nhat

"

o dIa D xac dinh bi'1i nguci sit dung:

SO' cac khu vue

Cac phien van hanh he thong

Bit 7 BQ xuly Weitek co mat/

v11ng mat

Bit 6 6 dta mern tlm kiern hie

khiri dong co the/ khong the

Bit 5 Chuo i khdi do ng he

th6ng(C: roi~:/ A: roi C:)

Bit 4 T6c dQ CPU khiri dong

M thong eao/ thap

25h

26h

27h

28h

29h

2Ah

2Bh

2Ch

2Dh

16

TiM HIEU CMOS vA CPU

2Eh

.2Fh

30h

3Ih

32h

33h

34h

Bit 3 Bi) luu tru cache ngoai

c6 th~! khon.g th~

Bit 2 B(l Iuu tru cache trong

c6 the! khong the

Bit 1 SJ! van hanh A20 c6ng

nhanh co the! kh6ng the

Bit 0 Chtrc nang chuyen mach

Turbo c6 th~! khong the '

IGem tra t6ng CMOS tieu chuan _ byte it quan trong nhat

IGem tra t6ng CMOS tieu chuan _ byte quan trong nhat

Bi) nhd rna r(lng tim brri BIOS _ byte it quan trong nhat

Bi) nho rna ri)ng tim boi BIOS _ byte quan trong nhat

Byte The' ky. Gia tri BCD cho the' ky cua ngay thing hien hanh

Phien thong tin. Cac byte khac nhau xac dinh nhirng dac diem sau:

Bit 7 DQ da i BIOS (64KB! 128KB)

Bit 6-1 DtJ tru - phai duae cai dat

WiC '.

Bit 0 Kiem tra b6 l uu tru

cache POST thong qu'a/ kh6ng thong qua

Cac phien Shadow Option va BIOS Bit 7 Bao v~ chong vi rut vung khci dQng khong the! co the

Bit 6 Tuy chon kiern tra mat

khau khong the! co the .


Bit 5 C800h kern b9 dieu hop

ROM (I6KB) khong the/ c6 the

Bit 4 CCOOh kern bt) dieu hop

ROM (16KEl khong the/ c6 the

Bit 3 DOOOh kern b(> dit1u hap

ROM (16KEl khorig the/ c6 the

Bit 2 D400h kern b(> dieu hop

ROM (l6KE) khong the! c6 tM'

Bit 1 D800h kern ht) dieu hop

ROM (16KE) khong the/ c6 tM'

Bit 0 DCOOh kern bo dieu hop

ROM (I6KE) khong the! c6 the

35h Cac phi€n Shadow Option va BIOS

Bit 7 EOOOh kern bi) dieu hop


Bit 6 E400h kern b(l dieu hop

ROM (16KB) kh6ng the/ co the

Bit 5 E800h kern b9 dieu hcp

ROM (16KE) khong the/ co the'

Bit 4 ECOOh kern hi) dieu hop

ROM (16KE) khong the! co the'

Bit 3 FOCOh kern b(l dieu hop

ROM (16KB) kh6ng the/ co the

Bit 2 CoaOh kern b9 dieu hop

ROM (16KE) khong the/ c6 the

Bit 1 C400h kern h(> dieu hop


Bit 0 Kiem tra hi) xu 1:9" s6

kh6ng the/ co the

Thong tin B(> vi mach dac trung Cai m~t khdu va tuy chon mau, Cac bi€n so ducc su dung de kiern soat

36h 37h

18


38h-3Dh 3Eh

3Fh

40h

41h

42h

43h

44h

45h

46h

47h

48h

49h

4Ah 4Bh 4Ch-4Dh 4Eh

mat khau

Bit 7 -4 Cai rna t khau (kh6ng thay doi)

Bit 3-0 Cai dat bang mau cua

man hinh

07h Trang tren den
70h Den tren trang
17h 'I'raug tren xanh
20h Den tren luc
30h Den tren lam
47h Trang tren do
57h Den tren d6 uroi 60h Den tren nau

Mat khau duoc rna hoa

MSB kiern tra t6ng CMOS rna rong LSB kiern tra tong CMOS md rong Byte kieu so

byte day s6 dau tien byte day so thir 2 byte day so thu 3 byte day so thu 4 byte day so thir 5 byte day so thii 6 Byte CRC

Byte the' ky

Bao hieu ngay thang

Thanh ghi dieu khien rna rong 4A Thanh ghi dieu khien rna r¢ng 4B Dv tru

Dia chI RTC-2

TlM HIEU CMOS vA CPU

19

4Fh Dia chi RTC-3

SOh Dia chi RAM rna r¢ng-LSB

S1ll' Dia chi RAM rna r¢ng-MSB

52h Dir trir

53h C5ng dir lieu RAM rna rong

54h-5Dh DIj tru

SEh Ban tfnh ghi RTC

5Fh-7Fh DIj tnr

2. Blnh d,ng eli dit CMOS

Nhu ban c6 the mong doi, du lieu CMOS khong cu the h6a v;;it chat mot each don gian - n6 phai duQ'c nhap VaG bang each thu cong (ban d1u la hoi nha san xuat h~ thong, va sau do 18. bai ban hay khach hang cua ban) thong qua mot I¢ trinh cai dat, Cac PC tuoug thich vci AT ban d1u dua VaG tien ich cai dat tren co so dra - nghia Ia, ban dn khdi d¢ug may tinh tU mot dia mern chua ti~n tich cai dat CMOS. Moi nguy Ion vci dia cai dat Ia dia nay co the hi hong va ban se kh6ng co dia cai dat, hay ban co the lam mat dia cai d?t kbi M thong duoc trao tay hay khcng dung den nua. Neu ban hi tim diroc dia cai dat, lam mot ban sao chep n6 ngay khi c6 the. fueu 386 s~u nay va cac h~ thong ke tiep da bo hAn viec su' dung cac dia cai dat va hop nhat tien ich cai dat tren vi mach BIOS. Khi 1Q trinh cai dat cai san trong h~ thong, ban co the tiep can thuong xuysn di1li~u cai d(\t trong qua trinh khoi dong h~ th6ng b~ng each lin m9t hay nhieu phim dong thai (nhu DEL hay CTRL+Fl). Phan nay cua chuang 11 se lam quen ban voi nhirng tinh hu6ng tuy chon tim dU'c;1C trong chucng trinh cai di1it CMOS va minh hoa nhung mac dinh tieu bi~u

20

TIM Hlfu CMOS vA CPU

Hay nhc r&ng cac danb muc nhirng di;tc di~m cai d~t CMOS tim thdy trong chuong nay dugc soan thao til: mot so nguon khac nhau. Trinh cai dat CMOS cua chinh ban co th~ cung cdp nhieu quyen chon Iua hen d~ ban chon tuy thuoc van ngl1di tao ra BIOS cua ban

NH~P DO' lI~U cAl D~ T CMDS

Budc dau tien trong viec dinh dang cai di;tt CMOS cua ban la dua ti~n ich cai dat vao ehb d§.u tien, Cac nha chEf tao BIOS hiern khi phil h9'P khi no tiep can tien ich cai dat, Trong phan IOn cac tnrcng hop, ban chi c6 th~ dua tien ich cai dat van trong vai giay d§.u tien sau khi h$ thong khdi di)ng ~ ngay sau khi viec ki~m tra bi) nho diroc hoan t.it, nhung trliac khi h$ dieu hanh bAt dAu nap tai. Mi)t mau luu y tren man hrnh se thuong xuyen chi dAn phim hay t6 hqp phim dung nhu:

Press <Fl> to enter Setup

Mi)t vai phien ban BIOS cho phep nhirng thong diep cai dat nay duoc tAt di trong khi cai d~t CMOS, vi the ban tham chi khong thE§ thay chi mi?t thong diep ducc bi~u hien tren man hmh. Tuy nhien Ii? trinh cai d$,t vlln co thE§ tiep can ducc,

Khong may la c6 nhieu t6 h9'P ban phim nhu nhtrng nha ch€ tao BIOS co, va viec hi€u bi€t cac tb hcp phim chinh xac doi vdi moi h$ thong c6 th€ la mot viec kh6 khan, Bang 11·2 li$t ke cac tb hop phim quen thuoc d6i vci nhieu dang h$ tb5ng va BIOS thong dung, Khi ban cai va khong th~ nhap CMOS vdi ba't ky t8 hop phim nao trong


bang 2, ban co th~ "ep buoc" It) trinh cai d$.t CMOS bang each gay ra sl,( thay d6i dinh dang (nhu lay di mot DIMM hay hai), Dieu nay doi Me gay ra sai sot ve dinh dang CMOS va cho phep ban tiep tuc 1(1 trinh cai d:;i.t .

Mot 56 kieu bang mach chinh mci cho phep kh6ng tie'p can duoc sir cai d$.t CMOS nho d.u n6i nhay coc cua bang mach chinh, Neu ban hoan toan khong th€ tiep can dl1(_)'c su cai d~t khi su dung t8 hop phim thich hop hay ep thay deli ea'u hinh, hay kiem tra bang mach chinh xem cAu n6i nhay c6c tie'p can su Cal d~t c6 bi mdt nang 11,iC khong.

Bang Chuoi cac pbim cai dat CMOS tieu bieu

11." OF! KEY SEQUENCE

A1d16lOS Awa>d BIOS DTKBIOS

IBM PS/2 BIOS Phoe!IIlc BeOS ALRPC

Compaq PCs ~2000PC SOny PC

OEL key during Ihe POST CTFIl. ... ,t.,LT -+ESC

FiSC koy dumg IIle POST CTAI..AI. T .INS .It&! CTAl.AL T .0El CTRl+& T <1'SC 0' CTFII..AI. r-s

Fl 110' PCI systems) 0' CTAI..AL T.ESC ltor non- PCI systems)

FlO

ft

f3 ""lelne PC is starting Iyou '" the Sony Io~). tho" "

DI nhien, ne'u ban c6 PC 286 hay 386 di1i dau, ban can met dia cai dat de nap tien ich cai dat CMOS. Neu ban thirc sir c6 mot dia cai d~t cho M thong, hay ttl xem xet .,."., .. chung thirong la nhimg thll bi mat ddu tien. N eu ban d.n mot ti~n ich cai d~t, ban co the tai xu6ng mot tien ich phan mern mi~n phi nh6m t.h ir ba thich h o p til oak.oakland.edu: ISimTei/msdos/at hay.

Neu ban tt,i lam viec vai mot he th6ng GRiD, ban c6 Ie co th€ la'y dircc mot tien tch cai dat W


http://support. tandy. com! grid .html hay

B6i vdi cac h~ th6ng IBM PS/2, ban c6 th{j lay duoc tieri ich cai dat tu: trang IBM tai

Cu6i cung, cac tien Ich ccai dat cho cad may tinh Panasonic co the la'y tre n trang chu tai .

SACH LUQC Tal UU HilA CMOS Cd sa

Vi cac PC tie'p tuc duqc tien tri~'n, nen slf gia tang nhieu kieu bo nho, thanh din, cac sang kien cong nghe PC va cac cau true he thong da buoc cac nha che tao BIOS phai cung cap nhieu va nhieu hem nlra cac each nhap du lieu cai dat CMOS. Ngay nay co hang ta each co the' nhap du lieu cai d<).t vao mot BIOS bift ky - moi each lai sinh ra hang tram cac t6 hop tiern tang. SV da dang nay khien ra't kh6 Iva chon str cai dat t6i uu cho mot h~ thong. Tuy nhien, ne'u ban thuc su chi quan tam den vise dat duoc t6i uu tir su' cai dat cua minh, cac diem sau day co the can th iet:

• Kiem. tra cdc C(J sa: Bao dam rang tat ca cac su cai dat CMOS tieu chuan phu hop voi cac bo phan ducc cai dat ella h$ thong. Vi du nhu ban phai kiem tra ngay thang, thci gian, bo nho (neu e6 the), cac dia cung, va cac dia mern (Xern "Dinh dang Cai dat CMOS tieu chuan " ben duci)

• Khd nang hoat d¢ng ctia b¢ luu trii cache cua h? th6ng. Bao dam ding ta't ca bi? nho cache cua ban (ca trong va ngoai) deu eo kna nang hoat dong. Dr nhien ban phai co hi? nho cache trong (Ll ) va ngoai (L2) hien dien trong h$ th6ng, Ia truong hop luon co d6i voi cac h$ thong each day chua day 5 nam (xem "Dinh dang cai d(tt CMOS cao cap" ben duoi)


• Toi thdu hoa tinh. irong cho RAM. Bao dam rang' cac gia tri cua tmh trang cho RAM duoc sU: dung cho RAM: h~ thong chinh cua ban diroc cai dat i1 muc thap nhat co the diroc, BO;1n phai can than a day vi neu cac gia t.ri qua thap, h$ thong cua ban c6 the bi treo. De co them thong tin, xem trong "dinh dang cai dat bi? vi mach cao cap" ben dtroi

• Klui nang kern dup ROM. Tbi th ieu la ban phai kern dup ROM 1$ thong va video. d cac he thong cu, dieu nay co the cai thian dang ke kha nang heat dong. Nhung h~ thong moi hem (voi cac cong cu ROM "nhay" nhanh hon ) co the khcng huo ng nhieu Iqi Ich tir su kern diip nay. (xern "Dinh dang cai d.$.t CMOS cao cap" duci day)

• Klui nang qudn ly nang luang. Bao dam su dung cac dac tinh quan ly nang luong tro giup bdi BIOS cua ban, SV quan ly nang luong thich hop se tiet kiern dien wing va co the keo dai thai gian hoa t dong cua nhieu bi) phan cua he thong. (xem Dinh dang quan 1:9" nang hrong" ben duoi)

• T6i uu h6a oiec tiep can ci dia. Cac toe do truyen du li~u cua dIa cling la khau dirih tre chu yeu doi voi hoat dong cua he thong. SU: dung giao thuc truyen du lieu nhanh nhat rna h~ thong dia cung tro giup duoc (vi du nhu kieu PIO 4 hay Ultra-DMAI 33). Nho rAng ca 6 dla va bi? dieu khien 6 dfa d~u phai tro giup eho giao thirc truyen ac lieu duqc chon, Neu h$ thong 0 dia

24 TiM HIEU CMOS vA CPU

cling trq g iu p Bus Mastering IDE (BMIDE), ban phai xem xet viec si'f dung rna cai thien hoat d¢ng cua 6 dia tren cac h~ thong da nhiern V\1 hay dia tang cucng.

• Di cung cac nuic dinb. BIOS. Vci cac hi;! th6ng hien dai, thirong kh6ng can thiet phai ghi lai mbi thong so' cai dat CMOS tU diem xuat phat. Ngay nay nhirng sl/ cai di;i.t mac dinh thich hop duqc h9'P nhat tieu bieu trong chinh BIOS, vi the ban co the khien hi;! thong van hanh rna khong can su phoi h9'P chugn cua cac ca the. (Ban chi can vao cac 6 dia thich hop). Ban eo the tim duoc dieu nay nhu su tuy chon "chon lira cac mac dinh BIOS" trong danh muc chinh cai dl)t CMOS cua minh. Cac mac dinh BIOS n6i chung se khong lam t6i uu heat dong cua M th6ng cua ban, nhung chung se giup ban thoat khoi kh6 khan khi ban g<).p dc roi sau khi thay doi mot hay nhieu dti lieu cai dat,

THAO TAc VOl SI,I CAl D~T BIOS liB! CHE KHUAT" Mac du cac BIOS ngay nay c6 nhieu kha nang tuy chon hen, nhung cling khong bao dam ring ban se tiep can dinrc moi kha nang tuy chon thong qua sir cai dat CMOS. Trang mot sO' tnrong h9'P, c6 the c6 sl/ cai dat "bi che khuat" rna ban kh6ng the thA'y trong su cai dat CMOS (va nhirng Slj cai dat nhu vay khong the sua doi diroc). Day c6 thEi' la diEi'm yeu chinh vi nhieu dti lieu cai dat, vi du nhu su dinh thai gian DRAM va sJ,l' cai dat bQ luu trti cache, c6 the co anh huang nghiern trong den hoat dQng cua PC. Trang thirc te, viec cal dat v§.n con ton tai, nhung chung duqc che dtlu - thirong VI nhtrng nha che tao PC kh6ng tin tudng vao


kha nang thay dbi sil cai dat cua ban, C6 mot vai c6ng cu rna ban co the s~ dung ?e x~ro ,:et ve~ sira dbi cac dii lieu cai dat bi ehe dau eua h~ thong.

• AMI BIOS. Nha li).p trinh Robert Muehsel da viet mot chuong trinh ducc goi la AMI Setup (v.2.99), n6 eho phep ban ti€p ei).?va thay doi cac diY lieu cai dl)t bi che dau cua AMI BIOS. Chuang trinh naylam viec voi cac phien ban High Flex BIOS cua Al"v1I - cung nhu voi AMI WinBlOS. Phien ban phan mern dung chung e6 ~ai li~u_~uat sAc tro giup ban trong cac no luc tor ~ hoa cua mmh. Ne'u ban can giup do ve nhirng gi rna su cai dat dac thu anh huang de'n, hay Urn trong danh muc cac su tuy ehon BIOS duoc trmh bay trong cac phan sa~ day. B;:tn 'c6 the tai AMI Setuo 2.99

xu6ng tit

• Non-AMI BIOS. £l6i voi cac he thong khong su dung AMI BIOS (MR BIOS, Award, Phoenix, .. .), ban co the sir dung tien ieh chung hon CTCHIPZ tU . Nhu vdi AMI Setup, ti$ll. ich CTCHIPZ kiern tra va tiep can su cai dat h~ thong "khong eo tu lieu". Mot meo vci CTCHIPZ 1a ban can biit M th6ng cua ban sU" dung b9 vi maeh nao de Iva chon t~p tin dinh dang dung (CFG) d6i vdi h$ thong rieng cua ban. Kiem tra tai lieu minh chang cho CTCHIPZ de tim ten tap tin CFG chinh xac,

Chuong trinh CTCHIPZ c6 the hoi phirc t~? de hieu thau dao va su dung vi n6 duoc Viet bAng tieng £lac. Ban e6 the tim ban dich tai


I ie u sang t i en g' Anh a d i a chi http:// www.sysopt.com/ctdocs.html

fl!NH D~NG cAl flAT CMDS TIEU CHUAN

SI.! cai dat CMOS tieu chuan thuong gom mot man hinh cac du lieu co sa ve ngay thang, thai gian, va cac thiet bj gAn kern cua h$ th6ng cua ban (chu yeu la cac 0 dra cung' va dIa mem). Dieu quan trong vdi ban la lay diroc cac du lieu chinh xac vi h$ thong se W choi khoi dong neu n6 khong nhQ_11 biet duoc toan bo cac thiet bi diroc Hip dat,

An dj nh IRQ cho VGA. Khi co hieu luc, su tuy ch911 nay khien h~ thong an djnh IRQ eho the video de tang toe truyen dir lieu giua CPU va the video. SI.! ch911 lua nay phai du'qc phep neu the video cua ban doi hoi su dieu khien thanh bus' (nhu the Matrox Mystique thuc hien voi cac dac tin h hinh anh 30). BAng each lam bat lire su Iva chon nay, ban S8 giai ph6ng mot IRQ de su dung a mot noi khac trong h$ thong nay.

Ngay thang va thai gian. Sii dung nhirng du li$u cai dat nay de thay doi ngau thang va thai gian cua dong ho hi} thong.

Cac thie't bi RTC hien nhien la khong dung. Tuy thuoc vao chat luong cua bang mach chinh, ban phai biet rang se mit (hoac diroc them) vai giay trong met thang, B9-n phai kiem tra dinh ky ngay thang va thai gian, va hieu ehinh n6 neu CUll.

Sv bao htu ngay lam viec, Khi e6 hieu luc, di;ie tinh nay eho phep RTC W d9ng dieu chinh bieu do baa luu ngay lam viec (do la lay di mot gio vao ngay chu nhat eu6i cung ella thang 10 va them

TIM HltU CMOS v A CPU

27

VaG m9t gio VaD ngay chu ~~t cu6i cllll__?" cua th~?g 4). Nhu 1$ thuong thi d~eu ~~y c6 ,the t~l.!c. hien duoc. Ne'u khong ban din dieu chinh de bao IU'u

ngay 111m viec bing tay. ..

() dia m~m A: D/flt muc nay M phan anh ki~u

" ;, dra mem duoc Hip VaD 0 dIa A:. Trang phan

cuao. .. ~

Ion cac truong hop, is dta flay se IS. 6 _d1a ~len:

1.44MB 3.5ineh, mac du mot vai hi} th611~ co ~,he si"t dung dia mern 2.88MB 3.5i~leh. Ca; h~ thong Cll hon co the sil dung cac 6 dIa mem 720KB 3.5inch, 1.2MB 5.25inch, hay tham chi la 360KB

5.25inch.

() dia m~m B: D~t muc nay od~' phan an~ kieu cua is dia mern duoc lap Va? 6 dIa .B:. Nhung, su Iva chon tieu bieu cho ffii)t 0 dra mern duoc tnnh

bay d tren.

Tam nghl (Halt on). Mt,lc nay cho BI~S biet nhu~.g

. 't ' bo" qua trong POST VI du nhu neu

s81 so nao . . "

ban muon BIOS POST tiep tuc do no e6 hay kho~g e6 sai s6t tren ban phim b6 s6t, cai di;it slf tuy chon nay vci "PJI, but key board".. Di~ cung C: S6 nay la so' bang 6 d!a BIOS cua 6 dta cirng nguyen thuy (thu n_hatJ cua b~n~; T~on~ tit ca cac tnrong hop thuc te ngay nay, so n~y I~ 47 (Xac dinh bdi ngiroi si"t dung), no C? n~~la.!a ban phai dinh ro 6 dia tuy thu,Qc vao t.ai hc~ h~ang dan 6 dia cling cua ban. ~e~ k~6~g b~~ C? th~ tv di)ng db tim cac thong so cu~ ~ ~lR.,. Cae ~ dia SCSI trong C: vi tri phai duoc cal va_o nO~le hay "khong Hip dat", Ne'u b~~,~,6ng.~h€ t,1! d~ng db tim 0 dIa thl c6 6 thong so treu bieu xac dinh

ro 5 dia cU'ng ciia ban:

• Cyl So try (ranh) treri dia cirng cua ban

• Heads S6 diiu tren dia cirng

28 TIM Hlfu CMOS vA CPU

• WPre DCi' li~u cai dat nay dinh ro tru rna hi do Write Preeompensation bAt d§_~ va si't dung' nang hrong bo sung de ghi 'cae t.ru "dgn bu", Ngay nay WPcom thuc chat 1~ vo dung, Cai dl).t n6 hoac -1 hay sci' tru toi da tren 6 dta, £)6i vci cac 0 dia et1ng EIDE/IDE, kh6ng can pha i VaG tru WPeom. .

• LZ Ou Iieu cai dat nay xac dinh ro tru diroc su dung nhu vung ben eh~ cac 6 dI~ cLi rna khong can tinh nang "tu db". Ngay nay LZ thuc chat la vo dung. Cai dat n6 hoac 0 hoac so' try toi da ·trEm 6 dra

• Sect/Trk Du lieu cai d~t nay dinh ro 56 doan ,tren ranh (hay SPT). N6 thircng la 17 doi vci cac 6 dia MFM va 26 d6i vdi cac 6 dia RLL. Cac kieu 6 dia hi$n dai su: dung "Phep ghi dinh vung" va 56 cac doan tren ranh co thE\" khac nhau (gia tang iJ nhirng ranh ngoai). Thuong c6 mot "56 thuyen chuyen' diroc cung cap cho 6 dia.

• Size Kfch thuoc t6ng cua 6 dia UC1C1C tinh toan tu d9ng tuy thuoc vao 56 tru, ·dau va doan du'qc noi den (; tren. Sri nay dUC1e dira ra ba ng MB theo co ng thJc (Hds*cyl *512)1 1048.

Dia cung D: Sri nay la 56 bang 0 dia BIOS cua 6 dia cUng th~ hai cua ban, Trong tft"t ea cac trirong hop thuc te ngay nay, 56 nay la 47 (Xac dinh brri ~gu'ai sit dung), n6 c6 nghia la ban phai dinh ro b,dla tuy th~Qe VaG tai lieu hu'ang din 6 dra cling cua ban. Neu khong ban c6 thE\" W dQng db tim cac thong s6 cua 6 dia. Cac 6 dIa SCSI cai dat cho D: vi tn phai duoc cai vao "none" hay "kho~g Hip d~t". Nell ban khong the W dong db tim 6 dia thi

TiM HI~U CMOS vA CPU 29 c6 6 thong s6 tieu bieu xac dinh ro 6 dia cung cua ban dl1QC trtnh bay a tren,

N€ll bo:) dieu khien 6 dia cua ban trt;1 giup 4 6

. dIa cirng, ban c6 the tim thay hai 16i vao 6 dIa cung' b6 sung (EHa cirng E: va dia cung F:). Chung la 6 dia "chu thu cap" va "phu thuoe thu cap", Khi Itp dat hai 6 dia nay tren cung mot kenh thi phai bao dam cai d:).t cac cau noi nhay c6c chu dong/phu thuoc cua 0 dia mot each ehinh xac,

SII tri hoa n HDD Mot so' 6 dIa cung doi hoi vai giay de nhan dang ducc chinh xac. Vdi su khci do:)ng nhanh thl c6 the khorig du thai gian de nan dang du'QC chinh xac 6 dia. SI/ cai d$.t nay se cho phep ban tri hoan su khui dong de 6 dia dut;1c nhan dang. Ban Co the chon tit mQt so kha nang tuy chon thai gian. Be giu t6c dQ khci do:)ng dircc cang nhanh cang tot, phai bao dam chon du'qc mire tri hoan thap nhat co th(\'.

Ban phim Cai dat du ban phim c6 ducc gAn vao hay kh6ng. Trong tilt ca cac t.nrong hop thuc te, 51! nhap vao thich hop Ia ·'dut;1c lap dat", "Neu ia "khong diroc Iap" thi BIOS se chuyen su kiern tra ban phim sang POST, cho phap PC khoi dong kh6ng d.n ban phim na BIOS kh6ng tao ra Ibi ban phim (Thircng gap nhat Ia trong cac may dich Vl,l t~p, may dich vu in, ... )

Chon Ilia OS cho DRAM> 64MB Neu ban dang sa dung OS/2 thi chon kha nang tuy chon OS/2. Nell ban dang su dung DOS hay Window thi ch911 Non-OS/2. ThOng thucng' thi Non-OS/2 dtft;1c chon II/a.

PCIIVGA Palette Snoop SI/ Iva chon nay phai

30 TIM HlEU CMOS vA CPU

co th~ neu blft ky mot the ISA nao lAp trong PC doi hoi sir chiem gU bang mau VGA. Vi du nhu mot the MPEG co the dong b9 duoc v6'i h$ thong PCl VGA. Tuy nhien mot s6 the hien dai doi hoi chiern gilt bang mau, vi vay su chon hra nay thong thuong la chon kh6ng hieu lire.

St;i bit1u di~n nguyen thuy Su nap dU' lieu nay xac dinh ro kieu bieu dien thong dung rna ban dang sli dung, Su chon It/a kha thttCrng xuyen d6i voi nhirng he thong cil Ia VGAJPGAlEGA, du nhung he th6ng hieri hanh rut ngan no con VGA. Neu ban co su bieu di~n den/ trang cu, hay chon Mono hay He·rcules. Neu the dieu hop video cua ban chi la van ban thi chon MDA.

Ttl kit1m tra nang ht<1ng nhanh Neu ban cd ca~ 6 dla cirng khiri d9ng nhanh chong, ban co the tang t.6c thoi gian khdi d9ng cua minh bAng each chon Quick POST. Neu co hieu lire, BIOS se nit ngan hay bo qua mot s6 hang muc trong POST (nhu kh ong t111h b{> nhd). SI.! lua chon nay thuong IS. chon khcng hieu luc de' cho phep thuc hien 19 trinh POST thong thuong.

D6i 6 dia m~m Khi c6 hieu Iuc, su lua chon nay eho phep ban dao cac quy dinh 0 dia mern A: va B:. Thong thuong su lira chon nay chon khong e6 hisu luc vi it h$ thong co hon mot 6 dia mern.

Kitfu chuyifn djch Cac 6 dia IDE dudi 52SMB thircng diroc cai dat nhu su dinh dia chi CRS (tru/dau/doan), trong khi cac 6 dia EIDE, ATA nh~nh va lJItra-ATA 11?-i sU" dung LBA (su dinh dia chi phoi hcp logic)

Neu ban thay d6i kieu chuyen dich cua 6 dia au khi' 6 dia hi pnan chia va dinh .d~ng, thi d~ lieu chua tren 6 dta 5e kh6ng the b~p c$.n dU'Qe.

TlM "lEU CMOS vA CPU 31

Ban cAn phai phan chia lai va dinh dang Iai 6 dIa.

91NH D~NG sl! cAl 9~T CMOS CAO CAP

Sir cai dat CMOS cao cap gorn nhirng dtr 1i$u cai dit can thiet M chinh Iai cac dac tinh khdi dQug 'clia ban va lam t6i till heat dong ?ua b{> n~a va noi hill trU' cache. Phan Ian cac kha nang tuy chon diroc tim thay d day deu khcng quan trong d6i vdi s\tho~t dong chinh xac cua h~ t~ong, nhun~ n6 c6 the giup ban chinh lai he thong theo so thich va nhu cau rieng cua minh.

Kiim tra bQ nhd tren 1MB Chon eo hi$u luc eho dac tinh nay neu ban mu6n h$ thong ducc k.i~m tra cac sai s6t cua bQ nho tren 1MB. Du sao di nira thi 6 dIa RIMEM.SYS for DOS 6.2 cling hAm tra XMS, vi the S1f kiern tra se, tha~h du thira trong trirong' hop nay. T~o.ng hau.~et e~e trU'ong hop, tat ca bQ nho ducc kiem tra bOI BIOS. Nhung d6i vci tinh nang khtii dongnhanh hen, hay de dac diem nay khcng eo hieu luc.

Adapter ROM Shadow C800, ,16K B~c ~iem nay giup che khuat cac ROM dieu hop khae eo the c6 trong 1$ thong a C800h (nhu SCSI h~y BIOS cua bo dieu khien m~ng hoat dong). ~eu khong c6 cac thiet, bi dieu hop khac trong h$ thong thi gill' cho d$.c diem nay khong eo hieu luc .

Adapter ROM Shadow CCOO, ,16K E>~c dien; nay giup che khuat cac ROM dieu hop .~hae _co the c6 trong h~ thong tai CSOOh. B~e diem nay thuO'ng duQ'c chon mac djnh la khong co hieu l~c vi mOt s6 bQ dil~u hop ciia <5 dia cung sU" dung dia

Ia 11 ........... & Shadow DOOO, 16K Dac diem . .Jth,uA't cac ROM dieu hop khac eo

32 TiM HIfu CMOS vA CPU

the co trong h~ th6ng tai DOOOh. Bay la dia chi mac d!_?h ch~ M.,~ hift, cac bi} di~u hop cua mang hoat d(,lflg, VI the thuong thi chung duoc cai dat khcng c6 hi~u lire tru khi :6 mot b!) 'di~u hcp m~~g ~O<;lt d9~~,trong h~ thong nay, hay mt)t vai thiet bi diroc blet ro khac c6 ROM d DOOOh.

Adapter ROM Shadow D400, 16K Dac diem naJ ~itip che khuat cac ROM dieu hop khac c6 the co trong hi;! th6ng i'J D400h. Vi mot so' bo dj~u k~i,gn ,d~c biet (nhu b!) dieu khien trq giup b6n 0 d18 mem) thurrng Slt dung chb nay nen mac dinh

thuong dU<Jc cai dat la kh6ng co hieu lire. . .

Adapter ROM Shadow DBOO, 16K Dac diem nar giup che khuat cac ROM dieu hap khac co the c6 trong h$ th6ng :!,. DSOOh. Mac dinh thirong dU<Jc chon kh6ng co hieu luc trir khi co mot ROM da biE!'t trong hi;! thong tai dia chi nay. .

Adapter ROM Shadow DCOO, 16K Dac diem nay gitip che khuat cac ROM dieu hap khac co the c6 trong hi;! th6ng i'J DCOOh. Mac dinh thuong diroc chon khong c6 hi$u hrc trir khi c6 mot ROM da: biet trong h~ thong tai dia chi nay. .

Adapter ROM Shadow EOOO, 16K Dac diem na::y giup che khuat cac ROM dieu hop khac c6 the co trong h$ thong a EOOOh. M~c dinh thirong dtroc chon khcng co hieu Iuc trir khi c6 mot ROM da biet trong h$ th6ng tai dia chi nay. .

Adapter ROM Shadow E400, 16K Bac diem na::y giup che khuat cac ROM dieu hnp khac co the co trong h$ thO'ng a E400h. Mac dinh thuong diroc chon khong c6 hi$u hrc trir khi c6 mot ROM da biet trong h$ th6ng tai dia chi nay.

Adapter ROM Shadow E800, 16K Dac di~m na::y giiip che khuat cac ROM dieu hcp khac c6 the co trong h$ th6ng 11 ESOOh. Mac dinh thu<':fng

TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 33 4uqc chon kh6ng co hieu luc trir khi co mot ROM dA. biet trong h~ thong tai dia chi nay.

Adapter ROM Shadow ECOO, 16K B~c diem nay giup che khuat cac ROM dieu hop khac c6 th~ c6 trong h~ thong i':J ECOOh. M~c dinh thucng 4ttc;1c chon la kh6ng co hieu luc tru khi c6 mot ROM dB. biet trong hi} thong tai dia chi nay. Cac ROM BIOS di~u ph6i SCSI thuong duqc cai vao d1a chi nay.

MQt so' dang hien nay cua cac bQ di~u khien SCSI su dung cac dia chi co th€i ghi ducc va kh6ng bi che khuat hay hill trir, Kiem tra nhirng canh bao hay khuy€n cao trong bi? dieu khien SCSI bang tho cong truce khi cO' ging che khuat ROM BIOS SCSI

Bao v~ chong virut vung khoi dl)ng Dac tinh t6t nay trong tat cd cac phie n ban BIOS hien hanh dua ra l<':fi canh bao khi co mQt phan mern Mi ky cO' gang ghi len vung khoi dong cua dia - vung nay la muc tieu chinh cua cac virut may tinh, 'I'huoug thi ban chon cho dac tinh nay c6 hieu lire tru khi ban dang Cal di[it mot h$ dieu hanh mci (nhu Window 95/98) rna din ghi vao vung khoi dong trong khi cai dat, Ban c6 the chon lam milt hieu 111c dac tinh bao ve chong virut vung khoi dong 'tru8c k'hi cai dat h~ dieu hanh, rbi sau d6 lam cho dac tinh nay Iai co hieu lire.

HI) 000 cache ngoai Bi,ic diem nay cho phep ban lam eho c6 hieu Iuc hay mat hieu luc dbi voi noi luu tru cache ngoai (L2) trong h$ thong. Neu c6 bQ luu tru cache L2 trong h~ thong, hay chac chan rllng d~c tinh nay ducc chon co hieu luc de dat dt1Q'c host dong tat nhat, (Thuc te' tilt ca cac he th6ng ki~u Pentium va 486 d~u Slt dung bi) luu


trl! cache L2 tren bang mach chinh, nh6ng cac CPU Pentium II III I co bQ luu tru cache L2 ngay trong hep bi? xii' ly). Ne'u khcng co bi? 1u'U trl! cache L2 thl cai d~t dac diE!m nay kh6ng co hieu lire. Chi chon co hieu luc cho be hru tru cache i,2 khi kh6ng co b{> 1u'U tru cache nao trong h~ thong . co thE! lam cho PC hi kh6a.

F~st Gate ~O· Option B~c diem nay lien quan den 64KB dau tien cua bo nhc ngoai (AO tOi A19) diroc biet d8"n nhir vung nhd cao (hay HMA). Su chon lua nay dieu khien viec stt dung duong di~ chi A20 d€; tiep can bi? nh o tren 1MB. Tho~g thuong, su tiep can RAM tren 1MB duoc dieu khien thong qua c6ng A20 tren vi mach di@~ khien ban phim (8042 hay 8742). Trang tat ca cac truong hop thuc te', sll tuy chon nay ducc cai dAt cho co hieu luc, Viec chon mat hieu hrc cho dae diem nay co the khien cho khong th~ tiep can b{> nhd tren 1MB

Tim (5 dia rne~ hie khO'i dQng Dac diem nay duoc ch911 khi 0 dra mem diroc kiem tra tai thai die"m khdi dong. Gil! cho dacdiem nay khong co hieu Iuc de khci dong nhanh han va giam tbn hai cho cae dftu dia mem RIW. Lam cho dac diem nay co ,hi~u luc neu ban mu6n khoi dQng tlt mot dia IDem (quan trong cho "khdi di?ug sach" va v<tn hanh cac1 tien ich du bao)

Chon lam mat hieu luc 6 dia mern, thay doi trlnh tv khoi d{>ng h~ thong, va cai dat mat khau CMOS Ia nhirng ky thuat t6t de b'o sung m{>t so' bien phap an toan eho mot PC.

Vung RAM ki~u 47 cu a dta cung St1 chon lua nay eho phep ban chon V! tri cua vung d"u li~u HDD kieu 47 trong b9 nhrr, BIOS dat cac dir lieu

TiM Hl~U CMOS vA CPU ~ ldeu 47 HD CJ dau do trongbe nho. Ban c6 the chon giua bQ nho DOS hay vung dia chi I/O tai O:300h. Bo nho DOS rat cogia t.ri (ban chi co 640KB de 'lam viec), vi the t.hay vao d6 ban nan eli gAng stt dung ch6 I/O. Tuy nhien co th& c6 mQ~ vai thiet bi ngoai vi nhu t.he am thanh hay t.he mang It10i cung can den ~ung nay .. Lu'U Y rang di;l.: di&m nay se du thira neu BIOS bi che khuat (co the ngoai trir d6i vdi cac BIOS qua cu).

BQ nha cache nQi B$.c diem nay eho phep ban lam cho bQ hill tru cache noi (Ll ) t.rong CPt: c6 hieu luc hoac khong. Neu co bo luu tru ca~he L~ trong he thong (tilt ca cac CPU 486-PentlUtn va Pentium II/III d~u sli dung bi? hru tru cache L1), thi phai baa dam cai dat eho dac ~ie'm ~lay = hieu luc M dat dU't;1c su heat di)ng tot n,hat. ~e~ khong co bi) hill tru cache L1 (hay b an co ca sci de tin rAng bQ luu tru cache L1 cua CPU bi hong), thi hay giu cho d$.c diem nay khong cO hieu It,tc:

Vi~c Cal cho bQ luu tru cache L1 co hi_~u ;l/c ~~I khong c6 bi) lou t.ru cache trong CPU cothe ~hlen cho PC bi kh6a. Dac di~m nay cung co th.§ duoc trinh bay nhu "bo hru tru cache noi eua CPL'''

Mot SO ti$n ich Cal dat CMOS k <t hop su diei khi&n bo luu tru cache thanh '; .i)t. muc dar nhu "Bo .nno cache" va cho phl";." b~n chon C( hieu luc, chi bQ hill tru cache D9i, hay ca ha deu c6 hieu hrc,

Ki~m tra lbi ngang hang cua hI) nhd B$.c dier nay dieu khien sl! kiem tra tmh ngang hang cu bo nhd cua he thong. Vi$c kiern tar t.inh ugan hang c6 the giup cai thien Huh nguyen ven c~ dilli~u trong bo nh6'. Khi co hieu luc, viec kie~ tra ting ngang hang se pnat ra thong diep baa 1<


nhu "PARITY ERROR AT OAB5:00BE SYSTEM HALTED" ne'u phat hien dl1<1C 18i. Mat khac, cac loi trong hi) nhrr khong bi phat h ie n - c6 th~ lam hong h$ thong. Neu ban sil" dung bi) nho ngang hang tren h$ thong, tien len va cho phep vise kiern tra tinh ngang hang c6 hieu hrc, Neu ban dang sil" dung bst ky bQ nhrr khong c6 tinh ngang hang nao tren h~ thong cua mlnh thi viec kiem tra tinh ngang hang phai dl1<1C cal dat kh6ng cohieu hrc,

Ben canh 161 gay ra do loi da li$u, 18i ngang hang cling bi gay ra bdi cac tinh tar5ng cho khong thich hop hay hoa trQn cac thanh phan clla bi) nho ch~m helo voi b(> nha nhanh helo.

Memory Test Tick Sound Khi duoc cai dat c6 hieu luc, d*c diem nay tao ra met chuoi cac tieng c6 the nghe duoc (hay cac tie'ng "tic") khi viec kiem tra hi) nho dinrc Win hanh. N6 ding dua ra sl! xac nhan c6 the nghe dl1qc ciia str cai dl]it chuyen mach t6c d(ll turbo cua d6ng h6 CPU. Y tliaug ding m9t nguci sit dung c6 kinh nghiem co the nghe duoc c6 dieu gi d6 kh6ng 6n voi h$ thong chi qua cac kieu phat am thanh "tic". Tuy nhien vi ngay nay cac PC c6 nhieu be;. nho han truce day nen 51! cai dat nay khong con dli<1C su dung thuong xuyen, Neu tie'ng 6n gay phien thi lam mat hieu hrc kiem tra. Neu ban khong th~ nghe duoc sir kiern tra khi n6 duoc cai dat c6 hieu luc, hay ki~m tra loa.

Kit!m tra be) xu ly so Dac diem nay se ki~m tra bi? dong xu ly to/in h9C. TElt ca cac CPU 486DX va loai sau nay c6 su dung b(> dong xii' Iy gAn san, va SI! kiem tra nay phai co hieu hrc (neu khong, chuc nang d6ng xir Iy c6 the mat hisu luc). Cac CPU


486SX, 486DLC, 486SLC va cac CPU Cll han sil' dung bi) d6ng xtily toan h9C rieng biet, va ~:;tn phai cai d~t dac tinh nay tuy thuoc vao bi} dong xu ly c6 hien di$n hay kh6ng

Chon lua kiEft khtlu SIf chon Iva nay kiern scat mat kh&u duoc sa dung d~ tiep can he thong, hay tiifp can su c'ai dat 'CMOS, hay ca hai. Khi dliQ,C chon co hieu lire, ban can phai cai met mat knau r6i sau do nhap mat khau thich hop khi duoc yeu duo Lu6n nho ghi mat khau cua minh VaG noi an toan, va tlurong xuyen thay d6i mat khau, N€u ban quen mat khau, hay xem muc "Sua chua mat khau CMOS" {j phari cuoi chuong nay

Shadow Memory Cacheable St! che khuat la qua trinh sao che p tlr ROM sang RAM. Khi noi dung cua ROM duoc sao chap vao RAM, heat dong cua no thuong co the ducc tang cuong nho each lam cho RAM c6 the hru trir diroc. 13~n co the cai dat dac tinh nay co hieu luc de luu tru bo nho che khuat, hoac lam no mat hieu IIfC de ngan SI! Iuu tru bo nho che khuat. Su lU'U tra che khuat thuong la y tUCrng tot doi voi cac nen bing dua tren DOS va Window, va nen chon cho c6 hieu IIfC. Nhung cac he dieu hanh Linux va cac $ giong UNIX khac se kh'ong huang 19i W dac tinh nay, va no co the chon mat hieu hrc,

Trinh hi khiti dQng h~ th6ng Dac tinh nay kiern scat tlnr tu rna trong d6 cac 6 dia cua h$ thong duoc kiern' tra h$ dieu hanh, A:~. C: la trinh tir tieu bieu, nhirng C:, A: ciJng c6 the duoc chon d~ khci dong nhanh hcrn. BIOS hien dai cling tro giup khoi dQng tir cac cong cu khac nhu CD-ROM (neu n6 dap irng cae yeu cau ky thuat co th~ khci dOng bAng CD-ROM cua EI Torito) va cac 6 dia SCSI (tham chi ca khi cac 6 dia UDMAJEIDEI

38 TIM HIJJ:D CMOS vA CPU

IDE c6 trong h~ thong)

T6c dQ CPU khdi dq.ng h~ th6ng Dac diem nay thtrong ngu y chi "kieu turbo" va cho phep ban dinh ro t6c d9 bi> xli If se khoi d9ng h~ th6ng. sl! cai d~t tieu bieu 18. Cao va Thap. T6c dQ cao diroc dung de dat duoc hoat dong t6t nhat, nhirng neu ban vap phai nhirng van d~ v~ khci dong thl ban nen thu a t6e dQ thap,

NumLock khdi dQng h~ th6ng Dac diem nay xac dinh ro ban co muon phirn NUMLOCK hoat dqng hie khdi dQng hay kh6ng. Ban ty' do chon cho d$.c tinh nay c6 hieu hie hay kh6ng tuy sd thich cua mmh.

System ROM Shadow FOOO, 64K BQ nho bi che d.1u trong "hoc 110" tit 0 x OAOOOOh toi Ox OFFFFFh co the duge su dung de che khuat ROM cua h~ thong, noi rna noi dung cua ROM BIOS cua bang mach chinh duoc sao chep len RAM, va ban sao RAM nhanh han nay duoc su dung thay eho no. Thong thucng thi nen chon cho dae diem nay c6 hieu luc, mac du cac h~ thong co BIOS cua bang mach chinh "nhap nhay" nhanh hen co the khong huang 19i nhieu, Ban nen chon cho d~c diem che khuat ROM bang mach chinh khong c6 hieu luc neu ban can cap nhat BIOS bang mach chinh nhap nhay hay neu ban dang su dung mot s6 tien ich thuong true trong hI) nho de che khuat BIOS. Luu y rang sl! che khuat ROM hang mach chinh c6 the lam cho m¢t sO' h~ dieu hanh hay trinh ung dung bi tac.

Chuc nAng chuy~n mach Turbo Dac diem nay giup chon su chuyen d6i Turbo c6 hieu hrc hoac khong. SI.f cai di,it nay ngay nay rat hiem khi dircc su dung trong cac h~ th6ng hien dai vi cac PC luon luon v~n hanh (; van toe t6i da cua no.

TiM HIED CMOS vA CPU 39 (Khong c6 nhu cau lam cham t6c dQ m9t PC theo y can ngiroi). Neu c6 nut chuyen dbi Turbo trong M thong, hay giu cho dac diem nay c6 hi$u luc, Neu khong thi chon cho dac diem nay mat hieu It!c

T6c d(; ll)p ky tv (Typematic) B<ftc diem nay cho biet cac phim se lap lai nhanh nhu the nao (bieu hien boi sO' ky tI! trong mot giay hay CPS). SI! cai d~t thong dung la 15PCS

Lam cham lap ky tv D~c diem nay cai dat khoang cham tre ban dau (bieu hien bang mS) tnrcc khi mijt phim bat dau lap lai. (D6 la ban c6 bao nhieu thai gian de nhan duoc mot phim truce khi n6 bat dau lap lai) Thucng duoc cai d<).t la 500mS (0.5s)

Lliip trinh t6c dQ l(lp ky tv D$.c diem nay cho phep lij.p trinh t6e dij lap ky W ciia han phim, n6 xac dinh han phim se phan h6i nhu: the nao khi mQt phim hi giu nhan xu6ng. Neu mat hieu luc, phim se khorig lap lai, B~c di~m nay tlnrong duoc chon khong co hieu luc

Khong phai tat ca cac ban phim d~u tro giup viec l~p trlnh t6c dij li:ip ky W, va dac digm nay phai diroc chon khong co hieu luc neu ban phim khong tro giup no.

Video ROM Shadow coon, 32K BQ nho hi che dli'u trong "hdc 110" tU 0 x OAOOOOh to i Ox OFFFFFh c6 the duoc sa dung de che khuat ROM Video, noi ma nQi dung cua ROM Video duoc sao chsp Mn RAM, va ban sao RAM nhanh han nay duq'c sa dung thay cho n6. Thong thirong thi nen chon cho d~e di~m nay c6 hieu luc, mac du cac h$ thong c6 BIOS video "nhap nhay' nhanh hen c6

4A? TiM HIJl:U CMOS vA CPU

the k!'.6ng huang, lqi nhieu, Ban nen chon cho d~c dIem che khuat ROM video kh6ng co' hi A I

-' b ~ IJ;!U UC

neu an can cap nhat BIOS video nha ha h'

A' b d '. p n ay ay

nell <.tn, an~ str ",d\mg mi)t sO' tien ich thuong true

trong bQ nha de chs khuilt BIOS'd L .

;\ , VI eo. uu y

r ,n~ sl!. ;he ~llat ROM video co tM' lam cho mot

s6 hE;! dieu hanh hay trinh ung dung bi tac. .

C~_o <F~> ne'u coldi bat ky Nell co hi~ll luc he thong se tarn ngung va cho nhap phim Fl' ',' t u' khi .' . vaG

r A?C _I ~:~n hauh. Ne-u khong co hi~u Iuc, he

t~ong se ~Iep t~c sau khi dua ra thong dil?P ba~ 10,1 rna k,hong can cho rihap bat ky phim nao '

Lam 'th" 1 d " vao.

A' rna ieu tfc i;ic diem nay neu ban mu6 h'

th~ng ho~~ di)ng nhu mot may chu (kh6ng co ~a~ p~m). ,Neu k~?ng thi ban co th~ chon cho dac

diem nay co hI~U luc, .

BQ d6~~ x~ ly ,We~t~k Bi;ic diem nay thuang d,u'qc :,?a~ tr~n ~ac ban?" mach chinh Cll han 386 t~A~hal ~y ~a ca: bi) dong xu' ly Weitek Con phri b:en. BA? do~g ~u' Iy ti,nh nang cao nay co hoat d?ngA,gap ~81 den ba Ian cac bi) dong xli ly Int~l co the so sanh duoc. Wei tek sil dung rnot "kh .,

di hi R . - '. so oang

ra c I AM, VI the bi) nho tu vung nav ph" J.

_, 1 '", . tl¥ al sap

xe~ <.tI o m~~ n~i nao do khac, Nell ban co he thong 386 v(JI mot cong cu Weitek thl ha h' cho dae di@mnaycohi$1l1·uc.Ne'ukhoAngtYh.cl,9n

at hi I . ",' I am

m ~~u ijc"dl)c diem nay. S1! cai dat nay thircng

du:~c tim thay tren cac bang mach chinh 386 ' the di "VI

e U:ng quan tam den no tren cac h' thA'

:>. e ong sau

fitly.

~~~H D~NG cAl D~T cAc THIET B! NGO~I VI TiCH

,~ac ~?ang mach tieu bieu ngay nay ket hap nhieu c~.n~ }rnac nhau, bao gom cac cang so~g song, nOI tiep, USB, va cac bi) di~u khi4'n a dia.

TiM Hlfu CMOS vA CPU u

Thee truyen thong thi di~u nay c6 nghla Ia cac cAu n6i nhiiy c6c cua bang mach chinh lam cho cac cang nay co hi$u luc, nhu:ng ngay nay hau het cac kifu bang mach crnnh su dung su cai dat CMOS d~ dieu khien va dinh dang mbi c6ng.

PIO sd cAp Chirc nang nay cho phep cac 6 dia IDE truyen mot 56 dean cung mot luc. Mi)t vai ki~u co thg duoc. Kieu a c6 ngnra la mot doan tai mt;\t thoi diem. Kieu 1 khcng sii dung gian doan. Ki~u 2 co nghia la cac doan duoc truyen trong mQt burst don. Kieu 3 co nghia Ia cac chi dan 32bit a t6c di) Wi 11.1MB/giay. Kieu 4 dua ra 16.6MB/s. Kieu 5 la kieu duy nhat tro giup toi 20MB/s. Kiell PIO thong dung cho hau het cac 6 dia ngay nay Ia kieu PIO 4. Nhieu phien ban BIOS dua ra su cai dat rna se tv dong thuc hian quyet dinh tot nhat cho 6 dia cua ban, Cac kieu truyen du lieu phai duoc cai dat cho moi 6 dia,

IDE DMA Thong thuong dac diem nay duoc cai a tv dong. Cai dat dac diem nay co hieu luc neu cac 6 dla cua ban co kha nang UDMA. Windows 98 co the dinh dang dac diem nay cho ban

PCI ID tren vi mach Dac diem nay du:qc sii dung de chon cho cac bi) dieu khien IDE tren bang mach c6 hieu luc hoac khong neu nhirng b(l di€u khien nay diroc tich hop tren bi) vi mach ella bang mach chinh cua ban, Neu ban mong muon sil dung the dieu khien 6 dia dung met minh thi ban cAn chon cho d~c diem nay mat hieu lvc,

SMART Mt;\t vai phien ban BIOS dua ra su chon lua lam co hieu 11!c hay mat hieu luc kha nang SMART (Ky thuat bao cao va phan tich tl/ giam sat) cua dta cirng. SMART du:gc sil dung M do Urn va bao cao cac van de treo dia, Mot s6 til;!n Ich Slt dung cong nghe nay de' 111a ra cac dlf baa ve dia.

42 . "


~~c C_d hQi}i ~~c diem nay (neu co the) se dUdC C~A~ dat m~t hieu luc trong mac dinh. Neu b~n b,let r~ng_ 0 ~ia tro giup SMART, ban co the thi't lam no co hieu lire

. .'

B? di~u ~ie'nAySB Neu may tinh cua ban co ~9t h~y nhieu cong USB, hay si."r dl,lng SU cai ddt nay de chon eho bt) dieu khien USB tre~n b' .

. b" ang

cua ang m~ch chinh Co hi~u h,tc hoac khong.

Bl) di~u khi€n FDD Si."r dung dac d'" av de chorr cho be> dieu khien dla' memO tre' luemba" nnay, e b" " . g cua

_aug ~l;lch Chl~~ co hieu lire hoac khong. Ban co

Ie muon d~c diem nay co hieu hlc trir kh: b

dang si."r dun ' h"'~ '.",', 1 an

A ". ~ ~?t t ~ "~heu khH~n 0 dia rieng va

kh,ong can b9 dieu khlen dia mern tich hdP.

~ong .r:;t6i tie'p £)~c diem nay duce sii dun d'" Ian 't hi 1 '" . . g e

1 I?a ,,1:,U J,iC m(it cong n6i tie'p (hay dinh ro

cac dia ChI cong I/O va IRQ cho phan cUng) Th A

thUG thi cn '" . ong

,. ~g., 1 CClC cong (COM) noAj tie'p cua ban diroc

cal C? hieu Iuc, nhLtng ban co the lam mA-t h''':

hrc ' ,'.. , , , l~U

. cac cong nat tiep neu can.

C_ong so~g song £)~e diem nay dircc su dung cai dat cho cong song song co hieu lire hoac kh A

vha :?ay d?i kieu c5ng song song (nh11 . kieu ~~l~ c uan, ?al huang, ECP, hay EPP). Sii dun ki -;

ECP' r th o • g leu

neu co t e vi no se trg giup truyen da lieu

nhanh han giua h$ thong va cac thie't hi c6'~

song song khac. . g

D!NH D~NG cAl D~T BO VI M~CH CAO CAP

. !"1~ch logic c6t loi (hay' b9 vi rnach) chiu trach nhl~m cung c~P nhieu dac tinh cao cap rna chung ta co trong cae PC ngay nay. Nhu vay co me t -;» 16' . th d ". 1 . 9 so

.n c~c . ay 01 ien, quan de'n cau hinh thich hop

cua h9 VI mach. Phan nay cua su cai dat CMOS cho phep ban thay d6i tinh nang cua b~ vi mach

"11M HIiu CMOS vA CPU 43

cUa ban (ten, cac hoat dQng cua bi) nho, su tuy chon nap lai bl) nho, tinh nang cua thanh du lieu, tang cuong bl) 1l1U tru cache, ... )

Su cai dat b6 vi mach cao cap doi hoi slj hiEiu bi'e't chi tiet hdn vi hoat dong va cac d~c tmh cua b9 vi mach , va chi nen thuc hien bdi cac nha ky thuat nhieu kinh nghiem, SI! dinh dang b6 vi mach khong chinh xac se d~ dang lam hong hoat dong cua h~ thong. Hay nho luau luon ghi cac du lieu cai dat CMOS nguyen thuy cua ban truce khi thay d6i cac thong so' bat kyo

Tho-i gian phuc hoi 110 16bit Day la thai gian tri hoan b6 sung ducc dua vao sau moi hoat dong 16bit. Doi khi n6 can thiet M tro giup cac thiet bi 16bit cu, va gia tri duoc them van la su trl hoan t6i thieu diroc dua van sau moi chu trinh thanh AT.

Bi,l nhc 16bit, tinh tr:;mg cho 110 Liet ke can so tinh trang cho diroc chen vao bo nho I6bit va hoat dl)ng liD. Qua nhieu tinh trang cho se lam giam hoat dong cua thanh dan, v~ qua it till,h trang ebb co thE! gay 16i cho thanh dan va lam tac h~ thong.

Bt} nho Sbit, tinh tr ang cho lIO Liet ke con so' tinh trang cho dugc chen vao bi,) nho Sbit va heat dl)ng I/O. Qua nhieu tinh trang cho se lam giarn hoat di)ng cua thanh dan, va qua it tinh trang ehb c6 thEi gay 16i eho thanh dan va lam tilc h~ thong.

Bit thay doi trong RAM Tag Cac bit tag diroc S11 dung dE! xac dinh tinh trang cua thong tin dugc 1u'U tru trong b9 hru tru cache L2 (ngoai).

44 TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPu

MU'c xac dinh sai s6t duoc cai dat vci sir chon lira nay. N€u ban sa dung phirong ·phap IL1u tr·u Ghi Sau, hay sU: dung sir cai dat "7+1" M nhan ducrc k€t qua tot nhat. NEru kh6ng thi sa dung su c~i d<iit. "8+1".

C~Qn Iva d6ng h6 thanh AT (hay nguon dong h6 thanh AT) Tinh nang nay chon lua slf phan c~ia cua d5ng h5 CPU (hay d5ng h5 cua h~ thong) de no co th~ g.4n dung vci dang h5 thanh ISAJ EISA 8.33MHz. Su cai di;i.t nam t.rong cac so hang Cl.Kzx, (hay CLKIN/x va CLK2!x), voi x c6 th~ co cac gia trj nhu 2,3,4, hay 5. CLK bieu thi toe d6 b(> xir 1y thanh cua ban. Vi du nhu 486DX33· 486DX2/66, va 486DX3/99 deu· sU: dung toc d¢ thanh 33MHz va c6 gia tri so chia la 4 doi voi van tae ISA 8.25MHz. Bai vci cac bo xU: ly 286 va 386, CLK bang mra van toe cua CPU. Duo-i day la mQt so cai di;i.t tieu bieu:

• CLK/2 Tat ea cac he thong 286 va 386

• CLK/3 SXlDX16 , DX20, DX25, DX21

50, DX4/100

• CLKl4 SXlDX33, DX2/66, DX3/99

• CLKl5 DX40, DX2/80

• CLK6 DX50, DX2/100

• CLK7

• CLK8

thanh 60MHz thanh 66MHz

Toe de> thanh kh6ng holm toan chinh KaC 8.33MHz, nhung d6 la cai de nham toi. Su cai dat ~ong thieh hop co the· gay ra su suy giarn dang ke hoat dQng cua h~ thong. Neu so chia qua cao, t6c do thanh ISA se qua thap (thap han 8.33MHz), va cac thiet bi ISA 58 hoat dong kern. Neu so chia qua thap, toc d(> thanh ISA S8 qua cao (hon 8.33MHz), va cac thiet bi ISA co th4 bi true trac,


Tinh trJ;lng cho chu trinh AT Bieu thi con sa tinh trang cho duoc chen vao moi khi mot heat di)ng duoc thuc hien vdi thanh AT. Ban co th~· can mot 56 tinh trang cho b6 sung neu cac the ISA cu ducc sU: dung, dac biet neu chung duoc si"r dung cung vdi cac the dieu hop nhanh. Qua nhieu tmh trang cho S8 lam giiim hoat dong cua thanh, va qua it tinh trang chc c6 the gay 16i thanh va lam tic h$ thong.

Sv djnh darig hI dQng Khi co hieu luc, dac tinh nay cho phep BIOS tu dong cai di;i.t cac diY lieu trong cai dat bQ vi mach cao cap (so chia dong ho, tinh trang cho, .. J. Ne'u ban khorig chic chan ve viec dinh dang cac dac tinh cua bQ vi mach cao cap thl hay chon cho dac tinh nay co hieu hrc. Lam milt hieu luc dac tinh nay neu ban du dinh thtrc hien cac thay d6i bang each thu cong d6i vci su cai di;i.t bo vi mach, Ban phai chon cho dac tinh nay milt hieu life khi co mot so the dieu hop co tinh chuyen biet cao duoc sU: dung trong he thong.

Burst Copy-Back Option Su lua chon nay co th~ cai cho co hieu luc hoac khong. Khi co hieu lire, va viec doc tlr b{J nho sang bi? xU: ly d§.n den "bo s6t bo luu tru cache", thi bi? vi mach S8 ca gAng doc ilin thii hai (khi du lieu dtigc truyen theo kieu Burst)

Burst refresh Khi c6 hieu luc, di;i.c tinh nay thuc hien mot vai chu trinh lam moi Iai cung mot luc. Thong thurrng dac tinh nay co the chon cho co hieu luc tru khi h~ thong cua ban eo sif dung mot kieu bQ nhd hay cau hinh bat binh thuong.

Chu trinh SRAM Burst D*c tinh nay cho phep ban dinh ro su dinh thci gian cua cac ehu trinh kieu burst d9C tir va ghi vao bl? nho luu tru cache


ngoai (L2). Su Iva chon tieu bieu la 4-1-1-1 va 3- 1-1-1, vi the" hay chon su cai dat thap nhat nlurng hoat dong t6t vdi M thong cua ban.

Burst Write Khi dac tinh nay co hieu luc, bt) xu 1y se ghi vao bo luu t.rir cache trong cac burst, no lam cho viec hill tru co hieu qua han. Khi khong co hieu Iuc, CPU se khong ghi van bt) luu tru cache trong cac burst.

Bus Mode Dac tinh nay chon Iva kieu dong ho rna dl1qc su dy.ng d€ chay thanh bus. Trong kieu khong dong be, ATCLK dl1qe su dy.ng. Trong hau he"t cac truong h-rp, kieu dong bo duoc chon,

V1ing dja chi RAM co th~ hill tn1 Cac bO vi mach thuong cho phep bt) nho chi luu tnr tdi 16MB hay 32MB. Dieu nay lam giei'i han 56 bit dia chi b¢ nho can thiet dE!' luu trong bo luu tru cache cung vdi cac uoi dung ella no. Cai dat dac tinh nay if gia tri thap nhat co the· duoc. Vi du nhu neu ban chi co RAM 4MB, hay chon 4MB - dung nap vao 8MB khi ban chi c6 8MB diroc lip dat.

Lua cho n doc cache (thu'ang gQi Ia "tinh tr~ng cha doc SRAM" hay "Cache Read Hit Burst") D~c tinh nay xac dinh 56 dong ho can M tai 4 tli 32bit vao b¢ luu tru cache trong cua CPU (thunng ducc xac dinh nhu s6 dong ho/ mot tli). Sv dinh thai gian 2-1-1-1 bi~u thi 5 dong ho tai 4 tii rna ve mat ly thuyet la 56 t6i thieu dbi vdi cac CPU cao cap hien hanh (486DX, Pentium, Pentium II II II va cac CPU mdi han). SI,!' dinh thai gian nay xac dinh 56 tmh trang cho eho RAM cache trong kieu truyen thong thuong va burst (kieu burst chi doi voi h$ thong 486). Su dinh thai gian 4-1-1-1 thuong duoc khuyen nghi dung, nhong sir dinh thai gian nhanh han rna may tinh c6 the tro giup se t6t han.


Di~u khi€n st_i djnh thai gian hill tru SI! chon lua nay Cal dat cac thong s6 dinh thai gian de doc/ ghi van be lou tra cache. Su chon lua tieu bi€!u la nhanh, trung binh, thong thuong va turbo.

Tinh tr~ng cho hill trii' Dac tinh nay duoc su' dung de dua cac tinh trang cho b6 sung van cho cac hoat dQIlg luu trtr. Gi6ng nhu bt) nho thong thirong, it tinh trang eha han se dAn de-n tinh nang hru tru t6t hem (nlurng se doi hoi hru tru nhanh han). Su cai dat 0 S8 tao hoat dong t6i uu, nhung 1 tinh trang cho e6 the' diroc yeu cau d6i voi cac van t6c thanh Ian hall 33MHz.

Cache Write Option Gi6ng nhu "Cache Read Option", nhung ducc su dung d@· kiem soat su dinh thai gian ghi van bt) luu tru cache

CAS -before- RAS Khi co hieu We, 51! chon lua nay se lam giam chu trinh lam mrri lai (nap lai) va 51! tieu thu nang hro ng.

DQ rQng CAS trong chu trinh doc Dac tinh nay bieu thi so trnh trang cho d6i voi CPU d~ doc B.AM. Cac chir so thap han se t6t han d6i vdi hoat dt)ug cua M thong,

Su' lam mrri Iai dbng thai Dac tinh nay cho phap ca. hi) xu ly va phan cirng lam rnci lai tiep din vao bo nho tai cung thai diem. Neu dac tinh nay khong c6 hi$·u lye, bo xu Iy phai cho cho d~n khi phan cung ket thuc viec lam moi lai, va dieu nay c6 th~ lam cham hoat dong cua M thong I~t)t chut. Nhieu he thong cai dat 51,1" lam moi lai dong thai nay nhir la mac dinh

Luu tru ghi sau CPU Khi co hieu We, h$ thong se su dung su hru tru "ghi sau", Neu khong co hieu life, he th6ng S8 su dung su luu tru "ghi xuyen qua".


_. -

Decoupled Refresh Option Dac tinh nay giup thanh ISA va RAM lam moi Iai mot each rieng reo Vi viec lam moi lai thanh ISA la qua trinh cham han, nen viec phan tach cac chu trinh lam moi lai se gay it cang thang han trell CPU. Su lua chon nay tlurong ducc cai dat cho co hieu lire.

Ngubn dbng hb DMA Dac tinh nay chi ra nguon cua dong h6 DMA diroc SU" dung trong viec truyen DMA. SI! cai dat nay se anh huang den tinh nang DMA d6i vrii thiet bi ngoai vi ba't ky co sU" dung DMA (nhu dia m~m, bang, mang, va cac h9 dieu hop SCSI). T6i da Iii SMHz.

Tinh tr~ng chii DMA Dac tinh nay liet ke s6 tinh trang chc duoc chen vao truoc khi c6 thu' tiep can b9 nho true tiep (DMA). Cac s6 thap han (it tinh trang cho han) se dan den tinh nang DMA t6t han.

DRAM Burst at 4 Refresh Day la su thay doi nhe cua Burst Refresh, a do s,! lam mci lai xay ra trong 4 hurst. Thong thuong dac tinh nay duoc cai cho co hieu luc.

Tri hoan dinh tho i gian DRAM CAS DRAM duoc sAp xifp thanh cac hang va cot, va dutrc tiep can qua cac duong xung. CPU kich hoat Quong RAS (Xung tiep can hang) M tim hang co chua du: lieu duoc yeu cau; sau do dtnmg CAS (Xung tiep can C9t) xac dinh cot, Sau cung, cac dau hieu cua RAS va CAS duoc sir dung d~ nhan dien vi tri trong vi mach DRAM. Khi sii dung DRAM cham, c6 th~ can phai dua khoaug tri hoan vao viec dinh thai gian CAS. Mac dinh la kh6ng co trl hoan CAS,

Phuong phap lam mdi Iai DRAM D$.c tinh nay chon lua cac phuong phap lam moi lai duoc str dung cho RAM. Cac kha nang II/a chon ia RAS


Only va CAS-before-RAS. Hau he't cac h$ thong hien hanh d~u sir dung st! dinh thai gian CASbefore RAS nhu mac djnh.

ROM EOOOO thuQc ATBUS £)~c tinh nay bieu thi xern vung EOOOOh (hi} nhd tren I thuoc DRAM bang mach chinh hay thuoc thanh AT'. Doi vci hdu h~t cac h~ thong, thuong khuyen nghi chon

co hieu II/c. . .

Cac thanh ghi DMA md rQng Vai kieu mav tinh AT tieu chuan, DMA tro giup phan chia c!;i 16MB ddu tien CLIa RAM he thong. Khi dac unh nay co hieu luc, sl/ tro giup cua DMA se duoc mo ri)ng cho RAM toi 4GB. Trong hau het cac trirong hop, dac tinh nay duoc chon khong co h ieu luc

Giai rna 110 mit rQng Pham vi hinh thucng ella cac dia chi 110 la O-Ox3FFh chi su dung 10 bit dia chi. Khi dac diem nay co hieu II/c, h~ th6ng se trrr giup thanh dia chi 110 16bit cho phep khoang I/O 64KB. Hau het cac bang mach chmh hay cac bo dieu hop 1/0 co the duoc giai mil chi boi 10 bit di;l chi, vi the d~c diem nay thuong duoc chon khorig c6 hieu luc,

Chu trinh AT nhanh Khi c6 hieu luc dae t.irih nay c6 the lam tang toe dQ truyen dirIieu ~oi cac the ISA (va co the c6 anh huang quan trong tren cac bang video ISA)

Doc/ghi htu trii' nhanh Cho phep tinh nang luu trir duoc tang cuong nho cac ky thuat chen bo nho. Lam tinh nang nay co hieu luc neu ban co hai ngan hang 100 tri] (64KB hay 256KB) ..

C6,th~ giai rna nhanh £>$.c tinh nay ng~ y chi phan cung nao do giam sat cac l$nh duqc gih tdi vi mach dieu khien ban phirn, AT nguyen thuy da str dung cac rna dac biet khcng xir Iy duoc bdi chtnh ban phim de dieu khien su chuyen mach

50 TiM HlEU CMOS VA CPt:

bO xii ly 286 hi kieu diroc bao v~ sang kieu thuc, 286 tt! n6 kh6ng c6 phan cirng de thuc hien di·~u nay, vi the thuc te CPU phai duoc c~i dat Iai dEi ch.uye:n mach ve sau. Nhirng nh~ che tap PC da b6 sung vao Ill9t vai vi mach logic de: giarn sat cac lenh duoc gli'i toi vi mach dieu khien ban phim, va khi rna "cai dat lai CPU" duoc phat hien, cac vi mach logic se thuc hien viec cai dat lai ngay lap tire. Lenh cai dat lai ··SI/ giai rna" nhanh nay cua ball phimcho phap OS/2 va Windows chuven doi giua kieu thuc va ki6"u dircc bao v~ nh;l1h hem, va cho phe p nh i su tinh nang tot han. Ban se tim thay dac tinh nay tren cac h$ thong 286 va 386 doi dau, vi nhirng b(:l xu' If mci han c6 cac chi din phan cung de _ ~:~lVen doi giua cac kieu.

N eu ban tim kiem dac tinn nay tren he thong hien hanh, lenh "co the giai rna nhanh" co Ie duoc xac dinh hoi kho khan. Kieu thiet ke' cua thanh AT nguyen thuy lam cho no kh6 hoa tron ROM hay RAM 8bit va 16bit trong cung mot kh6i vi tri dia chi cao 128KB. M9t R011 BIOS 8bit tren the VGA bUQC tat ca cac thiet Lj ngoai vi kh~c s~ dung vung W COOOh - DFFFh d€" su dung Shit. Bang each thuc hien sir "giai rna sam" cua cac ducng dia chi cao song song vdi phien chon Iuc 8/16bit, thanh I/O sau d6 co the sii dung cac thiet bi ngcai vi hoa trou 8bit va 16bit. Trong ca hai trucng hop, ban c6 Ie nen chon cho dac diem

nay co hieu luc. ..

Fast Page Mode DRAM Khi co hieu luc dac tinh nay lam tang t6c su tiep can b<) ~ha d6i voi FPM RAM. Khi sy tiep can bi? nho xay ra trong cung "trang" nho, RAS va CAS a tren cung cua day d~u khong can thiet, va hoat d9I1g cua b<) nho duoc cai thien.


S111am mdi Iai ;in Dac tinh nay cho phep RAlvI lam mci lai cac chu trmh nho xay ra hong cac ngan hang ghi nho rna khong ducc CPU sil' dung tai thai diem nay, thay vi cac chu trinh Jam moi lai thong thuong ducc thuc hien a moi thai diem khi rna sir gian doan DRQO duoc g~i den t moi 15mS). C6 ba darig so d6 lam mdi lai tieu bleu: bot x,en chu trinh, keo dill chu trinh, hay lam rnoi l;;t,i an. _B6t xen ch~ trinh thucng Jay mot vong dong h6 tu CPU de thuc hie n viec lam moi lai. Keo dai chu trinh tri hoan mot chu trinh tit bo ~u 1y de·~tht!c hien viec lam moi lai (vi no chi xay ra cli' moi 4mS hay khoang chirng d6, ne n day la S\1 ca.i thien tit sir bot xe n chu t.rrnh ). Su lam moi l(;l·j an dan gian la lam moi Iai cac ngan hang ghi nhc kh6ng hoat dong. H§.u het cac he thong deu ch9I1 lam rnoi lai an nhu mac dinh, nhirng mot s6 b¢ nho tro giup lam moi lai iln t6t han mot s6 ~ac. C6 giing lam moi lai ·theo each in, nhirng neu may tinh bi treo hay bi lic thi hay lam mat hieu Juc dac tinh nay.

Lam mdi Ia i t6c de;, cao (hay lam mo i lai nhanh) Khi cohieu luc, dac tinh nay lam cho eric chu trinh lam mci Iai xay ra vci tan so' cao hen d~ hoan thanh mot chu trinh lam moi lai trong khoang thai gian ngan han. Khi dl1<;1C ket hop vdi cac dac tinh khac nhu Burst Refresh, toan bo hoat dong cua h$ thong c6 the diroc cai thien·. Khong phai tat ca cac kieu bi? nho d4u co the tro giug dac tinh lam rnoi Ianh nhanh, va n6 sil dung nhieu nang hrong han so lam moi lai t6c dQ cham,

'I'ruyen dii' Iie u IDE 32bit Khi c1<;ic tinh nay co hieu luc, hoat di?ng d9C/ ghi ella dia crrng se nhanh hon, Khi khong c6 hieu luc, chi co kha nang truyen dCi li$u 16bit. Hay chon cho dac tinh nay co hieu

hrc neu co the. .

52 TtM HIEU CMOS vA CPU

Ki~u truy~n IDE DMA B$,c tinh nay xac dinh cac phuong ti$n rna nho do viec truyen DMA duoc thuc hien. Co ba kieu cai dat tieu bieu la Kho~g hieu luc, KiElu B (cho EISA), va Tieu chuan (cho PCI). KiElu tieu chuan la kieu nhanh nhat, nhung no co the gay ra cac van d~ vci cac CD·ROM IDE. Kieu tieu chuan la kieu F .

Ki~u da kh6i IDE (ciing con gQi lit kiifu kh6i IDE) B$.c tinh nay cho phep cac is dta IDE truyen mot vai doan moi hie gian doan. Co sau kiElu co

khii nang: .

• Kieu 0 (kieu tieu chuan tru)'eit mot doan tai ml)t thai diem)

• Kieu 1 (khong co gian doan)

• Kieu 2 (cac doan ducc truyen trong mot burst dan)

• Kieu 3 (t6c dl) tdi 11.1MB/s· doi khi duoc

viet tlh la "kieu 32bit"). .

• Kieu 4 (toi 16.7MB/s)

• Kieu 5 (tdi 20MB/s . khong duqc su dung trong viec thuc hien thuc te' cua {) dia)

Thu9C tinh quan trong d6i vci kieu khoi la so doan truyen trong mM lan gian doan. So doan truyen toi da moi Ian gian doan thutrng (nhung khong luon luon) lien quan de'n kich thuoc bo dern cua {) dia. N eu dac tinh nay duoc cai dat khorig thich hop thi mci lien lac vdi cac c6ng COM co the kh6ng hoat doug, Neu kich thuoc kh6i (so' doan/ khoang gian dean) duoc cai dat qua len,

b~n co th~ g~p s\l qua tai va cac sai s6t eRe. B~ a'n dinn d1).e tinh nay, hay giam kieh thudc khoi, hay lam mat hieu hrc kieu khoi holm toano

Ki~u nhi~u doan IDE Khi kieu truyen IDE DMA co hieu luc, dac tinh nay Cal dat s6 dean trong

TiM HlEU CMOS vA CPU

53

mOt burst (v6'i s6 t6i da IS. 64). Cac van de eo the xuat hien vci cac c6ng COM neu su cai dat nay du'<?,c dinh dang kh6ng thich hap.

Th(ti gian phuc h6i I/O Thai gian phuc h6i 110 18. so tmh trang cho diroc chen VaG giu~ hai thao tao I/O lien tiep (thuong dU<;1C xac dinh nhu: mot cap g6m hai so, vi du nhu 5/3). So dau tien la so tinh trang cho ducc chen VaG cho mot thao tac Bbit; so thir hai 113. so tinh trang cho cho 1 thao tac 16bit. Noi chung, dac tinh nay co the chon khong co hieu hrc. Neu d6ng h6 thanh AT chay nhanh (han 8.33MHz), hay neu ban dang sil dung cac thiet bi ngoai vi cham thi c6 the can thiet cai dat Thoi gian phuc h6i I/O co hieu luc, bat dAu vci gia trj nhu 5/3.

Ml)t vai phien ban: BIOS dinh r6 "Thai gian cai d$.t 110" (hay "Tri hoan lenh (I/O) t.hanh AT). No duoc xac djnh tuong tu vci thai gian phuc 110, nhirng thucng Ia su tri hoan truce khi blit d§.u mQt thao tac 110 han la 511 tri

hoan giira cac thao tac I/O. .

Kifu chen Khi dac digm nay eo hieu luc, he thong' se SIl dung 16i chen de tiep can b9 nho h$ thong. Neu bang mach chinh khong duoc thiet ke de tro giup bl) nho chen (hay su dung dang cao cap cua b9 nho tinh nang cao), thi sir chon lua

nay nen diroc chon khong co hieu hrc. . . .

ISA IRQ Muc nay cho biet cac the PCI cua IRQ Stl dung Ddi cac the ISh M cac the pel knbng co giing phan dinh cac nguon ke' thira do. N eu ban khong co thiet bi ISA trong h$ thong ciia minh, hay bao dam rAng khong mot IRQ nao duoc du tN.


Di~u khi~n cai d(it ban phim Dac tinh nay cho phep khrri dong lai nong bang cac phim CTRL + ALT + DEL. Chon khong hieu luc cho dac tinh nay neu ban muon ngan cam k ieu khoi dQng lai nong nay.

Tinh trnng cho dqc bQ nho (hay "trnh trang cho doc DRAM") CPU thuong nhanh han RAM nhieu, 'va can dira vao cac tmh trang hc<'t M cho phe p RAM cham han" du6i kip CPU. M6i tinh trang cho thirc te ~6 sung them 20nS hay la_m tang toe do RAM. It tinh t.rang cho han se dan den hoat dong cua h~ thong t6t han, va con s6 tinh trang cho If tuong la 0 (du 1 trnh tr ang ch<'t la s6 thtrong du:qc yeu cau). So' tmh tra ng cho can thiet xap xi (t6c do RAM [ns] + 10) * Dong ho [MHzJ/I000-2. Neu co qua nhieu tinh trang chc, hoat dQng cua he thong se hi t6n hai, Ne"u qua it tinh trang cho, se xuat hien cac 16i ve tinh ngang hang.

Lap Ia i ban do bQ nhd Dac tinh nay giup Iap lai han do hi? nho diroc sil" dung brri BIOS (AOOOOh t&i FFFFh hay 384KB) t re n gioi han 1MB. Neu e6 hieu lire, ban khong th~ che khuat BIOS h~ thong va video. Trong nhieu trvbng hcp, ban nen chon cho dac tinh nay khorig e6 hieu luc.

Tinh tr~ng cho ghi bQ nho (hay "cac tinh tr-ang cho ghi DRAM") Tudng W nhir Tinh trang cho d9C hi? nho, nhung n6 ap dung cho viecghi RAM.

M(Jt vai phien ban BIOS ket hop cac stf. chon lua tmh trang cho dge/ghi hi? nho thanh "tmh trang cho DRAM". Trong tnrong h9P nay, so' trnh trang cho d9C va ghi phai bang nhau.


Co sCi khO"i 1 khong hill tru dUQc Nhap vao dia chi co so cua vung rna ban kh6ng muon 100 t~lf. N6 phai la bi?i so cua Kich thurrc khoi 1 khorig htu tru du:ac dune chon Iva ben duoi. Khi chon khong co hieu !tIC, cai dat no 18 OKB.

Co sd khdi 2 khong hill trii' duc;1C Cung giong' nhu Ca sCi khoi 1 kh6ng roo trlf duoc, va thucng diroc cai dl).t OKB.

Kich thuoc khO'i 1 kho ng hill trii' du'c;1c Vung khong 100 tru' duoc duoc du tinh cho thiet. bt. I/O lap ban do bi? nhrr rna khong ducc trl( giu,p de 1~ tru. Vi du nhu mot so' the video co the bieu thi tat ca ho nh6 video tit 15MB tdi 16MB vi phan mern kh6~g co bo chuyen mach ngan hang. Neu vurig kh6ng 100 trtr duoc bao trurn ca b¢ nho RAM thuc rna ban dang str dung, hay yeu cau su suy giat;t hoat dong dang ke d~ tiep can vao vung d6. Neu vung khong luu tru diroc chi bao trum cac dia chi bi? nho khong t6n tai, thi kh6ng nen c6 va cham hoat di?ng. Neu ban dang sil" dung cac thiet bi ~a khorig the lu:u trtr duoc, hay chon eho dac diem nay co hieu luc M cai dat rieng v~ mot ben mot phan bi? nho tir vung lu:u tru, Neu khcng, ban co the" chon rnuc nay khong co hieu lire.

Kich thuce khO'i 2 khorig hiu tru duoc Cling gi6ng nhu kich thuoc khoi 1 khong 100 trir duoc, va thucng diroc cai dat khong co hieu lire.

Thoi gian hoat dQng cua RAS Day la s6 th?i gian rna tin hieu RAS co the duy tri rna cho nhieu stf. tiep can. Cac con s6 eao hen S8 lam tang boat dong cua M thong.

Thai gian rrap Ia i HAS flay Ia khoang thoi gian rna qua d6 Xung dia chi hang (RAS) ra hieu cho RAM diroc gilt thap cho cac chu trinh doc va ghi thong thuong. Bay la khoang nho nhat giira khi

~6 TiM HI~U CMOS vA CPU

hoan thanh viec doc hay ghi va khi blit diiu m{!t hoat di)ng khac tU cung mot DRAM (ki1fu khong trang). Cac ky thuat cao cap nhu chen vao bi) nhrr hay su dung DRAM ki~u trang thucng duoc sU' dung d~ tranh su cham tre nay. Gia tri nap lai RAS thirong turmg tu' voi thoi gian tiep can RAM. B6i vrii CPU 33MHz, nhap gia tri 4 Ia mot lua chon t6t, trong khi cac gia tri thap' hen nen: dti~c

chon cho nhung t6c dQ cham han. .

Thi1i gian cham tr~ RAS-to-CAS Day la luong thiJi gian rna CAS diroc thuc hien sau mot RAS. Cac con s6 thap han 'th1 t6t hem cho hoat dong' cua h~ thong, nhung mot vai DRAM se khong tro giup cac con s6 thap,

Thai gian heat dong lam mdi lai cua RAS Day 111 hnrng thci gian hoat di)og can thiet cho RAS trong khi lam moi lai, Cac gia tri nhap vao thap hon thuong t6t hon,

Gia t.ri lam moi lai Gia tri nay cang thap, hoat

dQng cang t6t hen .

Khii nang ALE don Kha nang ch6t dia chi (ALE) la mot tin hieu thanh ISA (chct B2S) rna bieu thi , !log mot dia chi co hieu luc duqc bo' tri tren thanh: va thanh nay dUl1C sit dung M lien lac vci cac the ngoai vi Sbit va 16bit. Mot s6 bo vi mach c6 th~ tro giup kiiiu tang cucng rna trong d6 nhieu str xac dinh ALE co th€ dligc thuc hien trong mot ehu trmh thanh don. ALE dan c6 th€ chon c6 hieu luc hay khcng hieu luc cho kha nang nay, VI dac tinh nay c6 th€ lam cham thanh video neu c6 hieu hrc, nen thong thuong n6 diroc chon kh6ng co hieu luc.

BQ phan chia lam moi ll).i bQ nha ch$.m Neu ban c6 th~ keo dai cac chu trinh lam mci lai cua h$ thong (bang each sU' dung cac ky thuat nhu

TiM HI~U CMOS vA CPU 57

LAm mdi lai cham), ban c6 th~ tha tl! do thoi gian CPU nhieu han, va hoat di;mg cua h$ thong dugc nang len. B~e tinh nay cho phep ban chon lira bQ phan chia rna lam cham cac chu trmh lam mdi lai. N€u ban lam cham sy' lam rnci lai qua nhieu thi ban se g~p cac sai sot v~ tinh ngang hang va M thong bi suy sup.

Lam mCii Ia i cham 81/ chon lua nay lam giam tlin so' lammoi Iai RAM. f}i~u nay lam tang nhe hoat dQng cua h$ th6ng do sir canh tranh giira CPU va mach lam moi lai bi giam sut, nhung khong phai t8't ca cac RAM deu tro giup nhung t6c dQ lam moi Iai suy giam nay (trong trirong hop nay ban se g~p cac Ibi v~ tinh ngang hang va sy' suy sup cua he thong). Nhi~u h$ thong chon d~c tinh lam moi Iai cham nay nhu mac dinh,

Meo: d6i vC'i nhirng nguui si'r dung PC di dong - cac chu trinh lam moi lai tieu hao nang luong, vi the vise sU' dung dac tmh lam mdi lai cham c6 thg tiet kiern nang hrong.

Staggered Refresh Khi d~c tinh nay c6 hieu lire, viec lam mci lai diroc tlurc hien tren cac ngan hang nho lien tuc, f}i~u nay dan d€n tieu thu it nang hrong hen va it co sl! dung cham giua cac ngan ngang nho. Nhieu h$ thong chon cho dac diem nay co hieu lire nhir mac dinh,

Tag Ram Includes Dirty Khi co hieu lire, viec htu tra se khong bi thay th€ trong suot cac chu trinh, don gian 18. ghi chong len, Dieu nay dan d€n hoat dong diroc gia tang. Tuy nhien tam t6i da cua bi) nho luu trir dugc bi dt boi vi can 1 bit nhu mot tag "bit bAn". N6i chung ban c6 th~ chon cho d~e digm nay kh6ng co hieu hrc tru khi ban su dung RAM 1$ thong.

58 TIM HIfu CMOS vA CPU

Viln~ BIOS Video co th~ Iuu tru D!).c tinh nay c6 the diroc chon c6 hieu luc hay kh6rig co hieu Iuc hru tru BIOS video. Viec leu tru BIOS video thirong c6 the lam tang tinh nang video, nhirng voi nhiau the video tang toc ngay nay, can thiet phai ngan chan vise luu trir.

D!NH D~NG PlUG-ANO-PlAY/PCI

Thanh Plug-and play (PnP) va PCI (lien ke"t thanh phan ngoai vi) la hai dac tinh lien quan chat che voi nhau duoc thi€t ke" d€ lam nhe gan h n~ng dinh dang cua cac thiet hi cua PC va cung cap nhung thiet bi do voi thanh tinh nang cao co kha nang heat dong true ti€p vdi CPU va bo nho chinh. Tuy nhien cac dac tinh Plug -and-play va P~I phai duoc dinh dang thich hop trong BIOS de baa dam 51! van hanh khcng c6 rae rai. Pan nay cua chuang se giai thich cac muc chon lira duoc su" dung M dinh dang cac ranh 'clla PCI va each van hanh PnP.

Action When W-Buffer Full Dac tinh nay cai d~t each van hanh cua h~ thong khi b{1 dem ghi day. Nhumac dinh, h$ thong se c6thu lai ngay lap tuc (han la cho den khi no trong)

AT/ISA bus clock frequency Day Ia toc do thanh AT trong he thong PCI. Chon mot so' chi~ rna se cho ban toe dl) thanh gin' voi ·S.33MHz (toy thuoc vao toc do cua thanh PCI)

Base 110 address Muc nay liet ke co so cua vung dia chi lIO rna tU do nguon thiet bi PCI doi hoi ducc th6a man.

Base Memory Address Muc nay liet ke cc sa cua vung dia chi h¢ nho 32hit rna tu d6 nguon thiet bi PCI doi hoi duqc thoa man.

Burst Copy-Back Option Khi dac di4m nay co

TIM HI~U CMOS vA CPU

59

hieu luc, neu xuat hien su thieu liru tru, bl) vi mach se hat d§.u mot hit, duong luu tru hurst dien day tlr h9 nho chinh sang b9 hru trir cache - ml,lc tieu de duy tri tinh trang cua bl) luu tru cache.

Byte Merge Support (s1l bien deli cua Byte Merging) Viec truyen du lieu 8 hay I6hit tit CPU sang thanh PCI duoc thuc hien trong b9 dern rna d d6 no duoc tich luy, hay hop nhat, t.hanh du lieu 32bit, tao ra hoat dong nhanh hon , Trong triro'ng hop nay, chon cho dac diem nay c6 hieu luc nghia la vi$c ghi CPU-PCI duoc demo

Byte Merging D!).c tinh nay cho phap viec ghi len cac dia chi bo nhd lien tiep duoc hap nhat lai tt thao tac PCI tdi ho nhc, no lam tang hoat dong doi vci cac ung dung cu thuoug ghi vao bo nho video hAng byte han lit bing cac W. Dac tinh nay khorig tro giup tot treu tat ca cac the video PCI. Chon cho dac tinh nay co hieu luc t.ru khi ban

g!).p phai cac van de d6 h9a.· .

Configuration Mode Muc nay cai dat phuong phap rna thea do thong tin v~ cac the ke' thus duoc chuyen cho he thong:

• SIt dung leU BIOS phu thuoc vao thong tin dLiqc cung cap boi phan mern plugand-play (nhu su quan 1.1 dinh dang hay tien ich dinh dang ISA). Chi ch911 Iva ca: nay neu cac tien ich cua ban can.

• Sit dung Setup Utility BIOS phu thuor vao thong tin duoc cung cap trong II) trinl cai d~t CMOS - knong su" dung cac tier ich dinh dang.

CPU burst Write Assembly Bo vi mach Inte 450GXIKX Orion duy tri 4 b9 d$m ghi sau. Kh d$.c diem nay co hieu luc, b9 vi mach co the t~l hop cac burst PCI dai W cac da lieu ducc chu,


trong chung, Bo\ic di~m nay thinrc dUlJc chon khong co hi1?u II!C trong mac dinh,

CPU Dynamic-Fast-Cycle Bac di~m nay cho ban tie'p can nhanh han 'lao thanh ISA. Khi CPU dua ra mot chu trlnh thanh, thanh PCI se xern xet lenh de XRC dinh xem tRC nhan nao doi hoi no. Neu kh6ng, sau d6 chu trinh thanh ISA duoc bat dau. Sau do Chu trmh dQng Iuc nhanh cho phap tiep can nhanh han vao thanh 18A nho lam giam su k€ thira (hay tri hoan) giira lenh g6c cua CPU va su bat dftu chu trlnh I8A.

CPU Line Read Dac diem nay cho phep hay kh6ng cho phep (mac dinh) vise d9C duang CPU day.

CPU Line Read Multiple D9C dirong nghia la CPU dang doe mot dirong luu tril diy. Khi duang luu trff d.iy, no chira 32 byte (8 DWORDS) dir Iieu. Vi dirong nay day nen he thong biet chinh xacco bao nhisu du lieu rna no Sf! doc va khOng can chc tin hieu kett.huc diJ lieu, giai ph6ng no de thirc hien nhirng dieu khac. Khi d~c diem nay co hi$u luc, h~ thong dugc phep d9C nhieu han mot dircng 100 triJ diy tai mot thci diem. Mo\ic dinh Ia kMng co hi$u lire.

CPU Line Read Prefetch Khi dac tinh nay c6 hi$u luc, he th6ng duoc phep Urn trudc chi din doc ke tiep va bat diu quy trinh ke tiep.

CPU Master DEVSEL # Timeout Khi CPU khiji d~u mot chu trrnh chinh sa dung mot dia chi (muc tieu) rna khorig ducc lap ban db cho khoang ISA hay PCIlVESA, h$ thong se giam sat chat DEVSEL (chon lua thiet bi) trong m<)t khoang thoi gian M xern co thiet bi nao doi hoi chu trmh khong, Muc nay cho phep ban xac dinh h~ thong se ehb' trong bao Iau truce khi tinh thai

TlM: HIEU CMOS vA CPU

61

gian. SI.{ lua chon 18. 3 PCICLK, 4PCICLK, 5PCICLK, va 6PCICLK (mac dinh)

CPU Master Fast Interface Muc nay cho phap hoac khong cho phep cai diroc goi la giao dien "back-to-back nhanh" khi CPU van hanh nhu mot chu thanh, Khi co hieu I\l'C, viec doc/ghi lien tiep dtt9'C lam sang to trong kigu burst tinh nang cao cua CPU.

CPU Master Post- W IR Buffer Khi CPU van hanh nhu mot chu thanh doi vci su tiep can b1} nho hay 110, muc nay dieu khien kha nang sa dung bq d~m ghi sau t6c dq cao cua no. 81/ chon lira 1a N/A, 1, 2, va 4 (mac dinh)

CPU Master Post-WIR Burst Mode Khi CPU van hanh nhu rnqt chu thanh doi vdi 5\1' tiep can hi) nhd hay I/O, muc nay di~u khien kha nang sa dung kieu Burst toe di) cao cua n6 dai voi bo d$m ghi sau,

CPU Memory Sample Point D*c tinh nay cho phep ban chon digm kigm tra chu trinh (la noi xay ra 81/ giai rna bi? nho va va 51/ kiern tra va cham/ khong b1} hill tn]). Moi sl,l' chon lua bieu hien rang viec kiem tra xay ra ij cuoi m6,i chu trinh cua CPU, v6'i mot tlnh trang cho bieu thi nhieu thoi gian cho hen d~ viec kiern tra xay ra so voi khong tmh trang cho. Thai gian kiern tra dai hon cho phep c6 tinh ben vung' cao hem vci cung mot sir sa dung mot hoat dong nao do.

CPUIPCI Post Write Delay Day 18. thai gian trirdc khi CPU ghi du Iieu len thanh PCI

CPUIPCI Write Phase Dac tinh nay xac dinh 8\1' quay vong giua cac pha dia chi va diJ lieu cua may chu CPU sang ghi PCI phu thuoc, Sl,I' lua chon la 1 LCLK (mac dinh) hay 0 LCLK

. . .

62

TIM Hlfu CMOS vA CPU

CPU Pipelined Function Dac tinh nay cho phep hi;> dieu khieri cua h~ thong bao hieu cho CPU mot dia chi h(> nho moi tham chi truce khi tilt ca viec truyen du lieu cho chu trinh hien hanh duoc hoan tat. Dieu nay dan den su gia tang Iuu tdc truyen du lieu. Mac dinh thuong la chon khong co hieu luc, vi duong ong bi tit di, Chon co hieu luc c6 nghia la duong 6ng dia chi hoat dong.

CPU Read Multiple Prefetch Sv tim trudc xay ra trong mot guy trinh (nhir doc tU thanh PCI hay hi} nh6') khi bi? vi mach len nhin chi din kii' tiep va thuc te bat dau 'viec doc ke tiep. Bi} vi mach Intel 450GXlKX Orion c6 4 ducng doc, S,! tim truce nhieu lin nghia la bo vi mach co th~ khoi dong hon mot lin tim truce trong mot guy truth. Mac dinh la chen khorig co hieu II/C.

CPU-to- PCI Burst Memory Write Khi c6 hieu luc, cac chu trmh ghi bi? nho back-to-hack lien tiep cua Cf'Uduoc chuyen sang cac chu trinh ghi h9 nh6' burst PCI. Neu khorig, moi l1n ghi don vao PCI se, co mot chu6i FRAME # lien hcp. Gilt cho dac diem nay co h$u luc 18. t6t nhat cho hoat dong, nhung 109t sO' the PCI khcng thea tieu chu~n (nhu cac bi? dieu hop VGA) co th;g g~p cac van de

..J .... »,

rac rot.

CPU -to-PCI POSTIBURST Dil lieu tu CPU sang thanh PCI co the duoc gai (dircc dem bdi b9 dieu khien) va/hay burst. Mue nay cai dat cac phudngphapdliQ'cs~dvugg6m:

• POST.CON.BURST t ro giu p gll:i va bursting (mac dinh)

• NONEINONE Knong tro giup cal nao

• POS'TfNONE Tro giup gi.'ri nhw: tro g16:p burstlng

TiM HlEU CMOS vA CPU 63

CPU-to-PCI Post Memory Write Di;tc tinh nay cho phep trii 4 tit kep (Dwords) cua du lieu duoc gi'ti sang PCI. N eu khong, khong chi b9 dem khong co hisu 1l1C rna viec hoan thanh cac thao tac ghi ella CPU' cling bi gi6'i han. (Viec ghi CPU kh6ng duoc hoan thanh cho de'n khi giao dich PCI duoc hoan thann). Chon cho dac tinh nay co hieu luc 18 dieu t6t nhat ~ho su hoat dong cua he thong.

CPU-to-PCI Read Buffer (Doi hie gQi lil "PCIto-CPU Write Buffer") Khi co hieu luc, co t6i da duoc 4 ttr kep (OW) co th~ duoc doc til thanh PCI ~a khong can lam gian doan Cpu. Khi khong co hieu luc, bi? dem ghi kh6ng duoc su dung, va chu trmh doc CPU se khong ducc hoan thanh cho tai khi thanh PCI bao hieu ril.ng no da san sang nhan dir lieu. Chon cho hI) d$m co hi$~ lire 18. di~u t6t nhat cho su hoat d9ng cua he thong.

CPU -to-PCI Read-Burst Khi co hieu luc, thanh PCI se dien giai cac chu trinh doc CPU nhu giao thuc burst PCI, nghra la cac chu trinh doc bl) nhd CPU lien tiep back-to-back dinh dia chi cho PCI se duoc chuy&n thanh cac chu trinh ghi nho PCI nhanh. Tinh nang diroc cai thien, nhung mot ~6 b6 dieu hap khong tieu chuan (nhu cac b9 dieu hop VGA)' co th~ g~p mot s6 van d~ . CPU-to.PCI Read-line Gi6ng nhu CPU-to-PCI Read Buffer, nhung chi d6i voi viec ghi.

CPU.to-PCI Write Posting BO vi mach Intel 450GXIKX Orion duy tri cac b9 dem doc va ghi hen trong chinh no, cac bl) dern nay diroc sii dung de giup btl tru su chenh lech t6c di? giua CPU va thanh PCl. Khi dac tinh nay co hieu luc, viec ghi

sang than:h PC! se duqc dern. Khi khong c dinh), viec ghi nay se khong bi bu¢c phai chi: eho den


khi viec ghi duoc hoan ta"t.

Delay tor SCSIIHDD <d6i khi duQ'c gQi lit "SCSI Boot Delay"} Bay la di? dai cua thai gian (tinh h~ng giay) rna BIOS se phai cho d~ dla cling SCSI sa.n sang cho van hanh. Ne'u dia cirng khong sa.n sang, PCI SCSI BIOS c6 th,§' khong do tim diroc dia cung mi?t each chmh xac, Pham vi ella no la 0"60 giliy.

DMA Line Buffer Dac tinh nay eho phep cac du lieu DMA dircc hru tru trong mot hQ d$m sao cho cac thao tac cua thanh PCI kh6ng hi gian doan. Chon khong co hieu luc nghia la hi? d$m hang cho DMA Ia Ioai giao dich don, Chon e6 hieu IIfC cho phep n6 van hanh trong kieu giao dich 8hyte de dat h ieu qua. cao han. Dac tinh nay nen chon c6 hieu Iuc de dat diroc hoat dQng t6t nhat cho h$ thong.

DMA Line Buffer Mode B~c tinh nay cho phep cac du li$u DMA dugc lU'U trO' trong bq d~m sao cho khong lam gian doan thanh PCl. Khi kieu T'ieu chuan diroc chon, hi? dern hang van hanh trong kieu giao dich dan. Khi kieu Tang cuong duoc chon, dac tinh nay cho phep n6 van hanh i1 kieu giao dich 8hyte.

E8000 32K Accessible Vung 64KB nay ella bQ nhc tren ducc sU' dung cho cac muc dich BIOS tren PS/2s, cac h$ dieu hanh 32bit, va plug-andplay. SI! cai dat nay cho phep trang 32KB thu hei dugc su- dung cho cac muc dieh khac khi no khong dugc can de'n (theo each gi6ng nhu each rna trang 32KB d.4u tien cua vung F c6 thg si't dung dircc sau khi viec khih dong dugc hoan thanh)

Enable Master £)i;ic tinh nay cho phep lam hieu luc thiet bi dugc chon nhu thanh chu PCI va kiem tra xem the nay co kha nang thuc hi$n nhu


65

chu PCI hay kh6ng.

Fast Back"to"Back Khi dac tinh nay co hieu luc thanh PCl se di~n giai cac chu trinh doe CPU ~h~ giao thirc hurst PCI; nghla ia cac ch~ trl~h doc bQ nho CPU lien tiep back"to"hack dinh dia chi cho PCI se dugc chuy~n th anh cac chu trinh nho burst PCI nhanh. Dac tinh nay duoc chon

mac dinh.

FRAMEJ Generation Khi cau n6i thanh PCI" VL tac dong nhu chu PC I va nhan diY lieu tit ~PU, b¢ d$m CPU"to¥PCI nhanh se c6 ~"i$u ly'c neu s~ chon lua nay cung co hieu luc, VIE?C su dung bo d$~ d~o phep CPU hoan thanh viec ghi, ~(tc ~u diY lieu chua dU:Q'c dira den thanh PCI. Dieu nay lam giam so' chu trlnh CPU c6 lien quan va lam tang t6c dQ toan bi} qua trinh:

• Dem thong thirong khong dligc Stl dung (mac dinh)

• £)$~ ~hanh duoc si't dung cho viec ghi

CPU tc-i PCI.

HCLK PCICLK Muc nay cho phep ban Cal dat bi} chia CLK! PCI eLK chu. SI,( chon lua la Auto,

1"1, 1-1.5

IBC DEVSEL # Decoding Biftc tinh nay ch.~ phep ban cai dat ki~u giai rna du~c ~lt dyng bOI EO dieu khi~n cau noi ISA (IEC) de xac dinh xem thie't"bi nao d\Jge chon. Chu trmh giai rna Ca~g dai thl 'Cd hi?i rna IEC c6 de giiU rna cac lenh mot each chinh xac cang tot. Cac sl,( chQn lua la nhanh, trung binh va cham (mae dinh),

IDE Buffer for DOS and Windows Khi.c6 hi$~ lire dac tinh nay cung dip cac hi? d$m ghi sau va doc t~li6'c, vi the ban c6 the tang iU'U t?C g~i VaG vA d9C tU thiet bi ICE uho d¢m d9C va ghi, Tuy

\


rih.ien d_~c tmh nay trong thuc te c6 th~ lam cham cac thiet bi cu, vi the no nen duoc chon kh6ng·c6

hieu luc. . .

IDE Master (Slave) PIO Mode so chon lua nay thay d6i toe do truycn du lieu IDE: Ki@·u 0-·4 hay ~uto. Tot hen BIOS chi dua ra cac lenh dg truyan du li$u hi$u qua W hay vao 6" dia P·IO cho phe~p BI,OS n6i~ vd,i bo dieu ~i@n nhang gi no muon, va sau do de cho bo dieu kh ien va CPU ur t~l/e hien tOEtH bo nhi$m vu, Cac ki~·u 1~4 e6 th@' dung cho cac h$ thong E1DE, nhung cai dat Auto

cho sir dirih darig tv dong. .

I/O Cycle, Post-Write Khi dac tinh nay co hieu It,t,c (m<)_c d:nh), du lieu ~ugc ghi trong khoang chu trmh 1i0 se dugc dern de viec thuc hi$n duac nhanh

han, .

VO Recovery Period Khi co hieu Iuc thanh PCI S8 phep co mot khoang thai gian phuc hoi c~o .~IO back-to-back (no lam cham viec truyan d~ h~u back-to~back). N6 giong nhu vise bel sung c,ae tlI~h trang cho cho thanh PCI, vi the nell Iarnmat hi$u lye dac tinh nay de' dat duoc ho t

dong tot nhat. . . 9-

I.I!-Q ~-IR~ 15 Nhirng muc nay duoc sU' dung M h~: k,e nh~ng ,1RQ"ma dugc, sU' dy.ng (hay du tru) b~l cac th: th~a ke ISA. Neu ban kh6ng SI1 dung eac I~Q x,",~e d!!lh, hay cai d{it cac muc tuoug ling eho, co the, Neu kh6ng th; cai Duoc sil dung bci'i T?e ISA, co nghra Ii kh6ng cai gi co the ~11 dung no.

IRQ Line Ne'u ban lip mot thiet bi doi hoi dich vu IRQ vao trong cho PCI da cho trtroc thi'sil dung muc nay M baa cho thanh PCI biet no nen khci dQug IRQ nao.

ISA Linear Frame Buffer Dac tinh nay lam


eho bi? di?m co hieu Iuc neu ban sil dung the ISA eo bi? d$m khung tuyen tinh (vi du nhu the video tlur hai cho AutoCAD). Dia chi cua bO d~m S8 duoc cal dillt tu dong.

ISA Master Line Buffer Cac bi? dern chu ISA duoc thiet k€ dg each ly cac thao tac ISA 110 cham han khoi thanh PCI de dat du:gc heat dong tot nhat, Giil cho dac diem nay kh6ng c6 hiau IIJC nghia Ia bi? d$m cho giao dich chu ISA van hanh kieu dan. Lam dac diem nay eo hieu luc ngh'ia 113. no (j trong kieu 8byte, la kieu lam tang hoat dong ella chu ISA.

ISA Shared Memory Size Su chon lua nay cal diiit mot khoi b¢ nhri he thong rna 58 kh6ng bi che khuat, Dille tinh nay thuong nen duoc chon kh6ng co hieu luc, tru khi ban co the ISA sli' dung vung b¢ nho trim. Neu ban lam d$.c diem nay co hieu luc, ban cung S8 can dinh dang sau day:

• [SA Shared Memory Base Address Nh~p dia chi Co' sa vao day. Neu ban chon 64KB, b~n chi co the chon DOOOh hay thap hem.

ISA VGA Frame Buffer Size (hay "ISA LFB Size") Dac tinh nay cho phe p ban st1 dung b¢ dem khung VGA va RAM 16MB cung luc - h$ thong S8 cho phep tie'p can vao the do hca thong qua mot "10" trong ban do bo nho cua chinh no. Noi each khac, viec tiep can cac dia chi trong 10 nay S8 ducc l$nh toi thanh ISA thay vi bo nhd chinh. Dac tinh nay nell duoc chon kh6ng co hieu luc, trir khi b9-11 dang sti dung the ISA voi b¢ nho hem 64KB rna can duoc tiep can boi CPU, va ban kh6ng sil dung cac tien ich plug-and-play. Neu ban c6 b¢ nho it han 8MB, hay ban sli' dung MSD'OS, thi dac tinh nay S8 bi bo qua.

Keyboard Controller Clock Muc .nay cai dat


t6e di) cua bi) dieu khien ban phim (PCICLKI = t6e d{l thanh PC!). Cac slf chon hra hell bieu Ia:

• 7.16 MHz Mac dinh

• PCICLKI /2 112 PCICLKI

• PCICLKI /3 113 PCICLKJ

• PCICLKI/4

114 PCICLKI

Latenc~ for CPU-to-PCI Write Bay la thai gian cham tre truck khi CPU ghi du: lieu vao thanh PCI.

Latency from ADS # Status Dac tinh nay cho phep ban dinh dang xem CPU cho bao nhieu lau eho Tinh trang cac du lieu dia chi (ADS). No xac dinh t6e dQ ghi sau tit CPU tdi PCI. Khi cai dat 3T, do la 5T eho m<'ii tu kep, V6i 2T (mae dinh), do 18 4T eho rnoi tU kep. D6i vci viec ghi bi) nhc PCI cac tir bi) b6n (Qword), t6e dQ la 7T (2T) hay 8T (3T). Mac dinh nell chinh xac, nhung neu ban b6 sung CPU nhanh vao he thong cua minh b~n co the phai can gia tang no. Cac su: chon lua '1.8. 3T (ba d6ng h6 CPU) hay 2T (2 d6~g h6 CPU) _ mac djnh.

Latency Time (PCI Clock) M\1e nay kiem scat dQ dai cua thai gian rna mot tac nhan tren thanh PCI co the gii1 thanh khi thiet bi khac doi hOi no. Vi thanh PCI chay nhanh hon thanh ISA nen thanh PCI phai dinrc lam cham di trong thoi gian tuong tac voi no. SIf cai d~.t nay eho phep ban xac djnh thanh PCI se cham tre trong bao Idu eho mi)t giao dich giua ranh thanh PCI cho trirdc va thanh ISA. Con so nay phu thuQe vao thiet bi chii PCI dang sit dung, va nam trong pham vi tit Oteri 255. Mae dinh thuong' 1366, nhung 40 la mot ch8 t6t M bat d§.u. Cac gia tri nho han dan d~n sU: ti€p can thanh nhanh han (veri cac thai gian phan


69

h6i t6t han), nhung dai thong va lu:u t6c truyen du: lieu tra nen thap hrm, Thong thuong, ban nan d~' sir cai d<iit nay mot mlnh trir khi ban dang lam viec voi cac thiet bi nhay tiem tang (vi du nhu cac the am thanh hay cac the ~ng voi cac bi) d~m nho)

Latency Time Value Bay Iii s6 t6i da cua cac dong h6 thanh PCI rna may chu co the burst. Thai gian tiern 3:n dai hon se cho CPU nhieu co hoi han de dieu khien thanh.

LDEV# Check Point Bi~m kiern tra thiet bi cue bo VESA (LDEV#) lit noi rna thiet bi thanh VL giai rna cac lenh cua thanh va kiem t.ra sai sot, nam trong ehinh chu trinh cua thanh:

• 0 Diem chu trinh thanh Tl (mac dinh)

• 1 Nam trong T2 dau tien

• 2 N~m trong T2 thu hai

• 3 NAm trong T2 thir ba.

LDEVJ Check Point Delay Dac tinh nay cho phep ban chon bao nhieu thai gian can duoc chi dinh cho viec kiern tra cac lenh ella ehu trinh thanh. Nhung lenh nay phai d'u:qc giai rna M xac dinh xem tin hieu tiep can thi€t bi thanh C\1e bi) (LDEVJ) duqc glii di chua, hay thiet bi ISA du:qe dinh dia chi chua. Viec gia tang su cham tn~ se lam tang tinh bn dinh (dac biet trong h~ thong con VESA) trong khi lam giam nlt nhe heat dong' cua M thong con VESA. Nhimg du: lieu cai d~t g6m toc di) d6ng h6 h6i chuyen (FBCLK2) duqc sit dung trong giao dien dieu kbi~n hi) nho/ noi hru trir cache:

• 1 FBCLK2 M¢t d6ng h6

• 2 FBCLK2

• 3 FBCLK2

Hai d6ng h6 (Mac dinh) Ba dong h6


Local Memory Check Point Muc nay cho phep bJ;l~ chon lua giG'a hai ky thuat de' giai rna va kiern tra cac sai sot cua viec ghi thanh cuc bo vao

DRAM trong mot chu trinh bo nho: . .

• Cluim. Tinh trang cho them; viec kiern

tra tot hen (mae dinh )

• Nhanh Khong co tl nh trang cho them nao

dugc sit dung

MI445RDYJ to CPURDYL Dac tinh nay X3C dinh xem tin hieu s:ln sang cua PCI duoc d6ng bi) h6a bdi tin hi$u siln sang cua d5ng h6 CPU hay dvgc bo qua (mac dinh)

Master Arbitration Protocal Day la phuorig phap rna thea do tharih PCI xac dinh thiet bi chu

nao gianh diroc su tiep can vao thanh. .

Master IOCHRDY Khi dac tinh nay eo hieu Iuc, no eho phep h$ thong giam sat cha chu VESA doi hM pha t sinh tin hi~ u s,;\n sang ke nh 110 (IOCHRDY)

Master Retry Timer Dac tinh nay cai dat thai gian can M chu CPU vuot qua chu trinh PCr truac khi chu trinh nay ket thuc, Cac su chon Ilia duoc do bang PCICLKs Val bi) dinh thbi gian PCI. C~c gia tri la 10 (mac dinh), 18,34 hay 66 PCICLKs.

Max.Burstable Range Dac tinh nay cai dat kich thiroc vung toi da cua b(l nhri ke nhau rna co the' duoc dinh dia chi bai mot burst ta thaoh PCI. D6 dai Burst dai han se cai thien hoat d9ng cua h~ thong.

Memory Hole Size Muc nay xac dinh kich thudc cua hoc bo nho. Cac SV lila chon la 1MB, 2MB, 4MB, 8MB, va kh6ng hieu II,J'C. Day la nhG'ng so lucng duci 16MB duoc chi dinh cho thanh AT va du tru cho cac the ISA


Memory Hole Start Address Muc nay xac dinh h6c bo nho bat dau tit dau, Cac su chon it/a la tir 1MB tai 15MB. Muc nay kh6ng duoc sLt dung neu hoc bi} nho bi chon khcug co hieu luc.

Memory Map Hole StartlEnd Address M':Ic nay xac dinh noi rna hoc bat dau, va phu ~huoc vao kich thuoc cua ISA LFB. Neu ban c6 the thay d6i no, dia chi co sa phai IS. 16MB t.ru di kich thuoc be demo Xem ·'ISA VGA Frame Buffer Size".

Memory Start Address Dac tinh nay danh cho cac thiet bi co bo nho rieug cua chinh no, no sir dung mot phau cua khoang dia chi cua bo nho CPU_ No cho phe p ban xac dinh diem bat dau trong bo nhd, noi rna bo nho cua thiet bi PCl se duoc l$,p ban do.

Multimedia Mode D$.c tinh nay giup chon co hieu II,J'C hay kh6ng c6 hieu hrc chiern gilt bang mau cho cac the da phucng tie n,

Onboard PCI/SCSI BIOS Ban nell ch911 cho dac tinh nay cohieu luc neu bang mach chinh cua h~ thong co bo dieu khien SCSI gri.n san duoc grin VaG t.hanh PCl, va ban muon khci dong' tir n 6_

Parity Khi co hieu 11,J'c, dac tinh nay cho phcp kiern tra tinh ngang hang cua cac thiet bi PCI.

PCI Arbiter Mode Cac thiet bi tiep can ducc vao thanh PCI thong qua su phan xu. C6 hai kieu: kieu 1 (mac diuh) va kiau 2. Ly wang la giam toi da thoi gi~n c"an de' dat duoc su dieu khien t.hanh va di chuysn di1 lieu. N6i chung, kieu I la du, nhung hay thu kieu 2 neu ban gap cac van de vo i SI,J' tiep can thanh PCI.

PCI Arhit. Rotate Priority Thong thuong, h0 thong quan Iy (hay phan XLt) viec tiep can vao thanh PCI tren co sa den truce phuc vu truce.


Khi tinh uti. tien diroc xoay Iuan phien, khi mQt thie't bi lily du<jc su kiem soat thanh, no dugc chi dinh c6 ttnh uti. tien thap nhat va moi thiet hi khac dU<jc chuyen len mot bac trong thir tu uu tien, Bi~u nay giup ngan chan mot thiet bi ha"t ky nao do gill di.>c quyen thanh pcr.

PCI Bursting Khi d$.c tinh nay co hieu hrc, viec ghi HEm tiep tit CPU se diroc xern nhu mot chu trinh burst PCI. Dact inh nay thutrng diroc chon co hieu hrc,

PCI CLK Dac tinh nay xac dinh xem dang ha pcr diroe lam dang h{) chat che vci d6ng h6 CPU hay khong d6ng hi.>. Ne'u CPU, bang mach chinh va thanh PCI cua ban van hanh vdi nhieu toe dQ Ian nhau (vi du nhu Pentium 120, 60MHz, va thanh pcr 30MHz), hay chon Iua de dong bo h6a.

PCI Clock Frequency Muc nay cho phep ban cai dat toc dl) dong 16 cho thanh PCI, no c6 thg van hanh trong khoang giira OMHz va 33MHz. CPUCLKl3 nghia Ia thanh pcr van hanh a IlMHz (33/3 = 11). Cac rnuc tieu bieu 1&:

• CPUCLK/l.S 'I'o c dQ CPU/L5 (rna c

dinh)

• CPUCLK/3 Toc dl) CPU/3

• 14MHz IMHz

• CPUCLK/2 Toc dQ CPU/2

PCI Concurency Khi co hieu Iuc, dieu nay nghia la co hon mot thiet bi pcr co the' heat dQng tai mot thai diem. Vdi cac bi? vi mach Intel. N6 an dinh cac chu trinh thanh bi.> nho cho bl) dieu khien pcr trong khi m(>t thao tao rSA (nhu thanh duoc DMA lam chu) dang xay ra, n6 thucng doi hoi S!/ chu y thircng xuyen, Bieu nay lien quan d€n viec b~t bi.> d$m doc va ghi b6 sung trong bo vi mach.


Thanh PCI cung c6 the gianh duoc cac chu trinh tie'p can eho viec truyen dir Iieu ~ho ~a'Akh~:.;,g dn SI1 tri hoan gay beri su dan xep lai Vl~C bep can thanh eho m6i phan cua vi$c t.ruyen do li$u; vi the dac diern nay c6 du dinh cai thien hoat dQng va tinh kien dinh eua h$ thong.

PCI Cycle Cache Hit Lira chon hra nay xac dirih b6 1u'U tri1 cache duoc lammoi lai nhu the nao trong qua trmh van h anh PCI. SI,( lam moi Iai thong thuong se tao ra su lam mdi Iai hi) luu tri1 cache trong cac chu trinh pcr thong thirong. SIj lam moi lai nhanh se tao ra su lam m6'i Iai hi) luu trll cache .ngoai chu trinh PCI cho CAS. SIj thuc hi$n nhanh thl1ang t6t han.

PCI Device, Slot 112/3 Dac tmh nay cho phep giai rna chu trmh bi) nho va 1/0 d6i voi ~a.c r~n~ PCI. C6 ba s!f chon lua: Enable (lam thiet hi co hisu luc nhu thiet bi PCI phu thuoc), En Master (l~m thiet bi c6 hieu luc nhu mot thiet bi PCI chill Use Default Latency Timer (Si.'t dung hi) dinh thcigian tiern lin mac dinh), Neu dac tinh nay co hieu lire ban kh6ng can phai cai d/ilt gia tri cua B6 d!~h' thbi gian tiern .in.

PCI Dynamic Decoding Khi dac tinh nay co hieu luc, h~ thong c6 th€ nho lenh PCI rna vira dli~C yeu cau, Neu cac Ienh den sau rei VaG trong cLll~g khoang dia chi thi chu trinh se tu dQng disn giai nhu mot l~nh PCr.

PCI IDE 2nd Channel Larnmat hieu Iuc dac tinh nay neu ban kh6ng si.'t dung kenh thir hai tren the PCI IDE. Dieu nay giai phong IRQ IS. Neu kh6ng ban se mat IRQ 15 tren cac khe ISA.

PCI (IDE) Bursting Bieu nay tuong tu nhu pcr Bursting, nhung muc nay cho phe p viec tiep can kii£u burst VaG hI) nho video tren thanh PCI. CPU

74 TiM HlEU CMOS VA CPU

cung CElP dia chi dau tien, va du Iieu k€ tiep diroc truyen i'J mot tit! d6ng h6. 'I'hiet bi nay phai trc giup kieu burst.

PCI IDE IRQ Map to SI! chon lua nay cho phep ban dinh dang h$ th6ng cua minh kieu cua bi} dieu khien dia IDE. Gia si1 co thiet bi ISA. Neu ban co bi} dieu khien PCI IDE, Slj cai d·~t nay cho phep ban xac dinh khe nao co bi} dieu khien va PCI INT# nao (A, B, C, hay D) lien quan voi cac 6 dia cling duoc n6i keto Luu y ding dieu nay thutrng ngu y chi dla cling han la cac ngan rieng Ie. Vi moi bo dieu khien IDE tro giup hai 6 dia nen ban co the chon INT# cho moi cai. Cung luu y rang kenh nguyen thuy co sl.! gian dean thap han kenh thli cap. Co 4 kieu:

• PCI-Auto Neu IDE diroc phat hien b&i BIOS tren mQt trong cac khe cua PCI thi kenh INT# thich hop se duoc chi dinh cho IRQ 14

• PCl-Slot X Ne'u IDE kh6ng du:qc phat hien thi ban co the chon khe bang tay.

• Primary IDE INT#, Secondary IDE INT# Kie·u nay chi dinh hai kenh INT# eho cac kenh so CElP va thu' cap (neu dLfqc tro giup)

• ISA Su chon lua nay chi dinh kh6ng co IRQ nEI.O cho cac khe pel. Si1 dung kieu nay cho cac the PCI IDE noi cac IRQ 14 va 15 true tiep tit mot khe ISA bang each sii dung mot mat til: bang ke thira.

PCI IDE Prefetch Buffers £l~c tinh nay cho phep ban chon co hieu Iuc hay khong co hieu luc cho vise cai d~t cac hi} dern tim truce trong bQ dieu khien PCI IDE. Ban co the can chon cho dac diem nay kh6ng c6 hieu luc vci h$ dieu 1anh lnhu:

Windows NT) kh6ng si1 dung BIOS de tiep can

TiM HI.fU CMOS vA CPU

75

dIa cirng, va khong lam mat hieu lire cac su gian doan khi hoan thanh thao tac I/O dii duoc lap tri~h. Viec lam mat hieu luc con ngan chan cac sai s6t v6i cac vi mach giao dien PCI-IDE khong chinh xac c6 th~ lam hong du lieu tren dia cung (nhu co the xay ra vdi cac M dieu hanh 32bit dung). Thong thuong ban co th~ chon cho dac diern nay mit hieu luc,

PCI I/O Start Address Cac thiet bi 1/0 tt! lam chung co the tiep can duoc bing each chiern mot khoang dia chi. £lieu nay cho phep ban nhucng chb b6 sung cho cac thiet bi {SA cli hen bang each xac dinh dia chi 110 bat dau cho cac t.hiet bi PCl.

PCI IRQ Activated By Muc nay li~t ke phiroug phap rna thea d6 thanh PCI nhan biet dU:<;1C yeu call cua IRQ. Si1 dung cac mac dinh trir khi ban duoc khuyen bo-i cac nha san xuat thiet bi PCI, hay neu ban c6 thiet bi PCI rna chi nhan biet duoc mot trong nhi1ng phirong phap nay.

PCI·ISA BCLK Divider Muc nay cho phep ban cai dat bi} phan chia thanh CLK/ISA cua thanh PCI. Ca e SI! cho n lua l a Auto, PCICLK1I3, PCICLK1I2, va PCICLK1I4.

PCI Master Accesses Shadow RAM Dac tinh nay cho phep viec che khuat ROM tren chu PCI M dat duoc hoat di}ng tot hen.

PCI Master Burst Mode Khi thiet bi PCI van hanh nhu mot chu thanh doi vci viec tiep can bi} 11h6' hay 110: muc nay dieu khian viec sii dung kieu burst toc do cao cua n6 M thuc hien viec ghi sau cho b9 demo

PCI Master DEVSEL# Timeout Khi thiet bi PCI khoi di}ng mot chu trinh chu si1 dung dia chi (muc tieu) rna kh6ng duoc lap ball d6 cho khoang

78 TiM HI~U CMOS vA CPU

ISA hay PC lIVE SA, h~ th6ng se di~u khien chot

'DEVSEL (chon Iua thiet hi) trong mot khoang thci gian M xem c6 thiet hi nao doi hoi chu trlnh nay kh6ng. Muc nay cho phep ban xac dinh xem h~ th6ng se phai chc trong baa lau truoc khi dinh thai gian. Cac sir chon Iua la 3 PCICLK, 4 PClc'LK (mac dinh), 5 PCICLK, va 6 PCICLK.

PCI Master Fast Interface Dac diem nay lam cho co hieu Iuc hoac kh6ng c6 hieu luc cal du:ac goi la giao disn "back-to-back nhanh" khi mot thiet hi PCI van hanh nhu mot chu thanh. Khi ~6 hieu lire, cac viec doc.ghi lien tiep nhau duoc dien giai nhu ki#u burst tinh nang cao cua pci.

PCI Master Latency Su chon lua nay cai dat thai gian rna mot chu PCI c6 th€ dieu khien thanh. Neu chu PCI cua ban dieu khien thanh trong thai gian qua dai thl se c6 it thai gian d~ CPU dieu khien n6. Thci gian tiem §n dai han se cho CPU nhieu thoi gian de dieu khien thanh PCI.

PCI Master Post-WIR Buffer Khi thiet bi PCI van hanh nhu mot chu thanh doi voi viec tiep can hi? nhrr hay I/O, rnuc nay dieu khien viec si't dung bO dem ghi sau tac dO cao cua no. Cac sir chon lira la N/A, 1,2, va 4 (mac dinh), .

PCI Master Timing Mode Muc nay cho ban kha nang lua chon giua hai kieu dinh thai gian: 0 (mac dinh) va 1.

PCI Post-write Fast Khi dac tinh nay c6 hieu hrc (mac dinh), cac dCi" lieu du'qc ghi trong mot chu trinh PCI se duoc dem d~ dat diroc hoat dong nhanh hen,

PCI Preempt Timer Muc nay cal di:J.t dQ dai cua khoang thai gian tnroc khi mot chu PCI chiern hili! mot cai khac nho quyen I1U tien khi c6 mot djch Vl,l dang cho doi, Cac muc tieu bieu la:

TiM HI~U CMOS vA CPU 77

• Disable Kh6ng co quyen I1U tien truce (mac djnh)

• 260 LCLKs Du tien sau 260 LCLKs

• 132 LCLKs

Du tien sau 132 LCLKs

• 68 LCLKsDu tieu sau 68 LCLKs

• 36 LCLKs Uu t.ie n sau 36 LCLKs

• 20 LCLKs Uu tien sau 20 LCLKs

• 12 LCLKs Uu tian sau 12 LCLKs

• 5 LCLKs Ou tit>o sau 5 LCLKs

PCI Pre-Snoop Chiem truce la ky thuat rna nho d6 chu PCI co th& tiep tuc burst cho bo nho CI,lC bi) cho den khi cham den mQ1 trang ranh gio i 4KB han la chi mot durrng ranh gioi, Dac tinh nay co the chon c6 hieu lire.

PCI Slot x INTx Sa dung muc nay M an dinh nhirng st,t gian doan PCI (lNT#) cho cac khe PCI xac dinh.

• Edge/Level Select Khi mot gian doan diroc a'n dinh v6'i khe PCI x INTx, su chon lua nay Iap trinh cac IRQ cua PCI cho cac kieu khai dong logic can bang hay ria den. Hau het cac the PCI deu sa dung su khci dong din bang, trong khi hau het cac the ISA lai stl dung kieu khdi dQng ria. Tuy nhien hay thir kieu khci dong ria cho PCI IDE.

PCI Streaming Dir lieu duoc chuyen dich thong thuong VaG va ra khoi b9 nho va giU'a cac thiet hi trong cac khoanh rieng re co kich thucc gici han bdi vi CPU co lien quan. Tren thanh PCI, cac du lieu co the diroc "tuon ra" - nghia 18. cac khoanh r~ng hon nhie~ c6 the bi di chuyen rna CPU khong si'1 dung CPu. Dac tinh nay neri chon c6 hieu luc de dat duoc hoat doug tot hen.


.. -----~ ~ ----

PCI-to-CPU Write Pending D~e tinh nay cal dat hanh vi cua he thong khi bo de rn ghi bi day. Thea mac dinh , h~ thong se co thu lai ngay lap tire (nhung ban eo the' cai dat no cho eho den khi bo dern trd nen trong truce khi thu co gang lai)

pel-to-DRAM Buffer Khi co hieu luc, dac tuih nay cai thien heat dong tir PCI trri DRAM nho cho phep cia lieu duo c hill trG' neu tra m den dang ban. Cae bo clem can thiet cho dac huh nav VI thanh PCI pha n each vrri CPU.

PCI-to-ISA Write Buffer Khi co hieu hie, he thcrig se ghi dir lieu tarn thai vao bo dern de' eho CPl1 kh6ng bi gian dean. Khi kh6ng co hieu luc, ehu t.rmh ghi bo nho cho thanh PCI se diroc gui den thanh ISA cham hen. Ket qua 18 giG' cho dac tinh nay co hieu luc se tot hem cho hoat dong cua he thong.

PCINGA Palette Snoop Dac tinh nay thay the su cai dat bang rnau trong khi cac tin hieu d6 hoa di qua bo noi dac trung cua the PCI VGA, va duoc xU: ly bci the MPEG. SV chism giu VGA duoc siJ dung brri cac thiet bi video da phuong tien (nhu cac bang doat video) de xem triroc tai bo dieu khien video (thiet bi VGA) M xem xern bang mau gi hien dang duoc su dung. Chon cho dac tinh nay co hieu lye neu ban c6 cac mrii noi ket MPEG thong qua bo noi dac trung VGA. mi~u nay nghia la ban co the dieu chinh cac bang rnau PCINGA). Neu khong thi tien len phia truce va eh911 eho dac tinh nay khong co hieu luc.

PCI Write-Byte-Merge (doi khi gQi lil "CPUto-PCI Byte Merge") Khi c6 hieu luc, dieu nay eho phep cac dii: lieu diroc gtri W CPU sang thanh PCI duqe gilt trong bo demo Bo vi mach sau do se ghi cac du lieu trong bQ dern sang thanh PCI khi

TIM HI:EU CMOS vA CPU 79

thich h9'P,

Post Write CAS Active Day 18 do rorig xung cua tin hieu CAS# khi chu PCI ghi vao DRAM

Preempt PCI Master Option Khi dac t.inh nay co hieu luc cac thao tac cua th anh PCI co the duoc '00 tien triroc nho nhirng su van hanh h~ thong 11aO d6, nhu Hun mo i lai DRAM, vv .. Ne'u kh6ng churig eo the xay ra d6ng thai.

Primary Frame Buffer Khi dac tinh nay co hieu luc, he thong co the' su dung bo nho khoug ha'n ehe' nhU: mot bO de m khung so' cap. KJl011g gi'o'ng nhu bQ dern khung VGA, bi) dern nay se giam toan be RAM co the dung cho cac ung dung:

Mac dinh thuong la chon khorig co hieu Iuc.

Resident of VGA Card Su chon lua nay ghi xem the VGA a tren thanh VL hay PCI. Ngay nay mac dinh la ch911 PCl.

Slot X Using INT# Muc nay chou lua ke nh giau doan (lNT#) eho khe PCI, va co 4 (A, B, C, va DJ eh~ moi khe - do 13 moi khe thanh pel tro giup cac sir gian doan A, B, C, va D. INT#A duoc chi dinh ty dong, va ban se chi sir dung #B, #C, va #D neu the PCI can su: dung han mot dich vu gian doan (PCI), Vi du nhu chon #D ne'u the PCI cua ban can 4 gian doan. Thucng thi den gi~ill nhat la sU" dung kieu Auto.

Snoop Ahead Dac tinh nay chi co the ap dung neu bo 100 trlt cache co hieu II!C- Khi co hieu Iuc, cac eh'u thanh PCI co t.he· giam sat cac thanh ghi bang mau VGA do'i vci viae ghi true tie,p va ?ien dich cluing sang giao thirc burst PCI de co toe di) Idn han, dieu nay co the lam tang ctroug hoat d¢ng cua video da phucng tieri.

Snoop Filter (hay "Cache Snoop Filter") Dac

80 TiM HI~U CMOS vA CPU

tinh nay giiJ' SJ,l' can thiet cho nhieu yeu cau d6i vdi cung mot duang neu n6 de: ducc kiem tra tnroc. Khi c6 hieu II!C, cac b<) 19C chiern giiJ' dir liu bao dam tinh nguyen ven cua du lieu trong khi lam giarn tlin s6 chiern giu xu6ng mire t6i thieu,

State Machines B9 vi mach Sll" dung 4 may chinh thuc d~ quan If CPU xac dinh val hay cac thao tac PCI. Moi may e6 the duoc xet nhir mot trung tam xU" If duoc toi uu hoa cao du()c thiet ke d~ di~u khien nhirng thao tac xac di~h. Noi chung, moi thao tae lien quan den mot thiet hi chu va thanh rna n6 mong mu6n Sll" dung. $ may ~hinh 18. chu CPU sang thanh CPU (CC), chi! CPU sang thanh pcr (CP), chu PCI sang thanh PCl (PP), va chu PCI sang t.han ': r:PU (PC). Moi may co cac su cai dat sau:

• Address 0 WS Di~u nay ng~ f chi d9 dai khoang thai gian rna h$ thong se cham tn~ trong khi dia chi giao dich dut;1c giai rna. Khi co hi$u II/C, se khcng co sl/ cham tre.

• Data Write WS D9 dai thoi gian rna he thong se cham tr€! trong khi di1li~u dua~ ghi vao dia chi rnuc tisu. Khi eo hieu IJc, se kh6ng c6 su cham tre.

• Data Read WS DO dai tho'i gian rna h$ th6ng se cham tn~ trong khi dir lieu duoc doc tU dja chi muc tieu, Khi c6 hi$u IJc, se kh6ng c6 su cham tn~

Stop CPU when PCI Flush Khi dac tinh nay c6 hieu II/C, CPU se bi ngirng khi thanh PCI tran ddy dtr lieu, Chon khong c6 hieu II/C dac tinh nay (mac dinh) cho phep CPU blip tuc xit If, giup hoat dong cua h$ thong tot hem mot chut,

Stop CPU at PCI Master Khi dac tinh nay c6


hieu II,iC, CPU se bi ngitng khi chu thanh PCI dang van hanh tren thanh. Chon khong c6 hieu luc dac tinh nay (mac dinh) eho phep CPU tiep b,IC xit If, giup heat dong cua h$ thong tot hen mot chut

Use Default Latency Timer Value Su chon lira nay xac djnh xem gia tri mac dinh eho b9 dinh thai gian ti~m lin se duoc nap tai , hay gia tri cua hi? dinh thai gian tiern lin ke- tiep se duoc Sll' dung, Neu su chon lua la "yes" (mac dinh) thi khong can I$.p trinh them cho gia tri bi? dinh tho i gian ti~rn dn.

VESA Master Cycle ADSJ Dac tinh nay cho phep ban gia tang d9 dai thci gian rna chu VESA c6 d~ giai rna cac lenh ciia thanh. Cac su chon lua tieu bieu la Bmh thuong (mac dinh) va Dai

VGA 128K Range Attribute Khi dae tinh nay e6 hieu hrc, n6 eho phep h9 vi mach lip dung cac dac tinh nhu CPU-to-PCI Byte Merge va CPU-toPCI Prefeteh dut;1e ap dung eho vung b9 nho VGA AOOOOH- BFFFFH. Khi co hieu luc, VGA nhan cac chirc nang cua CPU -to-PCI.. Khi khong co hieu 11/e, h$ thong van duy tri giao dien VGA tieu chu§n

VGA Performance Mode Khi dac tinh nay co hieu luc, vung bo nho VGA AOOOO - BOOOO RB sU" dung mot bo cac tinh nang hoat dong d$.e biet. D/ilc tinh nay c6 it hoac khong e6 hieu qua sit dung cac kieu video ngoai VGA tieu chuan ducc sil' dung chu yeu cho Windows, OS/2, UNIX, va vv ... , nhung vung bo nho nay duoc Sll' dung nhieu bo-i cac tro choi nhu DOOM

VGA Type Muc nay diroc Sll" dung khi BIOS video hi che khuat. BIOS sit dung thong tin nay de xac dinh thanh nao duoc sli dung, Cac su chon II/a Ia

82 TIM HIED CMOS vA CPU

Tieu chuan (mac dinh), pcr, va ISAIVESA.

Video Palette Snoop B$.e tinh nay dieu khian xem the db hoa PCI co th~ "chiern giG''' cac chu trinh ghi vao cac thanh ghi bang mau ella the video ISA nhu the nao. "Chiem giu" co nghia la giao thoa vci mot thiet bi, Bay Ia mot 51,l" chon Iua tinh wing hung manh, vi vay chi chon khorig 6 hieu hie cho no neu (1) the ISA noi ket voi the db hoa PCI thong qua bo noi ket VESA, (2) the ISA noi ket vci man hinh giam sat mau, va (3) the rSA 5U- dung RAMDAC tren the PCI, va sir chiern gilt bang mau (ehe khuat RAMDAC) khong e6 hieu lire tren the PCI.

Xth Available IRQ £)$.e tinh Hay chon IRQ cho mot t.rong cac INT# co t.he Slr dung duoc (A, B, C, hay D). Co 11 su chori lira (3,4, 5, 6, 7,9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15). "IRQ co th~ dau tien" nghia la BIOS se chi dinh IRQ nay cho cac khe pcr dau tien (thu tt! la 1,2,3,4) va vv.: NIA nghia 1a IRQ dac thu se duoc chi dinh cho thanh ISA va vi the kh6ng th6' su- dung cho khe PCI

a!NH D~NG 81,1' aUAN l Y NANG l.lJQNG

Nang luong kha d5t, va trong mot the girri rna cac nguon du trir nang luong ngay eang thu nho va cac nhu cau nang luqng thl ngay cang leo thang, cac PC thuCfng duoc doi hoi lam viec trong nhieu thai gian han va nhieu t.inh nang han. Cac PC ngay nay Slr dung it nAng luqng han nhieu so vci cac ban sao ban dau ella chuug - chu yeu boi vi e6 it cac b9 phan han, nhung cung vi cac PC su' dung nhieu kg thuat tiet kiem nang hrcng duoc thiet ke'de giam cac nhu cau nang lU<;1ng khi h$ thong khong hoat dong trong mot hie nao d6. Hau het cac d$.e tinh quan ly nang luong deu co tM chon du(_)'c thong qua viec cai dat CMOS. Phan

TIM HlEU CMOS vA CPU 83 nay cua chuang S8 minh hoa each tlurc lam viec vci cac dac tinh quan ly nang lucng.

Doze Timer Bifte tinh nay cai dat thai gian tri hoan truck khi h$ thong giam 80% hoat dong cua n6. Thai gian ducc uu thieh han ca la khoang 10 - 20 phut,

Green Timer of Main Board Dac tinh nay eho phep ban cai dat khoang thai gian trtroc khi CPU cua he thong d~ khong S8 tAt di. Cac su chon IVa thong thucng Ia Khong c6 hieu lire, hay khoang thoi gian tit 1- 15 phut. Thong thuong la khoang 5 - 10 phut

HDD Standby Timer Dac t.inh nay ca i dat, khoang thci gian rna sau d6 dia cling cua M thong d@: khong HDD (khong tiep can HDD) se utt. Thai gian duoc t1U thich han ca la khoang 10 - 20 phut.

Modem Use IRQ NIfP vao IRQ duoc chi dinh eho modem tran n~ thong ella ban (neu (6). Neu e6 hoat dong tren IRQ duqe chon thl he th6ug se "diroc thuc tinh",

PM Control by APM Neu kh6ng co hieu lye, BIOS cua hi? thong 58 bo qua APM khi qua n Iy nang hrong cua 1$ thong. Khi c6 hieu luc, BIOS cua h$ thong se cho 51/ nhac nho ella APM truce khi n6 vao kieu quan Iy nang hrcng nao d6 (nhu nghi ngan, dung yen, hay tree), Neu APM duoc hip dat va va co nhiern vu dang vih_l hanh t~i APM se khong nhac BrOS dat h$ thong vao bat ky kieu tiet kern nang hrcrig nao.

Power Management Scheme So do nay eho phep ban xac dinh luong quan ly nang hrcng dang xay ra trong h$ thong.

• Disable Su quan ly nang hrong t03.0 th6 se khong e6 hieu 11/e.

84 TIM HIiu CMOS vA CPU

• User Define Nguoi sil' dung c6 the xac dinh cae da lieu cai d~t quan Iy nang h[r;mg ~ua chinh mlnh,

• Min Saving Cac gia tr] cua bo dinh thai gian xac dinh trudc dugc s11 dung sao cho tat ca cac bQ dinh thai gian d~u a gia tri toi da cua cluing. .

• Max Saving Cac gia tri cua bo dinh thai gian xae dinh truce dl1gc sa dung sao cho tat ca cac bj} dinh thoi gian d~u i1 gia tri t6i da ciia chung .

PM W~ke-up Events Ban co the xac dinh xem nhfrng yeu to' nao se thuc tinh hi)! th6ng va dua n6 ra, kh~i tinh trang tiet ki$m nang Iuong. Khi mot yeu to, diroc chon khong c6 hieu luc, hoat dQng eua ysu t6 do se kh6ng anh hinrng den cac bi? dinh thai gian PM hay thuc tinh hi)! th6ng. Khi ~6t yeu to' co h;$u hrc, tac doug xac dinh cua no ~e khoi dong }l;ii cac bo dinh thai gian PM va thuc Huh h$ th6ng. Vi du nlur neu ban co mot modem tren IRQ3, ban c6 the bat IRQ3 thanh mot yeu to' Hun t~uc tinh, nhu vay mot s1,f gian doan tir modem co the th~c tinh he th6ng. Nguoc lai, ban c6 the mong muon tAt vai tro tlurc tinh cua IRQ12 (chuot PS/2), nhu the 51,f cham nhe tinh Co' cua chu6t kh6ng lam thuc tinh h$ thdng. Theo mac dinh hoat dong cua ban phim Ia yeu to' thuc tinh tie~ bieu.

St~.n~by Timer B~c tinh nay cai d~t khoang thoi gran t.ri hoan tniac khi h$ th6ng giam 92% hoat dQng cua n6. Thai gian duoc l1U thich han ca

la khoang 30 - 45 phut .

Suspend Switch S1,f cai d~t nay duqc s11 dung de lam co hieu hrc hoac kh6ng c6 hieu lire cai chuyen mach "treo phan cirng" tren bang mach chinh.

TIM IIlEU CMOS vA CPU 85 N~u bang mach chinh cua ban c6 cai chuyen mach treo phan cung thi chon su chon lua c6 hieu luc de kieh hoat c6ng tiic treo, va chon kh6ng hieu ll,te eho dac tinh nay de lam mat hoat tinh ciia cong uic treo.

Suspend Timer Dac tinh nay cai dat thai gian rna sau d6 h~ thong buoc van tinh trang hau nhu khong hoat dong co th~ co dU<;1C (99%). Khi tinh trang nay dl1<;1C dua vao, h~ thong se doi hoi mot khoang thai gian lam am len d~ cho CPU, dia cung, va man hmh c6 the di true tuyen. Thai gian dl1gc ira thich han ca thuong tU 45 - 60 phut.

System Slow Down Dac tinh nay se lam cham dang k~ dong ho CPU sau khi thai gian ducc an dinh troi qua - iam giam su lam nong CPU va tiet ki~m nhieu nang luong. M9t thai gian bat ky trong khoang 30 - 60 pht1t thuong duqc chap thuan,

Video Off Option St! chon hra nay chon each thuc rna cac ki~u quan ly nang hnrng se tat man hinh.

• Always on BIOS cua h~ th6ng SEl khong baa gio tat man hinh

• Suspend off Man hinh hi uit khi h~ thong Ct trong ki~u treo

• Susp, Stby off Man hinh tiit khi M thong iJ trong ki~u treo hay ki~lI dung yen

• All modes off Man hinh bit khi he thong (j trong kieu nghi ngan, ki~u treo hay kieu dung yen

Trang thuc te ngay nay tat ca cac bang mach chinh hien hanh deu cung cap S1,f chon lua dinh dang tI}' dQng - dua hau het cac van d~ cai dat


CMOS van tay nhi1ng ky thuat vien. Trang phan l~n cac tr~C1ng ~9'p, ,BIOS diroc tlf dl)ng dinh dang se h.o~t dQng rat tot. Nhttng ban phai nho ding s~ dinh dang ur dl)ng khong phai Ia toi l1U d6i vdi Vl~C cai dat clla h$ thong, nhLing van hen mot ta h9'}? cac du lieu cai d~t hieu qua baa dam cho h~ thong hoat dl)ug. B9-n hay chon kh6ng co hieu lu~ C~AO s~ .ca~ cli;it nay ne~ ban muon tlf xoay ~& vdi VI~C cal dat CMOS (neu khong 51i cai dat cua ban se bi bo qua). Neu ?9-n bi mac ket vci vi$c cai d~t C,MOS, b9-0o co the lam cho h$ th6ng chay dugc ba~g coach ~11 d~ng cac mac dinh cua h$ thong, Co hal muc m9-C dinh rna ban co thJ lam viec vci la cac ~{ic dinh BIOS va mac dinh bat nang lugng.

CAe MAe DINH BIOS

, C~c mac dinh ~IOS co th~ kh6ng (va tlurong lao khong) dl19',c dieu chinh cho bl) vi mach hay bang m9-:~ ch~nh d~c t~u cila ban, nhung chung t~ao co h91 thich hop de lam cho h$ thong khdi dQng. Cac dlJ' lieu cai d$t mac dinh cua BIOS CU?g la ~Qt ch? t6~ M khdi d¢ng h~ thong dieu chinh chinh xac cua ban, Cac mac dinh BIOS cung co the phuc hoi 19-i su cai dat cu~ ban neu ban vao cac g~a t.ri hoan toan khong chap nhan duqc trong khi cal d{it CMOS va he thong tli' hA" khni d . C 01

01 ¢ng. Dr nhien ban se phai bilt dftu viec t6i

l1U h6a Iai tat ca. .

eAe M~e DINH B~T NANG LUONG

Khi CU?g cap nang hrcng cho he thong, BIOS d$~ h$ thong van tinh trang th~n trong nhat co t~e ducc - tAt turbo, tat ca cac bQ luu trir cache d;u khong ~6 hi$u, hrc, tat ca cac tinh trang cho deu du9'C cal di;it toi da, va vv ... Dieu nay bao dam rang ban co th~ Iuon luon xam nhap vao su cai dl)t CMOS. Kieu nay d$,c bi$t c6 ich neu cic da

TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 87 li~u cai dat dap tra boi cac mae dinh BIOS bi sai, N€u h~ th6ng vin tir ch6i khci dQng thi co van de nghiern trong cua phan cling d6i voi bang mach chinh (hay mot bo phan nao d6 trong h~ thong) rna ban c:in phai dinh dia chi truoc tien.

4. Sao chep dl1 phong CMOS RAM

Lien ke't tAt ca 19-i vdi nhau, su cai dat CMOS Ia true cam kha kh6 khan - viec xac dinh cac dir lieu cai dat chinh xac d~ dat dlioc hoa't dong t6i ~ cua he thong doi hoi su tha'u h'i~u ~6i thay deli cua CMOS va kien thirc chi ti8't v6 tung he th6ng. Bang tiec la hau h8't nhirng nguci sil dung sau cung (va nhieu k5' thuat gia) khcng du quen voi nhi1ng rae r6i cua mot PC nao do hay y nghia cua m6i muc Cal dat d~ kien thiet lai mot each thich dang viec cai dat CMOS rna bQ pin du phong tung hong, Khi b9 pin h6ng (rot cuoc n6 se hong), ngiroi si'r dung khong duoc dao tao t.nroc (hay kg thuat vien rui ro) co th4 mat hang gio d4 phat hien lai nhung di1 lieu cai dat rna co th~ duoc dua vao trong vai phut, Day la mot bi kich c6 tlurc, chi vdi vai ph Lit lap k8' hoach truce, cac noi dung cua CMOS c6 th~ duqc sao chep du phong vci sir an toan tuyet d6i. Co 2 plurong phap sao chep du phbng noi dung cua CMOS: sao chep cirng va sao chep tap tin,

Sao chep du phong cung gi6ng nhu ten no ngu y - cac n¢i dung CMOS ducc ghi lai tren giay roi du9'C thu xep hay dinh vao trong tap tai lieu gui kern cua PC. Phuong phap don glan nhat cua viae sao chep du phong cirng Ia n6i ket PC vdi mot may in va chiam lfty bang in cua moi bang giu lieu, Phuong phap nay cho mot ban ghi nhanh, don gian va ben virng. Miilt khac, chi mat khoang

i

I

\


vai phut M phuc hoi Iai vise dinh dang.

Sao chep du phong tap tin Ia phuong phap kha mdi sl't dung tien ich nho de sao chep nQi dung CMOS RAM vao tap tin di1li~u (thuong' la tren dIa mern) rbi sau d6 phuc h6i lai t~p tin vao dia chi cua CMOS RAM: khi can thiet. Cac tien ich ea so nhu CMOS RAM: (co the nap tai xufing a www.zdnet.com) la ly tudng doi voi kieu tro gioup r;ay. Khi _lliU, m9tt~p tin, CMOS RAM, hay bao dam luu tn1 no tren dIa mern vi viec lam mat ea~ noi dung CMOS se thirong lam 6 dia cung mat hieu luc. Uu diem cua tap tin sao chep du ph?ng chinh l.a toe dQ - cac noi dung CMOS co the duoc phuc hoi chi trong choc hit.

Bat chap ban sl't dung ky thuat nao de ghi Iai cac dir Iieu cai dat CMOS cua minh, dieu quan trong la sao chep du phbng CMOS m6i khi ban thay doi dinh dang ciia PC (vi du nhu sau khi them mot 6 dia cung moi), Neu khong ban g~i se kh6ng con phan anh dung tinh trang hian huu cua h~ th60g cua ban,

5. BaD Iri va giai quyel rac rOi VIi CMOS

Mac du rat hiem khi cac thiet bi CMOS RAMI RTC bi hong, nhung c6 nhieu tlnh hu6ng rna d do cac noi dung CMOS c6 the hi mat hay bi hong, va hoat dong cua he thong c6 the bi ton hai boi so e~i d$.t 9MO~, diroc dinh dang t6i. Ngoai tieng bl~ tr~ye? thong va cac mat rna POST gqi len V~? d~ cu~ ~MOS (chuang 19), hay cac th6ng diep b~o ICll cua BIOS hien hanh (chuong 7), Con c6 nhieu trieu cluing cua PC c6 the chi cno thay CMOS dircc dinh dang kh6ng chinh xac hoao

TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 89 kh6ng hoan chinh. Phan nay cua chuang nhan dang mot chuoi cac trieu chung c6 the gci nen nhirng v<fn d~ cai dat CMOS va dua ra nhirng d~ nghi de hisu chinh.

cAc TRI~U CHONG ntu BIEU LIEN QUAN a€N CMOS

TRI~U CHUNG 1 Thay d6i cho nhiing CMOS khong dtit;ic hill sau khi khdi dQng Ia i PC Trong hau he't cac truong' hop, ban thoat khoi 19 trlnh cai dat CMOS kh6ng chinh xac, Bay IS. sai sot nit ph5 bien (dac biet khi dua ra su gia tang cac phien ban BIOS va cac Ii) trinh cai dat CMOS khac nhau), Hay thti' thuc hiennhung thay dOi cua ban lai Ian mra; r6i sau d6 bao dam ding "Luu r6i thoat ra va khoi dong lai" tit trinh dan chinh cua tien ich cai dat,

TRI~U CHUNG 2 H~ th6ng co ve duoc thtrc hien t6i H~ thong cling phai bn dinh - neu thuong xuyen pha huy, hay cac thiet bi nao d6 tit choi lam viec, ban co th@: g~p phai su xung dot he thong trong philo cirng hay phan mern. Sl't dung cong cy. du bao nhu: MSD (trong DOS) hay Device Manager (trong Windows 95/98) M giup nhan biet cac digm co th@: co xung dct,

Neu h~ theng kh6ng co cac xung dQt phan cirng hay philo rnam, ban co the tap trung vao su hoat dQng. "Su hoat dong" thurmg la su danh gia chu quan va phai dircc tham tra triroc tien bang each sl't dung st! kiern tra mac chuan duoc so sanh vrii ca.: PC tucng tir khac (cac h~ th6ng gi6ng het ne'u co th@:). Neu ban thay rAng h~ thong rieng cua ban hoat dong duoi rmrc toi uu cua n6 thi phai nghi ngo c6 van d~ trong viec cai d~t CMOS. Trong mot sO' trtrong hcp, CMOS RAM co the dt!qc nl\lp tai voi cac mac dinh "tu dong dinh dang"

90


hay "bat nang hrong" cua n6. Trong khi cae mac dinh hau nhu luon luon cho phep M thong hoat dong, thi chung Iai hiern khi dua ra sir hoat dong dinh cao. Hay kiern tra CMOS cao cap va cac trang cai dat bi? vi mach (di)i.c biet 18. bi? nho, bi) luu trir cache, va cac muc lien quan den t6c di? cua thanh), Xem phan "Sach luoc co ban t6i uu h6a CMOS" i1 doan bit dAu chuang.

TRII::U CHUNG 3 Cac 16i ghe p khong dung cu a CMOS xua't hi~n Nhung 16i nay xuat hien khi thiet bi PC diroc tim thay trong qua trinh POST kh6ng phil hop voi thiet bi dugc liet ke trong CMOS. Trang hau het cac tnrong hop, bi? pin du phcng cua CMOS bi hong va phai thay the chung, Sau d6 ban c6 the nap cac mac dinh cua CMOS va xoay so cai dat khi can de t6i l1U hoa he thong (mot nhism vu de dang neu ban co ban ghi cac diY lieu cai di;i.t CMOS). Neu khcng thi xem phan "Sach hroc cd ban t6i uu h6a CMOS" a doan dau chuang.

Neu ban x6a sir cai dat CMOS (sil" dung cau noi nhay CDC "xoa" tren bang mach chinh), hay baa dam rang ban cai dat lai cau noi nhay c6c sao cho n6 kh6ng tiep tuc x6a CMOS RAM.

TRII::U CHUNG 4 MQt s6 6 dia khong duoc phat hie n trong khi khdi d{lng Dieu nay chu yeu thuong xay ra voi cac (\ dia cling hay cae thiet bt khac trong trang cai dat CMOS CCI ban. Trong mot s6 trucng hop, don gian la thiet hi kh6ng duoc tinh den hay nhap VaG mot each chinh xac. (vi du nhu ban c6 the quen nhap 05 dia cung hay 0 dia mern mci duoc lAp cua minh trong khi cai dat CMOS). Trong cac tnrcng hop khac, 6 dia co the· can nhieu thai gian han de bat dau a thai diern

TIM HlEU CMOS vA CPU 91

khdi dong. Thii gia tang "thai gian tri hoan khat dong", hay lam mat hieu IJ,(c dac tinh "khoi dong nhanh" bat ky c6 the' dang duoc si.i" dung

TRIEU CHUNG 5 H~ th6ng khoi dQng tii 6 dia ~ung. tham chi khi co dia m~m co th~ khoi dQng duoc dang d trong .5 dia Luu y ding h~ thong van khrri dong va chay chinh xa~. Dia mern hoa n toan c6 th~ tiep can dUq"c (neu khong phai kiern t.ra () dia rnem, nguon nang lucng va cac day tin hieu), Dang nay thuong kh6ng phai IS. van d~, nhung la trmh tt! khoi dQng kh6ng dung. H§.u het cac ph ien ban CMOS cho phep PC db tim qua mot vai 0 dia khac nhau M dinh vi he dieu hanh, va se khci dong W 6 dra c6 the' dau tien rna ij d6 tim duoc M dieu hanh, Cac co hoi la trinh it! khoi dong dugc cai "C:A:", trong d6 6 dia C: duoc ki~m tra diu tien. Vi 6 dia C: dircc nbi ket va c6 chuc nang nen 0 dia A: don gran 18. bi bo qua. B~ khci dQng W 6 dla A:, ban can thay d~i trinh tu khoi dong nhu "A:C:". Hay nho hru bat ky su thay d6i nao truce khi thoat khoi trinh cai dat CMOS.

TRIEU CHUNG 6 Cac d~c tinh quan ly nang lti'1n·g khong co hi~u h1c Truce tie n, bao dam rAng BIOS cua ban tro giup su quan ly nang luong de' bilt dau W d6. St! quan 1y nang lucng cua PC hien dai thuong duoc di~u khien bai su ket hop cua BIOS va he dieu hanh (vi du nhu APM trong Windows 95, hay ACPI trong Windows 98). Tuy nhien su quan ly nang hrorig phai duCjc tro giuI: boi BIOS va c6 hieu luc trong cai dl)t CMOS de he dieu hanh su dung n6. Neu ban kh6ng the" si.i" dung su quan ly nang hrong (hay n6 khong c6 hieu IJ,(c trong Quan Iy thiet bi Windows 95/98 trong cac thiet bi cua he thong), c6 Ie n6 kh6ng c6 hieu llic trong cai dat CMOS. Hay kiern tra

92 TIM HI£U CMOS vA CPU

trang quan ly nang lucng cua trinh cai dat CMOS cua ban (hay cai dat b¢ vi mach cao dip), va bEW d?m di.ng cac di_lc tinh quan ly nang hrong co hl$U luc. Ban cOng c6 th~ muon xem lai va dieu chinh thai gian nghi cua cac thie't bi khac nhau khi co yeu cau. oKhi ban khoi dong ·I<;1i h$ dieu hanh, ban c6 the dinh dang cac dac tinh quan Iy nang hrong phu hop.

TRI:¢U CHUNG 7 St! tr«;l ghip PnP khong co hi~u hrc, hay cae thie't hi PnP khdng hoat d(tng chinh xae 'I'rucrc het baa dam BIOS cua ban trq giup cac tieu chuan PnP de bat d.4u vdi no. Neu khong ban can phai sU: dung tien ich dinh dang DOS ISA (hay ICU) d@' trq giup thie't bi PnP trong h$ thong. Cung bao dam rang ban dang sit dung h$ dieu hanh tro giup PnP (nhu Windows 95/98)

Ne'u ban khcng the co diroc sir tro giup cho cac thiet bi PnP thi phai bao dam vise tro giup PuP c6 hieu luc trong cai dat CMOS, va xac minh rAng sir cal di_lt lien quan de'n PnP (nhu "Kieu dinh dang" hay "IRQ3 - IRQ5") da duoc dinh dang chinh xac, Neu can, phai thu nap cac mac dinh cua BIOS cho trinh cai dat CMOS cua ba~ no. se trao cho ban su tro giup PnP duong CI1 ban neu nhu BIOS va OS cua ban tro giup no. Bao dam ghi cac dir li$u cai d$.t CMOS nguyen thuy CLIa ban truric khi co nap cac mac dinh.

TRI~U CHUNG 8 Cac thiet bj trong m(tt s6 khe PCI kh6ng d1i«;lC nh~n biet hay hoat dQng kh6ng chinh xac Trirdc het bao dam di~g bang mach chinh cua ban tro giup cac khe PCI (Ket noi cac b¢ phan ngoai vi), va xac minh rang trong thirc te co it nhat mot bang dieu help PCI trong h$ thong, Don gian la c6 su gia tang' cac du

TIM H1EU CMOS vA CPU 93

li$u cai d$.t dinh dang PCI lien quan trong vung PnPIPCI cua mot trinh cai dat CMOS, vi the rat kh6 khan de doan mot cai bat ky nao d6 c6 Ie bi !lii. N eu ban khfrng th~ khieri cac thiet bi PCI hoat dorig (hay hoat dong chinh xac), hay thu nap cac mac dinh BIOS eho trinh cai dat CMOS cua ban, no se trao eho ban su tro giup PCI ducng co ban. Bao dam ghi cac du lieu cai dat CMOS nguyen thuy cua ban triroc khi e6 nap cac mac dinh. Neu cac bang mach chinh cua ban duoc thiet k€ tU thai ky dau cua qua trinh phat trien PnP thi ban c6 Ie c:ln nang cap BIOS de cung cap su tro giup PnP thich hop,

TRI:¢U CHUNG 9 Ban khorig th~ xam nh~p vao trlnh cai d~t CMOS, th~m chi khi t6 hqp cac phim chinh xac dliqc sit' dung Bao dam rAng khi ban An mot t6 hcp phim du nhanh - nhieu phien ban BIOS chi cho phep vai giay de xam nhap van CMOS. Khi h~ dieu hanh bat dau nap, ban can phai khci d9ng lai, Cling phai xac minh rang ban thuc te dang si't dung dung phim hay t6 hop phim. Cling c6 kha nang la sl! tiep can vao trinh Cal d$.t CMOS hi lam mat hieu lire thong qua diu noi nhay c6c cua bang mach chinh. Xem them cac tai lieu v€! hang mach chinh cua ban va dinh vi cau nbi nhay coc "tiep can CMOS". Cau n6i nay (neu n6 ton tai) phai iJ vi tri rna cho phep su tiep can,

Cftn than rAng ban kh6ng nharn I§.n cau n6i nhdy c6c tiep can nay vrii cau n6i nhay c6c "xoa CMOS" - hal muc dich phuc vu hoan toan khac nhau.

TRI:¢U CHUNG 10 H~ th6ng thtiong bi. pha huy hay hi nghen C6 nhieu l5' do khien PC bi

94 . TIM Hlfu CMOS vA CPU

p~a huy hay hi nghen - moi thir hi 18i phan cung den hi> phan dieu khien tOi hay phan mern bi virut d~u co th~ gay can tro su van hanh binh thuong cua he thong, Trtrric kh·i ki~m tra su cai dl;'lt CMOS, hay chay chuang trmh chan doan DOS d~ xac minh rAng phan cung cua h$ thong hoat d?ng c~inh xac, va ki~m tra rAng kh6ng c6 xung d9t phan cti'ng trong h$ thong. Sau d6 kiern tra trinh QUaD 1y thiet bi va tim kiern cac diu hieu cua su xung dot hay cac thiet bi kh6ng hoat dO~g (d~qc danh ,da'u boi cac dau than rnau do hay vang), Neu h$ thong chay chinh xac khi DOS dudc khoi d¢ng "s~7h" hay Windows 95/98 dLiCJC khai dQng trong Kieu an toan, c6 th~ co b¢ phan di~u khien hi virut hay xung dct (hat TSR) lam nhieu hoat

dong cua h$ thong, .

Neu cac van d~ vAn dai dang, c6 th~ co mot trong mot s6 van d~ kho khan trong cai dat CMOS. Cac sai s6t tieu bieu 18 cac tmh trang cha kh6ng dti, kh6ng phu hop toe dQ bi> nho (nhu hoa tron bi;! n hd 60ns va 70ns) va lam co hieu hrc bo luu tri1 cache (L1 hay L2) khi kh6ng co b~ l~ tra nhu v*3:: trong h$ thong. Xem lai su dinh dang h$ thong cua ban het sue can than. Cung co the co kha n~llg 18 cac dac tinh che khuat va chiem giu co the gay can tra heat dQng cua h$ thong. Hay thu I,am mat hieu Iuc mot each h$ th6ng su che khuat ROM video, su' che khuat ROM bang mach chinh , va cac chon lila srj che khuat khac, Sau· do thu: lam mat hieu luc Sl,i chiem giG" bang mau va cac chon Iua chiern giu hay "tien chiem giir" khac.

Ne'u cac van d~ viln con tiep tuc, hay thir nap cac mae dinh cua BIOS VaG CMOS. Cac mac dinh phai bao dam mot muc dQ on dinh nao do: nhirng b~n van can lam wi uU sir cai dat CMOS b~ng tay de dat duoc hoat dong t6t nhat,


95

8. CPU co' ban

MQt b¢ vi xU: ly co th~ duoc bieu dien nhu so db khoi tren hinh 1. Nhu ban thay, co rat nhieu t*p tin hieu (hay bus) rna ban can lam quen 180: bus dG" lieu, bus dia chi va bus dieu khien. Ba bus nay se cho phep CPU giao tiep vdi cac thanh phan cua PC va dieu khien cac heat dQng cua no.

BUS

Bus di1 lieu se mang thong tin den va di tit CPU, va co Ie no 180 thanh phan quen thuoc rih at cua CPU. So hrcng day dan tren bus dai dien cho sO' luo ng bit eo the duoc ta i di ij bat cu dit!m nao trong mot thai gian nao, Cac duang dG" Iieu thuong dUrjc dan nhan bang tiep diu ngu D (Do, D1, D2, Dn, ... ). Kich thucc cua mot bus du li$u thuong 113. 8, 16,32 hay 64 bit. Bus du li$u cang 1O'n thi cang duoc thich han bdi vi n6 se cho phe p nhieu di1 lieu ducc truyeri di vdi t6e dQ nhanh han.

Be CPU d9C hoac ghi du Iieu, no phai co kha nang chi dinh c6ng 110 chinh xac hoac V! tri trong bi) nho tam thai. "Vi tri" ducc dinh nghta thong qua vie c sU' d u ng cua mdt bus dja chi. S61 uong bi t trong bus dia chi dai dien cho s61urjng vi tri rna CPU co the truy suit. Vi du, mot CPU co 20 duong dia chi co the dia chi cho 2 lily thira 20 byte (1,048,576). Mi;!t CPU co 25 ducng dia chi co the dia chi cho 21iiy thira 24 byte (1,6777,216) bytes, va vv. Cac ducng dia chi ducc bieu dien bang tiep d§.u ngtr A (AD, AI, A19, vv),

96

TiM HI~U CMOS vA CPU

I

,------ .. __ 1

-:J.:

Hinh 1 Sd do khoi eua m9t CPU

A ~ac t~~ hieu dieu khien diroc sil dung M dong bl? va phoi hcp hoat dong cua CPU voi cac thiat bi khac trong may ttnh, Mac du so luang va each sil dung cua bing tin hieu dieu khi&n rAt khac nhau ve s6 lucng bit tU the' h$ nay sang the he khac nhirng hau het cac tin hieu dieu khH~n de~ roi vao nhieu 109.i sau:

• Chuc nang d9C hoac ghi (tdi b9 nho hoac

toi cac vi tri 110) .

• Cac kenh ngat,

• Kiem tra CPU va khoi dong 19.i.

• Bus va phan dieu khien.

• Bieu khien DMA.

• Trang thai CPU.

• Kiern tra chan le.

• Hoat dorig hru trir cache. CAC CHE DO D!A CHi HOA

"Kh~ b~~ khao sat mot vi xU' ly, ban cung phai ~ao s,at dEm cac phuong tien rna no dung d~ chua dia ChI bl) nhd cua no. CPU Intel ban dau (chang

TiM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 97 han 8086 va 8088) chi sil dung 20 ducng dia chi (tu AO den A19). Voi 20 duong dia chi nay: CPU chi co the' truy xuat 1 trieu dia chi (thuc su Ia 1,048,576 dia chi). v« mi;it kg' thuat day khorig phai la van de va DOS ducc viet ra M hoat dong ben trong mot 1MB khong gian dia chi nay. Nlutng kh6ng may, khi cac CPU moi han diroc thie't ke' de pha tan rao chan 1MB bl) nho thi DOS bi tic ughen trong gioi han 1MB nay (mac du nhi eu phan mern phirc tap han ch§.l1g han nhu DOS esxtanders va cac chuang triuh quan ly bo nhd trai rong da cho phep cac chuang trinh DOS truy xuat Wi cac vung nhd t.re n 1MB)..

De duy tri kha nang tirong t.hich lui vci cac CPU cu, cac CPU mci co the' hoat dong iJ mot trong hai che dQ. Trong che' dQ real-mode, CPU hoat dQng giong nhu mot 8088/8086, va chi truy xuat den 1MB khong gian nho. Cac chuang trinh DOS va DOS hoat dong trong che dQ real-mode. Cac he dieu hanh moi han, (chang han Windows 95/98 va OS/2) cho phep CPU tan dung tat ca cac duong dia chi cua no khi truy xuat h9 nho. Bay Ia C0 che' hoat dong d che d9 protected-mode. Hoat dong d che'dQ protected-mode kh6ng chi h6 tro cho so hrcng dia chi bi) nho nhieu han rna con h6 iT9' cho bQ nho ao. Khi mot chuang trinh yeu cau nhieu dung hrcng nhd han thuc su co co trong he thong th! CPU san sang co kha thuc hien viec hoan d6i rna giua bi) nhrr va 6 dia cung -' khong gian 0 dia cung cua ban c6 the duoc sil dung de m6 ph6ng nhu RAM coug them. Phan me m chay tren CPU iJ che dl) protected-mode thuong phuc t<:LP han cac chuong trmh chay ache dl) real-mode.

7. Cae khai niem CPU hien dai

. ..

Be tim hieu ro khi linn viec voi cac PC hien nay,

98 TIM HIEe CMOS vA CPU

b<;U1 can phai nam duoc hang loat cac khai niem ve CPU cung nhir cac ky thuat khac.

H~ THONG P-RATING (PR)

Nguoi ta phan Ioai CPU dua tren toe do xung dong h6 cua no. Vi du, mot CPU Pentium 650 MHz SEl hoat dOng tot han mot CPU Pentium 550 MHz. Tuy nhien, each bieu dien nay cling gay kho khan doi voi cac hang san xuat CPU. Mac du Intel van dan dau trong ccng nghe phat trien CPU nhung ngoai Intel ra con co cac hang khac nhu AIvID va Cyrix. Nhung khong may, that kh6 cho ngiroi dung hieri nay co th~ hieu duoc rang mot CPU kh6ng phai cua Intel voi mot toe dO xung clock eho truce eo the hoat doug t6t nhu mot vi xu ly Intel d mot tee do xung dong h6 khac. Vao dUll nam 1996, Cyrix, IBM Microelectromc .-.<' SGS Thomson (t8.'t ca cac hang doi thu cua Intel) da [~p hop lai nharn tao ra 019t h~ thong P-Rating (PR) de' gici thieu cac CPU ella ho. Bang each giai thieu kieu thiet ke" PR, mot CPU co tM tucng duong voi mot CPU Intel Pentium. Vi du, vi xli ly AMD 133 MHz Am5x86 ducc dat ten lil PR75, va heat dong tuong duong voi Pentium Intel 75 MHz. Khi eo them dau + hoac diu ++ (chang han nhu trong PR75++) thi n6 c6 nghia l a CPU heat d¢ng t6t han so vci CPU tuong duong vrii Ine!. P-rating duoc xac djnh thong qua mot phuong phap so sanh true tiep:

• Ki~u do thir Winstone duoc thuc thi trong mot he thong PC eo cau hinh dac biet ve viec trang bi vi xu ly Intel voi mot toe do xung dong h6 eho trirdc.

• Vi xu Iy Intel diroc lay ra khoi h$ thong va duoc d$t VaG bang m(lt vi xii ly cua d6i thu, Chuong trmh do thii Winstone SEl ducc chay lai met ian mra va diem cua

TiM mE-u CMOS vA CPU 99

-.~~~---------------------

Winstone thu hai SEl c6 duoc tU cung mot

he thong nhirng gia day chay bang vi xu ly cua d6i thu canh tranh. Cau hinh he thong van con wong d6ng va Hit ca ngoai vi d~u hoat dong tot.

• Vi xU: 1.1 cua doi thu canh trauh duoc gall cho ti l~ P cao nhat rna chucng trinh Winstone dua ra la tirong dirong hay Ion hon so vdi Pentium. Vi du, mot vi xli ly AMD K5 cho kha nang hoat dong tuorig duong hoac t6t hon Pentium 90 MHz, va no nhan duoc ti l~ PIa 90 (hay PR 90).

CPU SOCKETS

Mot y tuang quan trorig khac trong vice phat t.rien CPU va kha nang nang cap la khai niern socket. Tung the" h¢ CPU diroc su' dung mot s6 hrong pin rat khac nhau, va vi vay mot socket khac nhau phai duoc sir dung tren mot board mach chu tucng thich vo i tung the h$ cua vi xu' Iy. Cac CPU dci dau thuong kh6ng c6 kha nang hoan d6i va viae nang cap CPU co nghia la phai nang cip board mach chilo Vei sir ra doi cua CPU i486, vi xU: 1.1 "O~erDrive" da t~a neri ph6 bien, no t.hay the CPU hi$n co bang mot vi xU" 1.1 thay the co kha nang tirong thich voi so' luong pin rna heat dong Cr t6c do xung d6ng h6 ben trong cao han nham tang cuong kha nang hoat dQng cua he th6ng. Bang minh hoa cac socket dbl dau ti€m ducc chi dinh Socket 1 cho cac vi xU: Iy 486SX va nx (Ban ·co th~ tim thay cac socket tuong ung duoc minh hoa trong hinh 13.3). Khi CPU diroc nang cao thl· loai socket cling keo dai tuoi tho nham ho tro cho viec Ch911 lira ngay cang nh i su cua cac vi xii ly tuong thich.

Ngay nay, loai socket ph6 bien nhat la Socket

100 TiM HlEV CMOS vA CPU

7. Board mach chu Socket 7 h6 t.ro cho hau het cac Ioai vi xir I.Y Pent.ium I Int.el Pentium. Inr ol Pentium MMX, AMD K5, AMD K6-2, Cyrix 6x86m Cyrix 6x86 MX va Cyrix MX II). Bb.ng each cai toe dQ d6ng h6 dung va bo nhan dung, mot board mach ehu Socket 7 co the' h6 t.ro mot so hrong Ion ~ae CPU cap Pentium rna khong ea'Jl thay doi bat ky mot phari cung HaO khac. Loai nay da lam cho socket. tro nen quan trong hon va k eo dai tuoi tho cua PC bang each cung cap kha nang nang cap eho CPU. Mac du cac vi xu Iy hieu suat cao cua cac hang Intel va AMD SU: dung cac khe cam va cac socket d9C quyen nlurng Socket 7 Vall con ta loai pho bien va hien co boi vi tinh linh hoat cua n6.

C6 nhieu vi xU" ly chang han nhu Intel Pentium II / III va AMD Athlon) de. dich chuysn tU viec su dung cac bo noi dua tren cac khe earn thay vi slt dung socket. Nen nho rang cac vi xu 15' dua tren cac khe cam kh6ng tuong tJ1ICh voi cac board mach chu slt dung socket va nguoc 1<;U.

Bang Chi tiet v~ kha nang tirong thich doi vrii CPU socket chinh

C 0"'111". "fl. L.I! 0'1 I ADA. v¥
SOCK.T PINS lJOL"'S CPU .IIOC~SoSO'" II
SOCk-;!-' -lc-4 .. 486 SX 00 ;(DX400P;~ a,oXDX~O[;JP' ou
.8IIlClx BOx Dx.r;OOp R 7~ BOXOK.IIOOPFll W
SnckC!l ~' '" ,. .. as sx an:o:r::)C.~I_lI""5 ao x.l)X-4UW' 1 uu
4I3o~), ~t,;JXOX.::;Q[)pj~,·~ e;OXLJ.M...J;J[JPH1:,:_I
4A60x2 jlO;t;POL)f'~'.'b] ~[J » F 'U[)P~VI::I:::
Soclo.el J ,,7 3'_'1:5 ... 4l:I6:S.x BQxDuOOP75 OOxD):'''UUPFI~5
48t'.(lx 00:X 0): <lOOP 1 00 e.OXO){040DPfll'.Ji.'l
-4MOx~' BOxPOLJt>~V1;.J 800 XPOOf':;.. .... I::I:j
4B~(rx4 ".
S· ... 10: .... : .~ ~;\~ ~.~ .:JO·tiU .. OU-L1" ..... I. ... 1T1 SCXf'Q[}I'~\,1J.::'
$u.::.ke'l5 32O a 75.'0011 UOMt-Lz f"liIl"1'tKJm so :':_PQCtPJ.V 1 &~
8G x.I-'OUI-"J'J 150:)
aOX~O~lV1-IXJ
'5::..: .... 11'.:":. ~ (h .!'i tL~~UM '"
~"" .. \l 'U\ l""'l~ I ~·OO;' lJJ\II'r'Il ?1b'I.'\u~\ ~IJ(I::IOO?~\I ''l!!..
~1:t1-'c;.l)1-"3',rl&:)
9OXPODPW1M
S:x.lo:E'~ 8 :'tf' ~~ Pa ..... 1· JIl·, 10-'1(; N,A
51G-": j 2~"j No'A P.'I~II.J.m 11.-·111 ,,'A
::..' ~ ,I :.:: N°' C-I1£'111.,JI1, 11'11~ :-:',,"-.)1) No.
~IOI:~ "'. AMO.A!1'II.:Jn '." TiM !liEU CMOS vA CPU

IOl

:-"';1 ~.'.-~ .\

:--'' ~ ~,.: 1 ..... , ~. 1--1 1 "

• • • • 1

_oo . _ _.J,

.1..0 __

Hlnh 2 So sanh cau hinh cua cac socket CPU chinh

SO sANH else vA Rise

Thinh thoang ban thuong nghe moi ngiroi nhac den vi xii Iy "CISC" hoac vi xu' Iy "RISC. Cac CPU truyen thong d~u dua tren kien true crsc (Complex Instruction Set Computing). Ky thuat nay cho phep bat ky so nao cua lcnh duo c sir dung trong CPU va CPU phai cung cap tilt ca cac mach dien ben trong can thiet de" xu ly tu l~nh, Do tung l$nh mci se yeu cau rat nhieu transistor mo i de" xii If nen CISC thuong rat dat trong viae san xuat ra loai CPU kieu nay. CPU elSC (chang han Pentium 1IIIIl hoac AMD Athlon) thuong duoc tim thay trong hau het cac may tinh desktop va may tinh xach tay. Neu so sanh thi kien true RISe (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) se su dung mot so hrong gici h~11 cua cac t~p I~nh rat manh. N6 yeu c8_U it transistor han trong CPU de co th~ xi1 \y UU<;ie va k~t qua \a kha nang h()~t d¢ng cua CPU nhanh han voi mot mire tieu ton di~n nang it han. Tuy nhien, cac vi xir ly RISC it Iinh hoat han so vci loai CISCo Cac CPU CISC


thimng duqc dung trong cac thiet bi ngoai vi dac biet nhu may in laser. Nhirng ngtibi thiet ke v§.n con co gAng phat trien vi xu Ii ph6i hop CISC voi RISC mac du s6 hrong loai RlSC (nhu DEC Alpha hoac MIPS Orion 4600) thuong tim thay trong cac may tram cao cap.

PIPELINING

CPU xu Iy I$nh va dua ra ket qua qua mot loat cac phuc tap cac transistor duoc ph6i hop voi nhau ben trong CPu. Cac CPU truce day chi xu 1.1 mot lenh tai mot thai diern, Ienh nay se duoc xu 1.1 mot each hoan chinh va sau do lenh rnoi mci diroc xU: Ii den. Viec xU: Ii duoc thuc thi trong nhieu chu ky xung dong h6 ( s6 IUQ"ng chinh xac cac chu ky xung d6ng h6 tuy thuoc VaG lenh), Cac lenh don gian se xU: Iy trong hai hoac ba chu ky xung d6ng h6 trong khi d6 cac l~nh phuc tap se yeu d.u tir 7 den 8 chu ky xung dong h6.

o Kg thuat pipelining cho phep mot lenh moi bat dau xU: ly trong khi lenh hien hanh van eon dang xu 1.1. Theo each nay, CPU c6 th~ hoat dong' tren nhieu l$nh trong su6t cling mot chu ky xung dong ho. N6i t6m lai , vdi mot chu ky xung dong h6 cho truce co the" co nhieu l~nh dang duqc xU ly. Kg thuat pipelining cho phep CPU tan dung cac ngon tai nguyen thuc thi trong khi 1119t lenh dang diroc hoan tat, Tuy nhien, I11Qt CPU co the· chi ch~111 dut (tao ra ket qua) I11Qt l~nh tren 1119t chu ky xung d6ng ho.

01)' DoAN

Do cac CPU pipelined phai xU" 1y l$nh ke tiep truce khi no thuc thi hoan toan lenh tnroc do va dieu nay da d~a ra mot muc van de. Neu lenh truce do la mot nhanh thi lenh k{{ tiep ducc xU" If

TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 103 phai xuat phat tir mot nrri sai. Du dean nhanh 18. mot ky thuat c6 gang dinh vi den dia chi dung cua lenh ke tiep trong khi no chi bi€t lenh hien hanh·. Neu nhanh bi sai duoc tien doan thl nhanh dung phai duoc xac dinh va no co the" tri hoan qua trinh xu 1.1.

SUPERSCAlAR EXECUTION

Cac CPU cu thirong sU" dung co che' execution engine d~ xiily l$nh, Ngay ca neu CPU h6 tro pipelining thi CPU chi c6 th~ tao ket q~ii ch~ mot lenh cua bat ky mot chu ky xung dong ho nao cho t.nroc. BAng each b6 sung them nhieu phuong tien excution engine cho CPU rna ngu(ii thiet ke da eung ea'p cho CPU mot kha nang xU" I;;· nhieu hen mot lerih trong mot chu ky xung dong 16. No ducc biet duci ten goi la vi xir Iy superscaler. Vi du, vi ~u Pentium Pro sii" dung hai duong thuc thi (U va V). bang each phoi hop hai duong nay vdi cc che thuc thi da thuc thi cua kien true superscalar, CPU da lam cho vise sii" dung tUng chu ky xung dong h6 them hieu qua.

DYNAMIC EXECUTION (THI)'C THI DONG)

Cac CPU co t6e d(> nhanh nhat se thuc thi cac lenh thee thu tu rna no duoc ghi ben trong mot chuong trinh di;i·C biet nELO do. Bieu nay co nghia la mot chirong trinh diroc viet kh6ng hieu qua hay khbng dung co the giarn hieu qua xU: ly cua CPU. Trong nhieu triroug hop, ngay ca cac rna duoc viet t6t cung co th~ tra nen bi hu trong suot viec phoi hop giua phan mern va lien ket xii" I)' Thuc thi dorig 13. mot kg thuat cho phep vi xU" ly da~h gia lu6ng cua chircng trlnh va "chon" thir tu t6i till d~ xii" 1y l~nh. Khi thirc thi dung, viec chon hra each sap xep Iai cua cac lenh se cho phep CPU hoat dong hieu qua hon trong viec sii" dung


----------------

cac ngu6n tai guyan xu ly ella no va gia tang toan bo hieu suat hoar dong ella CPU.

MULTIMEDIA EXTENSIONS

104

Voi chieu hucng phat trien ella cac phan mern do h93 va cac phau me m trinh bay, thong hro ng vi xU-I)" thirong bj gill iJ muc tinh toan rna no dude yeu cau, That ca n thiet de' tang toe d¢ xV ly ! til~h to.in cua mot vi xu I)' C(l lien quan den cac irng dung multimedia va cac {rug dung truye n thong, Trong khi eric qua t riuh xu Iy nay thuong chiern 10' ( toa n iJ(J m;'l uug dung thi n6 co the' dern len den go,:; thai giun t huc th i chuang trinh. J ntel va AMD dUC1e chon Ia vi xu Iy co kha nang cung cap ph a n md multimedia tot nhat eho cac vi xu' Iy cua he:

• !vl11X VAo nhung8m 1996, Intel da cho ra doi ky thuat MMX trong ho vi xu Iy Pentium (Pentium MMXJ vo i tho m 57 lenh moi nira. Tap lenh MMX xii Iy n h ieu thanh phau du lieu theo each song song bang each sli dung ky thuat e6 tell goi SIMD (Single Instruction Mulipie Dat.a). K5' t huat nay eho phep viec xu Iy duoc t.huc thi tren mot so luong Ion di1 Iieu mot each dong thrri va giarn toan bi) viec xu Iy yell cau de' xU" 1y mot so lirong 10n cac thorig tin video va audio e6 lien quan toi multimedia. Cac vi xu ly Intel (nhu Pentium JIIIII va Celeron) d~u e6 kha nang tuoug thich voi tap l$nh MMX. MMX eung cap hau het cac kha nang ho tro cua n6 cho anh 20 va audio.

• 3DI\' ow AMD cung thay duoc nhu du can phai tai uu eho kha nang n~ultimedi.a cua vi xir ly , Nhung thay vi tij.p trung vao cac

TIM HIElJ CMOS vA CPU W:;

---------------

lenh 20 nhu Intel da lam MMX t.hi Al\ID

lai chon 21 lenh moi tap trung vao cac dac tinh e6 lien quan den 3D nham tang cuong viec xu ly anh db hoa 3D (nhu mil. h6a MPEG). AMD da giai thieu 3D Now ella ho vao na m 1998 (9 thang trircc ella ky thuat SSE cua hang Intel. Do ky t.huat 3D Now nharn taug circrig viec xV ly' 3D so vci Intel ne n KG, KG-2 Va Athlon cua hang AMD da rat hiru h ieu trong vice xu I:' cac chuang trinh games 3D va xir IS' anh. B<:J.1l e6 the biet them nhieu thong tin ve 3D Now t.a i d i a chi http:// www.amd.com/products/cpg/k623d! insidc.3d.html.

• SSE Cuoi nam 1999, Intel da cap nhat. tinh nang multimedia ella n6 bang each cho ra doi ky thuat SSE (Streaming SIMI) Extensions) eho dong vi xliIy Pentium III. SSE dua treu nell MMX bang each be; sung them 70 l$nh moi nham eho phep tHug cUCrng anh, do hoa 3D, video va audio, nhan biet tieng n6i va be; sung them nhieu dac tinh Internet. Ky thuat SSE du dinh uunh cho viec sV dung tai gia dmh cua cac vi xir 1y Pentium III.

8. CPU Intel

Kh6ng ai phu nhan su phat trie'n cua hang Intel trong viec phat trien vi xii Iy phuc vu eho cac may tinh ca nhan. Tung the he mrii cua vi xu 1y khong chi co nhung cai tien ve toe dQ xli 1)' rna con cai tien ve ky thuat t.rong viec thuc thi mot each hieu qua, t6c d¢ tho, thong lvqng dii" lieu va tang cuong tinh thiet ke (chang han nhu thuc th i

106 TIM !lIEU CMOS vA CPU

dong va SIMD). Phdn nay cua chuang se cung clip cai nhin tong quan v~ ho vi xU" 15' Intel va so sanh cac dac tinh hien tai cua ho.

8086/8088 (197811979)

29.000 transistor cua 8086 dil hinh thanh nen vi xi'! 15' 16 bit dAu tien, no co 16 bit du lieu trong chmh ban than CPU. Bi~u nay dil nhanh ch6ng nang thong hrcng du lieu len gap doi so vo-i cac CPU 8 bit truce d6. Tung thanh ghi trong so 14 thanh ghi trong CPU 8086 18088 duoc IUd rong' thanh 16 bit thay vi chi la 8 bit. 20 ducng dia chi dil cho phep truy xuat true tiep tdi 1,048,576 byte (1MB) bQ nhri he thong ben ngoai, Mac du 1 MB RAM hau nh« khcng eon duoc sU" dung hien nay. Nhirng nguoi thiet ke' I C tai thai diem d6 chang bao gib" nghi den viec se can han 1 ME. Ca 8086 Iall 8088 d~u c6 the lap dia chi cho 64 KB ella khong gian I/O. 808616 tro bon giatri t6c dQ xung dong h6: fi MHz, 6 MHz, 8 MHz, va 10 MHz. Trang do c6 ba gia trj cho phep 8086 xli" 15' 0.33, 0.66, va 0.75 MIPS (millions of instructions per second - trieu lenh tren giay) tuong ling vdi cac gia tri vua neu, 8088 chi h6 tro 5 MHz va 8 MHz (tuong ling 0.33 va 0.75 MIPS), nhung ban chat cua viec ghep cua n6 da giam bang thong du lieu xu6ng chi con 2 MB/giay.

Xet v~ mat muc dich thl 8088 la tirong duong vrri 8086. Chung cung Ia mot loai vi xu IS ngoai trtr: 8088 ghep ksnh phan thai gian ella 8 trong so' 18 duong dja chi giua bus dia chi va bus du lieu. Neu ban quan sat cac chan CLIa CPU ella 8088 ban se thay chi co tam dl.1ong du lieu hien e6 (tit gia tri D8 de'n DIS). Trong suot mot phan ella mot chu ky bus, 8 dl.1ong dia chi thap han se hoat di}ng nhu la 8 bit dU' lieu thap (W DO den D7). Trong suet mot


phan khac cua chu ky bus, 8 bit dung chung d6 se ducc sir dung nhu la 8 bit thap cii.a bus dia chi (W AO· den A7). Ca hai loai CPt:' deu dl1qc thiet ke M hoat dong voi 8087 MCP.

80186 (1980)

CPU 80186 16 bit duoc xay dung tren nen x86 nham h6 tro cac dac tinh bo sung chang han nhu bo tao xung dong ho ben trong, bi> phan dieu khien h$ thong, hi) phan dieu khi~n ngat, bi) phan dieu khien DMA mach dien dem / dinh thai duoc gi:in ngay ben t:ong CPU" Khbnng ~6 mi)t CPU Intel nao truce d6 hoac k~ W n6 co hiS tro hieu kha nang tich hap den nhu the" trong mot Cpu. x186 la loai dau tien dim gia t.ri toe do xung dong h6 511Hz, va chi h6 tro 8 MHz 19 MHz, va 12.5 MHz. Tuy nhien, ben canh nhirng cai tien nay, x186 van COIl c6 nhtrng tinh nang tuong tv nh1.18086 18088, voi 24 thanh ghi va 20 dubng dia chi cho phep truy xuat den 1MB RM1. x186 duoc su dung nhu la mot CPU co nhting cac tillg dung va chang bao gio nhm thay cac dich vy. trong cac may tinh d. nhan. Han che" cua kien true x86 tnroc do theo yeu cau PC la phai co kha nang hO tro CPU co toe dQ nhanh han nhieu de e6 th~ truy xuat duoc han 1 MB RM1.

80286 (1982)

CPU 80286 eo 24 thanh gh i. 134 nga n transistor (la loai dau tien duoc sil dung trong cac may tinh IBM PC/AT), no co ho trg them mot vai uu diem so v6'i cac loai CPU eli trircc do, Kieu thiet ke' co cai tien nay eho phep i286 heat d9ng 0 1,2 MIPS, 1.5 MIPS va 2,66 MIPS (urong ling v6'i 8. 10 va 12.5 MHz). i286 cung da pha duoc rao char 1 MB R.A..VI bang' each h6 tro 24 duong dia chi thay vi chi Ia 20, von eho phep n6 dia chi true tiep chc 16 MB RAM. Ngoai 16 ME RAIvr dmrc truy xuat


true tiep tci RAM, i286 con co kha nang xli' 1.1 len de'n 1 GB hi? nho ao, la bo nho cho phep cac khoi cua rna chuang trinh va dc( lieu diroc hoau doi giua bo nho t huc cua i286 (len M'Il 16 MB) va dia chi I~ trir thti cap chang han nhu b dia cimg, £)~ cluy tri khri nang luang thich lui vrri 8086 / 8088 (ia loai chi co the' dia chi cho 1 MB RAM), i286 co the" hO<.H dong t.rong ehe' di? real-mode. Mot trong nhirng die'm dang kp' CLm i286 la no co kha nang chuyen doi giua ehe' eli? real-modo va che eli? protectedmode nlumg no khong the' chuyen doi nguoc tro lai che eli? real-mode mil. khong can phai khoi dong lni bang each khrri dong norig cua h$ thong, i28G sir dung bo dong xu ly roan h9C 802R7_

80386 (1990)

Vi xu I}' ke t ie p lila Intel tung ra t hi truong Iil. . I ('Pt: H0386 DX, no co 275.000 transistor, 32 thanh

ghi. xuat hie n vao narn 1985, VO'i 32 bus dii lieu, lh6ng iLrang du lieu da tang gap doi so voi 80286,

Gi,) t ri 16. 20, 25, 33 )'1Hz c ho phe p thong hrorig

du liou naug le n 50 MB/giay va xu 1.1 len den 14.4 :"111':3 0- :33 11 Hz.

Bus din chi 32 bit cho phep t.ruy xuat true tiep df>'n 4 GB RAM C9!lg" voi 64 TB (terabytes) cua dung 1U'Vllg 1>9 nho ;10. i:386 la CPU Intel dau t.ien co tang cuoug kha nang xu 1.1 thong qua viec su dung co che pipelining (instruction pipelining r, 1:1 co che' eho phcp CPU bat dau heat di?ng 0- mOt leuh moi trong khi chc leuh hien hanh hoan tat. ;"'JOl <:h[" eli) heat d(Jllg moi nua co ten goi In cha uo th\ic ao {virtual real-model eho phep CPU heat dQllg 0 nhieu phis n real-mode dong thai trong h$ c1i6u hauh nhu Windows.

CPU i386SX Stl' dung 24 dutmg dia chi de dia chi hoa 16 ME RAIvl va mot bus di1 lieu ben ngoai bao

TiM HIfu CMOS vA CPU 1O!I

g6m 16 bi t. thay vi Ia 32 bit nhir eua DX Tuong W nhtr vay, nang lye xlily cho i386 SXchi la 3.6 MIPS i'1tit s6 33 MHz. Mac du no co nhlmg tinh nang nhu vay, nhung gia cua no re hem nhieu Jilin cho ho san pham i386 duoe su dung ronng rill trong cac may tinh desktop va cac may tinh rich ray, Tir su thay dbi giU'a be rong bus va dia chi rna kien true i386 hau nhu da khong thay dbi tir dog i386 DX.

Vao cuoi nam 1990, Intel da ttch hop i386 bang 855.000 transistor. su dung it nang lirong han va co ten goi la flO:386SL. i386 SL hoat dong cuug voi chipset tuoug thich voi kien true ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) cung vdi mach dien quan I)' nguon de toi uu i386 de sU' dung trong cac may tinh xach tay, H9 san pham i386SL da phci hop i386SX trong 24 ducng dia chi va bus dii lieu ngoai 16 bit,

Tung thanh vien trong ho san pham i386 deu su dung bo dong xii 1.1 tcan h9C doc lap ttircng ling 80387DX, 80387SX va 80387SL), Tat ca cac phien ban cua 80386 deu co the' chuyen dbi giua che' do real-mode va che do protected-mode neu call t hiet., vi cay cluing co kha nang tirong thich voi cac san pharn truce do va se chay cung mot phan mern nhu tren 80286 va 8086/8088.

80486 (1999-1994)

Ngirci ta luou mong muon nang toe db heat dong cung nhu hieu suat hoat dong len nell hang Intel da eho ra doi vi xu 1.1 80486DX van nam 1989 vai 1.2 trieu transistor, 29 thanh ghi, no Ia bQ dORg xU" Iy 32 bit. i486 DX cung cap kha nang dia chi: hoa cho 32 bit de' truy xuat vao 4 GB RAM v~t ly va len de'n 64 terabyte bo nho ao. i486DX cho kha nang hoat dong gap hai Ian so vci i386 PX vci 26.8 MIPS &33 MHz. Hi$n no h6 tro hai

11U TIM HIED CMOS vA CPU

gia tri tin so la 25 MHz va 33 MHz.

Nhu vdi ho san pharn i386, 101;1t san pharn i486 cling su' dung co che pipelining de' Cal tien kha nang thuc thi lenh, nhung Ioat i486 cling c6 b6 sung them 8KB bi? nho cache ngay tren IC. Cache se tiet kiern thai gian truy xuat bi? nho bang each du doan truce l$nh ke tiep rna CPU se can va U1;1P no vao trong bi? nho cache truce khi CPU thirc su can den no. Neu lenh can thiet diroc h6 tro san trong cache thl CPU c6 the truy xui't thong tin tit cache rna kh6ng can lang phi thl1i gian M cho viec truy xuat bi? nhc. Mi?t cai tieu khac cua i486DX la n6 c6 don vi cham dong (MCP) trong chinh ban than CPU thay vi no can phai c6 mot IC dong xli ly doc lap, Dieu nay khong dung d6i voi tat ca cac thanh vien cua ho i486. Yeu to thir ba can de cap den ddi voi i486DX no la h6 tro gia hi 5 volt va 3 volt. Loai 3 volt duoc sLi' dung trong cac may tinh laptop, notebook va cac irng dung tinh toan trong cac may tinh mobile.

Cuoi cung, i486 DX co kha nang nang cap duoc. Vao cu6i nam 1989/ 1990, cac may tinh ca nhan da bi gioi han boi CPU rna no su dung khi nhirng CPU nay tro' nen 16i thai va dieu nay cung dung cho may tinh, dac bi~t dung han doi vai board mach chu, Dieu nay da lam cho nhirng ngirci dung may tinh bU9C phai mua nhirng may tinh mci han chi trong mot khoiing thai gian ngan de" ho co the' bilt kip duoc cong nghe hien hanh. Kien true cua i486 dtiqc dV dinh ia h6 trrr cho viae nang cap CPU, a d6 cac CPU mdi se su dung t6e db dong h6 noi nhanh han c6 the duqc g&l~ vao troug cung mot h$ thong hien co Intel cung ua ho tro ky thuat nay dudi tell goi la ky thuat "OverDrive';. Trong khi kha nang hoat dong cua OverDrive khbng cao nhu cac may tinh PC dci moi nlurng


n6 lai re tie han nhieu va cho phep nguoi dung may tinh bao ve may tinh cua ho de khoi phai dfiu tu them trong mot khoang thoi gian dai han. Diem dang luu y Ia kh6ng phai tit ca cac san pham i486 deu co kha nang nang cap duoc va soeket CPU tren board mach chu phai duoc thiet ke dac biet de chap nhan eho loai CPU OverDrive.

i486DX chi la san pharn dau tien trong dong san pham c6 nhieu thay doi tit Intel. Vao nam 1991, Intel da san xuat ra Ioai CPU 80486SX va 80486DXl50. Ca i486SX va i486DXl50 deu h6 tro 32 bit dia chi, duo ng dan dti li$"O 32 bit va 8KB dung hrong tren chip ho) nho cache. i486SX can co kha nang tirong thich lui tit dong san pham i486DX bang each thao bo bi) dong xir ly toan h9C va h6 tro cac gia tri thap hen (j mire 16, 20, 25 va 33 MHz~ d 33 MH;, i486SX duoc danh gia a rmrc 20.2 MIPS, Nhilng ki~u thiet ke nhu the nay nham giarn chi phi va kha nang tieu tai di~n cua i486SX, lam cho n6 ducc de dang chap nhan trong cac may ttnh desktop va cac may tinh xach tay. i486SX Ia san pham co kha nang nang cap vci CPU OverDrive (neu board mach chu ella may tinh duo c thiet ke de' chap nha n mo t CPU OverDrive), n6 c6 kha wing tuong thich voi CPUi MCP 80487, va no hien c6 h6 tro 5 volt va 3 volt, i486DXl50 hoat dong d t6c d(> xung d6ng h6 50 MHz, VOl 41.1 MIPS. i486DXl40 cling tich hcp bo d6ng xii ly toan h9C tren board nhirng no kh6ng c6 kha nang tuong thich ciia OverDrive va no kh6ng ho tro loai 3 vol t.

CPU OverDrive dau tien xuftt hien vao nam 1992, voi su chao moi cua CPU 80486DX2/50 va 80486DX2/66. 562 di kern voi DX cho biet rang' IC hien dang sil dung d6ng h6 n¢i c6 gia tri gap doi tan s6 cua he thong. i486DX2/50 thuc su hoat


dQng trong mot hi? thong 25 MHz va CPU se thuc hi$,n 40.5 MIPS. i486DX2/66 hoat d(lIlg tren h$ thong 33 MHz, nhung no se hoat dong' vci 54.5 MIPS. Cac toe dQ hi? thong thap hen se cho phep CPU hoat dong true tiep vdi ki~u thiet ke cua board mach chu hien co. Ca CPU OverDrive deu he. tro b(l d6ng xU" 1:9" toan hoc tn~l1 board va til ban than cluing deu co kha nang nang cap duoc thanh loai CPU OverDrive co toe di) cao han. Hj~ll j486DX2/50 he. tro 5 volt va 3 volt trong khi i486DX2/66 chi he. tro loai 5 volt.

Vao nam 1992, Intel da san xuat ra mot loai CPU 80486 mci tich hop mat di) cao han, ti~u tin nang hrong tha'p han, co ten goi 80486 SL. Bus du lieu 32 bit, bus dia chi 32 bit, 8 KB cache tre n board, bo dang xu' 1:9" toan h9C diroc tich hop ben trong da lam cho n6 h.1u nhu tirong dong vci cache CPU i486 khac, nhimg SL lai sU" dung 1.4 trieu transistor. Mach dien phu ho tro kha nang quan ly nguon ij rrurc thap da t6i uu cho SL trong viec phuc vu eho cac may tinh xach tay. i486 SL hien co ho ~rq 25 MHz va 33 MHz cung voi 3 volt v~ 5 volt. a 33 MHz, i486 SL hoat dong ij 26.9 MIPS.

Intel da gioi thieu ho i486 van nam 1993 vrri

ba Ioai CPU khac nira 18.: 80486DXl2/40, 80486SXI SL-enhaneed, va 80486DX/SL-enhanced. i486DX2/40 10.. loai CPU OverDrive thir ba du dinh cho heat di)ng t~en cac may tinh 20 MHz, 'tr~ng khi to'e di) d6ng h6 ben trong CPU hoat dong iJ 40 MHz va thuc thi 21.1 MIPS. i486Sx/SL (20.9 MIPS a 33MHz) va i486DX/SL (26.9 MIPS iJ 33 MHz) d~u tuong duong vci loaoi SX va DX g6c cua no, nhimg SL-enhancement c6 h6 tro kha nang quan ly nguon nharn nharn vao thi trll<'mg may i tinh xach tay chang han nhu cac mav tinh notebook va cac may tinh sub-notebook. v

TIM Hlf:u CMOS vA CPU lla

Cuoi uarn 1994, Intel da cham dUt cong viec cua ho bang loat san pham i486 vci vi xU" ly DX4 Over Uri ve nguoc vci kieu thiet ke "DX4", nhung thiet hi OverDrive 3.3 volt nay sil dung bo tam xung d6ng h6 vi vay met CPU i486DX4/100 se thuc su hoat dong tren mot board mach chu co toe d(> xung d6ng h6 Ia 33 MHz. Di6"m dang hru y la t:it ca cac phien ban cua 80486 se d~u chay cung mot phan mern va d~u co kha nang Wang thich lui voi tat ca cac CPU tro v~ trudc toi 8086/ 8088.

PENTIUM (1993-1998)

Cuo] narn 1992, loat san pham i486 da t ro t.hanh loat san pharn duoc si.i" dung trong cac may tinh desktop va Intel cling da bo' tri trong viec san xuat mot the he CPU moi. Trang khi hau het nguoi dung deu muon Intel tiep tuc su- dung cac ky thuat truyen thong cho cac the h~ CPU ke tiep, 80586, nhirng xung dot v~ van de. thuong hieu da buoc Intel phai sU" dung mot ten de' lam thuong hieu cua rieng lIO. Vao narn 1993. vi xu' ly Pentium 3,21 trieu transistor (Ioat san pham '"PS" va "P54") ducc trinh lang. Pentium van con SU" dung b~ r(>ng bus dia chi 32 bit cua ho i486. V6'i 32 bit dia chi, Pentium co the' truy xuat true tiep 4GB dung hrcng RAM va c6 the' truy xuat len den 64TB bo nho ao. B4 rong bus du lieu ngcai 64 bit co th~ xLi' ly thong hrcng gap doi so vci i486. d 60 MHz, Pentium thuc thi 100 MIPS, va 66 MHz 0" 11l.6 MIPS (gap doi so vdi nang luc xU" ly cua i486DX2/66). Bang 13.2 so sanh kha nang hoat d(>ng cua Pentium tu60 MHz den 200 MHz. T:it ca cac phien ban cua Pentium deu bao gom mot b9 dong xU: if toan h9C tren board va ngttdi ta tin rAng no se co kha nang tuong thich voi kieu thii{t ke OverDrive trong tuong Iai,


114 Bang So sauh ho san pharn Pentium

s s s s s a s v s s Z:;!Z.l"2:l2Z2:~

~

~ ~~~~..t~~~~~

> Z2'zzzzzzzz

..0;: 01{ 0( -c "I(

Z 2 ;: i z

:! ~ ~ ~ ~ z z ~ z ~

0;( -0;{ c( 0( -c

i .z Z 2 :i

-c -c < ~ 'It C[ 'It. 'I[ <

;lZZZZZZ 22

~

~ ~E~~~·~~~E§

I: ...... (")0:') I'l ....... {"'] I;"",;r) t":

'"" ":" ~ .'"}.-,.) ~ (') r-i 0:-: ;<:1 I"';

~ o ~

"

: ~ I ; I

~ , E ~ E

...... 10") ..... m '.0

..t "<t ...- ~ o:t

If1 ~,'If.I II': ~ no:<",;"'l to) 0:'",1

o 0 0 06

1i!!.t'I U"I o..:";-V'J

0:\10.1 r., (",,1:"-.1 -» ~ 0 ::; 6

Q. I;;l-;;L w. Q,

s s t s s

::;;:::::;:::: :;c; c 0 ::: o 0

EE([([~ .~~

Ib u1 u) ~.t'I Li'Io

0.(;0 .., U"I If: o,/",.Ii In

~~~~~~:q ~~

:::)OOOODO

TiM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 115 Bang Thong tin ky thuat va nhtrng huang dan chi tie't v~ CPU

! il j II ~

$§~ $ §~~ § §~$§$~~$ §1!!! $ $ ~

~

1:tB ~ HS ~ HUHU q~u ~ it §

I

i

0:.

e

1>.

N" ....

:"!< ~~<~ ZZ_ZZZ2

g

:1

J!~~~~~~;;

N ~ t:: ('.J a:;o (Q I".Q o I;l v ci 0- 6 0

" '"

"1 :i~"']

~ .::r: N d o:t .1:' R Z ,"" :->J 2:

'" '"

(\, -:".. Z r-s -:--. :t

'" " ~"iD 0 :5 ~

1', 0. - N

>: E , i< E ~

LI"; ·r,o/'I ~ (I) e. C'1 o!I: :;r..

" "

r~ (\J '! ~ (:~ ~

Q C ('] Co

~co.;eo:;(J~ o -:=, :7 Go C

[[;tLo=.(;()1lI ::.:= ~ ~ :.:-::.::

~~~~~

TIM HlEU CMOS vA CPU 117

,------------------~

..

e-:

f

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 a 0 ODD C 0 Q 0

0( ..;t ..:;( .,q- .,q; 4

Z ~ ~ ;i 2= :t

.c( <: -< 4" 4( """

:i: :t 2: 2: ~ Z

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ci ci 0 -0 g Q

118 TIM lIIEU CMOS vA CPU

Pentium su dung hai cache 8KB, mot danh cho tap lenh va mot danh cho dii Iieu (tong cong hi 16KB). Kg thuat pipelining ke p cho phsp Pentium hoat dong tren nhieu hon mot lenh trong mot chu ky xung d6ng ho. Mot cai tien phu khac trong kieu thiet ke Penitum la dac tinh quan Iy ngu6n dien tren board (tirong tu nhu dong san pharn i486SL), cho phe p no duoc su dung mot each hieu qua trong cac may tinh xach tay, Cac model Pentium truoc day bilt dau su dung ij mire 5 volt, nhirng tat ca cac model bat dau vao knoang 100 MHz (P54C) deu su dung 3,3 volt hoac it hen, Cu6i cung, Pentium deu c6 kha Hang urong thich lui dAy du vdi tat ca cac phan mern duoc viet cho cache 8086/8088 hay cache CPU sau d6. Intel cung da san xuat ra rat nhieu loai phien ban Penitum vci nhieu gia tri khac nhau va len den 200 MHz. Cac phisn ball co t6c do cao hen do chung co nang hrc xU: If manh hon chang han nhu Pentium MMX, Pentium Pro va Pentium IlIII1. D6i voi nhirng ngli(ji ky thuat vien, nhirng nguoi luon muon tim hieu chi tiet v~ heat dong cua Pentium, ban co the tai v~ so tay huang dan vi xli If cua ho Pentium til Internet nhu liet ke tren bang.

Se hrcng cua cac loai san pham Pentium cung voi cac dac tinh cua no eo tubi tho keo dai trong nhieu nam vi vay cung kho co the noi ding board mach chu nao la ducc cau hinh dung cho mot CPU nEW cho truce. Tuy nhien, ban co the' sti dung thong so "S-spec" duoc ghi tren tirng vi xli If Pentium hay Pentium MMX de tim cac dac diem heat dong cua n6 tren mot loai CPU dac biet. Bang bieu di~n dac tinh S-spec danh cho cac vi xu If Pentium va Pentium MMX.


119

PENTIUM PRO (1995-1999)

Mac du Penti~ da da duoc chimg nhan Ia phu hop cho cac h$ dieu hanh 16 va 32 bit, nhung nhUng nguO! thiet ke'van tiep tuc tim kiern cac each thirc nao do de toi I1U cho Pentium trong hoat doug 32 bit. dac biet la danh cho cac he dieu hanh nhu Windows NT va sau nay la su xuat hien cua Windows 95. Penti~ Pro (con goi "p6" hay "P Pro") da_ duoc chung minh r0-u1a mot Pentium da dune wi I1U trong vise du dum hO tro cho cac he thong doanh nghiep chang han I~_hu cac may tram cao cap va cac may server mang. Vi xu Iy P6 eo loai tit 150 MHz den 200 MHz, va co the xir Iy cho da xir ly trong cac h~ thong len den 4 CPu.

Pentium Pro su dung co che' t.huc thi donz nham cal tien khii nang heat di,lng cu~ no va tr'ie'l~ khai hai cache Ll 8KB rei - mot danh cho du lieu va mot danh cho lenh, M9t cai tien chinh veu khac trong PentiUI~ Pro la viee sU" dung 1MB ca~he L2 tren board. Dieu nay da t6i da cho hieu suat hoat doug cua P6 rna kh6ng can phai d~a vao board mach chu trong vise ho tro cache L2. Ball co the' nhin thay duoc hieu qua s~ dung ella cache Ll va L2 va hieu suat heat dong cua ho san pharn

Pentium Pro tren bang 13.2_ .

Trang khi kh6ng co tuoi tho nhu Pentium "co' dieri" vav Pentium MMX thi no ~frn co nhieu phien ban Pentium Pro va rat nhieu dac tinh di kern viii no. Dieu nay da him cho vie~ xac dinh cau hmh board mach chu cho mot P6 cho trudc cung th!t kh~, khan. Tuy nhien, ban co th~ su d~ng tholl?" so S-sp:cs duoc ghi tren tung vi xli' 1.9 P,entl~m Pro de xern ducc cac dac tinh hoat dong eua no.

120 TiM HIEU CMOS V:\ CPU

PENTIUM MMX (1997 - DEN NAY)

Nhu cau xU- ly dli lieu cua cac ung dung multimedia van tiep tuc la mot ganh nang eh~ hau het PC, dac biet la doi vo i nhi1ng game db hoa va cac ung dung video. Vao nam 1997, Intel d~ c6 nhirng cai tien rat quan troug dbi vdi s~n pham Pentium cua ho , da c~o ra doi s~n ph~_m MMX. BAng each cai tien kiel~ true Pel~tlUn~ h~~n co, 57 lerih MMX Il10i ducc bo sung them da la_Ill cho Pel~tlum MMX duoc xem nhu san phiim dan dau cua dong CPU co trung. Vdi toe do hien t.ai t~ 133 MHz den 233 MHz. Pentium MMX co the thuc thi phan mern hien co nhanh han tU,lOc'( de~l 20'/( so vdi Pentium clasie VOl cung toe d9. Khi sil dung phan mern duoc viet rieng cho cac lenh MMX t.h; PC co the" ho dQ mau cao han cung l{hu d9 phau giai cao han trong khi van duy tri toe do khung cao cho video.

Pentium MMX gap doi rna va cache du lieu IEm 16 KB cho tung loai. Cache 119i ben tr?ng rieng biet rong han S8 cai t~en hoat dong b~ng each giam thai gian truy xuat bQ,nho trung, blll,h va cung cap met che dQ truy xuat nhanh w~ cac le nh va du lieu duo c su dung, Cache du lieu ho tro klui. nang ghi lai M cap nhat bo nho:

Dong sail pharn Pentium MMX cung baa gam them nhieu dac tiuh khac. Kien true supper scalar co kha nang thuc thi hai so nguyen Ian lel~h mQ~ each song song trong Il1(:1t chu ky xung dong ho d6i vrii viec xu ly s6 nguyen da ducc cai thien, FP.U (pipelined floating-point unit) h6 tro 32 bit, .64 ~,li, 80 bit sf: co kha nang thuc thi cac lenh hill cha!lI dQng trong mot chu ky xung dong ho. f)u~~g ~~n lenh b6 sung cung duoc them vao nham CUI thieu kha nang xU: 11 l~nh. Noi chua bon b9 d~nh ghi gio

TiM IIIfu CMOS vA CPU I~l

day duoc dun'g~h~~g"giCrahai dubng dan nham cai tien kha nang ghi b9 nhd, No cung co mot bo phan dieu khien ngat da xi1ly tren chip nham cho phep cac dac tmh quan ly ngu6n cua ky thuat 8L va viec da x~ IS' d6i xirng 8MP cho viec dieu khien nguon mot each hieu qua. Bang 13.4 liet ke cac can so 8- specs cua vi xu ly Pentium MMX.

PENTIUM II (1997 . DEN NAY)

Cung vci vi xli Iy Pentium MMX va Pentium Pro, Intel da tim each phoi hop nhirng dac Huh t6i LlU nhat cua ca hai do la kha nang v€; phau mern cua Pentium Pro va kha nang mult.imedia cua Pentium MMX. Ket qua la vao nam 1997 hang da cho ra doi sail pham Pentium II ("PH", t.ruoc day con goi la "Klamath"). Cling nhu vo i Pentium Pro, Pentium II duoc t6i LlU de' su dung cac h$ dieu hanh 32 bit cung nhu cac phan me m 32 bit (chang han Windows 98 hoac Windows NT). PII cung baa gam kien true va 571$l1h rnoi can t.hier de" xi1ly cac ung dung MMX. o toe dQ 266MHz, vi xu Iy Pentium II co the" eung cap ttl 1.6 den hall hai Ian kha nang hoat dong cua vi xu Iy Pentium 200MHz.

Pentium II cung tri6n khai mot ky thuat tlurc thi dong duoc su' dung trong vi xti ly Pentium Pro. 'I'huc thi dong se sti dung nhieu tinh nang chan doin de" chill Joan luang cua chirong truth thong qua rat nhieu nhanh. Viec phan tich luoug du lieu sau do se tao ra mot lich trinh toi LlU cua cac I$nh bang each phan tich moi quail he giua C(I" lenh. Thuc thi dong giup cho cong cu thuc thi supperscalar cua vi xu If luon luon ban r9ng va nang ducc toan bi) hieu suit hoat dong cua no.

Pentium II su dung cache Ll 32 KB nham eho phep mQt cache 16 KB phuc vu cho du li~u va


cache 16 KB phuc vu eho lerih. N6 cung cung cap 512 KB cache L2 ngay trong bo CPU de t6i da hieu suat heat dong cua vi xii Iy ma khcug can dua vao cache tr en board mach chit P II h6 trc len den 64 GB RAM va cho phep su' dung vi xu ly kep; vi vay board mach chu co the duoc thiet ke de phuc vu cho cac tinh nang da xiily d6i xung co ban SMP (symmetric multiprocessing). Don vi FPU ho tro 32 bit, 64 bit va 80 bit se co kha nang thuc thi cac lenh hai cham dong trong mot chu ky xung dong ho don va van duy tri hen 300 t.ri eu lenh cham dong tren mot giay a tan s6 300MHz. Bang 13.2 tom tat viec so sanh v~ hieu suit hoat dong cua vi xir ly Pentium II co t6c do tU 233 MHz den 633MHz.

Mot trong nhirng diern dang luu y nhat cua cac CPU truce do la kieu dong goi cua no. Intel da earn SU" dung Socket 7 (pentium) va Socket 8 (Pentium Pro) va thong qua viec sil dung loai co ten goi SEC (Single Edge Contact carridge). Glin day nguoi ta biet no duoi ten goi la kieu "Slot 1".

Khong phai chi co Pentium clasic va Pentium Ml\lX la duy nhat rna no van con co mot so luo ng Tat Ion cac kieu Pentium II va cac dac tinh co lien quan tci no. Dieu nay da linn cho vie c quyet dinh diu hinh board mach chu dung tro ne n kho khan d6i vo i mot vi xU" If Pentium II eho t.nrdc, Tuy nhieri, ban co the sii dung cac thong s6 Sspecs ducc ghi t.ren tung vi xii If Pentium II de biet duoc dac diem hoat dong chinh cua no. Bang 13.6 liet ke cac dac tinh S-specs d6i vdi vi xii ly Pentium II va vi xu ly Celeron.

PENTIUM II OVERDRIVE (1998 . DEN NAY)

Hai vi xii If Pentium II Over Drive dircc san xuat de nang cap vi xii ly Pentium Pro (Socket

TiM HrEU CMOS vA CPU

123

8). MQt OverDrive se thay the cho Pentium Pros 150 - 180 MHz (t6c dQ bus 60 MHz) va cung cap mot kha nang hoat doug gia tang len 300 MHz. OverDrive kia se thay the cho Pentium Pro 16G den 200 MHz (t6c d¢ bus 66 MHz) va gia tang h ieu suat len tall s6 333 MHz. Ki~'u t.hiet ket cache L2 tich hop tre n Socket 8 cung cung cap met kha nang hoat dong cao hon nham cho phe p cache L2 hoat dong (s mot toe dQ day duo

PENTIUM II CELERON (1998 DEN NAY)

ThuCing duoc biet diroi ten goi Celeron, Intel da gioi thieu CPU nay vao thaug 4 nam 1998 No diroc san xuat nhu Ia mot san pham thay the cua Pentium II. H§.u hit nhirng dac tinh con thieu sot ttl Celeron dau hen Ia sir hien hiru cua cache L2 N guoi ta d. t giarn chi phi s~n xuat no nharn di no co th~ canh tranh voi cac dong CPU co gia thap do cac hang AMD va Cyrix san xuat trong khi v§.n tiep tuc con duong kinh doanh tren cac san pham duoc danh dau Ia "Intel Inside". Viec giarn chi phi nay duqc tht,ic hien bang each lo~i tru viec sil dung lap vo bang nhua Pentium II rna tao ra mot bQ SEPP (Single Edge Processor Package) hay con goi Ia "Slot 1") danh cho Celeron va co them mot hop may PPGA (Plast.ic Pin Grid Array) dung eho cac connectors Socket. 370.

Viec thieu cache L2 (j ben trong da rat han che' kha nang hoa t dt)ng ciia Celeron. Bit dau tV Celeron 300A, Intel da tro lai vie't thiet ke 128 KB cache tren vi xii If Celeron. D6i vrii Celeron PPGA, Intel da tich h9'P cache L2 true ti€p tren vi xiiIY. £)i~u nay dii cho phap cache L2 tang toc dQ hoat d(jng cua vi xu ly va cai thien hieu suat hoat dong mot each dang ke. That vay, 128 KB cua cache Celeron L2 duoc tich hop heat doug d

124 TiM lllEU CMOS vA CPIJ

tcl~d¢~-~~'l)i-~hi-duq~-~eI;'; nhu la da phil hqp-vCfi

hisu suat heat dong cua Pentium II 512 KB cache L2' hoat dong i:J mot phari hai toe do vi xu 1.1.

Intel Celeron sU" dung cung mot loi voi Pentium Pro va Pentium IT, cho cung dac tinh. N 6 co cache L1 32 KR 16 Kb cho dli lieu va 16 Kb eho Ii}nh. N6 cung bao gom cac ai)e Huh MMX. PFU, kien true thuc thi dong va no duoc cau tao voi cuug chuong t.rlnh 0,25 micron de giam phan U'ng nhiet.

Cac dac tinh ella Pentium II va Celeron khong co baa gom khorig h6 tro eho vi xu 1.1 cache va 16e db mat truce FSB (Front. Side Bus) la 66 MHz so vdi 100 MHz. Di6u nay cho phep cac hang san xuat may tinh si'r dung eric ph an co chi phi thap va giam t.oan bQ chi phi cua he thong. Celeron cung thiau phan SIMD cua Pentium III, gici h~1I1 dt} Iinh dong cua Celeron trong cac ling dung multimedia.

Intel d,l xU-I}"' each dong g6i PPGA cho vi xu 1.1 Celeron. No cung cap mot chi phi thap hou , co che lam mat t6t hen, cache L2 tich hop va board mach chu re tie n hen dfi thiet ke lai (nho vao ki~u Socket. 370). Nhung thay doi nay do i hoi phai di tU Socket 7 den Socket 370 thu~ug ,ch~ chi phi thap hen rat nhieu trong viec thiet ke l ai doi voi connector Slot 1. Phan thu ba lam cho mot bo dieu hop nharn eho phap Socket 370 C~lero~l duoc su-' dung trong board mach chu Slot 1. Celeron 'co toe do W 266 MHz de~n 433 11Hz hien co san d k.ieu dong goi SEPP (Single Edge Pr~cessor Package) trong khi cac vi xir 1.1 Celeron co t6c db W 300 MHz tro len hie n co d kieu PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array). Kie'u doug goi khac nhau cling nhu cache khac nhau da Jam eho co ra't nhieu SU hap dan khac nhau va ban co thtii biet duoc

T_i_M "!_f !H!!_ ~~J_9~ Y ~ _!_,:!,_l'_· __ _., ~ ~~~

dieu nay qua viec tham khao bang 13.2. Ngoai ra. ban co the' su dung thong so S-spees duoc ghi treu tUng vi xu 1.1 Celeron Pentium II de tim ra cac dac tmh hoat dong chinh ella CPU_ Bang 13.6 trinh 'bay cac thong s6 S-specs cho vi xu ly Pentium II va Celeron.

PENT1UM III (1999 - DEN NAY)

Diroc san xuat, IAn dau VaG uarn 1999, Intel Pentiu~n III co the' la Sall pham Ch111h cuoi rung doi vdi ho Pentium triroc khi Intel co .1 di nh san xuat chip' vi xu 1.1 64 bit. Pentium III tiep tuc sir dung phan 16i P6 co ban nhu trong Pentium Pro va Pentium II (vi vay nhuug dac diem chinh cua Pentium III van khong thay doi. Viec san xuat Pentium III sau do su- dung thu tuc san xuat 0.18 micron (so voi ch uan cu a thu tu cO. 25 micron) nham giup giam nhiet dQ hoat dong cua vi xu 1.1. Nhiet dt} cua vi xu' 1.1 cirng duoc dieu khien bhug each su' dung kieu dong SECC 2 mdi (Single Edge Contact Carridge) von chi phu t.ren mot mat ella chip. Kie'u dong goi nay se giarn nhiet do, giarn chi phi va cho phep gtin hieu qua hen ella phuong tien tan nhiet. Chung ta hay nhan biet nhirng uu diem ella connector socket voi Pentium III (nhu vci Celeron) bang viec Intel bat dau san xuat Pentium III theo kieu d6ng g6i FC-PGA (Flip ChipPin Grid Array). MQt vai dieu luat chung da de nghi vci Intel ri:i.ng Intel se din dan di chuyen tat ca cac vi xu ly sang kieu socket va ket thuc su' phat trien cua 119 bang vi xU: Iy S11 dung cac kieu edge connected.

Hieu suit hoar dong cua Pentium III van tie'p tuc dLiqc cai thien, v6i su gidi thieu ella toc dO vi xi\' ly cao h<111 va kha nang de' tan dung 133 MHz FSB (Front Side Bus). Ban c6 the thay rang tuoi

126

TIM HlEU CMOS vA CPU

tho cua cac loai Pentium III tren bing 13.2. Ky thuat S.SE (Streaming SMD Extensions) cua Intel da bo" sung them nh ieu thanh ghi moi, nhieu Wnh moi VaG trong chip vi xii 1y nang tang con s6 transistor trong no len tren 9.5 trieu. Vci phan rna rong MMX, cac ling dung phai duy'C viet dac biet danh rieng d~ tan dung nhirng lerih SSE nay va giarn bat ky su gia tang hieu suat cua 3-D I de hoa, Trong mot dac tinh khac thi no bao gem cach; L1 32 KB, cache L2 512 KB (hoat dQng a 112 toe d9 vi xu ly loi), 4 GB bo nho cho phep dia chi voi ECC va h6 tro vi xu ly kep.

Intel girii thieu loat so tuan W vi xli Iy (PSN (processor serial number) tich hop vdi Pentium III. N6 se cho phep tirng vi xii ky mot du<?,c rihan dien tit dau xa khi heat dong tre n mang. Viec nhan dien thuong xay ra tran Internet. Tinh nang baa mat eho cac phie n giao dich true tuyen duoc xem nhu la mot phan cua cac dieu luat rna nhirng ngiroi dung da dua ra. Hap luc Ian nay da buoc Intel phai c6 kha nang vo hieu h6a dac tinh nay va cuoi cung Pentium III mac dinh dac tinh nay da bi vo hieu h6a. Ngiroi dung dau cuoi vfi.n co the' hoat hoa lai can so nhan dien vi xi1lf nay neu ho muon.

Co rat nhieu phien ban Pentium III va cac dac tinh co the canh tranh vdi nhau va dieu nay da lam eho that kho khan de quyet dinh cau hinh ' board mach chu dung cho mot Pentium III cho truce. TUY nhien, ban co th€l sli dung thong so S~ spec diroc ghi tren timg vi xii If Pentium III de biet duoc cac dac diem hoat dong chinh cua rieng CPU do,

PENTIUM II J III XEON (1999 DEN NAY)

Vi xli If Xeon 180 mot loai cao cap trong ho

TiM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 127 Pentium III III. Ngiroi ta c6 y dinh su dung n6 trong moi trircng Workstation va server, Cac dac tinh mer r9ng cua Pentium Xeon bao gorn viec ho tro cho t6i da 8 vi xii ly, toe d9 cache L2 tuong duong vdi toe d9 vi xii If chinh va mQt cache L2. Vi xii 1y Xeon hien c6 cache L2 dung hrcng 512 KB, 1MB va 2MB. Dung lucng cache L2 Ion da ngan khong cho dat cache true tiep len khuon cua vi xii ly, n6 phai duoc dong trong mot g6i rieng canh ben vi xu' Iy chinh. Intel cung kh ac phuc van de toc d9 cache co lien quan vci phan 16i rei, vi t.ri cache, vi v$y cho phe p cache Xeon hoat dQng 0 toc dQ vi xu Iy chinh. Dung hro'ug gill tang du<?,c tao ra nho vao cac slip xep cung eli nghia 180 Pentium Xeon khong the su dung connector board mach chu Slot 1. Connector Slot 1 da duoc phat trien d~ cho phu hop vrii kich thudc gia tang cua Xeon.

ITANIUM (TO' GIO'A NAM 2000 TAO VI)

Duoc len ke hcach se xuat hien van giua Ham 2000, Intel Itanium se 180 vi xu ly 64 bit diu Lien kien true 64 IA cua Intel la san pharn ket hrrp cua rat nhieu df.ie tinh mdi nharn dieu t.iet. nhung han che cua cac loai vi xi1ly truyen thong. Kien true Itanium dua tren cac dac tinh hoat dong cua the h(! ke tiep nhu "Explicit Parallelisum" va Ptrdication and Speculation", ket qua tat yeu la qua trinh xli" If S8 hieu qua han, dong thai cling gia tang solU'<?,ng l$nh trong mot chu kyo Nsan Iuc xii If cong them nay co the giup dieu phci duoc nhi1ng yeu cau tuong lai ve nhu cau sli" dung Internet, cac tmg dung cao cap v~ workstation va server. Ngoai ra kien true IA 64 cung linh doug trong viec se tiep tuc phat trien trong tuang Iai.

Vd i loa i vi xii Iy duc c du di nh la se xuat

J:.!K TiM Hlf;u CMOS VA CPU

.-.~---------~ --------

va o gura na m 2000, vi xu ly It.anium phu c VI.!

cho server va workstation du dinh se san sang phu c vu va o mra na m sau.

9. CPU AMD

AMD (Advanced Micro Devices), ds. t ro tha nh d6i t.hu ca nh tranh dang gam uhat. cua Intel. AMD duo c bie t de'n nhu la iIlQt nha cung cap vi xu Iy co do wang thich d6i vo i cong nghiep may tinh va da t.huc sir cung cap san ph arn vi xu ly ra th, triro ng tli n hurig san ph arn 386 tvdi ten go i Am 386). Mac du AMD chi hoi thieu mot it dac tinh so vo i ph ie n ban cua Intel CPU nhung khoiing erich nay ngay rang thu he p mot each nhanh ch6ng. Vo i dong vi xu Iy mo i nhat cua AMD (nhu Athlon), Ai,I!:' da thuc su day ma nh kha nang t h uc thi va to'o: do hoat dong cua ca c san pharn cua he.

. '"

lOJ:'T SAN PHAM AM486DX (1994 -1995)

Loat san AM486 l a san ph am dap loi cho vi xu' Iy Over Drive co toe do xung dong ho gap hai, ba Ian i486 cua Intel cua nhuug nam dau 1990. N6 pho i hc p cache ghi l a i va cac dac tinh qua n Iy nguo n tang cuo ng bao gom h6 tro cho cac hoat dong 3V, SMM (system management mode), va dieu kh ien t6c d9 xung dong h6. Hie n co AM486DX 4/75, AM486DX 41 100 v a AM486DX 41120, dong san pharn AMD486 da co kh a nang da p Jug cac dich vu a nhieu che' d9 sau nay, cho gia t.hauh tha p urong thich vo i 486. Nhirng vi xU" ly ngay nay da hoa n toa n loi thoi va co kh a nang ban se kh6ng the' tim thay nhuug 10<:,-i vi xir Iy nay trir phi tren cac he thong that cu.

TiM HIED CMOS vA CPl' AM5X86 (1995 - DEN NAY)

Am5x86 va vi xV Iy kha ph6 bien cua hang AMD.

VCri sl! xuat hien cua dong san pham Pentium cua hang Intel, ngl1ai dung PC da d6i dien voi I119t su chon lua trong viec nang cap board mach chu cua ho d~ cho phil hop voi CPl) Pentium that hoac sir dung vi xu IS- Pentium OverDrive kha di'lt tien trang cac h~' thong 486. AMD da dua ra tlur thach bang each phat trien Am5x86 nhir la mot san pham thay the cho vi xiiIy OverDrive Pentium cua hang Intel. AmGx8G 0;:1 dat diroc kha nang heat dong a mire Pentium b~lng each thuc thi d toe do 133 MHz (sit dung toc oQ bu 3:3 MHz elm board mach chu 486). T6c (19 3311Hz cuug ho tro tren bus PCl 33MHz IllQt each hoan hila. Ca« dac tinh btl sung chang han nhu cache 16 KI3 sir dung ky thuat ghi lai cirng c1fl. cai ti€:n dl(r!c khrlll~~l1lg hoat d9ng cua 5x86. Trang thuc teo vi XI'( IS' Alll:JxKI; cho I119t kha nang hoat dong tot hou 11191 \'j xir 1\ Pentium 75MHz troug khi girl t hap hun Pem iU1l1 r.u nhisu. 5x85 da tro t hanh mot CPU chu.ui df: U:'lll"

, ~

cap cho nhirng nguoi dung 486, la uhirng llgt(i:Ji muon

t.$n dung phan mem cap Pentium mil khong c(1ll ph: II nang cap phan cirug.

5x86 cung tich hap c.ic dZic t.iuh quan l,~' nguilil. baa gok m vice ho tro muc JV, S0,.Jl\l \-11 dicu k.h i (, II xung dong ho. Dit~u nay SC> cho pill; P :)xli(i t i Co u ton it nang luang hall va hoar dong' rna I hun nhicu so vrii 75 CPU Pentium 75MHz hay vi XL( I)' i486DX 4/100. Ca cac may tinh desktop lan may tinh xach tay deu t* n dung duoc nh ling dac I iuh nay. Ngay nay 5x86 hoan loan da Ioi t hci vi va v ban chi c6 th{; tim t h{lv nn t 1"{'11 d (' ht, t ho'll" .L~lj

, • ,Q

doi cu.

129

LO~ T SAN PHAM K5 (1996 DEN NAY)

Ma c du Am5xR() d:l cluing m i n h duo c n6

130 TIM HU;;U CMOS vA CPU

se la mo t vi xU: ly pho bien nhting no kh o ng pha i la mQt san pharn thay the' Pentium that S\f. Dieu nay van dung ma i cho den n a m 1996 khi AMD trinh lang Ioat san ph arn K5 cho ! co ng ng he co ng ngh ie p PC. Vd i tu each Ia mo t, sa n pha m th ay th@' eho Pen ti urn tha t su, no hoa n toa n co kh a nang tuoug thich vdi b?ard ma ch chu Socket 7 (Pentium). K5 ye u Call pha i na ng ca'p BIOS board mach chu M no c6 th€ n h a n di e n dung va he tr o eho chipset cu a board mach chu . Nhung K5 t.hi

h oa n toa n co kha nang tuoug thich vo i tat ca de he d ie u ha nh x86 cung n hu cac ph d n rne m nay.

Loat san pham K5 ducc dauh gia thong qua viec sit dung thong so P-rating (PRJ. Thay vi slf dung each thuc do thu iCOMP hoac SPEC de chan 101,li eho kbi't nang heat dong cua'vi xir ly thi ·ttrng K5 se duoc gan eho mot con so PR tuong duong voi hoar d9ng ella mot vi xu' 1.5"' Intel Pentium d mot toe dQ xung d6ng h6 cho truce. 'I'hi du, vi xU: 15' K5 PR 120 se hoat dong' tuong dtrong voi mot vi xu ly Pentium that ij toe d9 120 MHz. Bang 13.8 liet ke nhirng so sanh cua cac thong so tran K5.

LO~T SAN PHAM KG (1997 BE'N NAY)

Vi_xU'ly K6 rat gin vdi kha nang heat di)ug gifra 16 trong giua AMD va Intel, Dua tren kien true superscalar RISC86 cua A.MD, K6 duoc xem nhu 1a mot san phfi'm canh tranh voi vi xU: ly Pentiu:u II cua hang Intel ve mat hoat di)ng. K6 cling ho tro cac I$nh MMX va hoan toan co kha nang tuong thieh vdi tilt ca cac phan mern va he dieu hanh x86 (cung nhu cac phan mem duoc thie"t ke rieng cho cae dac tinh MMX). Do K6 tiep tue str dung kien true Socket 7 nell n6 se phuc vu nhu

TiM HlEU CMOS vA CPU 131

la mot san pham thay the' cho K5 va Pentium de cung cap kha nang MMX. Tuy nhie n, K6 yeu cau phai nang cap BIOS board mach chu de c6 the nhan dien dung va h8 tro cho chipset board mach chu. Bang 13.8 da li$t ke nhung thay d6i chinh cua K6 chinh.

K6 sil dung bay co ehe thuc thi song song va trien khai kha nang hen doan nhanh hai muc. Khi di kern voi cac dac tinh kg thuat moi, ho K6 166-300MHz da tU9"llg trirng cho mot loat cac thach thuc rat to Ian cua Pentium MMX cung nhu cac vi xu ly Pentium II cua hang Intel. Cache L1 64 KB se cung cap 32 KB cho du lieu vs 32 KB cho lerih. Don vi cham dong FPU tuong thieh vrii IEEE 754 se cung cap mot kha nang hoat dong it nhat la tuong duong voi Pentium M:lv1X va h6 tro hoan toan cho SMM nharn dam baa cho viec dieu kh ien ngu6n that tuyet hao. Cac ph ian ban dung cho cae may tmh xach tay cua K6 cung da ducc toi uu de sli dung trong cac M thong PC laptop.

KG-2 VA KG-3 (1998 DEN NAY)

AMD se xuat vi xu ly K6 c6 eai tie'n vao nam 1998. So "2" trong K6-2 dung de bieu thi toe db xungd6ngh6 eao han va toe dO bus cfingeaohdn so vdi 16i K6, Toe dO bus len den 100 MHz rluoc ho tro trong de board mach chu Super 7 (Socket 7 c6 h8 tro cho AGP). MOt dac diem dang he doi vdi K6-2 la kg thuat 3DNow cua hang AMD. 3DNow la mot tap bao g6m 21 l$nh multimedia nham gia tang cho kha nang hoat dong tron€ moi truong 3D, multimedia va cac ung dung \,2 dau chum dong, £)61:\ phan ma rong sang ),·t;\·D bAng each sa dung SIMD (Single Instructior Multiple Data). Kg thuat 3DNow cung aa duot trien khai ttt cac vi xu 1y cua hang Cyrix, IDT


Centaur. Viec su dung 3DNow. cache Ll dung luqng len, tich h cp cache L2 trong toe dO chmh va kha nang tuong thich voi Socket 7 chi la mot it cac dac tinh duoc thiet ke trong K6-2 nhi'i.~ tie'p tuc tao nen tinh pho bien ciing nhir kha nang hoat dong th~t tot cua no. K6-3 113. K6-2 co h6 tro them 256 KB vrii t6c d(> loi day du tren cache L2·. K6-2 va K6-3 la san pham doi choi cua hang AMD so voi Pentium 11/111 cua hang Intel (canh tranh voi thuong hieu Pentium cung la mot phan quan trong nhu viec canh tranh vci kha nang heat dong cua san pharn Pentium). Bang 13.8 liet ke cac loai vi xu ly K6-2 va K6-3 hien co.

£)€! canh tranh ve mat hoat dong, AMD ad cho ho vi xu Iy K6 heat dong' can ke voi gioi han tren rna ho co the thirc hien. Cac board mach chu tuong irng; tucrng thich, co kha nang cung cap kha nang phan chia di~n ap theo yeu cau vrri mot rnuc chiu dl/ng rat gan. Danh sach ella cac board' mach chu da d.roc kiem tra va hoan toan co kha nang nrong thich hien co tai Web site cua hang AMD (www.amd.com). Hoat dong i'1 gioi han cao cua vi xu Iy K6 doi hoi can phai diroc chu y nhieu han ve viec toa nhiet ella san pham. Phttang tien tall nhiet va quat phai duoc gAn mot each an toan va phai sir dung den ca che di1\u ph6i nhiet. H~ thong quat phai lam mat cho CPU d nurc tai da. Khi lam viec tren mot 11$ thong' MiD. Nhirng van de nay e~1n phai dl1gc kiem tra that ky hrong.

Neu ban co y dinh nang cap h~ th6ng cua ban W vi xu Iy K6-2 len vi xLi"ly K6-3. co th~ ba1~ c~n phai nang cap BIOS d~ no c6 thg h6 tro dav <IIi

cho K6-3. . "

ATHlON (1999 DEN NAY)

V6"i su ra doi cua AMD Athlon, viec canh tranh

TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 13.1

dua tren thi trirorig vi xii ly nang suit cao da dat den mot mire moi. D<1u tien la gia tri 500 MHz, toe d9 hien tai cua vi xu Iy Athlon da tren S5p MHz tva A.M:D cung hua hen se len 1 GHz vao mot thoi diem nao d6 trong uarn 2000). AMD Athlon va Itanium cua Intel da 10l;1i trir duoc kha nang cua cac hang slim xuat khac trong viec canh tranh tren thi tnroug nay. Kha nang cai tien cua hang AMD nham de ct6i dau vci In tel treu vi xu Iy loai Socket 7 duoc xern nhu la mot phan cua nguyen nh an khien cho Intel da thay do'i sang mot kieu su dung slot khac, Thay vi phat trien vi xu If dua t.re n kha nang tucng thich vdi Slot 1 thi A11D quyet diuh da den luc can phai cai tie'n y nrong cua rie ng ho ve each thuc mot vi xu l.Y diroc t.ich hop ben trong mot h$ thong. Ho da chap nhan hinh dang cua slot de cac hang san xuat board mach chu khoug the' thiet ke lai mot each hoan toan each be tri cua board mach c'hu cua ho de co the' chap nhan duo'c vi XI] ly A1vID Athlon, nhung h111h dang ding nhu each dern cua cac pin thi hoan toan Wang tu nhau, Connector Slot cua hang MiD duoc dat ten la Slot A. Mac du ca vi xii ly cua AMD va vi xu' I)' cua Intel deu su' dung giao tiep 242 pin, nhimg Slot A va Slot 1 hoan toan kh6ng the' hoan di'li vi trf cho nhau.

Athlon duoc toi t1u de SU" dung tan so xung dong h6 cao tren kien true super scalar cuug nhu super-pipelined. N6 chua tong c9ng 9 dirong thuc thi: 3 danh cho tinh t.oan dia chi, 3 danh cho t.inh toan s6 nguyen, va 3 danh cho thuc thi x87 (cham dong), 3DN ow, va cac lenh M.MX. AMD c6 kha nang dieu kh ien cho cac van de ve hinh anh cua game cung nhu dau cham d{lng voi cong Cl,J. cham dong super scalar day du dau tien va ky thuat 3DNow dB. duoc tang circng. Theo mot vai chuorig

l34 TiM HI~U CMOS vA CPU

trmh thu nghiern thi kha nang hoat dijng cua dau cham dQng tren AMD AthIon cao gap 35% so vdi vi xu ly Pentium III Xeon co toe dQ xung d6ng h6 Wang duong,

Enhanced 3DN ow da b6 sung them 24 lenh moi - 19 lenh dung M cai tien cho viec tinh toan toan hoc so nguyen MMX va tang cimng cho viec di chuyen du lieu tren cac Ung dung Internet cling nhu phan rnb rong 5 DSP eho cac modem mem cling nhu cho ADSL mern, Dolby Digital cling nhu cac Ung dung MP3. Chirc nang DSP moi nay cua AMD Athlon kh6ng duqc h6 tro hoi Pentium III. Cache Ll tren Athion Ia 128 KB, va bQ phan di~u khian cache L2 mat sau 64 bit hO tro cho dung hrong cache L2 tit 512 KB den 8 MB. Ki€"u thiet ke cache nay se toi uu cho bus h$ thong co hieu suat cao cua vi xU: ly d6ng thoi toi thieu cho nhung tac nghen ve viee gioi han bang th6ng bus.

AMD da co nhirng ho tro rna trong d6 dang ke uhat 18. viec Athlon duqc xem nhu 18. vi xU" 1y thuoc the he thtr ? (7x86) voi kha nang thuc th i hoan toan khac tren cac kien true bus h~ thong khac von so v6'i viec toi uu cho ho CPU Pentium cua hang Intel. AMD da co ban qUYEm cua ky thuat bus Alpha EV- 6 cua hang Digital Equipment Corporation. Bus he thong Athlon hoat dong i:J 200 MHz voi kha nang bang thong cho tee di) truyen drr li$u Ia 1.6GB I giay, B6i veri da xu Iy, he thong bus co the" co gian t6"i rrurc 3.2 GBI giay & 400 MHz. No baa gam cac ky thuat cao cflp chang han nhu ky thuat dia hinh diem d6i diem, truyen dira tren ky thuat g6i voi nguon dong bi), baa hieu dien ap rmrc thap. B~ co the so sanh cac loai AMD AthIon 500 den 800 MHz dua van bang 13.8.

Rie'n true bus cua vi xU' Iy AMD Athlon diroc


thie't ke' M h6 trq cho kha nang da xU' IY. so' hrong vi xii' Iy AMD Athlon trong mQt h$ thong d~ xU: Iy dinrc xem la met chuc nang cua vise thuc thi tren chipset va khong ph iii la dua tren each thiet k€ vi xu ly AMD Athion. Cac chipset thircng duoc dt! dinh S8 cho phep h6 tro cac M thong da xii" ly dua tren 2, 4, 8 hoae nhieu hen vi xii ly AMD Athion. Mac du chipset h6 tro cho van d~ nay, nlurng hau nhu tat ca cac hang san xuat, board mach chu chinh d~u san xuat ra loai c6 ho trc vi xiI" Iy AthIon vci vise chon lua chipet cua cac hang AMD, VIA, h oac ALi.

10. CPU Cyrix

CPU Cyrix xuat hien nhu la mot hang san xuat vi xiI" ly thay the' chinh van narn 1992 vrii phien ban Cyrix x86LC, va sau d6 vao nam 1993 Ia san pham 486DX4. Va~ nam 1995, Cyrix 5x86 duoc xem nhu la phien ban duy nhat canh tranh voi AMD 5x86. Dua tren co sir kh6ng cO mot phan nho nao d§u co quan M voi IBM, Cyrix da t.l,i thiet l$.p nen mot neri c6ng nghiep PC dA.ng sau Intel, nhung ho da phai lam viec rat cat luc de' c6 the· b<it kip voi kg thuat cling nhu kha nang heat dQng cua cac hang nay.

.., ~ .... ~

LOJ;\T SAN PHAM 6X86 (1995 DEN NAY)

Cyrix gioi thieu san pham 6x86 cua ho van nam 1995 nhu la mot san pham dap lbi cho san pham Intel Pentium trong viee t6i u'u ca phan mern 16 bit lin phan mern 32 bit. Vi xiI" ly 6x86 Socket 7 tan dung duqc kha nang cua no nho vao viec su dung hai dan vi so nguyen sieu dubng d§.n va mot FPU tren chip. Cac don vi cham dong va so' nguyen duoc dieu khien de t6i da thong luong l€mh nho vao ·vi$c sii' dung ky thuat bao g6m dat

136 TIM HlEU CMOS VA CPU

ten cho thanh ghi, di c-huye'n dir l;~u, t.ie n d~an nhanh, va thuc thi cac t.inh nang khac. Vi xu Iy baa gorn 16 KB cache ghi lai, Trang hau het cac mat thi 6x86 deu su duug nh ieu ky thu;;it tuong tu nhu cac ky thuat duoc tim thay tren cac vi xu Iy cap Pentium khac,

Loat san pharn 6x86 sil dung cac gia tri Prating (PRJ thay vi sir dung cac eon s6 iCOMP h~{tc SPEC d€_\ cho biet kha nang hoat dong urong doi_ Vi du, Vi xu 1.1 Cyrix PR150+ se hoat dong t6t nhu lil mot vi xu Iy Pentium hoat dong 0150 MHz_ BI;lIl se tim thay cac loai 6x86 PR120+ PR133+, PR,150+, PR166+ va PR200+_ {Dau cong & day cho biet kha nang hoat dong cua n6 t6t han so voi loai Pentium tuong irng. Bring 13,9 t.6m ti'lt cac gia t;'i xung dong h6 khac nhau cho tung 101;li. -

C6 hai nhuor diem doi vdi Cyrix 6x86. Thu n~a:t. dan vi cham dong FPC se khcng thuc hi~n tot nhu la cac vi xu ly ArvID va I ntel tuon 0" tu.

. e .

Mac du dieu nay that su khoug anh huang den

hau he't cac h~ dieu ha nh cuug nhu phan mem co ban, cac chuang trinh chuven vi: toan hoc ((Hic biet la cac game 3D) co t.hi se phai chiu ~rinh bi giam kha nang hoat dong. Cling co ra'L it tnlong hop c6 t.he' khac phuc duoc vo i van de nay trong ho ~i xU: Iy 6x86 mac du cac phien ban xli Iy phu (chang han nhu M2) lai eung cap cho mot don vi FPU tot han, Nhucc die'm thu hai cua 6x86 lil no thuorig vi n6ng qua muc. Trang thuc t.e', vi xli \)' 6x86 thai ra nhieu nhiet han so vo i AM!) hoac Int.el. Cyrix da dieu khie'n van de nay bang ca~h cho ra doi loat san pham 6x86 (hay MIR) v8.0 nam 1996. Tir L (; day co nghia la "~.:'.v power" (nang luqng thap), BBC biet han, 6x86L su clung hieu dien the' chia cua IllUC 3.3 volt de' xu' lv eric hoat dong I/O vdi cac chip khac, va muc 2.8 volt

TIM Hl~;U CMOS vA CPU 1.17

--.~-"~. - ----_._ .. -.

de' thuc t.hi phan loi cua CPU. Cac vi xu 1.'1 6x86 truye n thong tlnrcug sir dung nurc 3.3 volt hoac 3.52 volt. Be co th~ h6 t1'Q cho vi xu 1.1 6xSGL. board mach chu phai cung cap hieu dien the chia hay module dieu chmh nieu dieri the' phai duoc gan vao giua socket CPU va vi xtr 1.'1.

Hoat d¢ng tren muc hieu die n the chia cua vi xu 1.'1 6x86 su dung cling cac rmrc hieu dien t.he' nhu vi xu ly MMX. Tuy nhieri, 6x86L khong phai la mot vi xu 1.'1 11MX. Cia tri hieu dien the' chia nay thuong ducc chon de' 6x86L co the' wong t.hich voi cac board mach chu phan chia hieu dien the' va sau nay no co the' duoc thay the cho cac th iet bi co kha nang tuong thich voi MMX chang han nhu 6x86MX (M2).

MEDIAGX (1996 DEN NAY)

Cac may tinh PC truyen thong thucng sir clung cac thiet bi co lien quan den van de media chang han nhu card video va card am t.hanh. Cac yc'u to' nay se lam gia tang toan bo chi phi cua met. PC va mo ra mot co hoi eho viec xung khac phan cling. Vi xu.: 1.'1 Cyrix Mediaf-X cia phoi hop cua cac dac tinh audio va video cling vtii nh ieu thanh phan khae. St! tich hcp muc cao nay se cho ra do i mot hoi! thong co chi phi thap rna van ho tro cac dac tinh that tot.. H~ thong MediaGX 3,3 den 3.6 volt. that sl/- bao g6m hai chip, ll/- ban than vi xu Iy MecliaGX va chip di ke m c6 tenMecliaGX Cx5510.

Vi xu 1.'1 MediaGX la mot thiet bi 64 bit voi phan 10i vi xii ly urong thich voi ho x86, CPU se giao tiep true tiep tdi bus PCI va bo nho DRAM. Phan d6 hoa SVGA chat luong cao se duoc eung cap thong qua mot. bo phan tang toe db hoa cao cap dat ngay tren vi xii I}' MediaGX. Bo dem khung d6

138 TiM HIEU CMOS VA CPU

hoa diroc Iuu tru trong bQ nh6' chinh rna kh6ng c6 su giarn ca'p vi'! khri nang hoat dong nao c6 lien quan den kieu thiet ke he thong UMA l Unified Memory Architecture) danh nho vao cac ky thuat DCT (Display Compression Technology) cua hang Cyrix.

Vi xir If nay hi en co cac gia tri 120MHz de'n 300 MHz (bang 13.9). N6 bao gam mot cache L1 16KB, mo t don vi cham dQug FPU, va cac che do quan If he thong cao cap SMM. BQ ph an dieu khien PCI se xli If eho cac co che bus ping-pong, sai dong, quay, c6 dinh, N6 h6 tro bon th6ng s6 (ba tre n bus PCI). N6 sil' dung tan so bus CPU; PCI dong bo , va h6 tro' cho cac hoat dong cua PCI va CPU nhat quan. H~ th6ng video h6 tro len de'n cac che dQ phan giai 1280 x 1024 x 8 va 1024 x 768 x 16. MediaGX cung lam vise vci EDO RAM va cung h6 tro t6i da 128 MB RAM trong bon day. Chip di kern Media Cx5510 thuong tuo ng trirng cho mot the' h$ mo i trong c6ng nghiep tich hop, danh cho cho bo phan dieu khien cho cac vi xu ly tuong thieh vdi doi MediaGX cua hang Cyrix. Cac cau Cx5510 rna vi xu' If MediaGX stl dung t ren bus PCI den bus ISA se thuc hien cae chuc nang chipset truye n thorig va h6 tro cho cac giao tiep am thanh tuong thich vci card am thanh chuan chang han nhu Creative Labs Sound Blaster.

Van de ehinh can nhd d6i voi loat san pharn MediaGX 18. n6 kh6ng tUO"11g thich vci Socket 7. Media GX va chip di kern vci n6 la nhung san pham mang tinh chat giai phap du!?,C thiet k€ eho mQt trong cac loai board mach chu rieng biet 1113.0 do. Bieu nay co nghia 113. cac board mach chu MediaGX se kh6ng c6 kha nang nang cap thanh cac vi xilly Socket 7 khac,


----c~----~

6X86MX (1997 DEN NAY)

6x86MX (con ducc biet duci ten g9 i "M2") la da p dng cu a Cyrix d6i vd i cac vi xli' ly MMX cha ng h a n nhu AMD K6 va Intel Pentium M11X. Thief kt~; cu a 6x86MX dB. gtlp b6n Ia n dung luo nr; cache no i 6x86 ban dau len gia t ri 64KB va gill. t a ng tan s6 hoat dQIlg len 200 MHz va cao hen. N6 cung co 57 le nh MMX mo i nharn tang toe do xli' ly cii a cac vo ng Ia p tinh toa n duo c tim thay tre n ca c u-ng dung truye n thong va multimedia. Vi xli' If 6xS6M cu rig co chua ca c dac tmh cu a RAM va h6 t ro cho cac chuc nang g ia m sat. No pha n ph o i hieu suat hoat dong toi uu 16 bit va 32 bit trong khi chay cac he dieu h a nh Windows 95/ 98, Windows NT, OS/2, DOS, UNIX, va cac he die u hs nh x86 kh a c. Vi xir If 6x86MX cu ng su' dung ca c kie'n true sie u ducng dan va cac ky thuat cao cap bao gam dat ten lai cho cac thanh ghi, tinh toa n day du , t.ruye n dir lieu mot each phu thuo c, ben doa n nha nh, va thuc thi.

Ban se tim thay cac vi xilly 6x86MX vdi cac gia tri 150 MHz, (PR 166), 166 MHz (PR200), 188MHz (PR 233), 225 MHz (PR266), va 250 MHz (PR 300). Cac vi xU'ly Cyrix M2 hien nay duoc san xuat vci t6c dQ len den 333 MHz (PR 466). Cung nhu vci cac vi xilly Cyrix khac, hieu suat hoat dong duqc danh gia bing each sli dung thong s6 P-rating. Vi du, mot vi xitly Cyrix 6x86MX a 160 MHz se hoat dong tirong duong vci mot vi xu' If Intel Pentium a 200 MHz (bang 13.9).

VIA Technology da mua Cyrix, hang nay diroc n6i tieng nho vao cac chipset cua ho. VIA cung mua kieu thiet ke' Centaur cua IDT, bao gam cac tai san c6 lien quan den ky thuat san xuat vi xil

139

140 TIM HJEU CMOS vA CPl'

if WinChip va cac kieu vi xu ly x86 a dat d Austin, Texas. VIA cung da thong bao ke- hoach san xuat vi xu ly tuoug thrch vo i Socket 370 co ten goi Ia "Joshua". No cung Sf! san xuat ra cache Ll tich hop 64 KB, cache L2 256 KB, FSB 133 MHz va kh a nang tuorig thich voi 3DNow, enhanced dual pipelined MMX va FPU. N 6 cung se duoc san xuat thong qua viec sU" dung ky thuat 0.18 micron. VIA cung cia thong baa no Sf! nham vao thi truorig may tinh co gia thanh thap.

11. Tang toe dO xung dong ho eho CPU

Co rat nhieu nhan to co lien quail den hieu suat hoat dong cua may Huh nhung toc do cua CPU la mot trong nhirng thanh phan quan trong nhat. CPU tct han co toc do nhauh han se hoat doug tot han va cac CPU eil han can phai dircc wing cap thuong xuyen de" tro thanh mot CPU moi han d~ co the dat duoc kha nang hoat dong nlur cac he thong hien tai. Viec thay the' toan bo CPU la mot dieu kha phc bien nhirng chung rat dat tien, Giai phap thay the' cho viec thay the" CPU ia ngiroi dung may tinh se thirc hien vice tang toe do xung dong 16 nhu la mot 'phLia~lg ti~il de toi da kha nang heat doug cua CPU hien eo. Phan nay eua chirong sf. dua ra met 100\1t. cac huong dan va cac thu tuc nharn giup ban thirc hien quyet dinh tang toe do xung dong h6 cho CPU.

Tang toe do xung dong ho la mot phan eo lien quan den viec cau hinh Iai cho mot CPU de' CPU hoat dong if toe do xung dong h6 cao han (hay toe d9 bus cao han) so vdi CPU da: duoc chi diuh triroc, MQt. 11$ thong co the diroc cau ·hinh lai de' tang toe d(l xung dong ho len thanh mot CPU co toe dQ cao han chi dan gian bilng each thay dci

TIM HIRU CMOS vA CPU

._--

. 1_4_l

mot hoac hai jumper tren board mach chu. Ve mat Iy tuoug, toe do xung dong ho cao han nay se gia tang k ha nang hoat doug cua CPU rna kh6ng gay hu hong cho CPU hoac giam tuoi tho cua no. Trong hAu het dc truoug hop, vice tang toe d() xung dong ho eo the' diroc thuc hie n t ren hau he t cac CPU h ien dai voi it han 30 CSD cho mot dan vi lam mat ~Oi" neu khorig chung t.a call su' dung 300 eho den 800 USD hoac nhieu han de" thay the mot CPU mdi.

Viec tang t6c do xung d611g h 6 c h 0 CPU cung co g[l:" neu nhisu rui ro cho CPU bao g6m eo kha nang nhung se lam hu hong hoan toan CPLl, va cung eo the se khong the khoi phuc l;;ti neu nhu ban khong xem xet can than. Viec t.ang toe do xung dong h6 cho CPU thuong khong duoc khuyen khich sir dung nhu Iii mot phuong phap thong dung, va no duoc xem nhu IiI khong hop pha P neu nhu mot M thong da diroc tang tOe do xung doug ho duoc ban ra mil khong thong bao cho nguoi mua!

YEU CAU DOl Val V[EC TANG Toe DO XUNG DONG

HO . .

Co bon thanh phan chi.i yeu rna bat ky met PC 11aO CLing phai can co de thuc hien viec tang toc do xung dong ho: CPU, board mach chu, RAM h~ thong va bo ph an lam mat CPU. Van de xay ra tre n bat met trong so nhirng thanh phan nay cung se gay nen van de trong viec tang toe do xung dong h5.

Viin d~ co lien quan den CPU: Cac 100\1i CPU cua hang Intel (dac bist la Celron ) co ve nhu la nhung CPU thanh cong nhat trong viec tang toe dQ xung dong ho boi vi cae CPU cua cac hang AMD


va Cyrix / IBM thircng hoat dong drat gl1n veE gioi han da duge chi dinh ella n6 de' c6 the canh tranh du:ac voi cac san pharn cua Intel. Tuy nhien, khong phai tilt ca cac CPU Int.el deu phu hop eho viec tang toe d{> xung d6ng ho, Cac CPU duoc danh dau bang cac so' SY022 va SU073 thuong bi girri han trong viec dinh thai eho b(j nhan e6 gia tri nhieu hon nhan 2. Ban cling nen kiern tra cac CPU diroc ghi Iai va ducc ban lai voi toe d{> xung d6ng h6 eao hon. Cac CPU ducc danh da'u lai thuong tim thay ij Chau Au, nhung tot uhilt ban nen luon luon ki~m tra CPU truric khi Win hanh sU' dung n6. Theo nguyen tac, neu ban c6 the thao bat ky mot nhan dan nao ben dirdi CPU thi do chinh la nhan dan diroc danh dau lai va hau nhu n6 luon hoat d9ng tren muc duge qui dinh ban dau.

Hau het cac CPU hien nay deu kh6a bi? nhan xung dong h6. Cac hang san xudt canh baa rang viec lam nay nham de bao v$ cho nguai dung khcng phai chon nham CPU dircc ghi dau lai va cung dam bao rang tinh toan ven cua n6. Ngirci ta kh6a bo nhan nharn muc dich ep buoc ngiroi dung nen mua CPU mdi M cai hen kha nang hoat dong' cua he thong thay vi thuc hien viec tang t.oc xung dong ho.

Cac vAn d~ eo lien quan de'n board mach chu: Ngay ca khi CPU cua ban e6 ve nhu da hoan hao trong vise tang toe d{> xung dong h6 thi van c6 kha nang board mach chu gi;i.p phai mot it su co'. Cac tin hieu phan hoi eilng nhu nhung gioi han ve dien khac c6 lien quan den cac tin hieu bus co the' la nguyen nhan lam cho he thong' bi xung khac hoac hi treo. Cac CPU da ducc tang toe d{> xung d6ng h6 cilng nhay cam hen do'i voi cac tin hieu kh6ng on dinh tren bus va se gay nen hong hoc neu board mach chu khong th~ phat

TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 143 ra cac tin hieu "sach", Cac hang san xuat board mach chu e6 nhan hieu uy tinh chang han nhu 'I'yan (www.tyan.com) ho~~ Super~ier? (www.supermiero.com) dang nh~m Va? viec h? tro eho viec tang toe d{> xung dong ha vci chat lu:gng tot han so vdi cac board m<_l.e_? chu kh?ng <:6 nhan hisu. Ket qua Ia ban c6 the tim thay mot vai he thong may tinh c6 the duoc tang t6e dQ xung d6ng h6 mot each de dang trong khi cac loai khac thi lai g<).p r;it nhieu van d~ nghiern (hoac e6 the' n6 se khong hoat d¢ng sau khi da: tang toe dQ xung d6ng ho ).

Toc do bus t.re n board mach chu cua cac loai board ma~h chu ding r;it khac nhau, Hau het cac board m~eh chu truyen thong chi h8 tro to'c dQ bus len den '66 MHz hoac 100 MHz nrumg cac kieu thiet ke' board mach chu gan day hen da cho phep no heat d9ng len 'den 112 Mhz hoac 143 MHz. ~6c do bus cao nay se anh huong rat Ion do'i vci ti s6 bi? nhan xung dong b6 trong khi cau hinh cho viec tang to'e d¢ xung d6ng h6 vi vfJ.y can dam,bao rang ban da hieu biet v~ nhirng gioi han cua toe dQ xung dang h6 va b9 nhan rna board mach chu cua ban dang su' dung.

Board mach chu cling nen h8 tro cho hang loat cac gia t.ri hieu dien the cua CPU khac nhau. vi du, rmrc hieu dien the 3.3 volt va "VRE" cua 3.45 'volt la nhirng gia tri pho bien d6i voi ca he thong cap Pentium. Neu ban su dung mot CPU loai MMX (chang han P55C, 6x86MX, hoac K6) b~n se can phai truy xuat van tinh nang "phan chia hieu dien the" (thong thuong la 2.8 volt va 3.3 voli). £)i~u nay co VEl nhu khong quan trong bdi vi ban khong can phai "thay doi" CPU. Trong mot vai truong hop, ban can phai nang rrurc hieu di~n the cua CPU len mot it de h6 tro eho viec

144 TiM IIIEU CMOS vA CPU

---~~~----

tang toe do xung dong he. Ngay nay, ban co the tim thay cac board mach chu Slot 1 / Slot A co t.inh nang dieu chi hieu die n the tir dQug khi CPU duoc gAIl vao, vi v~y ban kh6ng pha i quan tall den viec xac dinh vi trt cua cac jumper ve hieu dien the cho CPU.

Cac vitn d~ eo lien quan den RAM: RAM he thong cung eo the' la mot van de trong viae tang toe do xung dong ho eho h~ thong khi toe dO bus vuot qua 66 MHz, a day ban Carl sir dung EDD RA_M hoac SDRAM cao dip. Thea nguyen tic, EDO RA~-1 se hoat dong t6t nhat trell board mach chu 66 ;'I.1Hz trong khi SDRAlVl cap thap thiro ng nh a m vao cac board mach chu 75 MHz va 83 MHz la tot nh at. Cac gia t.ri toe do bus hie n nay 1UO MHz va 133 MHz thuoug yeu cau bo nho SDRAM cao cap diroc chung nhan eho cac PC eo tee dQ bus tucng ling la PC 100 noo MHz) va PC 133 (133 MHz).

Cac vitn d~ lien quan den viec lam mat: Co Ie van de dang quail tarn nhat doi voi viec t.aug toe d0 xung dong h6 eho CPU la co che' lam mat. CPU se rut. dong die n bang tung ehu ky xung dong ho. Caug co nh ieu xung dong h6 trong mot khoaug t.hoi gian eho truce thi ca ng eo cuoug do dong dien call thiet cang nh ieu va Sf! caug tao ra nhieu nhiet han. Hau het cac CPU hian nay thuoug tro nell ncng khi chuug ta thuc hien tang toe do xung dong ho va CPU eo the' de dang bi no ng qua mire va gay ra xung dot (hoac co the' se gay ne n nhirng hu hong vlnh vd·n. VI vay, ban dung co gling tang t8c do xung dong ho cua mot CPC mil khong can truce het phai thuc hien vi~c lam mat. cho no. Hay nghl den viec SU: dung cac phuong tie n tan nhiet, viec quat co chat lucug cao nhat, thong thuong nen chon thong so' K IW tU 1K!\V ird xuong. Ban can ne n di den cac cira hieu de'

TIM HlEU CMOS vA CPU

145

chon mua phuong tien tan nhiet / quat co chat hrcng t6t nhat, Khi gan bo phan lam mat nay, can dam baa rang no gan vira van tren CPU rna khong co bat ky mot khe ho nao va cung nen sli dung mot lop mong cua vat chiu nhiet giua CPC va phuong tian tan nhiet.

NHaNG KHO KHAN T1EM AN

Trude khi ban that su bat tay vao viec tang toc dQ xung dong ho eho CPU thi ban nen tim hieu nhirng !oi tiern An rna ban co the mac phai. Co ba loi pho bien co lien quan den viec tang toe d9 dong ho cho CPU: Heat dQng kh6ng lien tuc, rut ngan tubi tho va hu hong toan bo, Tit ca nhirng l&i nay d~u eo lien quan de'n sue nong.

• HO(1t dt)ng kh6ng lien tuc: Hoi nong do CPU toa ra nh ieu them co the' 18. nguyen nhan gay ra cac 16i bao hieu ben trong (muc bit hoac dich chuyen cac tin hieu dinh thai) von co the de dang lam cho PC bi xung khac, buoc ban phai tat ngu6n cho den khi CPU tro nen mat.

• Rut ngdn tuoi tho: Day la mot van d~ khac co lien quan den sue n6ng. 'I'hay vi hu ngay lap We, sue noug qua muc co the' lam giam tuoi tho cua CPU. Thay vi CPL' co the heat dQng trong 10 nam thi no chi co the hoat dong trong hai nam hoac narn nam.

• HI1 hong loan b¢: MQt CPU duoc thiet ke d€' hoat dong d nhiet d9 tlr 25 den 80 do C. Neu CPU khong duoc lam mat dung thl CPU co the tang nhiet d9 lam viec len vuot mire t6i da cua no va lam CPU bi hir, Mac du co den hang trieu transistor tren mot CPU dci moi, nhung no chi can


hu mot hoac hai tht co th~ huy diet toan bo CPU.

TANG TOC 00 XUNG DONG HO CHO H~ THONG

o phan nay, ban se tu thuc hien viec tang toe do xung d6ng h6. N6i t6m Iai, viec tang toe dq xung dorig h6 yeu cau phai thuc hien ba biroc co ban: Thay d6i toc dq bus, thay doi he so nhan, va thay d6i hieu dien the' ngu6n. Luu y dng ban khong duoc luon lu6n thay d6i tat ca ba gia tri nay M c6 thi!!' tang toe do xung d6ng h6 mot each thanh c6ng cho CPU. Dudi day 18. cac buoc tong quat can thuc hien khi tlurc hien tang toc dl) xung dong h6 cho CPU. Be dua ra mot Y niern cho ban ve nhung gi co th~ thay doi, bang 13.10 va 13.11 se liet ke nhirng de nghi chung ve viec tang t6c do xung d6ng ho cho cac he t;.""'ng cap Pentium cung nhu he thong 486 cu.

1 Tiit may tinh. Ma n6 ra va xem so tay huang dan board mach chu.

2 Kiern tra cac dau hieu tren phan be mat cung nhu phan day cua CPU, ghi nhan, gAn CPl) Iai (dieu nay se giup cho ban dum bao ding CPU nay 10. loai "thuc" khcng phai la loai diroc danh dau lai),

3 Kiern tra cac xac lap xung d6ng ho hien tai cling nhir cac xac lap tren jumper cua be) nhan tren board mach chu, so sanh n6 voi so tay va ghi l~i.

4 Kiem tra cac xac lap jumper tren hieu dien th€ ella bl) nguon tren board mach chu, so sanh uo vci s6 tay huang dan va cac dau hieu ghi tren CPU va ghi nhan chung lai.

5 Khao sat bQ phan lam mat eua CPU va nang cap cho n6 (neu can thiet).

TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 147 6 T~ay d?i cac xac lap jumper cho t6c do xung dong h6 hoac I va bo nhan tuy thuoc vao muc tang toe rna ban nham tai.

7 Kiem tra Ian hai eac jumper de xem chung da nhu mong mu6n chua.

8 Bat may tinh va cho phep no khci dong.

9 N6 co khoi dong hay no co vao dugc chuorig trinh CMOS setup khorig? Ne'u c6, hay sang bu8e 12: neu kh6ng, hay sang bude 10.

10 Tih may tinh va thay d6ijumper hieu dien the' cua CPU sang mire hi~u di~n the' cao hem (neu co the}

11 Ne'~ ban van khong the khai dong hoac khorig the vao duoc chuang trinh CMOS setup, hay tro lai xac l~p cua h.ieu di~n the v€ gia tri ban d~u eii~ no. Ban kh6ng the tang toe do xung dong h6 sang t6c do rna ban mong muon. Hay tra cac xac l~p cua xung dong ho cung nhu bo nhan v€ cac gia tri ban dau cua no va thcat ra ngoai hoac Iap lai bucc 6 vci su ket hcp cua bi) nhan vci bus d muc thap han.

12 Hay chon hra cac ric lap trong CMOS setup de co dugc cac gia tri heat dong t6i uu nhat nhu yeu cau (diem nay co the khong call thiet),

13 H~ thong dB: khci dong hoan toan chua? Neu chua, hay sang buoc 15; neu roi, hay sang bucc 14.

14 BAt d~u kiern tra bang mot tien ich nao d6 ch~ng han nhu Winstone 97 va cho phep h~ tho,ng "burn in". Kiern tra bat ky mot xung khae nao hoac cac hoat dong giau doan nao, Ne'u h~ thong khong 6n dinh, ban khong the tang' t6e do cho no d muc nay. Hay tra cac xac l~p a toc do xung clock va bi) nhan ve cac gia

148


tri ban d§.u ciia no hoac lap lai btroc 6 vdi sir kit hop cua cac gia tri bo nhan / bus a gia tri thap han.

15 Ki~m tra b¢ phan lam mat va lap lai bUGC 1 L 16 Ne'u moi viec di'iu heat dong t6t, xin chuc mung ban. N€u khong, ban hay kiem tra lai b¢ phan l~m mat va lap Iai bUGC 11.

Windows 95/98 13. mot M dieu hanh rat nhay cam d6i voi van d~ tang toe d¢ cho CPU. C6 th~ ban kh6ng the' tang toe do cho mot he thong dang sU" dy.ng Windows 95/98 mac du M thong co the thuc hien diroc va'n d~ nay rat t6t trong DOS hay Windows 3.1x.

Thay d6i t6c dQ bus Toc dq xung dong ho ben trong cua CPU hoat dorig iJ mot t6c do rilt kh ac so vdi t6c dq xung dong ho ben ngoai (con goi Ia t6c do bus). T6c do xung dong ho ben ngoai Ia t6c do rna a d6 cache va bo nho chinh Sf! chay va khi chia no cho 2 ta Sf! c6 diroc t6c dO cua bu.'; PCI. Chi c6 ba gia tri t6c d¢ bus rat khac nhau rna Pentium, Pentium Pro va AMD K5 sU" dung la 50, 60, VR 66 MHz. Cyrix / IBM 6x86 sir dung Ham gia tri toe do bus: 50, 55, 60, 66, va 75 MHz. Hien tren thi truong cung co mot vai board mach ch6 doi mci ~6 ho tro toe do bus tU 83 MHz de'n 148 MHz. Cac board mach chu Pentium II / III heat dong iJ cac toe de> nam giira khoang 66 MHz va '100 MHz (va mot it dat den 133 MHz).

De- thay doi toe do bus, ban hay xem so tay hudng din di kern vcii board mach chu d~ tim mot "Clock Speed", "CPU External (BUS) Frequency Selection", hay Front Side Bus (FSB)". sau do ban 5e tim cac jumper de thuc hien viec


thay d6i. Ban cung co the thay deli nft nhieu cac jumper khac nhau df!; thiet lap nan 'tirng toe d¢ bus maio Neu ban may man va ban c6 duoc mot board mach chu sU" dung ky thuat SoftMenu, ban co the thay dbi cac xac lap ciia toc do bus trong chuang trinh CMOS setup rna khong can rna nap hop may.

Tai mot thai diem chi nan tang mot mire cho t6c do bus (vi du tU 60MHz len 66 MHz, kh6ng phai tit 60 MHz len 75 MHz hoac tU 66 MHz len 133 MHz). Day diroc xem nhu is. each thuc thanh cong nhat d€ thirc hieri viec tang to"e cho CPU. St1 dung phuong phap nay, hliu het tat ca cac CPl.1 P150 hoat d¢ng iJ 166 MHz va hau het CPU 6x86 P150+ deu heat d9ng iJ mtrc PI66+.

Thay d6i bi) nham D6ng h6 ben trong cua CPU dU'qc dieu khien bdi mot b¢ nhan d6ng h6 ben trong trong tirng CPU von duoc lap trinh qua cac pin cua CPU, CPU Intel Pentium ho tro cac he so' nhan sau day: x1.5, x2, x2.5, va x3. CPU Intel Pentium Pro h6 tro x2.5, x3, x3.G va x4. Cac CPU 6x86 chi ho tro x2 va x3, nhirng M2 se h6 tro x2, x2.5, x3, va x3.5. Cac CPU Pentium IIIIII hien nay ho trq cho cac h$ sO" nhan tit x3.5 cho de'n x7 hoac nhieu hrm.

D~ thay d6i cae xac lap cua h¢ s6 nhan, hay tim va chon cac jumper ducc danh dau dang thuc nhu "Clock Multiplier" hay "CPU to BUS Frequency Selection" trong so tay huang din di kern vci board mach chu, Thong thuong co hai jumper diroc sU: dung de thay d6i cac xac lap nay. Mi;lt IAn nira xin nhac ban rAng ban co the thirc hien tat ca cac van de nay trong menu cua CMOS setup neu ban sU: dung board mach chu SoftMenu chd ng h a n nhu ca c board ma ch chti Abit

150

TiM HIJl:U CMOS vA CPU

( www.abit.com.tw ).

Thay d6i hi~u di~n the hi) ngu6n: Cung c6 mot vai van d~ xay ra khi ban nang mac hieu dien the nguon cua CPU (vi du W 3.3 volt STD le~ 3.45 volt (VRE) nham lam cho CPU hoat dong mot each dang tin cay hen i'1 t6c dQ bus cao han" f)i~u nay tuy thuoc vao sir khac biet hieu dieri the Ion han gilla dieu kien "cao" va "thap" von la coi ngu6n cua cac tin hieu sach cho CPU va eho cac thiet bi board mach chu khac. Ne'u ban khcng th~ chay CPU cu~ ban mot each dang tin cay thl i'1 mot t6c dQ xung dong h6 nao d6 thi ban nen luonluon xem xet den hieu di$n the' nguon i'1 gia tri eao han. Tuy nhien, hieu dj~n the' cang cao thl nhiet tea ra cang nhieu vi v~y ban can phai rat c.si:n·than ve van de lam mat.

NHfrNG Dn~M CAN D~C BI~T lU'U Y DOl VOl TOC DO BUS 75 MHZ VA 83 MHZ

Co rat nhieu board mach chu cap Pentium truyen thong Iai xir ly toe d9 xung d6ng h5 len den 66 MHz nhung cac board mach chu sau nay cua Pentium! MMX lai hoat doug len den 75 MHz va co khi la 83 MHz. Khi ban sii dung cac board mach chu cii nay, ban can luu y cac van de sau day:

• Bus PCI: Bus PCl ducc H{y tit toe d¢ xung dong h6. d mac 60 hoac 66 MHz, toe d¢ bus PCI la 30 hay 33 MHz (toe d¢ duoc khuyen dung doi vci PCl). Tuy nhien, (j mire 75 hay 83 MHz, bus PCI hoat dong i'1. rmrc 37.5 hoac 41.6 MHz. Dieu nay co the dan den va~ de doi vdi cac thiet bi PCI chang han nhu b(l phan dieu khien SCSI card video va card mang, Thong thuong. bO phan dieu khien SCSI va card mang


se tit ch6i lam viec a toc do nhanh han, nhimg mot vai board video S8 tr& nen nong han so vci blnh thirong (mac du mot vai card video cha ng h a n nhu Diamond Stealth 64 lai khong bi anh huang i'J tat ca cac t6c do bus cao hen).

• Bus EIDE: T6c d¢ cua giao tie'p EIDE kh6ng chi bi quyet dinh bci cac mode PIO hay DMA rna con phu thuoc vao dong h6 xung clock ella PCI. Bay la nguyen nhan khieri tai sao giao tiep EIDE Iu6n luon cham han trong cac M thong co toc d9 bus 60 MHz hoac thap han. Tuy nh ien, giao tiep EIDE se hoat d(lng nhanh han khi ban chay & toe d9 bus 75 hoac 83 MHz. Thoat nghe dieu nay co ve nhu rat t6t nhirng hoac giao tiep hoac 6 dia cling thutrng se khcug dat den toe do bus cao han. Vi du, toi da thay dia cling hoat d!)ng tot i'1 t6c d!) bus 75 MHz nhirng a 83 MHz toi lai phai dieu chinh no trd ve PIO mode 2. Dieu nay la that d6i voi cac 6 dIa EIDE CD-ROM.

• Bus ISA: Trong mot vai trirong hop, toe dQ bus ISA se dircc phan ehia true tiep tren bus PCI. Ne'u bus PCI hoat dong nhanh han thi bus ISA co the: se hoat dong nhanh han. Day chinh 18 nguyen nhan gay neri cac van de nghiern trong doi vci board ISA (dac biet Ia d6i voi cac board ISA cu). Vi du, toi da nghe board am thanh A WE32 phat ra nhirng am thanh II'!- khi chay iJ t6c d9 bus nhanh. Ban thinh thoang cung co the: khac phuc cac van de e6 lien quan de'n t6c d(l ISA bang each thay doi cac trang thai cho ISA

152 TtM HIEU CMOS vAcpu

trong phan CMOS setup.

Nhung van dfj nay kh6ng lien quan de"n cac board mach chu Pentium II I III hieri nay v6n co th~ dat den 100 MHz den 133 MHz.

NHUNG uJU Y KHI TANG TOC eHO CPU INTEL PENTIUM

Vi xi'r Iy Pentium va Pentium MMX cua hang Intel ducc xern nhu Ia mot trong so' nhi1ng CPU de dang thuc hien viec nang toc dQ nnat. Vi du, vi xu 1y Pentium MMX 200 xem ra hoat dong tot (1 mire 2.8 volt (1 208/83MHz va 225/75 MHz. DOl vdi 250/83MHz, ban can phai gia tang hieu di$n the" len 2.9 volt. Bang 13.12 liet ke mot viii tuy chon dien hinn d6i val VI$C tang toe d¢ cho CPU Pentium.

NHUNG lU"U V CHO vI~e NANG TOC DO CPU DOl VOl CPU INTEL PENTIUM PRO

Do d¢ tin cay la thuoc tinh chu yeu d6i vci cac CPU phuc vu cho cac M thong server nen Pentium Pro thong thuong Sf! khcng duoc thuc hien viec nang t6e dQ. Nhirng tuy theo thong tin hien co, ban co the nang toc d¢ eho CPU Pentium Pro theo each rna ban da thuc hien tren Pentium e6 dien hoac Pentium MMX. Va'n d~ chinh xem ra e6 Ie 18 do c6 mot it board mach chu cho ph ep hoat d¢ng a rmrc 75 hoac 83 MHz. Bang 13.13 liet ke mot vai cac tuy chon nang t6c d¢ CPU cho CPU Pentium Pro.

NHUNG DIEM CAN LU"U Y KHI THI,fC HI~N NANG

TOC DO CHO CPU INTEl CELERON I'

Voi viec b5 sung cache L2, CPU Intel Pentium

II Celeroo dB. tro thanh sa thich cua nguoi chuyen


thuc hien viec nang toe d¢ CPU. Phan 101 cua Pentium, gia thap hen, chat luong san xuat ke"t hop vci tinh hap dan cua ngiroi dung da dat diroc thong qua viec nang t6c d¢. Intel da cd gAng tim kiem gidi han cua nguoi dung Celeron trong viec nang t6c d¢ vci mot b¢ nhan bi khoa va t6c dQ bus cung bi gioi han a rmrc 66 MHz. MQt vai hang san xuat board mach chu da khong dua ra cac t6c d¢ bus gici han va cung cung cap mot cai nhin v~ viec nang toe dQ cho CPU Celeron thong qua cac tdc d¢ bus cao hon. Toc dQ bus board mach chu phS bien cao h0'066 MHz la 75 MHz, 83 MHz va 100 MHz. Bang 13.l41i$t ke mot vai loai Celeron pho' bien va nhirng gia tr! cung nhu nhirng mire thirc hien nang toe d¢ CPU de thuc hien thanh cong mot each de dang.

NHUNG DIEM CAN tuu Y KHI NANG Toe DO ellA

CPU PENTIUM II I III .

Nguci ta san xuat vi xir Iy Pentium II qua viec

sU: dung thu tuc 0.35 micron, no hien co ij cac toe dO W 233 MHz den 300 MHz sii dung FSB 66 MHz. Sau do Intel da chuyen sang qui trinh Sail xua't 0.25 micron cho vi xli Iy Pentium II a toe db ttt 3333 MHz den 450 Mhz. Intel Pentium II 333 MHz van con sii dung FSB 66 MHz nhirng tv 350 MHz tra len va FSB dil ducc gia tang len 100 MHz.

Tit thang 8 nam 1998, Intel da gioi han he so nhan xung dong h6 tren CPU cua n6, vi vay n6 se khong the thay dbi h$ so nhan khi nang toc do CPU len 350 MHz, 400 MHz, hay 450 MHz Pentium II. Neu ban thir, CPU se hoac tU chci khd'i dOng may hoac no se khdi d¢og 1/3 t.oc d9 dung cua n6. EM hieu duoc gidi han nay, tuy chon ehinh cua viec nang tac dQ Pentium II la nharn

1M TiM Hlfu CMOS vA CPU

gia tang toe di) cua bus mat truce FSB. Gia tang t6e d9 cua FSB cung co nghra la gia tang t6e di) cua bus PCI va AGP, vi vay 16i co thg la nguyen nhan xay ra tren cac thanh phan eu v6n tir chci hoat di)ng a cac toe di) bus cao h<111. Vi du, nang t6c di) cua FSB 100 MHz len 112 MHz se dan den bus PCI se nang len 37 MHz (thay vi 33 MHz) va bus AGP se wing len 74 MHz (thay vi 66 MHz),

Tuy thuoc vao model cua CPU Pentium rna ban dang co gang' nang t6e d9, ban can phai co kha nang dieu chinh h~ so nhan xung d6ng ho, t6c dQ bus mat triroc FSB va / hoac hieu dien the' chinh. B<,1n cung can phai kiern tra tinh hieu qua cua bQ phan lam mat CPU va cai thien n6 neu co thg. Ga.n met Ioai giam sat nhiet cho mot 10~i CPU nao do Ia mot viec lam diroc khuyen thuc hien, C6 rat nhieu trong sO' hau het cac board mach chu hien e6 deu c6 ho tro mot loat cac xac lap cho cac M s6 nhan, t6e d(l FSB va hieu dien the, mot so cung co bao gorn ca bl) phan giarn sat nhiat de) diroc tich hop ben trong, Bang 13.151i~t ke mot val my chon phel bien doi vdi viec nang t6c d(l CPU Pentium II, cac nguyen tAe nay eGng dung doi vci viec nang t6e dQ eho Pentium III (diem khac biet ehinh la each Slf dung SSE ella Pentium III).

De he th6ng hoat dong mot each dang tin cay vci FSB 100 MHz, ban can phai stl dung SDRAM (PC 100 RAM) trong h$ thong ella ban. Trang nhieu truo-ng hop d.ii diroc liet ke a tren, gia tang t6e d(l FSB yeu cau ban phai ha h$ so' nhan xung d6ng h6 tren he th6ng cua ban.

NHUNG DI£M CAN un Y KHI NANG TOC 00 CHO CPU CYRIX/lBM 6X86

CPU CyrixllBM 6x86 kho thuc hien viec nang

TIM HlEU CMOS vA CPU 155 t6e dO hen nhieu so voi cac CPU Intel. C6 hai nguyen nhan: tlur nhat, CPU Cyrix thirong toa ra nhieu nhiet h<111, Viec nang t6e dl) cho CPU cua cluing se lai tao ra nhieu nhiet hem nua va nlt kho khan trong viec xu ly sire n6ng nay rna khong can den quat hay phirorig ti$n tan nhiet Ion. 'I'hu hai, CPU 6x86 chi h6 tro hai gin tri cua h$ sO' nhan tx2 va x3), vi vay co ra't it tuy chon hie n eo cho viec nang t6c d9 cua CPU. Hay thu tren Cyrix P120+ (100 MHz) nhu Ia P133+ (110MHz). Thil" cho P133+ (110 MHz) n hu l a mrl t P150+ (l20MHz). Cuoi cung, hay thu P150+ (120 MHz) nhu la mot P166+ (133 MHz).

Ban da dat duoc nhung ket qua tharih cbng nhat voi CPU 6x86 2.7 hay 3.7, chung se 60 dinh han va toa ra it nhiet hem.

Lam mat la mot van d§ quan trong d6i voi CPU 6x86 da duoc wing toe d9 vi vay dung nen xem xet den viec nang toe d(l cho 6x86 rna kh6ng co kha nang h6 tro mot phuoug tien tan nhiet hay quat manh han.

NANG T6c DO CHO CPU AMD K5

AMD xuat hien tren thi trirong voi CPU 5x86 J 133 MHz va da che t<,10 ra rat nhieu mat vo i san pham K5. Tuy nhien, cac phien ban PR 75, PR 90 va PR 100 eu c6 ve nhu kh6ng chiu dung t61 d6i voi viec nang toe d9 ego CPU, co Ie la do nhung CPU nay heat dong {; mot mire gici han rat han che. BAng each so sanh voi cac phien ban K5 tnroc d6, (chAng han PR 120, PR 133, PR 150 va PR 166) va cac CPU K6 rn6'i cung nhu K6-2 xem ra c6 kha nang chiu dung tot h<111 d6i vdi

156

TtM HIEU CMOS vA CPU

viec nang toe dlj cho CPU. Khi chon mire nang tile dlj, nen chon muc ke tiep. Vi du, neu ban co CPU K5 PR 120, ban hay thir cau hmh no nhu Iii mot CPU PR 133, vv ...

CAC M~O DUNG DE ElIEU KHIEN SUC NONG

Sue nong van con Iii ke thu nguy hiern nhat doi vdi viec nang toe dlj cho CPU V1 vay vise quan ly d¢ n6ng la mot cong viec duoc uu tien hang dau, Hay thea mot vai nhirng d~ ngh] sau day nharn giup khac phuc cac yin de co lien quan den sue nong duoc toa ra tit CPU:

• Sli dung phuong tien tim nhiet I quat chat hnrng eao.

• Su dung mot lap ho p chat m6ng cua phuong tien tan nhiet de' cai thien viec t.ruyen nhiet giira h9P CPU va phuong tien tan nhiet (h ien co loai RadioShack: Cat. N 0.276-1372).

• Doi vci nlurng CPU qua nong, hay thu su d\1I1g quat Peltier hoac b9 phan lam dong tuong tu (thong tin lien lac duoc liet ke rJ cuoi chucng).

• Chon loai quat dang tin cay,

• Darn bao ding quat I phircng tien tall nhiet cua CPU ducc grin gan voi be mat cua vi xLi'Iy (sU" dung hop chat cua phuong tien tan nhiet neu din thiet), Hay thir gan mot each an toan len CPU hoac CPU. hoac CPU va socket. Neu kh6ng, hay thay no bang mot quat I phuong ti$n bill nhiet moi.

• Sit dung bi? phan lam mat CPU voi he th6ng bao di?ng bang am thanh de' giup bao cho ban biet trong truong hop nhiet


15'

dQ tren CPU vuot qua muc gioi han,

• Neu ban dang wing tile dQ cho CPU cLi ban, han nan xu 15' nhiet gia tang dug toa ra bang each sli' dung phtrong tien ta: nhiet I quat hay b9 phan lam mat Peltiei

• Lam sach canh quat, nguon dien cung nh nhirng vet ban ben trong no it nhat m¢ narn mot bin.

• Luon luon lam mat he thong bang cac su dung quat phu,

12. xit Iy Sl! co cho eae van de co lien qual den CPU

'I'huat ngu xu Iy su co eho vi xU" ly khorig co: 103. mot thuat ngir kh6ng ph6 bie'n mra. Cac loa CPU triroc day nhu 8088 thucng mang tre n n chi co 29000 transistor. Khi mot trong s6 nhirn transistor nay bi hu, thi toan b9 h~ thong se t hu va CPU se bi d6ng bang. Hem nira, h$ thon se kh6ng the khrri dong thanh congo ':'uy nhier CPU hien nay phuc tap hon nhieu sau 20 nan cac the M moi hen, chang han nhu Pentium II da co ben trong no vuot qua con so 21 trie transistor. VOl qua nhieu transistor nhu the na~ thi kha nang gay nell Ibi cung la dieu tilt yet Hien nhien, bat ky mot Ibi cua CPU uao deu cun rat nghiern trong nhung cung co T§i nh ieu trtrou hop khi he thong co the khoi dong nhirng v.ft xay ra xung khac cling nhir cac van de co lie quan den CPU lam cho no khong hoat dong dun! Nhung loai 16i nay co the lam cho mot phan ell phan mam bi hu hoac mQt hoac nhieu hem CE thiet bi mo rong khac cGng c6 the' bi I6i. Pha nay cu~ chuong se giup ban khao sat cac hor hoc co the xay ra tren CPU va dua ra mot s6 gi,

t51l TIM HIED CMOS vA CPl'

phap nham giup ngan chan van de nay.

Dia CD di kern c6 rat nhieu tien ich co th4 giup ban nhan biet va ho trq cho CPU cua ban, Hay sU" dung CLIBENCH.ZIP d~ kiem tra toc d9 xung dong h6 cua h~ thong. Ban c6 the nhan dien vi xU" 1:9" bang nhieu c6ng CI,I khac nhau chang han DRHW25E.ZIP va COLINF.ZIP.

cAc TRI~U CHUNG CHUNG

TRI~U CHUNG 1 H~ thdng da ho8.n toan bi te li~t (den LED cua ngu6n v.ln sang) L6i cua CPU thircng chang bao gio- dl! phat hisn. Khi CPU ttj gay ra 16i, he thong se hi dung d(:> nghiern trong. He thong se khbng khoi dong (hoac te liet rna kh6ng thong bao gi trong suet qua trinh khrri dong),

'I'nrong hop voi loai trieu clurng nay thi nguyen nhan la do PC da: kh6ng hoat di)ug dii dai de· thuc thi cac chuang trmh chan doan POST cua n6 va phan khoi dong h$ thong cling khong chay b8"t ky mot chuang trinh chin doan DOS nao. Ket qua la "nhirng h$ thong chet" nhu the nay doi hoi can phai co su can thiep cua ky thuat vie n.

Trude khi xem xet den viec thay CPU; ban nen sli dung dong ho da wing va kiern tra ngo ra cua bq nguon mot each that can than. Ngay ca khi den ngu6n v§.n chay sang thi mot hoac nhieu ngo ra cling co the kh6ng co tin hieu, Bi[l.c biet Ia cac ngo ra c6 gia tri thap cung dl! dang gay nen cac 16i luan 1:9", la nguyen nhan c6 the gay te Iiet cho h$ thong. Neu van de nay xay ra sau khi da thuc hien viec nang dip thi co the hi) nguon da bi trim. Hay thu xoa di phan vita n&'Lb .:a_'p. Neu heat dqng cua h$ thong hoat dong tra Iai, hay xem xet den viec nang cap cho bi) nguon. Neu mot ngo ra c6 dien thap hoac khong c6 dien thi


c6 the da khorig c6 su nang cap nao ij day, hay thir hai bo ngucn.

Ke den, hay thao bo rna r9ng cung vdi cac thanh phan ngoai vi cua n6 va sau do hay thu tren hi;! th6ng mot Ian nira, N8"u he thong hoat dQng bmh thuong, thi c6 the mot trong s6 cac thiet bi rna rong dang ngat hoat d¢ng cua h~ thong. Hay gin lai mot thi6t bi cho mot thai diem va kiem tra he thong. Thiet bi rna rong cuoi cung ducc giin vao khi PC khorig hoat dong chinh l a nguyen nhan, Hay thay thiet bi bi hu nay. Neu hu hong van can, hay thu tren mot CPU moi.

Nho tih may va rut day earn ngu6n cua PC truce khi tiep tuc thuc hien, Khi thao CPU ban dau, can can than de tranh be cong bat ky cac tin nao cua no. (C6 the· ban se can phai gin lai CPU sau do). Hay that can than khi gall CPU mdi vao trong h$ thong. Viec be cong cac tin cua CPU hau nhir se luon luon gay hu hong cho PC. NEfu mot PC moi van khcng thanh cong cho viec khac phuc van d~, ban hay thay toan bQ bo mach chu.

TRI~U CHUNG 2 Ban nghe dli<jc rnQt tieng bip hoac rna 110 POST cho bie't r~ng CPU co kha nang bj 16i. H$ thong hau nhu luon luon khorig khoi dong thanh congo Khi chuang trinh POST bat dau, n6 se kiern tra tung thanh phan bo mach chu chinh cua PC (bao gem ca CPU). Neu mot CPU 18i duoc bao trong su6t qua trinh POST (thong thuong n6 se su dung rna thap 11J.c phan mot byte de ghi ra cang iJ gia tri BOh va doc n6 bang cac POST), hay kiern tra tung ngo ra tU hi> nguon cua M thong. Neu mot hoac nhieu ngo ra mat nguon hoac c6 dien ap thap thl van de c6 th~ la d bi? nguon, Hay thu tren mot bo nguon rndi, N€u tift ca cac ngo ra cua bQ nguon duqc do

160 TIM HltV CMOS vA CPU

d cac muc gia tri deu dung, hay thu tren mot CPU moi. Ne"u CPU mci v§.n khcng giai quyet du:c;1c van M, hay thay bo mach chu. Chuong 19 se gici thieu v~ cac rna baa 16i va cac rna thong baa POST.

TRIEU CHUNG 3 H~ th6ng khoi dQng khong co v~n de gi nhirng no Ia i hi te li~t khi co mQt chudng trinh U'ng dung nao d6 dliqc thqc thi. Di~u nay xem nhu: th~ ung dung da bi hu: nhung hay thu chan doan t.nrong hop nay bang chirong trinh ching han nhu AMID lAG cua hang AMI hoac chutrng trmh Troubleshooter cua hang AlIMicr~. Hay chay chuang trinh kiem tra t:en CPU. Mac du CPU c6 th~ hoat dong trong che dO. real mode, nhung chirong trinh chan dean c6, the biet. 16i dang chay trong cac le nh d che .dQ protected-mode va thuc hien thong qua viec kiern tra thanh ghi. Chuang trinh AMIDIAG se dung lai boi vi n6 nhan duqc rat nhieu rna loi. N6 kh6ng chi noi cho ban biet CPU da duoc kiem tra va cho gia t.ri xau, va n6 cung cho b~~. biet ve ~gU,yel~ nhan tai sao. Khi c6 mot rna 101 diroc tra ve de gan ch~ 16i cua CPU thi ban nan thu t~~n mot CPU khac. Neu 16i cua CPU kh6ng nhan biet ducc, ban hay rna rong phan chan dean de kiern tra sang cac phan khac cua bo mach chilo Neu toan bo he thong duoc kiern tra eho ket qua dung thi co kha nang ban da e6 met file bi h11 tren ung dung rna ban dang thuc thi.

TRIEU CHUNG 4 H~ thong khoi dqng khong co vitn de gi nhirng no hili hi te li~t sau vai p'hu't hrra t dc}ng (1?:i't k~ ung dung co, dang thl,ie thi khdng). a day ban cling co the hru Y rAng kh6ng c6 chuong trrnh chan doan nao cho biet 16i iJ CPU. Neu ban tat he thong va cho trong vai phut, h$ thong dang Ie se khdi dQng tot va hoat dong trong nhieu phut sau do truce khi n6


lai bat dau dung lai mot lin nua, Day la mQt hu hong thuong xay ra co lien quan den nhiet. Khi 1$ thong bi treo, hay kiem tra nhiet tren CPU. Ban hay th·~t dn than khi kiem tra nhac bci v~ ban c6 th~ d~ dang bi bong, CPU rna ban dang sli dung e6 the khong dircc gAn vita van voi phuong ti~n tan nhiet hoac bo phan lam mat cua n6 co th~ kh6ng con gin lien voi n6 nira (hoac bi hu). Theo nguyen tac. tat ca cac vi xu Iy Pentium h~y Pentium MMX, Pentium II, va Pentium ny deu yeu cau co phucng tien bin nhiet/quat duoc gin M l·am mat cho n6. Hay thay b8.'t ky mot quat lam mat nao bi hu.

Dam bao ding quat lam mat he thong d3I~g heat dong va dam bao n6 dang heat d(lllg t6t. Neu kh6ng, hay nghI den viec sit dung mot phuong tien tan nhiet voi sl! tro giup cua mot hop chat hiern nhiet. Neu CPU v§.n con duoc gAn lien vdi phuong ti~n tan nhiet, dn dam bao di.ng c6,m?t lop hop chat each nhiet giua vo CPU va de cua phuong tie n tan nhiet. Trang nhi~_u truong hop, !:1P chat nay tlurong bi bo s6t. Dieu nay se lam cho viec truyen nniet se tang cao va cho phep CPU hoat d¢ng i1 mot dieu kien nong han. Neu ban thay rang a d6 khong e6 hop cha't_ hiern nhii;l~, cho PC duoc lam mat; va sau do gan hop chat giam nhiet ·giaa vo CPU va phirong tien tan nhiet,

TRIEU CHUNG 5 Mqt h~ thong eli. tii ch6i hoai dQng khi cache nQi (LI) ella CPU duoc ho~t ho a, Loai trieu chung nay thuong xay ra tren cac vi xu ly ell (chang han AMD Am486) va hau nhu: luon luon la van de c6 lien quan den cau hinh. Vi xU' ly co the bi hu neu hoat d9ng a mot gia tri toe d¢ bus kh6ng dung (khi d trang thai dil du:ac) nang toc dQ CPUJ, vi v~y hay ki~m tra (va s{'r~ gia tri cua toc dQ bus bo mach chu cho phu

162 TiM IIIfu CMOS vA CPU

hop vdi CPU. 'I'rieu chirng nay cung xay ra khi cho CPU hoat doug a mot muc hi~u di$n the hoat dong sai. Hay kiern tra mire hieu dien the va cau hi,nh lai .cho, bo m~ch chu vci gia t ri hieu dien the d~ng (~o2u din th iet ). Cuoi cung, bo mach chu phai co kha nang tirong thich vci loai cache Ll t.re n CPU. Vi du, gAo mQt CPU vdi cache ghi lai tren mot bo mach chu von khbng hi) tro cache ghi lai

se gay nen van d4. .

TRI~U CHUNG 6 Ba n kh6ng the chuy mQt CPU 345V tre n mQt bo mach chu 5V ngay ea khAi, eo ~1i' dung mo dun di~u chinh hie u die n the phu hop, Hay kie'm tra hai Lin bo phau dieu chinh hi e u di~n the VRM (voltage regulator m~?ule,). ~9 phan ~M nay phai ph~ hqp voi cong s~at ::u Iy dong die n trong vise h6 trct cho nhu cau ve nguon ci.ia CPU. Neu khcng, ho phan VRM se bi tran va bj hir trong viec cung cap nguon tu~~g img. I::ay ki~m tra dieu nay voi hang san xuat CPU de c6 duoc nhirng loi khuysn ve VRM. Ban cung neri thir CPUIVRM trong In9t bo mach chu 5\1 khac. Neu CPUIVRM bi hu trong bo m~ch chu 5V khac thi c6 the" la do VRM dil bi hu. Neu CPU/VRM hoat dong tot tren mot bo ~ach chu 5V khac thi e6 kha nang BIOS cua bo m~eh chu ban dau da khong ho tro cho cac yeu cau dac thu e~a cPy maio Hay ki,e"m,tra dieu nay vai· hang san xuat bo mach chu de xem ho e6 phien ban BIOS da d~qe cap nhat (hoac flash hoac ROM IC) eho he thong khong,

TRI~U CHUNG 7 H~ thong ~6ng hoa t dc;.ng trong,HIMEM.SYS hoac DOS4GW.EXE sau ~i ga~ mQt, CPU mdi vao, Loai trieu chirng nay thuang xay ra tren CPU cu va thuang ducc thea dau la nhung 16i tren hiau dien the CPU cua bo mach chu cung nhu cac xac lap vii Ioai. Hay

TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 163 kiem tra jumper cau hinh CPU cua bo mach chu, Bang thai cung chay CPU 3.45V (f mac 5V hoac chay mot CPU non-SL-enhanced CPU nhu la mot phan SL-enhaneed cling co kha nang se gay ra nhirng loai van M tirong tu vi vay can dam bao rang ban dang si1 dung phan dung va xem xem hieu dien the cua CPU la dung hay chua. lSi1 dung modun dieu chinh hieu dien the neu dn thiet),

TRI~U CHUNG 8 H': th6ng hoat dc;.ng tot, nhung bao sai Ia i cpu. Trong hau het tit ca cac truong hop, BIOS bo mach chu khcng duoc viet ra de' hi} tro cho mot CPU dac biet nao, BAng each kiem tra jumper cau hinh CPU cua bo mach chu de xem bo mach chu d6 co ducc chon dung cho met CPU rieng bie t nao do khong. Neu van de van con, ban c6 Ie nen can den mot BIOE nang cfip (hoac file flash hoac ROM IC) cho phu hop voi vi xi11Y. Nen kiem tra hang san xuat be mach chu hay hang san xuat h$ thong de xar dinh phien ban nang cap BIOS phu hcp nao hier dang co san.

TRI~U CHUNG 9 Sau khi cau hinh Ia i mc;.1 bo mach chu VML voi mQt CPU eo toe d~ nhanh hon, cac video ngay sau VL kho ng eon hoat dQng mla. Cac cac VL khac co th( cung hi hir. £>ieu nay thircng xay ra khi bo macl chu VL eli co ho tro cho toe do bus 40MHz. Do t6. di;> VL bi tr6i buoc voi t6e d9 bo mach chu nen xa. l~p cia bo mach chu sang 40 MHz e6 the la nguyei nhan lam eho mot vai cac VL khong hoat dong Hay thu chay bo mach chu (j 33 MHz Win so c ban doi vci cac VL) va ch911 jumper Local Bu Clock Rate sang gia tri 33 MHz. Neu van de bie: mat, ban da c6 duoc cau tra lei eho mot hoa nhieu cac VL. Hay ttu thay the s6 cua trang th~ cho bus VL cho den khi cac thiet bi VL se h6 tr

164 TiM H1EU CMOS vA CPU

cho 40 MH. Neu ban kh6ng the giai -q_uye't van d~ nay, thi co th€ ban khong th~ sLi dung bo mach chu i'; gia tri 40MHz. Ban cung e6 the nhan thay rAng bo VL se hoat dqng dung, tot iJ 40 MHz.

TRI~U CHUNG 10 MQt vai ph6n me m hi kh6a tren h(! th6ng dang chl;lY vi xu Iy 5x86; Bay thuong la van d~ xay ra doi vrri cac phan mern cao cap cha ng han nhu 3D Studio ella AutoDesk. Thong thu:ong' cac chu:ang trinh chang han nhu 3D Studio se sii dung bo phan lap dinh thai phan mern trong rna ella no. Vi xii ly 5~86 thuc thi nhung l$nh lap nay nhanh hen so vdi cac CPU x86 truric d6, va no da gay nhieu cho rna phu thuoc thai gian ben trong chu:ang trinh. Trong hau het cac truong hop, cac hang san xuat phan mern S8 cung cap c6ng cu M he tro cho chu:ang trinh. B6i vdi 3D Studio, ban c6 the tai v~ file FSTCPUFX.EXE tU Kin~tix (ftp:llftp.fhmerse burg.de/puh/hardward/mainhoardf asus/fstcpufx.exe). Hay chay file nay va theo cac huang dan cua n6.

M9t vi du khac v~ cac van d~ co lien quan de'n phan mern la cac ung dung Clipper. Clipper chen vong l~p dinh thai phan mern vao trong cac ling dung khi rna duoc bien dich va dieu nay se gay nhieu cho rna phu thuQc thai gian trong chuang trinh. D6i vo i Clipper, ba n c6 the' ta i file PIPLOOP. EXE tll' ftp://ftp.ascod.ru/SOFT/ Cyrixlpipeloop.exe ve va dat vao trong file AUTOEXEC.BAT cua ban,

TRI~U CHUNG 11 Device Manager cu a Windows 98 nh;\in di(!n sai CPU. Trong nhieu tnrong hop, CPU bi nhan dien sai nola CPU 486 hoac CPU cu han. Day la van de co lien quan den xu6ng 95. Thuc te' duoc sii dung trong Windows


95 de nhan biet CPU da ducc hoan chinh trudc khi co mot loai CPU DaO do diroc phat hanh va vi vay CPU S8 dap ling cho thuat toan do chi nhu la 486. Sil: dung mot chuong trmh chan dean d~ nhan biet CPU dung rna ban dang sil: dung hoac ban co the' kiern t.ra voi nha san xuat CPU dE\' co duoc phan di kern vrii xu6ng 95 co hi> tro viec nhan dieri dung. Van d~ nay tlurong xay ra voi CPU Cyrix 6x86 va co thE\' duoc khac phuc bang each tai v~ file 6XOPT074.ZIP.

TRI~U CHUNG 12 Qu~tlphliong ti~n bin rrhie t da khorig dliQ'c g:in dung. Thiet bi nay da kh6ng duoc g!1n chat tren be mat cua CPU. Day co th@: la mot van d~ nghiem trong d6i voi he thong boi vi khi quat/phuong tien tan nhiet khong dugc gAn chat n6 S8 kh6ng quat lam mat cho CPU mot each dung dan. C6 3 giai phap d€ xU: ly van de nay. Trude tien, ban hay dam bao rang ban da da c6 dung 10:;Li phu:ang tien tan nhiet/quat theo nhu yeu cau danh rieng cho loai CPU rna ban dang sU: dung Obi pho bien cung thuung xay ra khi glin tren mot PC rn6"i. Thu hal, can dam bao dlllg phirong tien tan nhiet sa gAn hoac tren chip cua CPU hoac tren socket ZIF von de gAn CPU len do. Thu ba, xac nhan rAng CPU kh6ng phai Itt loai co b~ mat bi phai dan nhung dong chu tren do. Loai CPU co nhung dong chir bi phai thutrng kh6ng phai la loai g6c rna la loai da diroc danh dau lai, nguoi ta lam cho no tr6ng gi6ng nhu loai goc ban d~u.

cAc TRI~U CHUNG cO LIEN QUAN DEN CYRIX 6X86 Xet ve mat kg tnuat, Cyrix 6x86 (thinh tnoang con duoc goi la MI, Iii mot doi thu manh cua Intel Pentium. Trong mot h$ thong da du:gc cau hinh dung 6x86 c6 the nam ngoai each Pentium 0- mot


vai linh vue. Ngoai ra, loai 6x86 200MHz se sii dung toe dQ bus 75MHz (thay the' cho toc dQ bus 66MHz). Tuy nhien, cung c6 mot vai trurrng hop dac biet va mot vai trieu chung rna ban can quan t~m khi ban sii dung loat san pham cua Cyrix:

• T{/c do bus. Day la di~m khdi dau cua van d~ d6i val Cyrix boi VI toe dQ bus cao h(111 se yeu cau kg thuat bo nho rat cao va chipset bo mach chu rat cao cap. Ban khong the chay mot chip P200 tren mot bo mach chu Triton FX hoac bo mach chu HX boi vi nhtrng chipset d6 khcng h8 tro cho toe do bus 75MHz. Treu thuc te" 6x86 P200 ch~ya toc di} xung dong ho 150MHz bang each nha n t6c di) bus bo mach chu 75MHz voi 2. Ne'u ban thir chay P200 a t6e do 50MHz va sli dung bi} nhan 3, thl ban s~ mat di nhirng lei ich cua no do t6c db bus cham. D6i vci cac 10(;1.1 P166, P150, v~ Pl20 till kha nang tuong thich bo mach chu se tot han.

• N6ng ouot muat. Sue n6ng la mot van de quan trong d6i voi CPU nhirng d6i vtri CPU 6xS6 so ra 1l;}1 n6ng han vi xli Iy Intel va AMD. Sire n6ng qua rrurc nay co the lam h11 dii: lieu va gay hu hong cho M thong, doi khi no con lam giam tubi tho cua CPU. Trong trucng hop xau nhat, sire nongqua mire nay c6 the: huy diet CPU. Cac tin cay nhat de xlily van de nay 18 nen su' dung quat/phuong tien tall nhiet co chat luong cao eho cac CPU thuoc modem 6xS·6. Cac phien ban gan day cua 6x86L (low-voltage) da hua hen se giup giam thieu van de nay bang each sli dung kien true ehia hieu dien the cua 2.8 volts

TIM HIEU CMOS vA CPU . 167

va 3.3 volts. Cung muc hieu dien the' rna vi xu ly MMX sii dung: Cyrix mong muon loat san phl'im "L" se giarn ve nhu cau nguon dien nhieu hem 25%. Ne'u ban phai thay the' CPU 6xS6, ban nen chon phie n ban 2.7 cua 6x86 hoac phian ban 6xS6L neu ban co the.

• FPU. Mot diem khac can hru y doi voi ngirci dung 6xS6 Ia kha nang ve dau cham d¢ng cua 6xS6 diroc do Ia thap han so vdi Pentium. Vi du, 5 hoat, dong cua FPU ve 6x86 Pl66 chi co th~ duoc danh gia tuoug duong vdi CPU Pentium 90MHz. Day kh6ng phai la met giai phap thirc su doi vci phien ban 6xS6 hien tai nhirng cac san pham M2 sap tdi cua hang Cyrix Iai mong mu6n rang se khac phuc lai dUCJe nhii:ng va"n de nay.

• Khd ndng hoat d¢ng (rang moi truong Windows NT. Day cung la mot van de nghiem trong khac d6i voi cac phien ball 6x86 doi trudc. CPU rat nhay cam doi vci vi~c phan hili tin hieu tir bus ella CPU rna NT se chuyen cho cache LI 6xS6. Dieu nay se la nguyen nhan gay giarn each eho kha nang hoat dong cua no. Cyrix cung dB. gia] quyet duoc Tilt nhieu van de co lien quan d6i vci phien ban 2.7 cuug nhu cac CPU 6xS6L nhirng ban co the' se tiep tue v~n nhin thay nhii:ng van de nay co li~n quan de'n NT trong cac h¢ thong voi cac phien han 6xS6 cil.

• Khii nang hoat d¢ng iren cae pluin. mem eai tien. Theo nhu cac gioi han rat khac nhau dB. duoc dua ra W Cyrix 6x86, hien

168 TiM AIEL' CMOS vA CPU

c6 rat nhieu tien ich san co de tang cuong cho 6x86. Ban c6 the c6 duoc tirng tien ich nay tit cac dia chi Web sau day:

6XOPT074.ZIP La mot chuang trinh t6i uu cho 6x86 do Mikael Johansson viet. N6 cau hinh 'cho CPU 6x86 nham gia tang kha nang hoat dong cua n6 va cho phep Windows 95 "nhm thay" cPt T 6x86 trong Device Manager (ftp:!! ftp.eyberway.eom.sg!pub!eoast!msdos! sysu til/6xo pt07 4.zi p).

DIRECTNT.ZIP Tien Ich nay cho phep cac 6x86 hoat d<)ng trong Windows NT 4 (ftp:!! ftp.westend.eom/pub/magazine/ct/ctsi/ d ireetn t.zi p).

TRI~U CHUNG 13 H~ tho'ng Cyrix 6x86 b~ te li~t sau mQt kho ang thai gian hoa t dQng

na o do: dieu nay hau nhu la van de co lien quan l den sue n6ng do SU dung bi? phan lam mat kh6ng tuoug irng' voi 6x86. Neu ban khong sii dung quat/ phuong tien tan nhiet truoc do, hay gt1n no truce

khi tiep tuc sii dung. Ban nen dam bao ding ban dang SU dung mot quat/phurrng tien tan nhiet vdi cong suat Ion va thay ding no duoc g<in an t.oan

tren CPU. Ban cung can ki~m tra de' xac nhan ding CPU da' diroc giin an toan tren socket c~a

no.

Ban cung ne n xem xet den vise giin mot 10?i 6x86 khac. Loai C028 su dung 3.52 volts, va loai COl6 sLi' dung 3.3 volts, vi vay ban chi viec thay d5i modem cua no thi se giarn duoc nhu cau tieu t6n nang IUQ'ng. Ban cung hay thii gAn loai phien ban 2. 7 hoac 6x86 sau d6, la loai dugc xem nhu la

loai xir If c6 kha nang r3't t6t voi suc norig to ra, I

t6t nhat, nen sit dung CPU 6x86L (va bi? phan J

dieu chinh). Nguyen nhan thir ba co kha nang I

TiM HIEU CMOS vA CPU 169 xay ra lam cho hoat di}ng cua h$ thong bi gian doan la BIOS c6 kha nang tuong thich rat kern. Hay kiern tra di~u nay vdi nha san xuat bo mach chu va xern xem co phie n ban nang dip nao ~U2 BIOS t6t han c6 h6 tro cho CPU Cyrix hay kh6ng.

TRI~U CHUNG 14 ne tho'ng Cyrix 6x86 dung d? va tii eh6i khdi dQng. Bay cung la mot ~an de kh~~ co lien quan den sire nhiet dong va thirong cho biet CPU hoae bi? phan di~u chinh hieu dien th~ c6 lien quan bi hu. Hay kiem tra b¢ phan dieu chinh hieu dien the. Bi} phan dieu chinh hieu dien the tlurong rat de bi hu d6i voi CPU Cyrix 6x86 boi vi nhu cau su dung dien nang rat cao cua no. Neu bO phan dieu chinh hieu dien the

da duoc kiem tra, ban hay thay CPU.' .

TRI~U CHUNG 15 Ban thdy ding kha nang hoat dQng cua Cyrix 6x86 rift thap trong moi trtiong Windows NT 4.0. Trong hau het tat ca cac truong hop, NT deu co kha nang nhan bie't 6x86 va se chon each "shut down" cho cho cache Lfghi lai m~t each hOEI11 hao. May thay, co rat nhieu each de khac phuc van de nay. 'I'nroc tieri, ban c6 th~ tai v~ loat phan mern hi Web site Cyrix Web (www.cyrix.com), nham cho phep lai cache Ll hoat di?ng trong Windows NT 4.0. Bi4u nay se mang kha nang hoat dong tro Iai. Giai phap thirc te' han 103. thay CPU bang lo~i 6x86 phien ban 2.7 hoac cao hon hoac st1 dung 6x86L nhu da hru y d trieu chirng 13.13.

TRI:JtU CHUNG 16 Ba n kbo ng thli' cho chuong' trinh Quake thu'c thi tot tren mQt h~ tho'ng Cyrix 6x86 rihtr no da dude thrre thi tren _h~ _th6ng Pentium tu'dng t·\f. f)i~u nay la van de c6 lien quan de'n kha nang hoat d~ng cua Cyrix FPU. Kh6ng co mot giai phap

170 TiM HlEU CMOS vA CPU

thuc nao de: khac phuc van de nay tai thoi diem nay, va cac phien ban 6x86 sau do cung khong sua dliqc FPU. Ban co the: thay CPU nay bang modern AMD hoae Intel hoac cho mot thai gian xem Cyrix 6x86MX (M2) co cai tie'n gi hem.

TRI~U CHUNG 17 CPU Cyrix 6~86 khong hOE,lt dQng tren bo mach chu cua ban. C6 nlt nhieu van de co the: xay ra khi nang cap sang thanh mot CPU non Intel. Trude tien, hay kiem tra chipset cua bo mach chfi va dam bao r~ng chipset. (hay cac thuoc tinh khac chang han nhu toe dQ bus (dieu urong thich vdi 6x86. Nhu ban da biet, 6x86 thuong yeu cau toe dQ bus kh6ng bmh thuong de' no co the hoat dQng ducc.

Cac xac lap cua bo mach chu luon lucn rat quan trong khi ban gAn mot CPU. Ban can phai cai lai toc d(> xung dong h5 moi cho phil hop voi 6x86. Trong hau het cac truong hop ban cling phai can chi dinh Iai CPU. Cu6i cung, ban se can phai chon hieu dien the cua CPU. Neu khong, ban can phai gAng mot bo dieu chinh hieu dien the vdi mot cong suat dly du de c6 the xU: ly cho CPU 6x86. Neu ban ch911 mot be> phan dieu chinh khong dli cong suat, bQ phan dieu chinh c6 the se hi nong qua muc va bi chay, Viln de c6 the: rna: hl;111 can xem xet la BIOS. Thong thucng BIOS phai co kha nang nhan biet CPU dung va thuc hien nhirng thay d6i trong thuong trrnh BIOS de: sil dung CPU moi mot each hieu qua nhat. Neu BIOS khong the h8 tro cho CPU 6x.86 rna ban dang sU: dung tht ban can phai nang cap BIOS.

Ne'u ta't ca cac truong hop deu khong thanh cong, ban hay thu giam t6c dQ xung d6ng h6 sang rrurc thap hen ke tiep, Neu CPU hoat d{:tng dung sau do thi co the da khong c6 sir tirong thich giua


____ • -=--171

bo mach chi] va CPU 6x86. H~y kiern -tra van d~ nay vci nha san xuat bo mach chu de xem cac viln de co lien quan den kha nang tirong thich co dl1lJc nhan biet a day hay khbng.

TR~U CHUNG 18 Bl;1n nh~n thily co st! giam each trong hoa t dQng cu a he th6ng khi slt dl,mg Cyrix 6x86 trong moi truong Windows 3.Ix: hoJ)c Windows 95, T'rong nhieu trl1ang hop, cac van de co Iieri quan den kha nang heat dong eua h$ thong khi sil' dung cac CPU kh6ng phai Intel thirong co lien yuan den su he. tro eua mos. Thong thuong BIOS phai co kl;ii nang nhan hie't CPU va dieu chinh sao cho phu hop voi no. Ne'u BIOS khong h6 tro cho CPU mot each dung d,)n thi ke't qua cuoi cling la se gay ne n cac van de ve kha nang hoat dong cua toan h¢ thong. Hay kiern tra vci hang san xuat bo mach chu de' co bat ky phien ban BIOS nang cap nao c6 kha nang h6 tro tOt hon cho CPU mrii. .

T6c de. xung dong ho va cache cung la hai vAn de khac c6 anh hurrng dt'rn hieu suc'lt boat dong cua h$ thong, Hay kiern tra jumper tren bo mach chii va xac nhan rAng t6c d{:t xung d5ng ho da dl1lJc chon dung doi voi loai CPU Cyrix, Cung kiern tra d6i vdi cac jumper khac va xac nhan rang tat ca cac X8.C l~p cache deu dung. Ban ding nen xac nhan cache noi Ll va cache ngoai L2 da duoc

hoat h6a trong BIOS. . ,

cAc TRI~U CHUNG co LIEN aUAN DEN VAN DE TANG TOC CHO CPU

1

..

Qua trlnh tang t6c cho CPU thliong ra't hiem khi hoan hao. C6 rat nhieu nhan to co lien ouan den hoat dQng nay chang han nhu loai CPU, ~ha't lliqng bo mach chu, toc dQ xung d5ng h6 hien co va cac xac lap ve bQ nhan. Co rat nhieu trucng


hop khi thuc hien viec tang toe eho CPU S8 gay nen cac van d~ cho h$ thong. M9t trong nhtrng van d@ kha ph6 bieri S8 duoc trinh bay iJ phan sau day.

TRI~U CHUNG 19 H~ thong khong khdi dQng sau khi dii cau hinh Ia i cho h~ thong di$ bing tOe cho CPU. Day Ia van d~ thong dung trim hau he"t cac truorig hrrp va dieu nay eo nghia la ban khong th~ tang toe cho CPU a mire rna ban da chon. Ban hay chon gia tri ngiroc trd lai ve toe d9 xung d6ng h6 cung nhu he so nhi.in cho den khi 11$ thong khci dQng hoac hay tra cac gia tr] ella toe dQ xung d6ng h6 va gia t.ri cua b9 nhan ve cac gia tri ban dau cua no.

TRI:¢U CHUNG 20 H~ th6ng khdi dQng sau khi da nang t6e de'} CPU nhUng sau do mQt thai gian thi bj treo hoac hi dung de'}. Viec nang toe d9 CPU 180 nguyen nhan gay ra hien tirong tea nhiet ra't Ion tir CPU va van de lam mat phai diroc cai thien de den bu cho sue nong vuot tang hon nay. Ne"u khong, CPU bi qua n6ng co the S8 gay te liet hoac tron don cho h$ thong. Hay kiern tra quat, phuong tien tan nhiet de thay rAng n6 da duge gin dung vdi mot lop each nhiet m6ng narn giua CPU va phurrng tien tan nhiet, Trong nhieu trucng hop co the ban can phao str dung den m9t bi) phan lam mat Peltier.

TRl$U CHUNG 21 Ban thay lc3i be'} nho sau khi dii gia tang toe dQ bus dg phuc vu eho vie o nang toe de'} CPU. Khii nang heat dong cua b9 nho co lien quan true tiep den toc di) bus (hay toe d9 xung dong h6). Hau he"t cac loai ROM 60ns S8 noat dong tot. len de"n 66MHz nhung co kha nang ban can phai sU" dung EDO RAM 50ns eao cap hoac SDRAM 50ns khi ban da nang toe


d9 bus len 75MHz hoac &3MHz. Hay thu su dung bao nhieu eo toe d<) cao han trong PC hoae dirng nen co gang nang toe dQ cho CPU cua he thong.

1 TRIEU CHUNG 22 Sau khi da: ea'u hinh lai cho ~i~e nang toe de'} CPU, he th6ng ho~t d(;ng nhrmg ba n Ia i nhin thay nhung hu' hong tren CPU. D6 la co hoi de ban thay dlng CPU dang hoat dQng qua n6ng, din de'n hu hong CPU. Hay kiem tra bQ ph an lam mat va thay rAng no da duoc gan dung, an toa n voi mot lap each nh iet morig lam giira CPU va phuong tie n

tan nhiet, Trong nhieu truorig hop, ban can pha i sit dung den b¢ phan lam mat Peltier.

TRIEU CHUNG 23 Sau khi da ea'u hinh lai d~ Phve vu eho viec nang ca'p t6e dQ CPU, ban thay rAng mot viti bo md rQng ho;)e mo t

I viti philn cung na o do da khong con du'Q'e nh!}n dien dung ho~e khong con hoa t dQng dung nua. Do dong ho PCI va ISA thucng duoc A,. troi buoe vci toe d9 dong ho ella 11$ thong nen khi

gia tang toc dQ xung dong h6 S8 gia tangtee d¢ xung dong ho PCI va ISA. Dieu nay co the· lam phien den hoat d911g ella cac bo dieu hop von rat nhay earn. Ban co the· thay the' phan ctrng vdi met adapter co kha nang chju dung cao han hoac thong thirong do§" an toan hou ban nen tra toe d9 xung dong h6 va cac xac lap cua h$ so nhan ve vi tri ban diiu.

TRltU CHUNG 24 Sau khi cau hinh Ia i de' thl1e hi~n vi~e nang toe de'} cho CPU, ban thify rAng co me'}t iu'Q'ng file hi!}n ta i bi hu', khong th.! truy xuat du'c,1C hoae bi rna't. Trong nhirng tntb"ng hop nay he thong co the S8 khong 6n dinh. Tnroc ti€m hay kiern tra de" xern co bi n6ng qua mire kh6ng (nh u tron g trie u chUng 13.4).

174 TIM HIfu CMOS vA CPU

~~------------~--~.

N€u khong, ban can phai kii~m tra viec tang toc

di,l xung dbng hb cho h~ thong nay, Hay thu dieu chinh no trd v~ ca'u hlnh cua toc dQ xung dong ho cling nhu h$ so nhari ban dau.

My..e luc

175

Mucluc

• •

"1It,? ....

TIM HIEU CMOS VA CPU

1. CMOS lam gi? 7

2. Dinh dang cai dat CMOS 19

3. Sli' dung sir dinh dang til dQug 85

4. Sao chep du phong CMOS RAM 87

5. Bao tri va giai quyet rac roi veri CMOS 88

6. CPU eo ban 95

7. Cac khai niem CPU hien dai 97

8. CPU Intel 105

9. CPU AMD 128

10. CPU Cyrix 1.35

11. Tang toe dQ xung d6ng h6 eho CPU 140

12. Xli'ly su eo eho cac van d~ co lien quan deri

CPU 157

t .-

10 Phut Hoc May Tinh-Chuong 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

10 Phut Hoc May Tinh-Chuong 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

LcrDUC HAo

You might also like

10 Phut Hoc May Tinh-Chuong 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

10 Phut Hoc May Tinh-Chuong 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

﻿LcrDUC HAo

You might also like

LcrDUC HAo