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Fig 1. Geopulse Tigre Resistivity Meter

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Geopulse Tigre Resistivity Meter

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Campus International Products Ltd.

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Maximum power output : 18W

Current range : 0.5mA ± 100mA

Square wave repetition : 2.8 ± 8.4 sec

(commutated DC)

Number or reading averaged : 1 to 16

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Input voltage range : 0 ± 180V

Input impedance : 22MŸ

Display : 80 characters alpha-

 numeric liquid crystal

Power supply : Rechargeable sealed

lead acid 7 Amp/h @12v

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Weight : 6 kg

Method : Wenner (ASTMG57-95a)

Computer : PC compatible

Operator : 4 person

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Practically, the electrodes (potential and current) are spread always in line, by using
Wenner configuration. In this method, low frequency AC is injected and generated
potentials in the earth¶s surface are measured. Resistivity of the earth can be calculated
then. By using inversion algorithm, the layering of sub surface can be determined based
on resistivity structure as a function of depth.


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It is necessary to consider that measured resistivity on the surface is an apparent
resistivity, based on hypothesis that medium is a single layer homogeneous and isotropic.
This term can be arrange by following equation:

 

†  
           

  
Where the parameter — has to do with the electrode geometry. By measuring ǻ
and  and
knowing the electrode configuration, we obtain a resistivity † Over homogeneous isotropic
ground this resistivity will be constant for any current and electrode arrangement. That is,
if the current is maintained constant and the electrodes are moved around, the potential

ǻ
will adjust at each configuration to keep the ratio  
constant.

If the ground is inhomogeneous, however, and the electrode spacing is varied, then the
ratio will change, in general. This results in a different value of — for each measurement.
Obviously the magnitude intimately involved with the arrangement of electrodes.
 This measured quantity is known as the O——O


†  Another term which is
frequently found in the literature is the so-called 
O

. Although it is
diagnostic, to some extent, of the actual resistivity of a zone in the vicinity of the electrode
array. This apparent resistivity is definitely not an average value. Only in the case of
homogeneous ground is the apparent value equivalent to the actual resistivity. Obviously
it is equal to the true surface resistivity only when the ground is uniform over a volume
roughly of the dimensions of the electrode separation.

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The most commonly used point-electrode systems are the þ

and  


O O At this point is used Wenner spread which the electrodes are uniformly spaced in a
line. From above equation,  O and  O. Thus the apparent resistivity is:


†

For depth exploration using Wenner spread, the electrodes are expanded about a fixed
centre, increasing the spacing O in steps. For lateral exploration or mapping, the spacing
remains constant and all four electrodes are moved along the line, then along another line,
and so on. In mapping, the apparent resistivity for each array position is plotted against the
centre of the spread.

O O O



=   =


Fig. 1 Wenner Spread





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3.1 Results of Soil Resistivity Measurements

3.1 Electric Soil Resistivity

Soil resistivity measurements have threefold purpose. First, such data is used to make
sub-surface geophysical survey as an aid in identifying structure of the subsurface layer,
depth to the bedrock, and other geological phenomena. Second, soil resistivity directly
affects the design of a grounding system. Third, resistivity has a direct impact on the
degree of corrosion in underground pipelines. A decrease in resistivity relates to an
increase in corrosion activity, and therefore dictates the corrosion-protective treatment
should be used.
Soils constitute the most complex environment known to metallic corrosion. Corrosion of
metals in soil can vary from fairly rapid dissolution to negligible effects. Moisture in soils
will probably have the most profound affect when considering corrosivity than any other
variable. No corrosion will occur in environments that are completely dry. Water is
required in soils for ionization of the oxidation process and ionization of soil electrolytes.
Flowing water is a more severe environment than stagnant water.

Most all soils are heterogeneous. This results in different environments interacting on
different parts of the metal surface, and produces differences in electrical potential.
Differences in oxygen, acidity, and salt content also give rise to corrosion potential.

Soil resistivity (conductivity) are extremely important as a indicator to corrosion rate of the
medium. Lower resistivity (high conductivity) can generate high corrosion rates. Metals
that are buried will generally be anodic in a low resistivity soil, and cathodic at an adjacent
high resistivity soil. Soil heterogeneity in conjunction with specific resistivity, is the most
important aspect of soil corrosion. The following table may serve as a simple guide in
predicting the corrosivity of a soil with respect to resistivities alone:

Table 1. Soil Resistivity and Anticipated Corrosivity

Soil Resistivity (Âm) Anticipated Corrosivity

<7 Very Severe

7 ~ 20 Severe

20 ~ 50 Average

50 ~ 100 Mild

> 100 Unlikely

Source: Korosi dan Penanggulangannya, Puslitbang Metalurgi-LIPI, 1987

Based on the table above, the anticipated corrosivity of soil at each measured point is:
 
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 Date / Time: Weather: Fine

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