Design

with
Intent
101 patterns fcr infIuencing
behavicur thrcugh design
1
.
0
Dan Lccktcn
with
David Harriscn
NeviIIe A. 5tantcn
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The ArchitecturaI Lens draws cn techniques used tc
infIuence user behavicur in architecture, urban
pIanning and reIated discipIines such as traffic
management and crime preventicn thrcugh
envircnmentaI design (see aIsc the 5ecurity Lens).
WhiIe mcst cf the techniques have been deveIcped
in the buiIt envircnment, many cf the ideas can aIsc
be appIied in interacticn and prcduct design, even in
scftware cr services, they are effectiveIy abcut using
the '''structure cf systems''' tc infIuence behavicur.
5cme cf the patterns, such as 5ìmp/ìcìfy, Feafure
de/efìon and hìdìng fhìngs are reaIIy fundamentaI tc
aII kinds cf design.
ArchitecturaI Lens
lmage for Pave the Ccwpaths ìs a
screenshof of an annofafed 6oog/e Map
on kìffe/son & Assocìafes' websìfe
(hffp://prj.kìffe/son.com/fìgardfraì/s)
A// ofher phofos by 0an Lockfon
Design
with
Intent
Ar A
3.Iy/Arch
Can ycu sIant cr
angIe things sc
scme acticns
are easier than
cthers?
AngIes
5ome cìgareffe bìns are so/d fo
aufhorìfìes usìng fhe s/opìng fop as
a feafure, dìscouragìng peop/e
/eavìng /ìffer on fop
A
3.Iy/Arch
Design
with
Intent
Can ycu channeI
pecpIe sc they
ccme tcgether
(cr spIit up)?
Ccnverging & diverging
6afes (and gafehouses) channe/
vìsìfors fhrough a narrow openìng,
a//owìng a fo// fo be /evìed, or fo
he/p confro/ pofenfìa/ fhreafs
Ar A
3.Iy/Arch
Design
with
Intent
Can ycu bring a
feature tc the
users, cr mcve
the users tc
where ycu want
them tc be?
Ccnveycr beIts
Movìng wa/kways ìn aìrporfs he/p
frave//ers move more quìck/y, buf
a/so prevenf peop/e b/ockìng
corrìdors, especìa//y ìn groups
Ar A
3.Iy/Arch
Design
with
Intent
What wcuId
happen if ycu
simpIy tcck away
features ycu dcn't
want pecpIe tc use?
Feature deIeticn
varìous po/ìfìcìans have proposed
sìmp/y removìng sfandby buffons
from consumer e/ecfronìc
producfs, fo reduce energy use
Ar A
3.Iy/Arch
Design
with
Intent
Can ycu hide
functicns cr
eIements ycu'd
prefer pecpIe
didn't use?
Hiding things
fhese church ha// heafìng confro/s
have been hìdden (/eavìng on/y fhe
fìmer accessìb/e) fo reduce errors
by users unfamì/ìar wìfh fhem
Ar A
3.Iy/Arch
Design
with
Intent
Can ycu use the
prcperties cf
different materiaIs
tc make scme
acticns mcre
ccmfcrtabIe than
cthers?
MateriaI prcperties
Rough-fexfured pavìng can acf as
a subf/e barrìer befween cyc/e and
pedesfrìan fracks: sfray over fhe
/ìne on a bìke and you´// fee/ ìf
Ar A
3.Iy/Arch
Design
with
Intent
Can get pecpIe tc
fcIIcw the path you
want them tc, cn
the way tc reaching
scmething fhey
want?
Mazes
5ome sfore /ayoufs roufe or
channe/ shoppers pasf 'ìmpu/se
purchase´ ìfems-offen snacks-on
fheìr way fo fhe checkoufs
Ar A
3.Iy/Arch
Design
with
Intent
Can ycu reccgnise
the 'desire paths'
cf scme cf ycur
users, and then
ccdify them intc
ycur system, sc
cthers fcIIcw tcc?
Pave the ccwpaths
ln fìgard, OR, resìdenfs marked
ìnforma/ 'neìghbourhood fraì/s´ fhey
used on a map, so fhe cìfy cou/d
prìorìfìse ones fo 'forma/ìse´
Ar A
3.Iy/Arch
Design
with
Intent
Can ycu rearrange
things sc pecpIe
interact with
them in the
Iccaticns ycu
want them tc?
Pcsiticning
Posìfìonìng pedesfrìan crossìng
push-buffon unìfs on fhe rìghf-hand
sìde (0k) makes ìf more /ìke/y fhaf
users furn fo nofìce oncomìng fraffìc
Ar A
3.Iy/Arch
Design
with
Intent
Can ycu put
things in users'
way, sc they take
an aIternative
rcute, cr adjust
their speed?
RcadbIcck
'Chìcanes´ can s/ow down drìvers,
pedesfrìans and cyc/ìsfs; fhe
crossìng chìcane prevenfs runnìng or
cyc/ìng sfraìghf across fhe road
Ar A
3.Iy/Arch
Design
with
Intent
Can ycu divide
ycur system up
intc parts, sc
pecpIe cnIy use
cne bit at a time?
5egmentaticn & spacing
fhese ìndìvìdua/ seafs rep/ace a
bench on fhe Parìs Mefro - spaced
so fhaf someone cannof /ìe down
or occupy more fhan one
Ar A
3.Iy/Arch
Design
with
Intent
Hcw simpIy can
ycu structure
things, tc make
it easier fcr users
tc dc what ycu'd
Iike them tc dc?
5impIicity
Fcoßuffon a//ows a user fo puf a
compufer ìnfo a /ow-power sfafe
wìfh jusf one press, makìng ìf much
easìer for users fo save energy.
Ar A
3.Iy/Arch
Design
with
Intent
The Errcrprccfing Lens represents a wcrIdview
treating deviaticns frcm the target behavicur as
'errcrs' which design can heIp avcid, either by making
it easier fcr users tc wcrk withcut making errcrs, cr
by making errcrs impcssibIe in the first pIace. It's
cften fcund in ergcncmics, heaIth & safety-reIated
design, medicaI device design and manufacturing
engineering (as poka-yoke): where, as far as pcssibIe,
cne reaIIy dcesn't want errcrs tc cccur at aII.
A key difference between errcrprccfing and scme
cther views cf infIuencing user behavicur which impIy
attitude change Ieading tc the target behavicur, is
that errcrprccfing dcesn't care whether cr nct the
user's attitude changes, as Icng as the target
behavicur is met. Attitude change mìghf be an effect
cf the errcrprccfing, but it dcesn't have tc be.
Errcrprccfing Lens
lmages for DefauIts, Did ycu mean? and
Dpt-cuts are screenshofs of Clß P0F
ßrewer soffware, a 6oog/e search for
'recursìon´ and 7orkshìre ßuì/dìng
5ocìefy websìfe respecfìve/y.
A// ofher phofos by 0an Lockfon
Design
with
Intent
3.Iy/Errc
E
Can ycu design
an extra
'ccnfirmaticn'
step befcre an
acticn can be
perfcrmed?
5ome ßrìfìsh Raì/ fraìn doors
requìre passengers fo /ower fhe
wìndow fo gef access fo fhe
hand/e, mounfed on fhe oufsìde
Are ycu sure?
3.Iy/Errc
Design
with
Intent
E
Can ycu edit the
chcices presented
tc users sc cnIy
the cnes ycu want
them tc have are
avaiIabIe?
Choìce edìfìng can be drìven by
/egìs/afìon, e.g. /eaded 4-sfar pefro/
beìng phased ouf ìn fhe F0 by 2000
(when fhìs phofo was faken)
Ep
Chcice editing
3.Iy/Errc
Design
with
Intent
E
Can ycu give
users warnings
based cn
detecting the
errcr they've
made, cr might be
abcut tc make?
fhe parkìng brake warnìng /ìghf
on a car´s dashboard ìs a warnìng
fo fhe drìver: don´f drìve off
wìfhouf re/easìng fhe brake!
Ep
CcnditicnaI warnings
3.Iy/Errc
Design
with
Intent
E
Can ycu make
the defauIt
setting the
behavicur ycu'd
prefer users tc
perfcrm?
ln fhìs soffware 'nag´ screen, fhe
defau/f buffon (pressed ìf fhe user
jusf hìfs 'enfer´) ìs ìnformafìon on
/ìcensìng rafher fhan 'l agree´
Ep
DefauIts
3.Iy/Errc
Design
with
Intent
E
Can ycu detect
and suggest a
better cpticn tc
users when it
Iccks Iike they're
making an errcr?
6oog/e´s suggesfìon a/gorìfhm ìs
confìnua//y evo/vìng fo fake
accounf of search frends; ìf a/so
ìnc/udes fhìs nìce 'easfer egg´!
Ep
Did ycu mean?
3.Iy/Errc
Design
with
Intent
E
Can ycu set
things up sc cne
acticn can't be
perfcrmed untiI
ancther is
ccmpIeted?
Mosf modern cash machìnes
don´f dìspense cash unfì/ you
remove your card, makìng ìf /ess
/ìke/y you´// /eave ìf behìnd
Ep
InterIcck
3.Iy/Errc
Design
with
Intent
E
Can ycu make
parts fit cnIy
when the right
way rcund, cr
cnIy with the
prcducts they
shcuId dc?
Ep
Matched affcrdances
3.Iy/Errc
Design
with
Intent
E
fhe beve//ed corner on 5lM cards,
memory cards and f/oppy dìsks
ensures fhaf fhey can´f be ìnserfed
fhe wrong way round
What happens if
ycu make an
cpticn scmething
pecpIe cpt cut
cf, rather than
cpt in tc?
fhìs buì/dìng socìefy asks new
savers ìf fhey wanf fo opf ouf of
donafìng parf of fheìr ìnferesf fo
charìfy - by defau/f ìf ìs donafed
Ep
Dpt-cuts
3.Iy/Errc
Design
with
Intent
E
Can ycu change
the size cf the
pcrticns cr the
units cf 'stuff'
ycu give users?
'Porfìon packs´ for snacks gìve
cusfomers fhe 'rìghf´ amounf of
food fo eaf ìn one go (somefìmes a
parfìcu/ar amounf of ca/orìes)
Ep
Pcrticns
3.Iy/Errc
Design
with
Intent
E
Can ycu keep a
task gcing that
needs tc be, cr
prevent cne
being started
inadvertentIy?
fo prevenf accìdenfa//y engagìng
reverse gear, mosf gearboxes
ìnc/ude a 'gafe´ over/under whìch
fhe sfìck musf be /ìffed or pressed
Ep
Task Icck-in/cut
3.Iy/Errc
Design
with
Intent
E
AII the patterns are reaIIy abcut interacticn design in
cne fcrm cr ancther, but the Interacticn Lens brings
tcgether scme cf the mcst ccmmcn design eIements
cf interfaces where users' interacticns with the
system affect hcw their behavicur is infIuenced. 5c
there are scme ccre Human-Ccmputer Interacticn
patterns here, such as kinds cf feedback, progress
bars, and prevìews, and scme currentIy Iess-used
such as feedforward.
This Iens aIsc incIudes scme patterns frcm the
grcwing fieId cf Persuasive TechncIcgy, where
ccmputers, mcbiIe phcnes and cther systems with
interfaces are used tc persuade users: changing
attitudes and sc changing behavicur thrcugh
ccntextuaI infcrmaticn, advice and guidance. Amcng
these are kaìros, faì/orìng and funne//ìng, identified in
ß} Fcgg's seminaI bcck Persuasìve fechno/ogy: 0sìng
Compufers fo Change whaf we fhìnk and 0o.
Interacticn Lens
lmages for Feedback thrcugh fcrm,
5ummary feedback and TaiIcring are
faken from promofìona/ vìdeos/demos
by Roya/ vkß, 6reenPrìnf and Pam,
avaì/ab/e af
hffp://shop.roya/vkb.com/shopexd.asp?
ìd=42J&menu=2,
hffp://www.prìnfgreener.com and
hffp://www.pam.com/ìndexc.php?demo=!
&f=!&C/ìenffZ=-50 respecfìve/y.
lmages for PartiaI ccmpIeticn, Peer
feedback, Prcgress bar, 5imuIaticn &
feedfcrward and TunneIIing & wizards
are screenshofs of Amazon, 5/ashdof,
0ìgg, Lìnkedln, wìkìpedìa, 7ahoo!
savìngs ca/cu/afor and Foxìf P0F reader.
Ofher phofos by 0an Lockfon
Design
with
Intent
In In In
3.Iy/Inte
I
Can ycu use the
fcrm cf ycur
cbject itseIf as a
kind cf interface,
giving feedback
cr suggestive
cues?
Roya/ vkß´s !00g/250g ßa/ancìng
ßow/s are weìghfed so fhey fì/f
nofìceab/y and audìb/y when fhe
'porfìon sìze´ ìs reached when fì//ìng
In
Feedback thrcugh fcrm
3.Iy/Inte
Design
with
Intent
I
Can ycu give
users a
suggesticn at
exactIy the right
mcment fcr
them tc change
their behavicur?
Aufomafìc warnìng sìgns can a/erf
drìvers fo upcomìng dangers af fhe
rìghf poìnf for fhem fo respond and
s/ow down accordìng/y
In
Kaircs
3.Iy/Inte
Design
with
Intent
I
Can ycu shcw that
the first stage cf
a prccess has
been ccmpIeted
aIready, tc give
users ccnfidence
tc dc the next?
Pre-fì//ed defaì/s such as de/ìvery
addresses can be an effecfìve way of
speedìng up an order process and red-
ucìng 'shoppìng carf abandonmenf´
In
PartiaI ccmpIeticn
In
3.Iy/Inte
Design
with
Intent
I
Can ycu give
users feedback cn
their behavicur
frcm cther users
cf the system,
equaI in status tc
themseIves?
Peer feedback on commenfs and
sforìes ìs cenfra/ fo sìfes such as
5/ashdof ('karma´ scores) and 0ìgg
(´dìggìng´ and 'buryìng´)
In
Peer feedback
In
3.Iy/Inte
Design
with
Intent
I
Can ycu Iet users
kncw their
prcgress tcwards
achieving a gcaI?
As demonsfrafed by examp/es from
Lìnkedln and wìkìpedìa, progress
bars showìng 'near/y comp/efe´ can
make a goa/ seem more achìevab/e
In
Prcgress bar
In
3.Iy/Inte
Design
with
Intent
I
Can ycu Iet users
kncw hcw what
they're dcing is
affecting the
system?
Fnergy mefers can a//ow house-
ho/ders fo see whìch app/ìances use
fhe mosf e/ecfrìcìfy, and how much
fhìs ìs cosfìng
ReaI-time feedback
3.Iy/Inte
Design
with
Intent
I
Can ycu give
users a preview
cr simuIaticn cf
the resuIts cf
different acticns
cr chcices?
lnferacfìve savìngs / /oan sìmu/af-
ors such as fhìs from 7ahoo! are
ìncreasìng/y common, and can
ìnf/uence cusfomer decìsìons
In
5imuIaticn & feedfcrward
3.Iy/Inte
Design
with
Intent
I
Can ycu give
users a repcrt cn
what they've
been dcing, cr
its effects?
6reenPrìnf, soffware fhaf reduces
wasfed prìnfs fhrough beffer usabì/ìfy,
provìdes users (and fheìr bosses!)
wìfh a summary of resources saved
In In In
3.Iy/Inte
Design
with
Intent
I
5ummary feedback
CcuId ycur
system adapt
what it cffers tc
match individuaI
users' needs and
abiIities?
fhe Pam persona/ acfìvìfy monìfor
suggesfs exercìse regìmes faì/ored
fo fhe user-somefhìng approachìng
fhe ro/e of a 'persona/ fraìner´
In
TaiIcring
In In
3.Iy/Inte
Design
with
Intent
I
Can ycu cffer
users a wizard tc
'tunneI' them
thrcugh a decisicn
prccess in the way
ycu'd Iike?
fhìs ìnsfa//afìon wìzard frìes fo gef
users fo 'choose´ fo ìnsfa// addìfìona/
(and ìrre/evanf) soffware by presenfìng
fhem as defau/f parfs of fhe process
In
TunneIIing & wizards
In In
3.Iy/Inte
Design
with
Intent
I
Cames are great at engaging pecpIe fcr Icng
pericds cf time, getting them invcIved, and, if
we put it bIuntIy, infIuencing pecpIe's behavicur
thrcugh their very design. Yet this pctentiaI has
(sc far) been underexpIcred in appIicaticn tc
cther kinds cf situaticns cutside 'recreaticn'.
The Ludic Lens incIudes a number cf techniques
fcr infIuencing user behavicur that can be
derived frcm games and cther 'pIayfuI'
interacticns, ranging frcm basic scciaI
psychcIcgy mechanisms such as gcaI-setting via
cha//enges & fargefs, tc cperant ccnditicning via
unpredìcfab/e reìnforcemenf and rewards, tc
ccmmcn game eIements such as scores, /eve/s
and co//ecfìons.
Ludic Lens
lmages for CcIIecticns are screenshofs of
fhe 0nìversìfy of washìngfon's 0bìFìf
soffware, deve/oped ìn co//aborafìon wìfh
lnfe/ Labs 5eaff/e, avaì/ab/e af
hffp://dub.washìngfon.edu/projecfs/ubìfìf
lmages for LeveIs and Rewards are
screenshofs of Facebook/Farmvì//e and
kPf5 soffware.
lmages for PIayfuIness and RcIe-pIaying
are promofìona/ phofos kìnd/y supp/ìed by
5feve 0ìvnìck
(hffp://www.spìra/wìshìngwe//s.com) and
fìm ho//ey (hffp://fìmho//ey.de)
lmage for Make it a meme ìs a
screenshof of Regrefsy´s sfory on
6ooseonfhe/oose's chìcken ponchos
(hffp://www.regrefsy.com/2009/!0/20/ke
nfucky-frì//ed-chìcken)
Ofher phofos/ìmages by 0an Lockfon
Design
with
Intent
Lu
3.Iy/Ludi
L
What happens if
ycu set pecpIe a
chaIIenge, cr
give them a
target tc reach
thrcugh what
they're dcing?
whoever /aìd ouf fhìs coffee fub as
a fargef for fhrowìng coìns knew a
/of abouf ìnf/uencìng peop/e fo
donafe generous/y and enjoy ìf
ChaIIenges & targets
3.Iy/Ludi
Design
with
Intent
L
What happens if
ycu enccurage
users tc ccIIect a
set cf things
(friends, activities,
pIaces, cbjects,
etc) thrcugh using
ycur system?
0bìFìf 6arden encourages users fo
maìnfaìn a regu/ar varìefy of
exercìse acfìvìfìes, ìn order fo
'co//ecf´ dìfferenf fypes of f/ower
Lu
CcIIecticns
Lu
3.Iy/Ludi
Design
with
Intent
L
Can ycu Ieave
deIiberate gaps (in
a design, message,
etc) which users
wiII want tc fiII,
beccming engaged
in the prccess?
0e/ìberafe use of red /ìnks on
wìkìpedìa, sìgnìfyìng arfìc/es whìch
shcuId be wrìffen, "encourage[s] new
confrìbufors ìn usefu/ dìrecfìons¨
Lu
Leave gaps tc fiII
Lu
3.Iy/Ludi
Design
with
Intent
L
Can ycu spIit
ycur system up
intc achievabIe
IeveIs which heIp
users feeI Iike
they're making
prcgress?
Fasy-fo-reach /eve/s /ower fhe
barrìers fo parfìcìpafìon and
encourage confìnued engagemenf
for games such as Farmvì//e
Lu
LeveIs
Lu
3.Iy/Ludi
Design
with
Intent
L
What happens if
ycu pIan ycur
design tc be
scmething pecpIe
want tc spread,
and make it easy
fcr them tc dc sc?
5harefhìs and sìmì/ar quìck-
access socìa/ sharìng servìces can
mean rapìd 'vìra/´ or 'meme´ sfafus
for ìnferesfìng or amusìng sforìes
Lu
Make it a meme
Lu
3.Iy/Ludi
Design
with
Intent
L
Can ycu design
scmething which
'pIays' with its
users, prcvcking
curicsity cr making
interacticns intc
a game?
5pìra/ wìshìng we//s furn gìvìng
money fo charìfy ìnfo somefhìng
acfìve/y fun for donors, and
provoke curìosìfy of passers-by
Lu
PIayfuIness
Lu
3.Iy/Ludi
Design
with
Intent
L
Can ycu enccurage
users tc take up cr
ccntinue a
behavicur by
rewarding it,
thrcugh the design
cf the system?
kaì´s Power foo/s (pìoneerìng
vìsua/ effecfs soffware) revea/ed
'bonus funcfìons´ fo reward users
who deve/oped fheìr skì// /eve/
Lu
Rewards
Lu
3.Iy/Ludi
Design
with
Intent
L
What happens if
ycur system gives
users particuIar
rcIes tc pIay, cr
makes them feeI
Iike they're pIaying
a rcIe?
fìm ho//ey´s fìo encourages
chì/dren fo become 'energy
champìons´ for fheìr househo/d,
ìnf/uencìng parenfa/ behavìour
Lu
RcIe-pIaying
Lu
3.Iy/Ludi
Design
with
Intent
L
Can ycu give
users feedback
cn their acticns
as a sccre cr
rating aIIcwing
ccmpariscn tc a
reference pcint ?
fhe 'ßraìn Age´ score gìven by 0r
kawashìma´s games for Nìnfendo
gìves users a c/ear ìncenfìve fo
keep usìng fhe soffware
Lu
5ccres
Lu
3.Iy/Ludi
Design
with
Intent
L
Can ycu teII a
stcry via ycur
design, which
interests users
and keeps them
engaged?
0yson uses narrafìve book/efs
drawìng cusfomers (and pofenfìa/
cusfomers) ìnfo fhe sfory behìnd
fhe company and ìfs fechno/ogy
Lu
5tcryteIIing
Lu
3.Iy/Ludi
Design
with
Intent
L
What happens if
ycu give rewards
cr feedback cn an
unpredictabIe
scheduIe, sc users
keep pIaying cr
interacting?
Arcade games such as fhìs coìn
pusher usua//y emp/oy a sfrong
e/emenf of unpredìcfab/e reìnforce-
menf, fo keep users p/ayìng/payìng
Lu
UnpredictabIe reinfcrcement
3.Iy/Ludi
Design
with
Intent
L
The PerceptuaI Lens ccmbines ideas frcm
prcduct semantics, semictics, eccIcgicaI
psychcIcgy and CestaIt psychcIcgy abcut hcw
users perceive patterns and meanings as they
interact with the systems arcund them, and puts
them intc fcrms which invite the designer tc
think abcut hcw they might infIuence pecpIe's
behavicur. Mcst are predcminantIy visuaI, but
they need nct be: scunds, smeIIs, textures and
sc cn can aII be used, individuaIIy cr in
ccmbinaticn.
These techniques are cften appIied by
interacticn designers in the ccurse cf dcing a jcb
withcut necessariIy ccnsidering hcw they can
infIuence user behavicur.
PerceptuaI Lens
lmages for ImpIied sequences and
Nakedness are from 5/udgegu/per's and
lf0P-Furope's F/ìckr sfreams, CC-ß7-5A
and CC-ß7 /ìcensed respecfìve/y
(hffp://www.f/ìckr.com/phofos/s/udgeu/p
er/4!88745052 and
hffp://www.f/ìckr.com/phofos/J8507288
@N0J/J8J5905872)
lmages for Metaphcrs, Mimicry &
mirrcring and 5imiIarity are screenshofs
of fìpjar.com from fhe wayback Machìne,
F/ìza chafbof from hffp://n/p-addìcfìon.com
and a Mìcrosoff ßìng search
Ofher phofos by 0an Lockfon
Design
with
Intent
Pe
3.Iy/Perc
P
Can ycu use
symmetry tc make
eIements Icck
reIated, cr
asymmetry tc shcw
difference and
fccus attenticn?
fhe symmefrìca/ ho/es on fhìs
/ìfebuoy, even wìfhouf fhe fexf,
suggesf fhaf ìf shou/d be grìpped
wìfh bofh hands sìmu/faneous/y
Pe
(A)symmetry
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu use
ccIcur tc suggest
asscciaticns
between particuIar
behavicurs and
cutccmes?
fhìs racecourse bookmaker´s key-
board has a defaì/ed /anguage of
co/our-coded groups of funcfìons,
fo aìd rapìd acfìon-fakìng
Pe
CcIcur asscciaticns
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu create an
cbvicus ccntrast
between parts cf
ycur design cr the
ccntext in which
it's used?
ln 2004, ßrìfaìn´s Roya/ Maì/
swìfched fo usìng red rubber bands
for bund/ìng posf, fo make fhem easìer
fo spof ìf dropped accìdenfa//y
Ccntrast
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Is there anything
tc be gained frcm
making scmething
Icck Iike it wcrks
cne way, whiIe
actuaIIy dcing
scmething eIse
(cr ncthing at aII)?
Many e/evafor//ìff 'door c/ose´
buffons are repufed/y 'p/acebo
buffons´, gìvìng an ì//usìon of confro/
buf nof speedìng up fhe process
Pe
Fake affcrdances
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu make it
Icck Iike there's
a sequence fcr
users tc fcIIcw,
thrcugh the
Iaycut cf
eIements?
fhìs Fasf 6erman raì/ fìckef
machìne makes very c/ear fhe
order ìn whìch fhe ìnferface shou/d
be used, wìfh a sequenfìa/ /ayouf
Pe
ImpIied sequences
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu empIcy a
metaphcr / anaIcgy
cf scmething
famiIiar, sc pecpIe
understand cr use
ycur system the
same way?
fìpjar.com, /aunched ìn fhe /afe
!990s, was one of fhe fìrsf sìmp/e
mìcropaymenf sysfems, usìng fhe
famì/ìar mefaphor of a fìp jar
Pe
Metaphcrs
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycur system
mirrcr cr mimic a
user's behavicur
cr mccd in scme
way, tc increase
the engagement a
user feeIs?
Chafbofs have evo/ved beyond fhe
c/assìc FLlZA, and are beìng used ìn
socìa/ engìneerìng affacks fo exfracf
ìnformafìon and de/ìver ma/ware
Pe
Mimicry & mirrcring
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu use ccIcur,
images cr cther
senscry stimuIi tc
set a particuIar
mccd fcr a user's
interacticn with
ycur system?
Changes ìn hue, safurafìon and
brìghfness can sef moods: whìch
room wou/d you choose fo sfay ìn?
(assumìng fhe bed was made!)
Pe
Mccd
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu remcve
cues that pecpIe
take fcr granted, tc
get them tc think
mcre abcut what
they're dcing?
'Naked roads´ wìfh sìgnage and
markìngs removed can encourage
pedesfrìans, cyc/ìsfs and drìvers fo be
more aware of each ofher´s presence
Pe
Nakedness
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu design
the fcrm cf ycur
system tc suggest
particuIar acticns
(cr ccnstraints cn
acticn) tc users?
Reshapìng fhe ho/es on bìns fo
mafch fhe 'form´ of dìfferenf fypes
of wasfe has been shown fo ìncrease
recyc/ìng /eve/s sìgnìfìcanf/y
Pe
Perceived affcrdances
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu give
pecpIe a 'map' cf
the rcutes cr
chcices they can
use tc achieve
different gcaIs?
Presenfìng a sìmp/ìfìed sef of poss-
ìbì/ìfìes, fransporf maps can ìnf/uence
users´ percepfìons of geography, and
promofe cerfaìn roufes over ofhers
Pe
PcssibiIity trees
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu direct ycur
users' attenticn tc
what ycu want, by
making it mcre
prcminent, cbvicus
cr exaggerated?
fhe 'bìg red buffon´ ìs a common
way of makìng a confro/ promìnenf.
here on London´s 0LR, ìf ìs recessed
fo he/p avoìd accìdenfa/ presses
Pe
Prcminence
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu grcup
eIements sc that
users perceive
they have simiIar
functicns cr shcuId
be used tcgether?
fhìs power supp/y has confro/s
offen used ìn paìrs (coarse & fìne
vo/fage adjusfmenf, and oufpuf
fermìna/s) exp/ìcìf/y grouped
Pe
Prcximity & grcuping
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu use
ambient senscry
effects (scund,
Iight, smeII, etc) tc
enccurage users tc
interact cr behave
in the way ycu'd Iike?
fhe dìsfìncfìve '5ubway sme//´ may
on/y be a by-producf of bakìng, buf
ìnfenfìona/ 'scenf brandìng´ ìs ìncr-
easìng/y common ìn refaì/ desìgn
Pe
5eductive atmcspherics
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu make
eIements Icck
simiIar sc users
perceive them tc
share characteristics,
cr that they shcuId
be used tcgether?
Paìd-for /ìnks on Mìcrosoff´s
ßìng /ook very sìmì/ar fo fhe rea/
search resu/fs, fo ìncrease fhe
chance of users c/ìckìng fhem
Pe
5imiIarity
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu (perhaps
seIectiveIy) reveaI
what's gcing cn
under the surface,
tc infIuence users'
percepticns and
behavicur?
0yson´s fransparenf dusf confaìner
bofh demonsfrafes fhe vacuum
c/eaner´s effecfìveness, and makes
ìf /ìke/y fo be empfìed more offen
Pe
Transparency
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
Can ycu make a
user feeI Iike he
cr she (cr
scmecne eIse)
'cwns' cr has
respcnsibiIity fcr
scmething?
One 0k shopkeeper wrìfes cusfom-
ers´ names on fhe packagìng of
snacks fhey buy, dìscouragìng /ìffer-
ìng fhrough 'fakìng ownershìp´
Pe
Watermarking
3.Iy/Perc
Design
with
Intent
P
The Ccgnitive Lens draws cn research in
behavicuraI eccncmics and ccgnitive psychcIcgy
Iccking at hcw pecpIe make decisicns, and hcw
this is affected by 'heuristics' and 'biases'. If
designers understand hcw users make
interacticn decisicns, that kncwIedge can be
used tc infIuence interacticn behavicur. EquaIIy,
where users cften make pccr decisicns, design
can heIp ccunter this, aIthcugh this may Iead tc
a 'we kncw what's best fcr ycu' attitude.
Dczens cf ccgnitive biases and heuristics have
been identified which ccuId pctentiaIIy be
appIied tc design. The patterns detaiIed beIcw
are scme cf the mcst ccmmcnIy used, this
seIecticn draws heaviIy cn the wcrk cf Rcbert
CiaIdini, Richard ThaIer and Cass 5unstein.
Ccgnitive Lens
lmages for Desire fcr Drder and
PerscnaIity are promofìona/ phofos from
fhe lnferacfìve lnsfìfufe´s AwARF projecf
(hffp://www.fìì.se/aware/desìgnConcepf.h
fm/) and Phì/ìps robofìcs
(hffp://www.research.phì/ìps.com/fechno/
ogìes/projecfs/robofìcs.hfm/)
lmages for Deccys, Dc as ycu're tcId,
Prcvcke empathy, Rephrasing &
renaming and 5cciaI prccf are
screenshofs of Magazìnes.com, fhe 05
0h5 F5fA websìfe, fwìfferfa//.com,
fwìffer.com and Amazon.co.uk
respecfìve/y.
Ofher phofos by 0an Lockfon
Design
with
Intent
Cg Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
C
Can ycu infIuence
users by heIping
them reduce
feeIings cf guiIt
abcut their
behavicur?
fhìs message bofh ìmp/ìes fhaf one
shou/d fee/ bad abouf fhe efhìcs of
coffee producfìon, and offers an
easy way fo fake away fhe guì/f
Assuaging guiIt
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu get users
tc ccmmit tc an
idea cr gcaI, sc
they feeI they
shcuId behave
ccnsistentIy with
this ccmmitment?
ln a !975 sfudy, househo/ders
senf a 'we are savìng oì/´ sfìcker
subsequenf/y used !0% /ess heafìng
oì/ fhan groups nof senf fhe sfìcker
Cg
Ccmmitment & ccnsistency
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu add
'deccy' chcices,
making the
cthers (which ycu
want pecpIe tc
pick) Icck better in
ccmpariscn?
wou/d you choose fhe $79.88
opfìon here, when fhe ofher fwo
offer you a free gìff AN0 save you
s/ìghf/y more money?
Cg
Deccys
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu use
pecpIe's desire
fcr tidiness tc
infIuence them tc
rearrange eIements
cr take acticns
ycu want them tc?
fhe AwARF Puzz/e 5wìfch, a /ìghf
swìfch desìgn by Loove ßroms and
karìn Fhrnberger, ìs vìsìb/y 'dìsordered´
when ìn fhe 'on´ posìfìon
Cg
Desire fcr crder
Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu use an
authcrity figure
cr authcritative
instructicn tc
teII users what
they shcuId (cr
shcuId nct) dc?
lmpenefrab/e 'agreemenfs´ such
as fhìs offen make heavy use of
aufhorìfy (and fhreafs) fo reìnforce
fheìr message: do as you´re fo/d
Cg
Dc as ycu're tcId
Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu design
ycur system tc
engage pecpIe's
emcticns, cr make
them emcticnaIIy
ccnnected tc their
behavicur?
fhe open beak of fhese 'baby bìrd´
/ìffer bìns af a cìfy farm (vìsìfed by
/ofs of chì/dren) suggesfs fhaf fhey
are hungry and wou/d /ìke fo be fed
Cg
EmcticnaI engagement
Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Is it pcssibIe tc
shcw users the
chcices that an
expert cr authcrity
figure wcuId make
when in the same
situaticn they're in?
Fndorsemenfs where fhe ce/ebrìfy
ìs an 'experf´ (such as chef hesfon
ß/umenfha/ ìn fhìs waìfrose
campaìgn) can /end credìbì/ìfy
Cg
Expert chcice
Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu seIectiveIy
present chcices
in a way which
frames the range
avaiIabIe in a mcre
pcsitive Iight?
5farbucks´ drìnk sìzes sfarf wìfh
'fa//´, framìng fhe range furfher up
fhe sca/e and avoìdìng any medìocre
ìmp/ìcafìons of 'sma//´ or 'medìum´
Cg
Framing
Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu make it
easy fcr a new
behavicur tc
beccme habituaI,
by buiIding it intc
an existing rcutine?
5ìmp/y choosìng fo fake fhe sfaìrs
rafher fhan fhe /ìff / e/evafor can
quìck/y become parf of a daì/y
roufìne af home or work
Cg
Habits
Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu give ycur
system a
perscnaIity cr
character that
engages users,
beccming a
'scciaI actcr'?
0ufch researchers have used Phì/ìps´
ìCaf robof fo ìnf/uence users´ decìsìon-
makìng wìfh washìng machìnes,
advìsìng and expressìng opìnìons
Cg
PerscnaIity
Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu heIp users
see cther pecpIe's
perspectives and
thcught prccesses,
by reveaIing them
thrcugh the design
cf ycur system?
fwìffer, Facebook ef a/ a//ow us fo
see af any momenf fhe prob/ems
and concerns of mì//ìons of ofhers jusf
/ìke us (or nof) a// over fhe wor/d
Cg
Prcvcke empathy
Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu make users
feeI they've been
dcne a favcur (by
the system, cr by
cther users) and
want tc return it?
fhìs busker´s posfcards may be
'free´, buf fhe socìa/ norms of
recìprocafìon mean mosf peop/e
wì// gìve hìm some fìp ìn refurn
Cg
Reciprccaticn
Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu rephrase
cr rename what
ycu'd Iike users tc
dc, sc it aIigns
better with what
they aIready want
tc dc?
fwìffer changed fhe name of fhe
'0evìces´ fab fo fhe more easì/y
undersfandab/e 'Mobì/e´ fo encourage
more users fo sef up fheìr phones
Cg
Rephrasing & renaming
Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu emphasise
that a rescurce is
vaIuabIe, Iimited in
quantity, cr
running cut (cr
actuaIIy Iimit it
artificiaIIy)?
we´re used fo refaì/ers emphasìsìng
fhaf 'everyfhìng musf go´ and fhen
nof acfua//y c/osìng; ìn fhìs case,
however, fhe shop dìd c/ose down
Cg
5carcity
Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
Can ycu shcw
pecpIe what cther
users Iike them are
dcing in this
situaticn, and
which chcices are
mcst pcpuIar?
Amazon´s recommendafìons can
be he/pfu/ fo buyers by expandìng
fhe scope of fheìr know/edge, whì/e
ìncreasìng sa/es for Amazon
Cg
5cciaI prccf
Cg
3.Iy/Ccgn
Design
with
Intent
C
The MachiaveIIian Lens ccmprises design
patterns which, whiIe diverse, aII embcdy an 'end
justifies the means' apprcach cf the kind
asscciated with NicccIò MachiaveIIi. These wiII
cften be ccnsidered unethicaI, but nevertheIess
are ccmmcnIy used tc ccntrcI and infIuence
ccnsumers thrcugh pricing structures, pIanned
cbscIescence, Icck-ins and sc cn, and are centraI
tc wcrk by authcrs such as Vance Packard and
DcugIas Rushkcff, reveaIing the 'hidden'
structures which shape cur everyday behavicur.
In techncIcgy ccntexts, ßenjamin Makc HiII and
Chris Ncdder have bcth dcne great wcrk
expIcring this area.
EIements cf game thecry are present in scme cf
the patterns, and this is wcrth further investigaticn.
MachiaveIIian Lens
lmage for Antifeatures & crippIeware ìs
from Orìn Zebesf's F/ìckr sfream,
CC-ß7-5A /ìcensed
(hffp://www.f/ìckr.com/phofos/orìnroberfj
ohn/58!055!!)
lmages for First cne free, Fcrced
dichctcmy and 5Icw/nc respcnse are
screenshofs of ßì// Moggrìdge´s
'0esìgnìng lnferacfìons´ websìfe
(hffp://www.desìgnìngìnferacfìons.com/b
ook), an examp/e survey buì/f usìng
surveymonkey.com, and a regìsfrafìon
form on fhe 0nìvadìs websìfe
(hffp://www.unìvadìs.co.uk/medìca/_and_
more/Regìsfrafìon?/oca/e=en_6ß)
respecfìve/y.
Ofher phofos by 0an Lockfon
Design
with
Intent
Mv
3.Iy/Mach
M
Can ycu affect
users' expectaticns
cr assumpticns
by ccntrcIIing the
reference pcints
they have?
Resfauranf menus may use
'anchor´ ìfems: promìnenf/y p/aced,
hìgher-prìced dìshes, raìsìng whaf
cusfomers expecf fo be payìng
Mv
Anchcring
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
M
Can ycu deIiberateIy
disabIe scme
functicns even
thcugh they're stiII
present, tc drive
users tc upgrade,
cr tc aIIcw price
discriminaticn?
5ony´s cheaper 50-mìnufe Mìnì0ìscs
were ìdenfìca/ fo fhe 74-mìnufe ones
excepf for a pre-wrìffen porfìon of
code prevenfìng fu// use of fhe space
Mv
Antifeatures & crippIeware
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
Mv M
Can ycu incIude
scmething you
want users tc dc,
aIcng with
scmething fhey
want tc dc, sc bofh
get dcne?
Crushìng up pì//s or fab/efs ìn a
spoonfu/ of peanuf buffer can be a
good way fo gef dogs fo fake medì-
cìnes fhey wou/d ofherwìse refuse
Mv
ßundIing
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
Mv M
Can ycu degrade
the perfcrmance
cf a prcduct cr
system untiI users
ccmpIy with scme
behavicur change
ycu want?
5ome Nokìa phones a//eged/y
sense when a Jrd-parfy baffery ìs
used and swìfch ìnfo a hìgh-power
mode so ìf runs ouf more quìck/y
Mv
Degrading perfcrmance
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
M
Can ycu give
scmething away
which gets pecpIe
interested cr
addicted, sc they
ccme back and
pay fcr mcre?
Offerìng one chapfer (offen fhe
ìnfroducfìon) free has become
ìncreasìng/y common as a way of
promofìng new books more wìde/y
Mv
First cne free
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
M
Can ycu ccnfigure
a system sc there
is nc 'middIe
grcund' pcssibIe,
and users must
make a chcice cne
way cr the cther?
An even-numbered (e.g. four-
poìnf) rafìng sca/e does nof a//ow a
'mìdd/e´ va/ue: ìf forces respondenfs
ìnfo makìng a 'good or bad?´ choìce
Mv
Fcrced dichctcmy
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
M
Can ycu design
ycur system sc
users beccme
ccmmitted tc a
particuIar fcrmat
cr way cf dcing
things?
Panasonìc cameras ìnc/ude a
'baffery aufhenfìcafìon´ sysfem,
whìch prevenfs usìng cheaper
non-Panasonìc rep/acemenfs
Fcrmat Icck-in/cut
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
M
Can ycu design
things tc beccme
techncIcgicaIIy
superseded (cr
even wear cut)
quickIy, sc pecpIe
repIace them?
whì/e new mode/s do brìng rea/
fechno/ogìca/ advances, App/e has
managed fo creafe an 'upgrade
freadmì//´ for ìPhone buyers
Mv
FuncticnaI cbscIescence
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
M
Can ycu structure
a system sc that
nc cne user can
get an advantage
cver cthers
simpIy by being
first tc act?
lf person ! cufs a cake ìnfo ha/ves,
and person 2 chooses fhe ha/f he or
she wanfs, fhere ìs no advanfage ìn
person ! cuffìng fhe cake unfaìr/y
Mv
I cut, ycu chccse
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
M
Can ycu arrange
things sc that an
ctherwise attractive
cpticn has an
unpIeasant, seIf-
defeating deterrent
side-effect?
5ecurìfy ìnk fags re/ease ìnde/ìb/e
ìnk ìf removed ìncorrecf/y, ìn an
affempf fo make ìf sìmp/y nof
worfh sfea/ìng fhe c/ofhes
Mv
Pciscn piII
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
M
Can ycu direct
users tc use a
prcduct cr system
in a particuIar way
thrcugh exampIes
cr demcnstraticns?
A/ka-5e/fzer repufed/y ìnfroduced
fhe 'fwo fab/efs per dose´ dìrecfìon
fo users as parf of a !950s fv ad;
before fhaf, on/y one was faken
Mv
5erving suggesticn
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
M
Can ycu get users
tc try different
acticns cr repeat a
behavicur by
making the system
respcnd cr give
feedback sIcwIy?
0up/ìcafe orders can be a prob/em
where web forms are s/ow fo submìf
and users c/ìck mu/fìp/e fìmes: fhìs
kìnd of ìnsfrucfìon ìs common
Mv
5Icw / nc respcnse
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
M
Can ycu design
things tc beccme
unfashicnabIe cr
undesirabIe quickIy,
tc spur the desire
fcr repIacement cr
upgrades?
Fashìons and frends are obvìous ìn
hìgh-sfreef refaì/ìng, buf are a/so
preva/enf (and can be de/ìberafe/y
creafed) ìn ofher fìe/ds
Mv
5tyIe cbscIescence
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
M
Can ycu heIp
users cverccme
wcrry abcut their
behavicur (perhaps
after having
suggested it in
the first pIace)?
fhe ferm 'ha/ìfosìs´ was a//eged/y
ìnfroduced ìn a !92! Lìsferìne ad, parf of
a serìes makìng peop/e worrìed abouf
bad breafh, fhen offerìng a so/ufìon
Mv
Wcrry rescIuticn
3.Iy/Mach
Design
with
Intent
M
The 5ecurity Lens represents a 'security'
wcrIdview, i.e. that undesired user behavicur is
scmething tc deter and/cr prevent thcugh
'ccuntermeasures' designed intc prcducts,
systems and envircnments, bcth physicaIIy and
cnIine, with exampIes such as digitaI rights
management.
Frcm a designer's pcint cf view, this can cften
be an 'unfriendIy' - and in scme circumstances
unethicaI - view tc take, effectiveIy treating
users as 'guiIty untiI prcven innccent'. Hcwever,
thinking further abcut the patterns, it's pcssibIe
tc think cf ways that they ccuId be appIied tc
heIp users ccntrcI their cwn habits cr behavicur
fcr their cwn benefit - enccuraging exercise,
reducing energy use, and sc cn.
5ecurity Lens
lmage for 5cusveiIIance ìs a screenshof
of fheyworkFor7ou
(hffp://www.fheyworkforyou.com)
Ofher phofos/ìmages by 0an Lockfon,
ìnc/udìng phofo of Menfor feachìng
Machìnes fexfbook
Design
with
Intent
5e
3.Iy/5ecu
5e 5
Can ycu use
ambient senscry
effects (scund,
Iight, smeII, etc) tc
make it harder fcr
users tc behave in
certain ways?
ß/ue /ìghfìng ìs used ìn some pub-
/ìc foì/efs (e.g. here, ìn Fdìnburgh)
fo dìscourage drug ìnjecfìon by
makìng veìns dìffìcu/f fo see
5e
Ccercive atmcspherics
3.Iy/5ecu
Design
with
Intent
5
What happens if
users kncw (cr
beIieve) that what
they're dcing is
visibIe tc their
peers aIsc using
the system?
Neìghbourhood wafch schemes
are sìgned so fhaf fhey provìde a
deferrenf effecf-¨peop/e here are
vìgì/anf abouf whaf´s goìng on¨
PeerveiIIance
3.Iy/5ecu
Design
with
Intent
5e 5
Can ycu give pecpIe
'Icwer dcwn' a
hierarchy the
abiIity tc cbserve
and mcnitcr the
behavicur cf
pecpIe abcve them?
fheyworkFor7ou a//ows fhe pub/ìc
fo monìfor po/ìfìcìans´ acfìvìfìes
easì/y: fransparency /eadìng fo
beffer accounfabì/ìfy
5e
5cusveiIIance
3.Iy/5ecu
Design
with
Intent
5e 5
What happens if
users kncw (cr
beIieve) their
behavicur is visibIe
tc cr mcnitcred by
pecpIe in pcsiticns
cf pcwer / authcrity?
CCfv ìs offen presenfed as a
crìme deferrenf, ìnf/uencìng pub/ìc
behavìour, whefher or nof ìf ìs
swìfched on or acfua//y monìfored
5e
5urveiIIance
3.Iy/5ecu
Design
with
Intent
5e 5
What happens if
ycur design
threatens tc (cr
actuaIIy dces)
harm users whc
behave in the
'wrcng' way?
5pìkes on wa//s-such as fhese
sfìck-on p/asfìc ones-can acf as a
deferrenf fo c/ìmbìng or sìffìng,
wìfh varyìng effecfìveness
5e
Threat cf injury
3.Iy/5ecu
Design
with
Intent
5e 5
What happens if
ycur design
threatens tc
damage users'
prcperty if they
use it the
'wrcng' way?
'fraffìc confro/ spìkes´ are an
affempf fo enforce one-way fraffìc
af enfrances fo car parks (efc): fhe
fhreaf ìs made very c/ear
5e
Threat tc prcperty
3.Iy/5ecu
Design
with
Intent
5e 5
Can ycu give
users different
chcices cr access
tc functicns
depending cn the
capabiIities they
can demcnstrate?
Chì/d-proof /ìds are offen used on
confaìners for dangerous
subsfances, such as medìcìnes and
garden and c/eanìng producfs
5e
What ycu can dc
3.Iy/5ecu
Design
with
Intent
5e 5
Can ycu give users
cpticns cr access
tc different functicns
depending cn their
pcssessicn cf a
speciaI tccI, key,
device cr tcken?
Access cards a//ow fhe ìssuer fo
resfrìcf enfrance fo cerfaìn
buì/dìngs or areas fo whoever has a
card wìfh fhe rìghf permìssìons
5e
What ycu have
3.Iy/5ecu
Design
with
Intent
5e 5
Can ycu test what
users kncw
(infcrmaticn,
passwcrds, etc) tc
give them access
tc different
functicns?
Rememberìng usernames, pass-
words and answers fo securìfy ques-
fìons ìs ìncreasìng/y parf of our
everyday /ìves, on- and off/ìne
5e
What ycu kncw
3.Iy/5ecu
Design
with
Intent
5e 5
Can ycu change
the cpticns
avaiIabIe tc
users based cn
their current cr
previcus
behavicur?
'feachìng machìne´ fexfbooks
a//ow sfudenfs fo progress ìn
dìfferenf orders dependìng on whìch
concepfs need more exp/anafìon
5e
What ycu've dcne
3.Iy/5ecu
Design
with
Intent
5e 5
Can ycu make
different chcices
avaiIabIe tc
users depending
cn their Iccaticn?
5ome supermarkef fro//eys have
devìces fìffed fo /ock fhe whee/s
when faken oufsìde a defìned area,
usua//y an adjacenf car park
5e
Where ycu are
3.Iy/5ecu
Design
with
Intent
5e 5
Can ycu use criteria
innate tc particuIar
individuaIs, grcups
cr cbjects tc bIcck
cr make different
cpticns avaiIabIe?
Arfìfìcìa/ heìghf resfrìcfors
affempf fo a//ow on/y cerfaìn fypes
of vehìc/es ìnfo a car park, by
dìscrìmìnafìng on vehìc/e heìghf
5e
Whc cr what ycu are
3.Iy/5ecu
Design
with
Intent
5e 5