Professional Documents
Culture Documents
i
By Kevin James Bywater
Perhaps it goes without saying that the “new atheists” have arrived.
Richard Dawkins,ii Sam Harrisiii and Christopher Hitchensiv (among others)v
have recently published volumes capturing many intellects and imaginations.
As international bestsellers, their publishing efforts are likely to produce
challenges to our faith for years to come.
These authors have superb rhetorical skills and deploy the English
language to great effect. Dawkins and Hitchens have particular appeal with
their posh British accents and witty idioms. It is not that their polemics are
novel, however, nor their arguments especially successful.
And they have not gone unanswered.vi Yet it appears they have not
always understood or felt the weight of their opponents’ objections.vii
For instance, Hitchens regularly denounces people, their beliefs, and
their actions as “immoral.” Nevertheless, within an atheist universe it is
difficult to see how such moral disdain rises above a merely emotive, “I don’t
like them/that.” After all, within that perspective, what precisely is good or
evil? Does atheism have the resources necessary to produce coherent
accusations of immorality? It is most difficult to see moral assessment as
meaningful within an atheist worldview. Worldview analysis unveils why this
is true.
Atheists tend to suppose that what exists is only that which is open to
scientific scrutiny, that which is natural. Yet moral truths are not entities
amenable to such analysis. As one atheist perceptively observed:
It simply is the case that one does not discover moral truths through
microscopes or telescopes. However, neither does one so discover numbers,
the laws of logic, other minds (as distinct from brains), or love. This, of
course, doesn’t keep anyone from enjoying each of these!
If moral truths cannot be scrutinized as physical entities or forces of
physics – because they are not entities or forces of that sort – then do they
exist in the naturalistic universe of the atheist? And if moral assessments
cannot meaningfully be made of such things as granite or grass or gaggles of
geese, then can they be levelled at human beings – entities that are, on
atheistic and naturalistic assumptions, merely alternate forms of the same
material stuff? Thus the moral disapproval of atheists appears to reduce to
an expression of preference or personal disapproval – nothing all that
serious, unless you desire their approval. The naturalistic worldview of
atheism is unable to account for the reality of moral truths or provide for
their meaningful expression.
Regardless, one can’t help but suppose that since the new atheists
were raised within cultures influenced by a Judeo-Christian worldview, they
have absorbed and retained many such values. Perhaps this is no more
visible in one of Hitchens’s autobiographical anecdotes.
We others hold otherwise. When one gives up the Christian faith, one
pulls the right to Christian morality out from under one’s feet…
Christianity is a system, a whole view of things thought out together.
By breaking one main concept out of it, the faith in God, one breaks
the whole: nothing necessary remains in one’s hands….When the
English actually believe that they know “intuitively” what is good and
evil, when they therefore suppose that they no longer require
Christianity as the guarantee of morality, we merely witness the
effects of the dominion of the Christian value judgment and an
expression of the strength and depth of this dominion: such that the
origin of English morality has been forgotten, such that the very
conditional character of its right to existence is no longer felt. For the
English, morality is not yet a problem.xiii
Kevin James Bywater directs the Summit Ministries Oxford Study Centre. For information on the centre, please
visit www.summit-oxford.com. Applications for the fall of 2008 are now being received.
i
An earlier and shorter version of this essay appeared in the January 2008 edition of the Summit
Oxford Quarterly, a publication that may be downloaded from the blog at www.summit-oxford.com.
ii
C. Richard Dawkins (b.1941) holds the Charles Simonyi Chair for the Public Understanding
of Science at Oxford University and is the author of numerous books, including The God Delusion
(Houghton Mifflin, 2006).
iii
Sam Harris (b.1967) holds a degree in philosophy from Stanford University and is pursuing a
doctorate in neuroscience. He is the author of The End of Faith: Religion, Terror and the Future of
Reason (W.W. Norton, 2004) and Letter to a Christian Nation (Knopf, 2006).
iv
Christopher E. Hitchens (b.1949) is an ex-patriot Britain now an American Citizen (as of 13
April 2007, his 50th birthday), an awarded journalist, and an incredibly prolific author. Among his most
recent books is his bestselling God Is not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything (Twelve Books,
2007).
v
E.g., Daniel Dennett (b.1942), Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon
(Penguin, 2006); Michael Shermer (b.1954, editor of Skeptic magazine); Victor J. Stenger, God: The
Failed Hypothesis (Prometheus, 2007).
vi
Among a heavy stream of published responses, see especially Dinesh D’Souza (b.1961),
What’s So Great about Christianity? (Regnery, 2007). There are many other very helpful responses
being published right now. I highlight this volume since it interacts with several of the significant “new
atheists,” and does so with regards to so many facets of their arguments. I would note, however, that I
see D’Souza’s work as inadequate or misleading particularly with regards to his embrace of
evolutionary theory and his attempts to downplay the tensions between this theory and tenets of the
Christian faith.
vii
This seems particularly acute in the case of Hitchens’s debate with Rev. Douglas Wilson on
the Christianity Today website: “Is Christianity Good for the World?”
http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2007/mayweb-only/119-12.0.html (accessed 18 January 2008).
viii
J.L. Mackie, Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (New York: Penguin, 1977), 38.
ix
C. Hitchens, “Introduction,” in The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever,
ed. C. Hitchens (London: De Capo, 2007), xiv.
x
As quoted in, “The New Atheists,” Religion & Ethics Newsweekly, PBS, January 5, 2007;
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week1019/cover.html#, accessed 18 January 2008. See also
Hitchens, “Introduction,” xvi.
xi
Hitchens, “Introduction,” xvi-xvii.
xii
This was pointed out to me by Prof. George H. van Kooten (of the University of Groningen)
during a discussion of the Golden Rule (and its many permutations) at the British New Testament
Conference at the University of Exeter in early September 2007.
xiii
Available online: http://www.handprint.com/SC/NIE/GotDamer.html, accessed 18 January
2008.