Luminary 5of3

1
1 Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3

A
2
tvif;tdrf rmwdum
tvif;tdrfpum; 4
acwf+ydKifcHpm;r_ uAsm
b,fu&JabmfvJ wifrdk; 6
uAsm
jrefrmjynf&J h cHpm;csuf cifarmifvGif 7
opPmjrnf[def;oH wif+rdKifpdk; 8
vGwfvyfjcif;eJ htwl rsdK;atmif 9
ysm;&nfwpfpuf h h h rif;wm&m 10
jrifcsif awG hcsif &Sdapcsif zdk;oHkn 12
acgif;zD;rxm;wJh trSefw&m;rsm; atmifcikd jf rihf 14
umwGef;
tifwmeufay:rS umwGef;rsm; 15
*g&0jyK pmrsuEf mS rsm;

arG;ae hqkawmif; tvif;tdrf 17
zD;epfiSufwdk h a=uuGJcsdef (uAsm) atmifa0; 18
*g&0jyKvdkufygonf rif;rif;odef; 19
q&mewfEG,f udk,fa&;tusOf; 20
q&mewfEG,f a&;om;cJhaompmtkyfrsm; 20
&ifcHkoH q&m}uD;twGuf bdkbdkvef;pif 55
jrefrmumwGef; 0dZ…m ody`Hcspfol 58
Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 2

3
EdkifiHa&; okw &o

Ak'<bmomESifh tm%m&Sifpepf armifomrn 24
2007 pufwifbm a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&; pnfolatmif 30
olpdrf;tdrf&J h t&dyf0,f t&SifOm%du 41
nDnGwfa&;udk OD;wnf&HkeJ hr+yD; OD;0if;wif 43
ara';ae hpm armifpGrf;&nf 45
pmayavhvmr_ jroef;wifh 47
'DyJ,if;vkyf}uHr_}uD; armifpGrf;&nf 49
qif}uH }uHoal wG&J h t}uHay;tzGJ h &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; 51
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGif hqdkwmu h h h &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif; 53
b0&J h tpdwt f ydik ;f av; wpfck h h h 0if;vJhar 62
pifay:wufawmom; aejcnf 66
b,fvdkvl h h h b,fvdkb0rsdK;eJ h h h h aZmf0if;at; 69
t*Fvdyf tar&duefppfyGJ wifarmifjrifh 72
0wˆKwdk / oa&mfpm
tawmifyHr&Sdaom &ifckefoHrsm; armifpdk;csdef 75
rif;=wm;}uD; a=umufpm a*smf'D; 81
tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0wˆKwd+k ydKifyJG

(ESpfodrfhqk) tv,fuvl tm;emwwf. oDwmatmif 83
wefzdk;&SdawmhvJ a&$aygh pdk;rdk;ol 86
bmomjyeftcef;quf
tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrf 43 armifarmifvwf 92
Edik if aH &;tawG;tac:
'Da&jrifhopf jroef;wifh 97
tvif;tdrfrSwfpk tvif;tdrfrD'D,m 109

4
tvif;tdrf pum;
jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tm%modr;f ppftpd;k &u zefw;D ay;vdu k wf hJ t&yf0wfqakd om tpd;k &
w&yf ay:aygufvmyg+yD? xdt k pd;k &. Edik if aH wmforRw}uD;qdak om OD;ode;f pdef rS “aumif;rGef
oef@&iS ;f aom tpd;k &”ay:aygufa&;yJ jzpfw,f [k wdik ;f odjynfod urBmod w&m;0ifajym=um;
cJyh gw,f? Edik if aH wmf&@J tcif;tusi;f t&yf&yfukd trSeyf uwd twdik ;f &_jrif+yD; ajym=um;vdu k w
f hJ
pum;vd@k jrifryd gw,f?
'gqd&k if Edik if aH wmf orRw}uD;&J@ pum;t& raumif;rGef roef@&iS ;f aom tpd;k &w&yf
uae aumif;rGeo f ef@&iS ;f aom tpd;k &w&yftjzpf ajymif;vJypf&r,fv@kd qdv k ykd &kH ygw,f? 'gqd&k if
ueOD;tpuwnf;u wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyfaewJh tpd;k &[m bmtpd;k &vJ? Adv k cf sKyfr;_ }uD;oef;a&$&@J
trdef@tm%meJ@ tkyfcsKyfaeaom tm%modrf; ppftpdk;&yg? tJ'Dtm%modrf; ppftpdk;&rSm
0ef}uD;csKyfqo kd u l Adv k cf sKyfoed ;f pdeyf g? xd0k ef}uD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyfoed ;f pdeo
f nf ,ck tpd;k &opfqakd om
tzG@J tpnf;wGif Edik if aH wmforRw}uD; OD;ode;f pdeq f okd yl if r[kwyf gvm;?
raumif;rGerf oef@&iS ;f wJh ppftpd;k &rSm 0ef}uD;csKyfvyk cf o hJ u l ,ck jynfoal wGu a&G;cs,f
wifajrSmufvu kd yf gw,f qdw k @J (olw@kd tajym) t&yf0wftpd;k &rSm Edik if aH wmf orRw}uD;jyefjzpf+yD;
w&m;0ifajymvdu k wf hJ txufygpum;&yf[m olw@kd tajctaeudk olw@kd 0efcv H u kd w f mjzpfw,fv@kd
,lq&ygw,f?
t&ifvlawGraumif;/ roef@&Sif;cJhwmawGudk tck ol@vufxufrSmaum ol@pum;
twdkif; pDrHaqmif&Gufaeyg+yDvm;? 'gudkvufawG@ qef;ppf=unfh=uygpdk@? EdkifiHawmf&J@ t"du
r¾dKif}uD; (3) ckjzpfwt hJ yk cf sKyfa&;/ Oya'jyKa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;awG aumif;rGeo f ef@&iS ;f atmif
aqmif&u G rf _ jyKae+yDvm;? 'Dr¾dKif}uD; (3) ckukd apmif=unfah 0zef jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f zd@k twGuf
tvGet f a&;ygwJh pme,fZif;/ rD', D mqdw k hJ pwkwˆr¾dKifv@kd uAŠn;f xd;k =uwJh jynfo@l r¾dKifukd
aum vGwv f yfaumif;rGef oef@&iS ;f pGm zefw;D ay;xm;+yDvm;? jrefrmjynfov l x l ak wG&@J vufawG@
b0awG &_jrifo;kH oyf&if “t&iftwdik ;f ygyJv@kd “aumufcsucf s&rSmjzpfw,f?
,ae@jrefrmawG&J@ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ usef;rma&;/ ynma&; pwJhEdkifiHa&;awGudk
Edik if aH wmf vl}uD;qdo k al wGe@J tJ'ED ikd if aH wmf vl}uD;qdo k al wG&@J aqGrsK;d todu k t f 0ef;eJ@ yeHoifh
ywfoufaeolawGrSmom y&rf;ywmvGwfvyfaumif;rGefae+yD; vlrsm;pk jynfolvlxkuawmh
“t&iftwdik ;f ygyJ”? vufawG@jzpf&yfwckrmS Edik if aH wmforRw}uD; trde@f tm%meJ@ tusO;f us
olawG udk vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGijhf yK+yD; v$waf y;wJah e&mrSm ppftyk pf u k kd tHw+k yD; ,H=k unfcsuef @J
Edik if aH &;vkyv f @kd t"rRaxmifcscx H m;&wJh Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; tvGeef yJ g;cJyh gw,f? v$waf y;cJh
olawG xJrmS Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; (50) 0ef;usio f m ygwm[m aumif;rGeo f ef@&iS ;f wJh vGw+f idr;f
csrf;om cGifhr[kwfyg? ao'%fusaeol (300) ausmfudk wuíef;tjzpf av#mhayghcJhayr,fh
t"rRtusO;f cscH xm;&wJh ESp&f n S Ef ikd if aH &; tusO;f om;awGuakd wmh (1)ESpo f m av#mah yghay;
5
cJhw,fqdkwm[m ppftkyfpkudk tHwk+yD; EdkifiHa&;vkyfolawGudk EdkifiHawmforRw}uD;qdkol&J@

oabmqENukd jyvdu k wf mygyJ?
ppftyk pf u
k kd twdu k t f cHjyKolreS o f r#ukd tm%modr;f Adv k cf sKyfr;_ }uD;oef;a&$ ppftyk pf k
tpd;k &&yfwnfcsut f wdik ;f ,ck Edik if aH wmforRw}uD;qdo k u l xkwaf z: jyovdu k w f mygyJ? 'Db0
vufawG@oifcef;pmawG[m u|Eyfk w f @kd ausmjf zwfc&hJ +yD;+yD jzpfygw,f? &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyq kH kd
wm[m tm%modr;f ppfAv kd cf sKyfae0if; tpd;k &uae OD;ae0if; rqv tpd;k &qdw k hJ ppfabmif;bD
cíwf t&yf0wf ta&mifjytpd;k &udk wGe;f vSecf w hJ hJ ordik ;f 0if vlxt k =kH uGr}_ uD;yg?
'Duae@ tm%modr;f Adv k cf sKyfr;_ }uD;oef;a&$ ppftpd;k &uae t"rR ppfuíefjyKa&;Oya'
(2008) jyXmef;/ ppftyk pf u k kd tHwo k l Edik aH &;tiftm;pk rSeo f r# axmifcsEydS u f yG +f yD; jynfow l &yfv;kH
u w&m;0if a&G;cs,w f ifajrSmufcw hJ hJ 1990 jynfEh pS f a&G;aumufyJG &v'fukd rsuu f , G jf yKum xyfrH
usif;ycJhwJh 2010 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'feJ@ jzpfay:vmwJh ppfabmif;bDcíwf tpdk;&[m “t&if
twdik ;f ygyJ “vd@k ajymvdu k &f jkH zifh vHak vmufygw,f?
'ga=umifh ppftyk pf &k @J tqufquf ppfuíefjyKaer_ukd tHww k eG ;f vSeaf e=uwJh 'Dru kd a&pD
bufawmfom;/ vl@tcGifhta&; jrwfEdk;awmif;wolrsm; awmfvSefa&;owd&Sdzdk@ txl;vdktyf
ayonf? ,H=k unfcsuu f kd r,dr;f ,dik zf @kd vo kd nf? ordik ;f tpOftvmudk rsuaf jcrjywfz@kd vo kd nf?
jzpfpOfjzpf&yfawGukd jywfjywfom;om; jrifwwfz@kd vo kd nf?
ppftkyfpkonf ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk aumufuspf,kwfrmr_ aygif;pHkjzifh &ufpufpGm
usio hf ;kH +yD; wnf+rJatmifvyk af erSmjzpfw,f? 'g[m ,Hrk mS ;oHo,jzpfp&mrvd?k pnf;vH;k r_jzifh
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd wGe;f vSeaf cszsu&f efom oH"Xd mef&zdS @kd vo kd nf?
'Duae@umvudk avhvmoH;k oyf&v#if t=uyftwnf; tcuftcJonf rdr'd rD u kd a&pD
bufawmfom;awGrmS rajymyavmufaom tajctae&So d nf? ppftyk pf k twGi;f wGif }uD;rm;
aom t=uyftwnf;jzpfaeonfrmS txift&Sm;jzpfonf?
ppftm%m&Sipf epfq;kd }uD;udk ycH;k xrf; o,fy;kd aqmif&u G af e&aom wyfrawmfqo kd nfh
tzG@J tpnf;}uD;xJrmS tm%mtusKd ;pD;yGm;/ vlrb _ 0&yfwnfa&; twGuf }uD;rm;aom t=uyf
twnf; jzpfaeonfudk jrif=uoleJ@ Zmwfwlom;pm;I [oFmudk;aomif;ysufpD;&aom
pum;twdik ;f ppftyk pf k &ifqikd af e&+yDjzpfonf?
ppftm%m&Sifpepfonf jrefrmjynfolvlxktaygif;tm; tzufzufrS ysufpD;r_om
jzpfay:aponf? vljzpf+yD; vljzpf&;H_ aer_om &ifqikd af e=u&onf? xd@k a=umifv h o l m;awGjzpfaom
jrefrmvlxt k aygif; ppftm%m&Sipf epfq;kd }uD;udk vufw+JG yD; wdu k zf su=f uygpd@k ? ud, k thf vkyu f , kd f
vky+f yD; us&mtcef;u¾uae vufwyJG g0if=uygpd@k ? ausmif;om;/ ppfom;/ bk&m;om;/ jynfol
jynfom;rsm; pkaygif;+yD; Adv k cf sKyfr;_ }uD;oef;a&$ tr_;jyKaom 'Duae@ ppfabmif;bDcíwf ta,mif
aqmif t&yf0wftpd;k &tm; 0dik ;f 0ef;wdu k zf su=f uygpd@k ?
tm%m&SifrSefor# usqHk;ap&rnf?
tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;
6
b,fu&JabmfvJ
olŒr,H&k ud,
k rhf ,H&k
oHo,awGyu kd f
[dw
k p onfwp+yKduGJ
b,fu&JabmfjzpfrmS vJ?
wD;wd;k wD;wd;k
ozef;ydk;
uG,&f mwrsK;d a&SŒwrsK;d
ajcxd;k rawmf acsmv f Œkd vJ
b,fu&Jabmf jzpfrmS vJ?
ae&mykid rf _ t+yKdivf k
vlxtk wGuf jynfoŒl twGuw f hJ
t&Suu f enf;/ aoG;ucJG
ajcyke;f ckwvf Œkd *kwaf y:wuf

rsuEf mS ESpzf uf vSsmESpcf G
ESpzf ufve$ ŒJ owfvsS Kcd GJ
wifr;kd
16²3²2000
(}umomyaw; naecif;)

7
jrefrmjynf&JŒ²²²cHpm;csuf
[m²²²
aea&mifatmufrSm
tvif;rJhaeolawGygvm;
'gqk²d ²²aevk;H twk=uD;bJ²²²²²²²²²²²?
aevk;H =uD;ub,frmS vnf;
ar;=unfhawmh
ork'N&matmufrSm
a&qif;ikyaf ew,fw²hJ ²²²²²?
r[kwb f ;l
ork'N&matmufukd
ypfcsxm;jcif;cH&wm
ajrjyifay:
jyefwufvmrSmaygh²²²²²?
[m²²²²²²²²²²?
rjzpfEkdifbl;
jrefrmjynfoljynfom;awG
ikdxm;wJh
rsuf&nfrkd;awGursm;vGef;vkd@²²²²²²²²?
cifarmifviG (f jynf)
2011ck arv 12&uf

8
arv udjk zwfoef;zd@k

opPmjrnf[ed ;f oH
ighrsu&f nfawGukd wrHwyk x f m;&w,f²²²²?
pdwuf kd
uvpfwcsuEf ydS , f eHk @J
arvxJu
tH=udwo f H awmufacgufoaH wG[m t,fvef n D Kd eJ@
igh&ifxrJ mS qlnaH eqJy²J ²²? rmefwufaewJ@ rd;k rif;=uD;awmif
opPmw&m;&JŒ udak tmifausmrf ;kd a=umifh
cg;oD;wJ@ t&omawGupkd m;ok;H zd@k ar 16 &ufae@rmS
olw@kd oGm;=uawmhrnfh rsu&f nf+zdKif+zdKifusc@J &w,f?
1998ckEpS &f ŒJ q&mawmf OD;0dpm&udk
arv10&uf[m ol@acwf&ŒJ ol&aJ umif;tjzpf
igwd@k tm;vk;H udk aESmif;vlawG
toift h aetxm;&Szd @kd OD;n$w=f u²²²²
ykwEf KS ;d vdu k =f uw,f²²²? *k%jf yK=u²²²²
olw@kd &ŒJ tvky[ f m wefb;kd xm;=u²²²²
w&m; Oya' txufuvlrsm;&JŒ wd@k acwfa&mufrS &dik ;f =u&awmhrmS vm;
rw&m;rSKudck ck zH @kd ppfjydwmW awGu
rormrSKudk igwd@k ordik u f kd
wGe;f vSerf nfh cHppfjzpfovd²k ²²² acsmifx;kd xm;
opPmw&m;twGuf yg;pyfr[&Jatmifvyk x f m;ayr,fh
a&SŒuw kd ;kd wJ@ igwd @
k a cwf &Œ
J
xd;k ppfvnf;jzpfw,f²²²? tajymifajrmufq;Hk aom
wu,fu olw@kd [m ol&aJ umif;ta=umif;udak jymr,f?
,kH=unfcsufudk udak tmifausmrf ;kd a&²²²²
toufxufcspo f ²l ² twdq k ;Hk aom 'D*% k jf yKuAsmav;&JŒ
*k%foduQmudk tus,af vmifq;Hk aomjrnf[;D oHukd
&Sio f efjcif;xufjrwfE;kd ol²²² vlom;tm;vk;H =um;odap²²²²²
q&mawmf OD;0dpm& [m acwfwikd ;f &JŒvo l m;wdik ;f =um;odap²²²²
&ufaygif;100ausmw f @J txd²² urBmwnfoa&GŒ=um;odap²²²²²?
u|e;f wdu k yf u JG &Jabmfrsm;[m wif_rdKifpdk;(aumvd,)
&ufaygif;50 ausmw f @J txd²² (16-5-1998ae@om,m0wDaxmifY tpmiwfcH qENjy&if;
'gayr,fh ol@usawmh²²²²²² ppfjydwmW yg;uGuo f m;wd@k .owfjzwfjcif;cH&aomtmZmenf ol&aJ um
Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 8 udak tmifausmrf ;kd tm; OD;n$w*f %
k jf yK a&;zG@J onf?)
9
vGwfvyfjcif;eJ htwl
ar#mfvifhcsuf
wdrpf ikd v
f kd zrf;qkyzf kd h cufayrJh
pwifcw hJ hJ ajcvSr;f rsm; rd;k xefavjyif;vnf;
aemufjyef vSnjhf cif;awmh rvkyEf ikd /f /
twdwu f kd jyefo&rJh tcsed rf [kwo f vdk
tjypf&mS csed v
f nf; vGecf +hJ yD//
a,mifawmifaygifawmifeJ h &Gmvnfum
ork'&N m 0rf;wxGmtwGuf
qENawG h h h b,fbuf&iftu kH xGucf si+f yDvm;//
ausmoyf&if +yHK;wwfwhJ vlawGvkd
ta=umufw&m; eJ h avmb v$r;f +cHKrSmvm; //
aq;pufus&m t&kyrf xifao;ayr,fh t+rJ&;_H edrf w h hJ wdu k yf rJG &Sod vdk
aoG;pufawG ysH ch &hJ m vrf;rrSm cGyaf 'gif;wGeo f eH J h igwdk x h qk pfwhJ ordik ;f wausmh
vrf;jyae+yD// jyefvnfrmS ,H=k unfxm;yg//
idak =uG;oH r&yfoa&G h
igwdk h pdwt f pOf rD;v#v H kd &Sio f efr,f//
&,farmoH r=um;oa&G h
emusiEf v S ;kH om;eJ h wdu k yf 0JG ifr,f//
“,m,D&;_H edrw hf hJ trSew f &m;[m
,kwn f Hw h hJ atmifyaJG wGxuf
pGr;f tm;yd&k w dS ,f” h h h wJh
av;pm;w,fAsm h h h rmwifvo l m;uif; *sLeD,m
igwdk h h h h
crf;em;}uD;jrwfre_ J t h wl
aysm&f i$ jf cif;awG aqmif=uOf;+yD;
wcsed rf mS h h h
vGwv f yfpmG cE<m0dnmOfwv JG kd h
tdru f jkd yef=ur,f//
mif; rsdK;atmif (PKU)
10
ysm;&nfwpfpuf
"g;oGm;ay:[efaqmifyefaqmif usoGm;jcif;
[d&ed J =h owWyw ` &m; yg;yg;av;awmifcsKd w h hJ
vdycf cHG |wf tm%m&Siv f ufopfawG
Oya'udk vufwpfv;kH w0ufjcm;
vSnphf m;yHrk sm;
v$wf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhwJh
tokid ;f t0kid ;f wl ud,
k v hf v l w $ af y;
toHaumif; [pfvu dk af o;²²
v$w&f ufaphvdk h v$waf wmhrmS rdk v h w $ af y;vku d &f wJh
wpfaomif;ig;axmifausmf tusO;f om;
Edik if aH &;tusO;f om; av;q,fausmx f J
b,frvJ udrk if;udEk ikd f udak X;=uG,f udu k }kd uD; use&f aJ bmf
*k%rf o hJ ud mQ urBmudn k mjyef+yD²²?
vlom;wdk eh J w h ikd ;f Edik if H

wdik ;f Edik if eH J Eh ikd if t
hH a&; aEG;aEG;axG;axG;&Sv d nf;
wdk Eh ikd if rH mS Edik if t
hH a&; &Syk af xG;aeqJ
&d;k om;pGma&S w h ;dk wdik ;f Edik if zH HG +h zdK;zdk h
+idr;f csr;f pGm rw&m;wmrSef awmfveS o f u l kd
jiLpl&efpJG tcsKyfxx J nfv h nf;
jrefrmjynfrmS tusO;f om;r&Sd
ck=unfh h h h av;q,fausmf
oGycf smyg'Adik ;f &yfpf olwkd ah oG;a=umxJ ysH eh H ²h ²?
igwdk &h J h
“b”uH;k eJ h“0”vH;k &GJ ah pmif;rSKudk
wnfrh wfaumif;rGeaf tmif apmifah &Smufoifv h nf;
vdyw
f q
H yd af ygufw;l eJ o h u
dk w
f ;l ae=u
a&m,k0 a&mufa&mhr,f ?

11
=unfph rf;yg
jymyH=k um;u
rD;avmifiw
k w f kd tdr+f ydKtpte=um;
wpfjcrf;ydef wpfjcrf;jym; t&G,pf u kH snqf cH rHG sm;
t&d;k vufusef aoG;nSeD H eh aH ewJh avxk
tJ'aD vxk
ajcmufq,fEh pS rf S 'Dae x h d
raoG ah jcmufao;wJh jynfol t h ouf aoG; ac|;?
raemajrrS Ed;k xcJw h hJ {&m0wD

ordik ;f wdk &h J rh cd if {&m0wD
aoG;csi;f csi;f eDc&hJ rsm;+yD h h ?h
cs,f&D
oZif
awmifZvyfyef;
,rf;aiG =h urf;=urf;&J ah tmuf
a=uGus ajrc =urRmu qd;k vku d yf rkH sm;²²²?
tm%mawGtay:ausmhausmharmharmh
v,fuu G af &ykwx f u J ar#mah wGvdk
igwdk ah oG;awG pkwcf aJ ewJh
rif;usiq hf ,fyg; vm;vm;rSsr&Sd
ud,
k zhf momud, k f rif;jzpfae=uolawGukd
r,Hb
k ;l wu,fr,HEk ikd b f ;l ²²?
cGivhf w$ yf g ca&
ud,k uf av
Asm'dw, f +l yD; vlom;r[kwaf vawmh
olwkd uh kd
z,f&mS ;csiv f S txGÉt f xdyif ghqEN
Oyg'f'g%fawGa=umifh 'kuaQ &mufw,fqv dk nf;
aemifb0rSmrS uif;awmhr,f²²? rif;wm&m
05 / 18 / 11
12
jrifcsif awG hcsif &Sdapcsif
wcgu awG@b;l w,f jrifb;l w,f

ppftcGe&f ;kH ,ltef&;kH a&S@ awG@b;l w,f jrifb;l w,f
[dak [majymyGJ 'DaqG;aEG;yGJ rSmvJ awG@b;l w,f jrifb;l w,f
pDwef;vSnv hf nfyJG qENjyyGaJ wGrmS vJ xdyq
f ;kH uyg0if
tifwmeufowif; pmapmiftoD;oD;rSmvJyJ
taotcsm awG@b;l w,f }uHKbl;w,f --- ?
wcgu awG@b;l w,f }uHKbl;w,f

reufyikd ;f tvkyt
f +yD; xrif;rpm; [if;rpm;
tajy;tv$m;eJ@ uav;upm;uGi;f awGujkd zwf
vrf;ab; a&bHb k ikd u
f a&udak omuf
qENjyv_y&f mS ;r_ qDukd taomhEiS f
c&D;awGwiG cf w
hJ mvJ awG@b;l w,f }uHKbl;w,f --- ?
e t z udk tHwk pHjyKvdo k rl @kd

jyefvrf;r&Sad tmif wdu k yf aJG wG0if
cGyaf 'gif;tvHawGukd ezl;rSmpnf;
rd;k vH;k avvH;k jynfh tiftm;awGo;kH
a'gormef[ek af wGe@J tom;ukeaf tmf
olrwlatmifyif awG@b;l w,f jrifb;l w,f --- ?
vl@obm0 a&=unf&mjrufE&k m
&SmazG pm;aomuf aexdik =f u&ayrJh
'Dru
kd a&pDukd brf;jy wrf;wvd@k
rdom;pkyg ta&mufac: cJ=h uayrJh
ckrsm;rawmh [efjyav;awmif o&kyrf az:
t[kwu f kd aeEdik =f uolawGuv
kd yJ J
awG@b;l w,f }uHKbl;w,f --- ?

13
wcsKd @=ujyefawmhvJ ud, k w

f ikd rf ;D ravmif tm;vJray;
a0;a0;rSm at;at;omomae&if ajymp&mr&Sd
reD;ra0;rSmom&Sd ab;xdik f bdik u f s bkajym
tifwmeufay:wuf waeukew f aecef;
a&;vJa&; ajymvJ ajymEdik =f uolawGuv kd J
rjywfwrf;udk awG@b;l w,f jrifb;l w,f --- ?
'Drukd a&pDEikd if aH &muf usaemfw@kd wawGvkd

jynfwiG ;f u ESp&f n S v f rsm; tusO;f uscaH e&olawG
jynfwiG ;f u pm;&rJ@ aomuf&rJh jynfoal wG
rajym&J rqd&k J rvky&f J rudik &f J jzpfae&wJo h al wG
tm;vH;k tm;vH;k udk 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad pzd@k
jynfyu usaemfw@kd wawGu yd+k yD;vkyjf y=uzd@k ajymzl;w,f qdzk ;l w,f --- ?
ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynf 'Drukd a&pD &&Szd @kd

&&Sv
d mcJ&h ifvJ qufvufxrd ;f odr;f Edik =f uzd@k
vkycf sipf w d af wG &Sad e=uw,fq&kd if jzifh
vkypf &mawGrS wyHw k yif}uD;
ta0;a&mufa&muf teD;rSmyJ aeae
vkycf si&f if vkyvf @kd &Edik w f ,fqw kd m odz;l =um;zl;=uygw,f --- ?
ud,
k wf ikd yf g0if rv_y&f mS ;Edik &f if awmifrS
wuf=uGpmG v_y&f mS ;ae=uolawGukd tm;ay;
wefb;kd u rao;aybl;ayg@
wcgu awG@b;l jrifb;l }uHKbl;cJo h vdrk sKd ;
jyefjrifcsif awG@csif &Sad pcsif ygao;&J@ vd@k
'Dru
kd a&pD (&jzL*sD ) bufawmfom; taygif;wd@k &,f --- ?
zd;k oHn
k ( bmbmuaz; )
arv (1) &uf 2011

14
acgif;zD;rxm;wJhtrSefw&m;rsm;
w&m;r0if &_waf xG;wJh tjzpftysurf sm;u
bk&m;ocifuakd wmif wkyaf uG;jzpf+yD; zsm;apEdik w
f ,/f
tckwu,f+iD;xGm;&wJh taumuf}uH tqd;k jriftysurf sm;u
xkxnf}uD;rm;cJh azmufjyefrx
_ J wd;k 0ifcJ cufom;vm;uG,f --- ?
um;ysurf sm;u wHwm;ysuaf wGukd

ta0;uae pdrphf rd }hf uD; pdu k =f unfah ecsed f
Adik ;f vf&yfpyf ;kd awGu ADt G ikd yf D (VIP)
a&S@q;kH wef;rSm ud,
k uhf , kd u
f kd trde@f ay;+yD; rde@f red @f }uD;xdik af ew,f --- ?
pm&if;Z,m;twkawGukd
owif;trSm;rsm;eJ@a&mar$ azmufvyk x f m;wJh yef;wdik f
zrf;qkyu f ikd v
f @kd r&wJh &nf&, G cf surf sm; ,dr;f ,dik f
trsKd ;*k%af wG ud, k u f sKd ;eJ vrf;vGaJ ew,f/
tqd;k tykwaf wG usqif;zd@k
uH=urRmudk 0rf;E_w&f OD;r,f --- ?
aemufusad ewJh a&jyifrmS

t&dyf rxifovdrk sKd ;
tem*gwfaysmufu&kd mS &if;
rsKd ;qufawG zdeyfaygufuek +f yD --- ?
rdbeJ@om;orD;awG jyefvnfawG@qckH iG rhf ay;yJ

aouG&J iS u
f jJG zpfatmifvyk w
f m
bk&m;ocifvm; ---?
ppftm%m&Siv f m; ---?
ra&&mjcif;udk taotcsm pOf;pm;aew,f --- ?
+zD;zse;f xm;wJh wrmvdck g;cg; pum;vH;k awGu

acgif;zD;rxm;wJh trSew f &m;vdk aoaooyfoyfr&Sd
jzLpifwhJ i,fb0udk jyefr&Edik af yrJh
i,fpOfu &d;k om;jcif;awG jyefvnfw;l az: awG@&EdS ikd af =umif;
aocgeD;azgufjyeforl sm;tm; owif;aumif;yg;vdu k yf gw,f --- ?
atmifcdkifjrifh
15
umwGef;rsm;

16
umwGef;rsm;

17
t rsdK; om; acgif; aqmif
urBmh
+idr;f
csrf;
a&;
Edk
A,fvf qk
&Sif
a':atmifqef;pk=unf 66 ESpaf jrmufarG;ae h
tarpk twGuf arG hae hqkrGef

2011 / ZGev
f / 19 &ufae w h iG f usa&mufaom 66 ESpaf jrmuf arG;ae rh o
S nf
tarpk - aumif;aom use;f rmjcif;ESijhf ynfph ykH gap//

tarpk - aumif;aom csrf;omjcif;ESifhjynfhpHkygap//
tarpk - aumif;aom touf&n S jf cif;ESihf jynfph ykH gap//
tvif;tdrf &Jabmf / &Jarrsm;

18
pm
jyK
0
rsu
*g &
zD;epfiSufwdk haMuuGJcsdef
f ESm
ewfE,
G f
1933-2011
jrif;&dkif;udk
'kef;pdkif;atmif
ordkif;oifay;ol?
jrpfwikd ;f udk
vdSKif;cwfatmif
tem*wfoifay;ol?
yef;wdkif;udk
a=uG&Jatmif
tvSoifay;ol?
rkew
f ikd ;f udk
,Ofaus;atmif
tuoifay;ol?
vrf;wdik ;f udk
“,iftef;”a&mufatmif
cif;cJhol?
²²² ²²² ²²² ol?

²²² ²²²² ²²² ol?
²²² ²²² ²²² ol?
rD;awmufr;D vSsaH wG=um;rSm
usaemfwdk@
ysHoef;zdk@
oHr%dtawmifyaH wG
xm;&pf+yD? ?
(ar 11-2011 ae u
h /&efuek +f rdK w
h iG f uG,v
f eG cf ahJ om/q&mewfE,
G o
f kd )h
atmifa0;
ar 12 / 2011
19
pm
jyK
0
rsu
*g &
f ESm
*g&0jyKvdkufygonf/
ewfE,
G f
1933-2011
vGeq f efEikd jf cif; r&Sad om aojcif;w&m;u tpd;k ;r&pGmjzifh ESpOf ;D wefc;l avESit hf wl
olw@kd ESpOf ;D udk ac:aqmifomG ;=uav+yD h h h aojcif;. aemufokd w h aumufaumufygatmif
vdu k o f mG ; wmrsm; wm;qD;xm;vdu k zf kd h [ef w h m;xm;vdu k zf kd h rnfokd ah om olu pGr;f aqmif
Edkifrnfenf;/ tJhwma=umifh jrwfAk'<u aojcif;w&m;udk rarhravsmhzdk h oGefoifqHk;rcJhjcif;
yifjzpfonf//
“b0ZmwfpkH u}udK;pHI k uHuek rf ;kd csKyf okwo f wk af pmv#if c&D;ESio f nf wdk rh sm; {nfo h nf
ygwum;““vdk h rif;uGe;f q&mawmfb&k m;}uD;u oHa0* vuFmjzifh qH;k rawmfro l nf// tckawmh
tJonfh {nfo h nf}uD; ESpOf ;D pvH;k a&S q h ifh aemufqifh vl ah vmu vl ah bmifrS t+yD;wdik f xGucf gG
oGm;=u av+yD // q&myg&*l ESihf q&mewfE, G f wdk yh ifjzpfonf// jrefrmhpmayavmu. txifu&
yk*Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;qH;k &_;H r_u pmaycspcf ifjrwfE;kd olwikd ;f udk woo jzpfaponfh tjzpfrsKd ;//
vlxt k usKd ;jyK pmayajrmufrsm;pGmudk uavmifrsKd ;pHjk zifh pmtkyaf ygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmudk
a&;oGm;cJ=h uonf// q&mAefarmfwifatmif ajymcJw h hJ vlwa,muf&J w h efz;kd qdwk m““oljzwfoef;
aewJ h acwf } uD ; uay;wJ h wm0ef u d k b,f a vmuf t xd x rf ; aqmif o G m ;w,f q d k w meJ h
wdik ;f wm&r,f “wJh //
a=omf q&m h h &h ,f // wefz;kd qdw k muvJ wef;zd;k em;vnfwo hJ l / wefz;kd udk wefz;kd rSe;f od
wJh olawGtwGuaf wmh wefz;kd aygh // tckvkd acwfq;kd acwfysu}f uD;xJrmS pmaywefz;kd / vlwefz;kd
qdw k m aoewfajymif;0u xGuw f hJ usncf aHG vmufawmifwefz;kd rxm;wwfwhJ vlawG twGuf
awmh “a&$zvm;eJ h rd;k cg;a&““jzpfawmh raygh// 'gayr,fh q&m'*kew f m&m uawmh “rke;f olr&Sd
cspo f ol m&Sw d “/
hJ“// “Edik if aH &;vkyw f ,fqw kd m &efou l kd rdwaf qGjzpfatmifvyk w f mwJ“h // vlxu k kd
rsuEf mS rlwhJ pma&;q&mtvky[ f m wu,fawmh Edik if aH &;tvkyyf aJ ygh //
jynfocl spw f hJ tEkynmorm;awG uG,v f eG af wmh wdik ;f jynftwGuf epfemr_wckvkd h qd+k yD;
usaemfwkd t h m;vH;k pdwrf aumif;jzpf=u&+yD // wjznf;jznf;eJ h wjzKwfjzKwfa=uGomG ;vdu k =f uwm
Ek&mu&ifh / &if &h mu rSnhf / rSn&hf mu a=uG qdo k vdk ocFg&w&m;udk ausauseyfeyfvufcv H u kd f
=uyHkrsm;ajymygw,f h h h b0rSmvkyfcsifwmudkvJ vkyfcJh+yD;+yD // vkyfoifhwmawGudkvnf;
vkyo f mG ;=u+yD ykc;kH ajymif; vufajymif;,l&rJh rsKd ;quf awGtwGuf q&mwdk w h m0efausyeG cf ahJ v+yD
q&mwdk &h J h pmay / q&mwdk &h J v h ;kH v / q&mwdk &h J h tm;xkwrf a_ wG twGuf b,ftm
%m&Siu f rS todrw S jf yKonfjzpfap / rjyKonfjzpfap wdik ;f jynfu todtrSwjf yK+yD;om;yg // pmay
avmuwGif rSww f ikd f / rSwaf usmufrsm;tjzpf wifuseaf ecJrh nfom jzpfonf// rysupf ;D / raysmuf
ysufatmifxdef;odrf;&rnfrSm usaemfwdk h pmayavmuom;awG&J hwm0efyJr[kwfygvm;//
“aumif;&m ok*wd“qdw k m twWveG u f w J hJ vl,w k rf mawGeJ h rtyfpyfovdk q&mwdk t h wGuf
awmif;p&mrvdw k hJ qkjzpfw,f vdk ch , H &l if; aemufq;kH *g&0jyKvdu k yf gonf//
19 rif;rif;odef;
Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3
20
pm
jyK
0
rsu
*g &
f ESm
ewfE,
G f
1933-2011
uG,fvGefol q&mewfEG,f
1933=2011
trSwfw& b0pmrsufESmrsm;
uavmiftrnfcGJrsm;
armifjrihfaemif/ uavmifopf/ eDeD/ armifwifat;/ rkvm'if/ at;eD/ jrihfauoD/ vSjrihf/ ausmufwkdif/
rkd;aZmf[def;/ ysHv$m;/ rSefajymif;opf/ pdeftkd;pnf/ bGJ@jzL/ aumif;jrwf/ Zifaomif;/ a¶$pif/ rif;&mausmf/ rvdc
(rif;ausmEf iS wfh v
JG su)f aumvd,?
ukd,fa&;jzpfpOf
pma&;q&m ewfEG,fudk tb OD;b0rf;/ trd a':apmvHkwdk@rS 1933 ck ESpf azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufae@wGif
jrpf}uD;em;+rdKŒ Y arG;zGm;cJhonf? trnf&if; vSjrifh jzpf+yD; i,fpOfu jrpf}uD;em;+rdKŒ apmif;zef;
txufwef;ausmif;/ rEœav;+rdKŒ Ak'<omo emhEk*~[ txufwef;ausmif;ESihf &efukefwuUokdvfwkd@wGif
ynmoif=um;cJo h nf?
pkHaxmufr*~Zif; t,f'Dwm/ t,f'DwmcsKyf/ vSsKdŒ0Sufonf;zkdr*~Zif;wGif wm0efcHt,f'Dwm/ trsKd;om;
owif;pmwGif bmomjyeft,f'w D m/ rk;d a0r*~Zif;wGif t,f'w D mcsKyEf iS fh EG,ef rD *~Zif; t,f'w
D mcsKyf tjzpf
vkyu f ikd cf o
hJ nf?
1950 jynhfESpf/ ZGefv (28) &ufae@xkwf [Hom0wDowif;pm r*~Zif;u¾wGif ‘ausmif;olr’ uAsmjzihf
pmayavmuokd@ a&mufcJhonf? r*~Zif;/ *sme,frsm;wGif aqmif;yg;/ 0wˆK/ a0zefpmESihf bmomjyefrsm;
tajrmuftjrm; a&;cJ+h y;D vk;H csi;f 0wˆKEiS fh bmomjyef vk;H csi;f 0wˆKrsm;vnf; (100) ausmf a&;om;cJh onf?
‘rkd;aZmf[def;’ trnfjzihfvnf; bmomjyef vkH;csif;0wˆKrsm; a&;om;cJhonf? rif;ausmfESihfwGJ+yD; ‘rvdc’
uavmiftrnfjzihf jrefrm0wˆKt!$ef;rsm; a&;om;cJhonf?
a&;om;jyKpk xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;
1² ukaÉukÉm odef;oef; wefawmhw,f - 1997 ckESpf
2² ukokdvfwyJ i&Jwydom - 1969 ckESpf
3² auo&mZm - 1974 ckESpf
4² urBmywfvnf &uf&Spfq,f - 1960 ckESpf (Round The World in Eighty Days)
5² urBmajrtES@H - 1961 ckESpf
6² urBm&ef - 1968 ckESpf
7² urBmh0wˆKt!$ef; - 1996 ckESpf
8² usGefrtouf oajycuf - 1974 ckESpf
9² usm;rsufvkH;eJ@ a=umifrsufESm - 1975 ckESpf
21
pm
jyK
0
rsu
*g &
f ESm
10² ausmfaZ,sESihf oHuGefcsm ckepfxyf - 1975 ckESpf ewfE,
G f
1933-2011
11² ausmufbDvl; - 1964 ckESpf
12² cspfolESihf wc%/ rkef;olESihf wb0 - 1973 ckESpf
13² cspfol&Sdaom+rdKŒ - 1960 jynhfESpf
14² cspfaoma=umihf - 1956 ckESpf
15² *gr%d - 1978 ckESpf
16² jirf; - 1978 ckESpf
17² aiGvukdjrif =u,fpifr[kwfbl; - 1978 ckESpf
18² pdwfxJrSm wurBm - 1974 ckESpf
19² pdefac:yGJ - 1987 ckESpf
20² aZmfrkd;[def;ESihf eef;oufrGef ausmuf¶kyf - 1981 ckESpf
21² aZmfrkd;[def;ESihf odef;av;q,f rm,m - 1982 ckESpf
22² Zmwfortv,f - 1961 ckESpf
23² naps;wef;tp - 1961 ckESpf
24² nDtpfrrsm;ESihf vlpdrf;rsm; - 1982 ckESpf
25² wauG@awmh awG@=uOD;rnf - 1966 ckESpf
26² wckdifeef;rkd@ vGrf;vJh&nf - 1978 ckESpf
27² wq,f (10) (ewfEG,f/ rkd;a0) - 1964 ckESpf
28² wae@r[kwf wae@ - 1965 ckESpf
29² wyifukd ESpfyif,Sufw,f - 1974 ckESpf
30² wrifoufouf - 1961 ckESpf
31² w0Jvnfvnf - 1961 ckESpf
32² wuUokdvfESihf jyifyurBm - 1967 ckESpf
33² wzefjyefI rEkd;aom a0'em (Coma) - 1983 ckESpf
34² wa,mufu rm,m - 1973 ckESpf
35² wdwfwqdwf - 1961 ckESpf
36² wdrfpG,frSm uG,faomae - 1981 ckESpf
37² 'ufZ,fvm - 1987 ckESpf
38² '¾m&D - 1978 ckESpf
39² aeuef@vef@um vy0g - 1975 ckESpf
40² aemufqkH;wae@ aemufqkH;urBm - 1976 ckESpf
41² eEN0efokd@tjyef - 1972 ckESpf
42² eef;pHy,fESihf wa,muf+yD;wa,muf - 1972 ckESpf
43² eef;oufrGefESihf rsufESmpdrf;rsm; - 1973 ckESpf
44² EGJ@0g - 1976 ckESpf
45² ESraxG;r,hfukd vkdvSsif - 1961 ckESpf
46² ESpf}uD;orm; - 1957 ckESpf
22
pm
jyK
0
rsu
47² EG,feDEkdifiHwum tbd"mef - 1994 ckESpf
*g &
f ESm
ewfE,
G f 48² EG,feDtm&S ESpfcsKyf (1994) - 1994 ckESpf
1933-2011
49² EG,feDtm&S ESpfcsKyf (1995) - 1995 ckESpf
50² aygufyifupdrf; aus;updrf; - 1979 ckESpf
51² yOPrHtonf; yOPvuftjyHK; - 1979 ckESpf
52² yk¾u - 1980 jynhfESpf
53² jymjymndKa&mif r_dif;vJhvJh - 1975 ckESpf
54² b0[lonf (My Life) - 1991 ckESpf
55² b,f,drf;nmEGJ@ b,fjyefEGJ@ - 1977 ckESpf
56² ruG,faomae@u a=uGaomyef; - 1984 ckESpf
57² rae@wae@u ¶GmwJhrkd;
58² r+yD;qkH;ao;aomn - 1975 ckESpf
59² roEœm rodyg - 1973 ckESpf
60² rD;ckd;rqkH; rkd;rqkH; - 1967 ckESpf
61² rkd;njzLjzL - 1962 ckESpf
62² rkd;xJavxJ - 1954 ckESpf
63² rkd;jzLrpJ rkd;rnf;r¶Gm - 1979 ckESpf
64² rkd;rSmpae avrSm&m[k - 1975 ckESpf
65² armifESihfomtwl - 1961 ckESpf
66² armifESihfomtwl urBmajrtESH@ - 1973 ckESpf
67² rsuf0g;xifxif - 1956 ckESpf
68² rkef;yifatmufrSm cspfol&Sm - 1976 ckESpf
69² rsufawmifaumheJ@ rsufxm;ndK - 1972 ckESpf
70² rsufESmrSmtjyHK; rsufvkH;rSm a'go - 1973 ckESpf
71² jroZif - 1966 ckESpf
72² ajratmufoZif - 1959 ckESpf
73² jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif; (twGJ - 1) - 1966 ckESpf
74² jrefrmjynfajrmufykdif; (twGJ - 2) - 1967 ckESpf
75² r_cif;pkHaxmuf ukd,fawG@rSwfwrf; (Diary) - 1962 ckESpf
76² ,kZermvm - 1980 jynhfESpf
77² &wemvkd%f*l - 1960 jynhfESpf
78² &mrn - 1978 ckESpf
79² a&mru rdef;rysuf (Woman of Rome) - 1964 ckESpf
80² &efolw&m rdwfaqGwa,muf - 1973 ckESpf
81² &SufpzG,f (Shame) - 1961 ckESpf
82² a¶$ESihf,kd;rSm; yef;pum; - 1970 jynhfESpf
83² a¶$zvm;ESihf rkd;cg;a& - 1961 ckESpf
23
p
jyK m
0
rsu
84² vuG,fae@n - 1968 ckESpf
*g &
f ESm
ewfE, G f
85² avupm; =uGm;wvlvla0 - 1977 ckESpf 1933-2011
86² vif;t¶k%fOD; - 1985 ckESpf
87² 0uFyg - 1963 ckESpf
88² oDwmckepfwef awmifpOfckepfxyf - 1972 ckESpf
89² opfwkH;rSefvSsif qefvdrhfrnf - 1982 ckESpf
90² onfacwfESihf onfarmifESrrsm; - 1972 ckESpf
91² onfawmifwef;rSm armifxrf;ac:yghr,f - 1983 ckESpf
92² oEœmuGsef; (Coral Island) - 1960 jynhfESpf
93² od*ôw0uf a¶$w0uf - 1974 ckESpf
94² okH;ESpfokH;rkd; (Three Years) - 1990 jynhfESpf
95² tauG@waxmif
96² tcspfavSavmif;eJ@ acwfa&pD;a=umif; qefwufr,f (y-wGJ) - 1989 ckESpf
97² tcspfavSavmif;eJ@ acwfa&pD;a=umif; qefwufr,f ('k-wGJ) - 1989 ckESpf
98² teD;ta0; tedrhftjrihf - 1965 ckESpf
99² taemufrkd;ukyfpuf0kdif; - 1960 jynhfESpf
100² tysHoifp - 1960 jynhfESpf
101² tjym - 1956 ckESpf
102² tjymESihf t0g - 1971 ckESpf
103² tjym t0g - 1967 ckESpf
104² tjyifrSmaiGv &ifxJrSm aeq,fpif; - 1983 ckESpf
105² tjzLa&mif opPmyef;wyGihf (yxrwGJ) - 1988 ckESpf
106² tjzLa&mif opPmyef;wyGihf ('kwd,wGJ) - 1988 ckESpf
107² trsm;ESihfwa,muf (Fever) - 1983 ckESpf
108² t0g - 1960 jynhfESpf
109² t&dyfokH;yg; em;rvnf -1980 jynhfESpf
110² t¶kyfe*g; t¶kyfusm; - 1974 ckESpf
111² ta&SŒpl;pl; taemuf,Gef;,Gef; - 1969 ckESpf
112² ta&SŒrkd;aumif;uif trSwf (1) - 1965 ckESpf (Baltic Skies)
113² ta&SŒrkd;aumif;uif trSwf (2) - 1965 ckESpf (Baltic Skies)
114² tvnfvmwJh rdef;uav;&,f - 1974 ckESpf
115² tvGrf;. tvGrf; - 1981 ckESpf
116² tÀm0gjyifrSm xifaomv - 1981 ckESpf
117² ÁENmeDvm oEœmykvJ - 1977 ckESpf
118² tkH;tkH;usGufusGuf - 1965 ckESpf
119² wHcGefwkdif armifESrrsm; - 1972 ckESpf
(jrefrmtGefvdkif;pG,fpHkusrf;rS ²²²)
24
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wcktwGif;rSm tm%m&Sifpepf }uD;pdk;vm+yDqdk&if tm%mudk OD;;pm;ay;wJ@

tav@tusif@awGvnf; xGef;um;vm p+rJyg? tm%m[m tqif@twef;twGuf oauFw jzpfvm+yD;
tm%m&Srd v S &l m0if vmygw,f? tm%m&Sw d @J ou
l xifovdk cs,v
f ,S Ef ikd +f yD; tm%mrJ@w@J ou l vkyo f rSs
iH k @ cH & ygw,f ? tm%m &S d o l [m pnf ; pd r f c srf ; om &S d o l a wG jzpf v m+yD ; tm%mrJ @ ol a wG u
qif;&JrGJawolawG jzpfvmygw,f?
tm%m&Sipf epfatmufrmS rSejf cif;rSm;jcif;/ aumif;jcif;qd;k jcif;qdw k mawGuvkd nf; tm%muyJ
qHk;jzwf ygw,f? tm%m&SdwJ@ol vkyfwmqdk&if t+rJaumif;aewwf+yD; b,fawm@rS rrSm;bl;vdk@
owfrSwfygw,f? tm%mrJ@ol vkyfwmqdk&ifawm@ tm%m&SdwJ@olawGu vufoif@rcH&if trSef[m
trSm;jzpfoGm;+yD; taumif;[mvnf; tqdk; jzpfoGm;wwfygw,f?
'ga=umif@ tm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm tm%mrJ@wJ@olu tm%m&SdwJ@oludk &dkusKd;qnf;
uyf&ygw,f? tm%m&So d l tcsi;f csi;f rSmvnf; tm%m ao;wJ@ou l tm%m}uD;wJ@ou l kd &dak oudik ;f &Sid_ ;f
&ygw,f? tm%m[m ud;k uG,pf &m jzpfvm+yD; tm%mrSwyg; tjcm; ud;k uG,&f mr&Sq d w kd @J t,ltqu
v$rf;rdk;aeygw,f?
jrefrmEdik if rH mS vnf; tm%m&Sipf epf oufq;kd &Snaf ewm ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfw@J twGuf
tm%mudk uk;d uG,w f @J "av@awG t=u;D tus,f xGe;f um;aeygw,f? tm%mudk ud;k uG,&f mrSm Edik if aH &;
Ak'b< momESi @f
tm%m&Si fpepf
armifomrn
tyd k i f ; (7)
pD;yGm;a&; vlrS_a&; t& ouf&Sdxif&Sm; tm%m&Sifwyg;yg;udk qnf;uyf&HkrubJ bmoma&;t&yg
tm%m&SifqefwJ@ t&mawGudk udk;uG,fvmygw,f? wefcdk;&Sdw,fqdkwJ@ bdk;awmfawG r,fawmfawG
"mwfawG ewfawGtay: ud;k uG,q f nf;uyfvmjcif;udk qdv k w
kd myg? 'Dvkd wefc;fkd &Sw
d @J t&mawGu Edik if aH &;
tm%m&Sifwyg;vdk udk,f@udk apmifr =unhf&S_vdrf@r,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfarSsmfrSef;aewwfygw,f?
wef c d k f ; qd k w m tm%myH k p H w rsKd ; jzpf y gw,f ? vl t rsm; ,k H = unf u d k ; uG , f a ewJ @
wefcdkf;&SifqdkwmrsKd;uvnf; tm%m&SifyHkpH wrsKd;om jzpfaewwfygw,f? bdk;awmfawG r,fawmfawG
"mwfawG ewfawG 0dZ…mawG aZmf*sDawG[m rSefolrSm;ol vlaumif;vlqdk; ra&G;bJ olwdk@tem;
uyfyg;,yfyg;vkyf+yD; yl;aZmfyo aeol awGudk apmifr=unhf&S_wwfwJ@ tm%m&SifeJ@ qifqifwlygw,f?
'ga=umif@ omrefvlawG rqdkxm;eJ@ qdk;ay@ &ufpufcufxefay@qdkwJ@ tm%m&Sifrsm;onfyif 'Dvdk
wefc;fkd &Siaf wGtem; qnf;uyfyal Zmf+yD; olw@kd tm%m wnf+rJa&;twGuf tultnD awmif;cHae=uwmyg?
wefcdkf;&SifqdkolawGuvnf; b,favmufaumufuspfwJ@ tm%m&Sif jzpfygap/ ol@udk
qnf;uyf+yDqw kd meJ@ tm%m&Sib f ufom;vky+f yD; vuf0g;csi;f &du k w
f wfygw,f? 'ga=umif@ wefc;fkd &Siaf wGe@J
tm%m&SifawG[m pD;yGm;bufawG jzpfaewwfygw,f? 'gudk rodem;rvnfbJ wefcdkf;&Sif u,fwifygrS
csrf;om&m &r,fvdk@ t,lrSm; t,HkrSm; aeoa&GŒ vGwfajrmufrS_eJ@ a0;onfxuf a0;ygr,f? wefcdk;&Sif
25
udk;uG,frS_awG acwfpm; aejcif;[m tm%m&Sifpepf v$rf;rdk;aewJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf aemufxyf

aESmif}uKd ;wck xyfw;kd vmjcif;om jzpfygw,f?wefc;fkd &Siq f wkd @J bd;k awmfawG r,fawmfawG[m tm%m&Sief @J
yl;aygif;+yD; wdkif;jynfudk acsmufxJ wGef;cscJ@wJ@ tjzpftysufawG ordkif;rSm txift&Sm; &Sdygw,f?
urBm@ordik ;f rSm tqd;k qH;k vd@k owfrw S x f m;wJ@ *smreftm%m&Sif [pfwvm[m ol@&JŒtm%m
}uD;xGm; cdkifrma&;twGuf }udK;pm;&mrSm t"duxm;+yD; tm;udk;wJ@enf;uaawm@ wefcdfk;&Sdw,fqdkwJ@
arSmfq&m awGqDu t}uHOm%f,l+yD; tkyfpdk;wJ@ enf;jzpfygw,f?
[pfwvm ud;k uG,w f @J olwa,mufu tufcyf (Eckart) qdw k @J arSmq f &myg? tufcyf [m
vSsKdŒ0Sufynm *dk%f;acgif;aqmif wa,mufjzpf+yD; emZDygwDudk wnfaxmifzdk@ [pfwvmudk t}uHay;
vrf;n$ecf @J ygw,f? tufcyf ud, fk wf ikd u
f vnf; emZDygwu D kd pwifwnfaxmifol ckEpS ?f ;xJu w?;jzpfygw,f?
[pfwvm[m ta&;}uD;wJ@ udpPawGrSm tufcyfwdk@vdk arSmfq&mawGqDu t}uHOm%fawmif;,l+yD;rS
qHk;jzwfav@ &Sdyg w,f? arSmfq&m bdk;awmfawGeJ@ aygif;+yD; urBm@tm%m&Sifjzpfatmif =udK;yrf;cJ@wJ@
[pfwvm[m raumif;rS_ rsKd;pHkudkvnf; usK;vGef/ urBm}uD;udkvnf; rD;avmifwkduf/ aemufqHk;
udk,fudk,fudk,f aoa=umif;}uH+yD; aooGm;cJ@ygw,f? *sL;vlrsKd; oef;aygif;rsm;pGm[m [pfwvm&JŒ
i&Jcef;rsm;twGif;rSm toufay;cJ@&wmyg?
bdk;awmfqdkoludk udk;uG,f&if; ysufpD;cJ@&wJ@ wdkif;jynfwckuawm@ 1917 ck atmufwdkbm
awmfvSefa&; rwdkifrD Zmbk&iftkyfpdk;cJ@wJ@ &k&Sjynf jzpfygw,f? Zmbk&if rdom;pk[m bkef;}uD;&l;vdk@
emrnf}u;D wJ@ bd;k awmf &yfpjyLwif (Rusputin) udk ud;k uG,+f y;D olw@kd &JŒ yk*k v ~ ud udprP sm;twGuo f mru
EdkifiHtwGufyg t}uHOm%f awmif;cHcJ@ygw,f? &yfpjyLwif[m Zmbk&if rdom;pktwGuf ya&m[dwf jzpf
vmwmeJ@trSs Zmbk&ifacwf &k&Sm;EdkfifiH}uD; usqHk;cef;twGuf rD;avmif&m avyif@ay; vm ygw,f?
eef;wGi;f olawGe@J &Sy_ &f rHk u eef;wGi;f a&;awGrmS vnf; 0if&y_S cf @J wJ@ bd;k awmf&yfpjyLwif [m aemufq;kH awm@
towfcH &yg w,f? wefcdk;&Sif bdk;awmfudk udk;uG,fcJ@wJ@ Zmbk&if rdom;pkvnf; jyKwfusoGm;ygw,f?
&k&Sjynf}uD;vnf; tm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tvl;vl; tvSdrf@vSdrf@ qufvuf cHpm;
aecJ@&ygw,f?
bd;k awmfawG[m wef;cd;k &Scd si&f rdS mS jzpfayr,f@ tusi@f pm&dwaW umif;awm@ r&Sd wwfb;l qdw k @J
tcsufudk vlawG ar@aewwfygw,f? 'ga=umif@vnf; wefcdk;&Sif qdkolawG[m rif;qdk;rif;npfawGeJ@
ykvif;wlA;l qd@k jzpfaewwf+y;D oufqikd &f m wdik ;f jynfukd acsmufxu J satmif tm;ay;uln=D uygw,f?
'Dae@ jrefrmEdik if rH mS [pfwvmacwfu *smreDEikd if eH @J Zmbk&ifacwfu &k&ES ikd if v H @kd bd;k awmf r,fawmf
ud;k uG,rf _S awG[m emrnftrsK;d rsK;d eJ@ rSv d_ akd yguaf eygw,f? "mwfq&mawG ewfq&mawG euQwf q&mawG
aA'if,=wm q&mawG 0dZm… awG aZmf*saD wG t=um;tjrifayguo f al wG vufnKS ;d xd;k rvGaJ tmif aygrsm; ae
ygw,f? "mwfawG ewfawG ta=umif; a&;om;xm;wJ@ pmayawG[mvnf; vl=uKd uf trsm;qH;k pmay jzpf
aeygw,f? jynfov l x l u k kd vGwaf jrmuf&mvrf;eJ@ a0;onfxufa0;atmif onfpmay awG u vrf;rSm;
yd@k aew,fv@kd yif ajymEdik yf gw,f? onfpmayrsK;d awGu zwfou l kd cGet
f m;ay;rSm r[kwyf gb;l ? ud, k @f ajcaxmufay:
rm;rm;&yfvmEdik af tmif/ vufo;D udq k yk +f y;D vuf&;kH vufarmif; qef@wef;vmEdik f atmif cGet f m;ay;wJ@ pmayrsK;d
r[kwyf gb;l ? 'l;wky+f y;D vuf0g;jzef@vmatmif pdw"f mwfcsK;d ESrd yf pfr,f@ pmayrsK;d awGom jzpfygw,f?
wdkif;jynfudk twif;vk,l+yD; t"rRtkyfpdk;aewJ@ tm%m&SifawGuvnf; bdk;awmfawG
r,fawmfawGem; qnf;uyfae=u+y;D tm%m&Sipf epf wnf+raJ &;twGuf t}uOH m%fawG awmif;cHae=uygw,f?
qd&k , S v
f pf acwf&ŒJ tm%m&Sif OD;ae0if;u tp etzacwf&ŒJ tm%m&Sif AdkvfcsLyfrSL;}uD; oef;a&$ tqHk;
"mwfq&m ewfq&m bdk;awmfr,fawmfawGqDu t}uHOm%fawG awmif;cH+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHudk trsKd;rsKd;
26
'kuQay; cJ@yg w,f? aiGpuUL zsufodrf;cJ@wmawG/ tpdk;&&Hk;pdkuf&ma'oudk aejynfawmf trnfwyf+yD;

ysOf;rem;buf a&$Œajymif;cJhwmawG[m 'D"mwfq&m ewfq&mawG&JŒ t}uHay;csufrsm;eJ@ ruif;ygbl;?
Ak'<bmomqdkwmu 'Dvdk bdk;awmfr,fawmfudk;uG,frS_awGeJ@ vHk;0 qef@usifbuf jzpfygw,f?
Ak'<bmom[m tm%mudk udk;uG,fwJ@ bmomrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? wefcdfk;udk ?;xdyfwifwJ@ bmom rsKd;
r[kwyf gb;l ? tusi@f pm&dwu W kd ud;k uG,wf @J bmom jzpfygw,f? oDv orm"d ynmudk ud;k uG,w f @J bmom
jzpfygw,f? Ak'<bmom&JŒ &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifu wefcdkf;tm%m&atmif vkyf+yD; vlvlcsif; zdpD;tkyfcsKyfzdk@
r[kwfygbl;? tusif@pm&dwWaumif;rGefcdkifrmatmifvkyf+yD; vlvlcsif; cspf=unfoif@jrwfpGm aygif;oif;
qufqefzdk@om jzpfygw,f? Ak'<bmomeJ@ wefcdfk;tm%m&Sifqdkwm tajccH?;wnfcsuft& vHk;0jcm;em;
ygw,f?
bd;k awmfr,fawmfu;kd uG,af ewJ@ol[m Ak'b < mom0if tjzpfuyif qH;k &S;kH_ oGm;ygw,f? Ak'b < mom
jzpfw,fqw kd m taztar tbd;k tbGm;u Ak'b < mom0ifjzpfv@kd tvdv k jkd zpfwm r[kwyf gb;l ? Ak'b
< mom0if
jzpfzdk@twGuf o&%*HkoHk;yg; wnf&ygw,f? rdrdudk,fwdkif&JŒ todynm tm;jzif@om Ak'<bmom0if
jzpf&wmyg? o&%*Ho k ;kH yg;qdwk m Ak'b < mom0if wa,muftaeeJ@ ud;k uG,q f nf;uyf&r,f@t&m oH;k ckyg?
ygVdbmomtm;jzihf Ak'< "rR oHC vdk@ac:ygw,f? jrefrmpum;eJ@ tvG,fajym&&if bk&m; w&m; oHCm
jzpfygw,f? o&%*Hk oHk;yg;rSm "rRqdkwJ@ w&m;u t"du usygw,f? 'Dw&m;udk &SmazGawGŒ&SdwJ@ol[m
Ak'<bk&m;jzpf+yD; 'Dw&m;udk qufvuf xdef;odrf;jzef@jzL;aeolawGu &[ef;oHCmrsm; jzpfygw,f?
Ak'<bmom0ifqdkoltwGuf rdrd&JŒ b0vrf;n$eftjzpf 'Do&%*HkoHk;yg;uvGJ+yD; wjcm;r&Sdygbl;?
wjcm;qn;fuyfp&m &Sdaeao;&if o&%*Hk ysufwm jzpfwJ@twGuf Ak'<bmomtjzpfrS tvdkvdk qHk;&S_Hk;
oGm;ygw,f?Ak'<bmom0ifqdkol[m w&m;udk udk;uG,folyg? w&m;udkyJ udk;uG,fr,fvdk@ oEMdÏmefcs
xm;wJ@olyg? Ak'b < mom0ifawG ud;k uG,&f r,f@ Ak'b < &k m;uvnf; w&m;udk &SmazGawGŒ&Sad [m=um; oGm;ol
jzpfygw,f? wefcdkf;tm%mjywJ@ zefqif;&Sifbk&m;rsKd; r[kwfygbl;? wefcdkf;tm%meJ@ vlawGudk
u,fwifapmifrr,f@ olrsKd; r[kwfygbl;? Ak'<bmom0ifawG udk;uG,f&r,f@ &[ef; oHCm[mvnf;
w&m;udk usi@f }uaH [mn$ef aeolawG jzpfygw,f? wefc;fkd tm%maemufukd vdu k af ewJ@olawG r[kwyf gb;l ?
'ga=umif@ w&m;udk ab;z,fxm;+yD; wefcdk;tm%mudk y"mexm;wJ@ bdk;awmfr,fawmf udk;uG,frS_awG
jyKvyk af ewJ@olawG[m Ak'b < mom0if r[kwyf gb;l ?
Ak'b < mom&JŒ ordik ;f rSm wefc;kd tm%maemufukd vdu k o f mG ;wJ@twGuf qif;&J'u k aQ &muf&olawG
&Syd gw,f? OyrmjyK&&if a'0'wfe@J tZmwowfyg? a'0'wf[m Ak'< aemufukd vdu k wf ,fqakd yr,f@ w&m;udk
y"me rxm;bJ wefcdk;tm%mudk OD;xdyfxm;ol jzpfygw,f? wefcdk;awG trsKd;rsKd;&atmif =udK;pm;
tm;xkwf+yD; Ak'<bmomeJ@ qef@usifwJ@ t,ltqawGudk a[majymygw,f? 'ga=umif@ Ak'< udk,fwdkifu
ol@udk oHCm twGi;f rS xkwyf ,fypfc@J &ygw,f?
'gayrJ@ wefc;kd &So
d l a'0'wf[m wefc;kfd jy+y;D tZmwowf&ŒJ ya&m[dwjf zpfatmif vkyEf ikd cf @J ygw,f?
tZmwowfuvnf; tm%m ief;ief;wufol jzpfwma=umif@ wefc;kfd jyEdik o f l a'0'wfukd q&mwifc@J &mrSm
aemufqHk; zcifudk owf+yD; tm%mvkwJ@txd rdkufrJcJ@ ygw,f? 'Dvdk }uD;rm;wJ@ trSm;t,Gif;awGudk
usL;vGefcJ@wJ@twGuf xD;eef;pnf;pdrfudk cHpm;ae&ygvsufeJ@ tdyfraysmf pm;r0ifjzpf+yD; tqif;&J}uD;
qif;&JoGm;&wJ@ olyg?
jrefrmEdkifiHu tm%m&Siftkyfpk wpkvHk;[mvnf; tusif@oDvxuf wefcdkf; tm%mudk
?;pm;ay;olrsm; jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umif@ Ak'<bmomeJ@ qef@usifwJ@ bdk;awmfr,fawmf "mwfq&m
27
ewfq&mawGudk udk;uG,f qnf;uyfae=uygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyfjcif;[m jrwfAk'<udk ausmcdkif;+yD; a'0'wfudk

ukd;uG,faejcif;om jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umihf tZmwowfrif;om;&JŒ qif;&JylyefrS_rsKd;udkyJ &&Sdae=uwm
jzpfygw,f?Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEdkifiHom;awGtaeeJ@ onfvdk tm%m&SifawG&JŒ aemufu twkvdkuf+yD;
wefc;kd tm%m ud;k uG,rf KS yJ vkyaf er,fq&kd if [pfwvmacwfu *smrefEikd if o H m;awGvkd /Zmbk&ifacwfu
&k&SEdkifiHom; awGvdk b0qdk;xJrSmyJ w0Jvnfvnf jzpfae&vdrf@r,f?
tydkif; (8)
Ak'<bmomrSm qnf;uyfp&m oHk;yg;qdkwJ@ o&%oHk;yg; &Sdygw,f? bk&m; w&m; oHCmyg?
'DoHk;yg;xJrSm t"dur¾dKifu w&m;jzpfygw,f? w&m;udk ta=umif;jyK+yD; bk&m;eJ@ oHCmay:vm&wm
jzpfv@kd yg? w&m;udk pwifawGŒ&Sd a[majymolu bk&m;bGŒJ xl;udk &ygw,f? w&m;udk jzef@csaD [m=um;olawGu
oHCmawG jzpfygw,f?
w&m;ud k pwif a wG Œ &S d a [mn$ e f c J @ wJ @ bk & m;u vG e f c J @ wJ @ ES p f a ygif ; 2500 ausmf u
ay:aygufcJ@ygw,f? ,cktcsdefrSm ouf&Sdxif&Sm; r&Sdawm@ygbl;? jrwfAk'< r&Sdawm@wJ@ tcsdefup+yD;
w&m;jzef@csD a[m=um;a&; [m oHCm@wm0ef vHk;vHk; jzpfoGm;ygw,f? 'ga=umif@ 'Dae@acwfrSm
qnf;uyfp&m o&%*Hku Ak'<acwfuvdk oHk;yg; r[kwfawm@bJ ESpfyg;yJ &Sdawm@w,fvdk@yif wcsKdŒu
ajymwwf=uygw,f?wu,fvufawG@rSm Ak'b < mom0ifawGtwGuf w&m;odz@kd qnf;uyf &r,f@oluvnf;
oHCmyJ &Sad ewm trSeyf g? Ak'b < mom0ifrsm;taeeJ@ w&m;"rRukd ud, k wf ikd f usi@f oH;k &&S+d y;D wJ@ q&mawmf
oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ a[majymvrf;n$efrS_aemufudk vdkufjyD; w&m;odol w&m;&Sdolrsm;jzpfatmif
}udK;pm;tm;xkwf=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
wu,fv@kd om jrefrmEdik if o H m;rsm;[m Ak'b < mom0ifw@kd &JŒ &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wdik u f kd a&muf+y;D
w&m;&So d l w&m;odoal wG jzpfvm=u&ifjzif@ tm%m&Sipf epfqw kd m[m aevmESi;f aysmuf qdo k vdk csKy+f ird ;f
aysmufuG,f oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f? w&m;odol w&m;&Sdolrsm;taeeJ@ ta=umuftruf avsm@yg;
aysmufu, G o f mG ;+yD jzpfw@J twGuf ta=umuftrufe@J oufq;kd &Snaf ewJ@ tm%m&Sipf epf[m avmifpmr&Sw d @J
rD;vdk c%rqdik ;f +ird ;f aysmufomG ;rSm jzpfygw,f?
,ck t csd e f r S m awm@ tm%m&S i f a wG & J Œ xif o vd k c s,f v S , f a erS _ u d k jref r mEd k i f i H o m;
Ak'b
< mom0ifawG rcsrd qef@cHaeqJ jzpfygw,f? tm%m&Sipf epfu tvGet f m;aumif;aeqJ jzpf+y;D w&m;eJ@
rw&m;rSm rw&m;u tEdkif&aeqJyg? tm%m&Sifpepf&JŒ atmufrSm Ak'<bmom[m ckwHk;vkyfcHae&qJ
wvGJtoHk;cscHae&qJyg?ppftm%m&Sifpepfu Ak'<bmomudk xifovdktoHk;csaeEdkifwJh tajctaeu
ppftm%m&Sif pepf&JŒ acgif;aqmif ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;u Ak'<bmom&JŒ vrf;jya&SŒaqmif &[ef;oHCmawmf
rsm;&JŒ txufrmS &Sad ewmudk &nfne$ ;f jyoaewmygy?J Ak'b < momu tm%m&Sipf epfatmuf a&mufaewJ@
udpPrSm Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEdkifiHom;awG&Jh b0a&SŒaqmifrsm;jzpf=uwJ@ oHCmawmfrsm;rSmvnf;
wm0ef&w dS ,fv@kd ajym&ygvrd @f r,f?
yxrqHk;tcsuftaeeJ@ajym&&if Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEdkifiHom;awGtaeeJ@ oHCm&JŒ
vrf;n$erf t _S wdik ;f vdu k ef mzd@k tqifoif@&Sad eygvsuef @J oHCmu rSeu f efw@J vrf;n$erf u _S kd ray;wJ@tcsuf
jzpfygw,f?
'kwd,tcsufuawm@ oHCmudk,fwdkif tm%m&Sif&JŒ vufatmufudk ta&mufcHvdkufwJ@
tcsuyf g? oHCmtzG@J udk t=u;D trS;_ vkyw f @J oHCmem,uwcsKŒd u ppftm%m&Siu f kd cs;D rGr;f axmufcH ajymae
onftxd vGaJ csmv f mwJ@tcsuf jzpfygw,f?
28
jrwfA'k u < vlawGusi@f zd@k twGuf r*~i&f pS yf g;udk a[mn$ecf @J ygw,f? r*~i&f pS yf g;udk usi@f oH;k &jcif;&JŒ
&nfrSef;csuf yef;wdkifu ta=umuftrufrsm; uif;a0;a&; jzpfygw,f? udk,f@ukd,fudk,f ydkifpdk;wJ@
vlom;rsm;tjzpfodk@ a&muf&Sda&; jzpfygw,f? &J&ihfwJh vGwfajrmufvlom;rsm;tjzpfodk ha&muf&Sda&;
jzpfygw,f?
'gayrJ@ 'Dae@ jynfov l x l u k si@f }utH m;xkwzf @kd twGuf b,fvkd w&m;awGukd oHCmtrsm;pku
a[mn$efae ygovJ? 'gejyK&if aemufb0rSm pnf;pdrfcsrf;omawGudk cHpm;&r,fqdkwmawGudk
a[maeygw,f? 'gerjyK&if aemufb0rSm i&Jjynfa&mufr,f@ta=umif;/ qif;&JrGJawr,f@ta=umif;awG
a[maeygw,f? 'gerS_a=umif@ pnf;pdrfcsrf;omawG&jyD; ,pfrl;aysmfyg;EdkifwmawGudk tm;usatmif
a[maeygw,f? OpPm"e csKdŒwJ@rS_udk ,cifb0u 'gerjyKcJ@jcif;&Jh tusKd;quf jzpfw,fqdk+yD; tjypfwpfck
usL;vGefxm;ovdk xifjrif vmatmif a[maeygw,f? Ak'<bmomudk pnf;pdrfcsrf;om &&Sda&;twGuf
vrf;n$ew f @J bmomvd@k ,lq vmatmif a[mae=uygw,f?
'gawGukd a[majymjcif;tm;jzif@ em=um;&olawGtzd@k vGwv f yfru _S ta&;r}u;D awm@bJ aiGa=u;
pnf;pdru f ta&;}u;D vmw,f? tusio fh v
D u ta&;r}u;D bJ 'geu ta&;}u;D vmygw,f? pnf;pdrcf sr;f omudk
rufarmwrf;wwJ@ pdwaf wG wzGm;zGm;ay:vm+y;D pnf;pdrcf sr;f om&Siaf wGukd OD;n$ww f @J pdwaf wG tm;usw@J
pdwaf wG 0ifvmw,f?'Dvekd @J ta=umuftrufawG wd;k vmwmeJ@twl pnf;pdrcf sr;f om&Sw d @J tm%m&Siaf wGukd
&du
k sK;d wJ@ pdwaf wG vnf; 0ifvmygw,f? ud, k uf ,
kd wf ikd f tm%m&Sijf zpfcsiwf @J pdwaf wGvnf; wvSsr;f vSsr;f
ay:vmygw,f? Ak'b < mom0ifrsm;jzpf&ufe@J tvGepf ufqyk pf &m aumif;wJ@ tm%m&Sipf epfukd axmufcH
rd&ufom; jzpfae=uygw,f? 'getwGuf qkawmif;qkay; vkyw f @J tcg vlrif;pnf;pdrf / ewfrif;pnf;pdr/f jA[Rmrif;
pnf;pdraf wG cHpm;&ygap qdw k mawG[m tm%m&Sipf epfukd yHhy;kd ay;aewJ@ qkawmif;awGyJ jzpfygw,f?
yd k q d k ; wmuawm@ onf v d k a [m=um;csuf a wG a =umih f trsm;jynf o l [ m Ed k i f i H a &;eJ @
pD;yGm;a&;jy\emudk tajzr&Smwwfawm@bJ rsupf v d nfomG ;&wmyg? vufawG &h ifqikd cf pH m;ae&wJh Edik if aH &;
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m qif;&J awG[m tm%m&Sifpepfa=umihf jzpfyGm;vmwmvdk h trSefrjrifEdkifawmhbJ
t&ifb0u 'gerjyKcJhjcif; &Jh tusKd;qufawGvdk h wvGJjrifukefwmyg?
wu,fawmh ta=umuftruf wdk;yGm;a&;w&m;rsm;udk a[mn$efaejcif;[m jrefrmEdkfifiHom;
rsm;udk tm%m&SifpepfxJ ydwfrdaeatmif vkyfjcif;eJ@ twlwlygyJ?
Ak'<bmom0ifjrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;avmuf &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;udk av;pm;&dkaowJ@vlrsKd;
awmfawmf &Sm;ygvdrf@r,f? &dkaoav;pm;wJ@tqif@udk ausmfvGef+yD; udk;uG,f tm;xm;wJ@ tqif@udkyif
a&mufaeygjyD? 'ga=umif@ oHCmawmfrsm;udkom t&dyf=unfhae+yD; oHCmawmf&JŒ tvdktwdkif; vdkufemzdk@
tqifoif@ jzpfaeygw,f?
jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; =unfndKtm;xm;aewJ@ oHCmawG&Jh txGwftacgif oHCmhem,uu
b,fvpkd um;rsK;d awGukd ajymaeygovJ?
oHCmtpnf;ta0;wckrSm oHCm@em,uvkyfolu vuf&Sdtpdk;&[m rif;aumif;rif;jrwf
jzpfwJ@ ta=umif; / omoemudk tvGeftm;ay; axmufyH@wJ@ta=umif; / onftpdk;&vufxufrSm
omoemawmf tvGefxGef;um; pnfyifa=umif; ajymaeygw,f? 'Dpum;udk wufa&mufvmwJ@
&[ef;oHCmawGu om"kac:ygw,f?
'D v d k a jym=um;csuf a =umif @ bmjzpf v mrvJ q d k w mud k tvG , f e J @ wG u f q Ed k i f y gw,f ?
wdik ;f oljynfom;rsm; taeeJ@ olw@kd ,H=k unf ud;k uG,w f @J oHCmawmfrsm;u tpd;k &aumif;w,fv@kd ajym&if
29
onftpdk;&u b,favmuf qdk;qdk; iHkcHawm@rSm aocsmygw,f? igwdk@tay: raumif;ayr,f@ igwdk@

udk;uG,fwJ@ oHCmawmfrsm; tay:awm@ aumif;vdk@ igwdk@ oHCmawmfrsm;u csD;rGrf;aewm jzpfrSmyJ
qdk+yD; b,favmuf ESdyfpufapumrl cg;pnf;cHrSm jzpfygw,f? 'gqdk&if jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;taeeJ@
tm%m&Sifpepf atmufu b,fawm@rS vGwfajrmufawm@rSm r[kwfygbl;? qif;&J'kuQwGif;xJrSmyJ
ur?mqHk;wdkif ae&ygawm@r,f?
tm%m&SifawGu pnf;pdrfcsrf;om,pfrl;aewJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH[m jrwfAk'< &nfrSef;wJ@
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd; [kwfyg&JŒvm;? &[ef;oHCmrsm;u tm%m&Sifrsm; aumif;a=umif; 0g'jzef@ay;+yD;
tm%m&Sifrsm;&JŒ vS_'gef;rS_rsm;eJ@ om,maewJ@ jrefrmEdkifiH[m jrwfAk'< &nfrSef;wJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;
[kwyf g&ŒJ vm;? wdik ;f oljynfom;vltrsm;u tESyd pf ufcjH y;D qif;&JwiG ;f xJ epfae&wJ@ jrefrmEdik if [ H m jrwfA'k <
&nfrSef;wJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd; [kwfyg&JŒvm;?
jrwfAk'< oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfuyif oHCm@tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk vrf;n$efcJ@csuf &Sdygw,f?
vlom;trsm;pk&JŒ aumif;usKd;udk aqmif&Gufyg/ vlom;trsm;pk&JŒ csrf;omudk aqmif&Gufyg qdkwJ@
vrf;n$efcsufyg? ygVdvdk ajym&&ifawm@ A[kZe[dwm, A[kZeokcg, avmumEkur`g, jzpfygw,f?
jrwfAk'<u oHCmawGudk vrf;n$efcJh&mrSm vltrsm;pk&JŒ tusKd;udk aqmif&r,f vdk@ ajymcJ@wmyg?
vlvufwqkyfpm&JŒ tusKd;udk aqmif&r,fvdk@ ajymcJ@wm r[kwfygbl;? tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;
uGufuGufuav;&Jh tusKd;udkaqmif&r,f vdk ha[mcJhwm r[kwfygbl;?
raumif;rSa_ wGukd a=umufcref;vdvd usK;vGeaf ewJ@twGuf wurBmvH;k u &S@H csjypfwifae&wJ@
ppftm%m&Sif tpd;k &udk rif;aumif;rif;jrwftjzpf / omoemjyKrif;tjzpf oHCem,u u cs;D rGr;f aejcif;[m
ppf f t m%m&S i f p epf ouf q d k ; &S n f a &;ud k o m taxmuf t yH @ jyKaewm jzpf w J @ twG u f vl t rsm;
qif;&J'kuQa&mufzdk@rSwyg; wjcm; tusKd;r&Sdygbl;? 'ga=umif@ oHCmem,u[m Ak'<&JŒ vrf;n$efcsufudk
ajzmif@ajzmif@qef@usiaf ew,fv@kd ajym&ygvrd rhf ,f?
jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ &[ef;oHCmrsm;[m jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;udk u,fwifcJ@wJ@ ordkif; txift&Sm;
&Sdygw,f? 'guawm@ e,fcsJŒvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufatmif OD;aqmifay;cJ@wJ@ vkyf&yfyg?
e,fcsJŒpepfatmufrSm jrefrmEdkifiHusa&mufcJ@pOfu oHCmawmfrsm;[m jrefrmEdkifiHol EdkfifiHom;rsm;
vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf tvGefwuf=uGpGm OD;aqmifcJ@ygw,f? jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&; &cJ@wm[m
&[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;&JŒ OD;aqmifvrf;n$efrS_ aumif;rGefwJ@twGuf &cJ@wmvdk@yif ajymEdkifygw,f?
'Dae@tcsdefrSmawm@ e,fcsJŒpepfxuf q,fjyefru qdk;&Gm;wJ@ tm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm
jrefrmEdik if o
H m;rsm; usa&mufae&jyefyg+y?D 'Dpepfq;kd u vGwaf jrmufz@kd twGuv f nf; oHCmawmfrsm;taeeJ@
OD;aqmif &ygvdrf@ r,f? bma=umif@vJqdkawm@ Ak'<bmomeJ@ ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m "rReJ@ t"rRvdk/
tvif;eJ@ tarSmifvdk wck&Sd&if aemufwck r&SdEdkifwJ@ t&mawG jzpfaevdk@yg? ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk
yaysmufatmif rvkyf&if Ak'<bmom aysmufoGm;+yD; oHCmawmfrsm;udk,fwdkif tm%m&SifeJ h
wom;wnf;aygif;pnf;oGm;r,fh tEW&m,f&dSygw,f?
ppftm%m&Sirf sm;udk ud, k w f ikd f &J&0J @H 0H@qef u
h sijf yzd@k eJ@ ta=umuftrufuif;rJ@a&; w&m;rsm;udk
a[majymzdk@ udpPrsm;[m Ak'<bmomxGef;um;a&;eJ@ Ak'<bmom0if jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;&JŒ vGwfajrmuf
csrf;oma&; twGuf oHCmhem,u udk,fwdkif OD;aqmif+yD; &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;tm;vHk; }udK;yrf;
vkyfaqmif&r,f@ vkyfief; jzpfygw,f? ?
(www.maukkha.org rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?) armifomrn
30
2007 pufwifbm a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;

bma-umifh ratmifrjrifjzpfcJh&vJqdkwJh
,cifvrS tquf
ta-umif;tcsufrsm;
(bmomjyef)
pnfolatmif
qENjyyGJawG&JŒ a&wdktaetxm;rSm
ratmifjrifjzpfcJh&jcif;&JŒ ta=umif;rsm;
qENjyolawG&ŒJ &nf&, G cf suaf wG ratmifjrifc&hJ jcif;rSm tcsuaf ygi;f rsm;pGm yg0ifv@kd aeygw,f?
qEN j yyG J r sm;twG u f vH k a vmuf w J h r[mAsL[majrmuf pD r H u d e f ; r&S d j cif ; / tpd k ; &u tm%mud k
qufvufqkyfudkifzdk@twGuf vHkavmufwJhjyifqifrSKawGjyKvkyfEdkifwJhtxd umv=um&SnfoGm;jcif;/
yd+k y;D xdxad &mufa&muf&w dS hJ Edik if w
H um&JŒwH@k jyefrKS ukd r&&Sjd cif;awGyg? 'DvKS y&f mS ;rSK}u;D &JŒ r[mAsL[mpDru H ed ;f
wavsmufvHk;[m pnf;¶Hk;vHSKŒaqmfoltcsif;csif; wpfa,mufeJ@wpfa,mufawGŒzdk@awmifrS rvG,f
avmufatmifukd us,jf yef@wJt h pd;k &&JŒ apmif=h unfEh ikd pf rG ;f tm;a=umifh [ef@wm; aESmif, h uS f jcif;cHc&hJ w,f?
aemufwpfcku OD;aqmifpnf;¶Hk;olawG udk,fEdSKufu qENjyyGJawG&JŒt&Sdeft[kefvsifjrefrSKudk
tHt h m;oifaecJ&h ovd/k xdxrd rd jd yifqifrKS rsKd ;awGvnf; aemufuvdu k rf vkyEf ikd cf b
hJ ;l ? Gene Sharp pum;eJ@
ajym&&if 2007 vSKyf&Sm;rSK[m tpdk;&&JŒtkyfcsKyftm;vHk;udk z,f&Sm;ypfEdkifzdk@ rpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJh¶HkrSs
oufoufr[kwfyJeJ@ 4if;wdk@udk axmufyHhay;xm;wJh a'gufwdkifawGudkawmifrSyJ rz,f&Sm;EdkifcJhbl;?
'DvSKyf&Sm;rSKu vkyfEdkifcJhwmu t&ifwpfcsdefu ppfwyfu axmufyHhaewJhtvSLawGudk rsufpdrSdwfacgif;
ndwv f ufc+H y;D 4if;wd@k &JŒtm%mydik rf KS ukd todtrSwjf yKae=u&wJh ajrmufjrm;pGmaom bke;f awmf}u;D awGukd
yg0ifvmatmif pnf;¶Hk;EkdifcJhwmyJ?
od@k aomfvnf;yJ oHCmhr[mem,utzGŒJ eJ@ txifu&ausmif;xdik f q&mawmf}u;D rsm;taeeJ@
ABMA q&mawmfawGeJ@=um;rSm trsm;tm;jzifhu tcsif;csif;zGifhrajymyJem;vnfrSK&&Sdxm;=uayr,fh
vlod&Sif=um;vufcHtwnfjyKwmrsdK;udk rvkyf=ubl;?aemufwpfcku tpdk;&0efxrf;awG&JŒ yg0ifr_u
tvGeftrif;enf;yg;wm? 'ga=umifhrdk@ omrefvSKyf&Sm;ae=u tpdk;&vkyfief;aqmifwmawGu wHk@qdkif;
&yfwef@rSKr&SdcJhbl;? ydkta&;}uD;wJhtcsufu tcsdKŒaom ppfAdkvfawG&JŒ oHCmawmfawGudk ypfwmcwfwm
rsKd ;udk rvkycf siaf =umif; tpD&ifccH w hJ mrsKd ;&Sad yr,fh b,fppfAv kd u
f rS ppfwyfuae cGx J uG of mG ;wmrsKd ;r&Scd b
hJ ;l ?
qENjyyGJawGu t&SdefjrifhvmwJhtcsdefrSm pnf;¶Hk;olawGtcsif;csif;=um;xJrSm vlxkeJ@ EdkifiHa&;
tzGJŒtpnf;awGudk yg0ifyl;aygif;cGifhay;rvm; 'grSr[kwf vlxkudk pGef@pm;rSK tenf;qHk;jzpfatmifvkd@
olwdk@tdrfawGrSmyJaeap+yD; vlxktm%mzDqefrSKvkyfzdk@ wdkufwGef;rvm;qdkwJh 0d0g'uGJvGJrKS awGjzpfvm
cJhw,f? wuf=uGvSKyf&Sm;oltrsm;tjym;eJ@ vlxkuawmh bkef;awmf}uD;awGeJ@ yl;aygif;zdk@ pdwftm;
xufoefae=uwJhtwGuf pnf;¶Hk;vSHKŒaqmfolawGtaeeJ@ vlxktiftm;trsm;tjym; yg0ifvmrSKudk
oabmwlc&hJ w,f?
31
tjzpftysufawG+yD;rSodvmcJh&wmu [dk; tpuwnf;up+yD; wavsmufvHk; EdkifiHa&;vdkvm;

csufawG udk awmif;qdkcJhwmeJ@ 'DvdkEdkifiHa&;orm;awGudk yl;aygif;cGifhay;vdkufwm[m enf;pepfydkif;
rSm;,Gi;f rSKwpfcjk zpfomG ;cJw h ,f? olw@kd ueOD;u awmif;qdck w hJ thJ csuaf wGjzpfwhJ tm%mydik af wGqu D yckuLU
apmfum;¶dik ;f pdik ;f rSKe@J ywfouf+y;D 0efcsawmif;yefrKS eJ@ ukeaf ps;ESKe;f jrifw h ufrKS ukd udik w f ,G zf @kd / vrf;awGay:rSm
bmoma&;udkif;&SdKif;olawGudkcsnf;yJ awmif;qdkoifhw,f? 'gawGqdk&if tpdk;&taeeJ@ tiftm;oHk;+zdKcGif;rSK
awGukd vkyzf @kd twGuf tcsed t f wdik ;f twmwpfct k xd apmifq h ikd ;f cJ&h rSmyJ? 'Dvq kd &kd if pnf;¶H;k olawGtaeeJ@
ryl;aygi;f a&;vSKy&f mS ;rSKawG (non-cooperation campaign)twGuf 0efxrf;avmueJ@ ppfwyfukd
pnf;¶Hk;zdk@twGuf tcsdefydk&vmr,f? 'DawmhrS olwdk@&JŒt+yD;owfr[mAsL[mudk pDpOfEdkifcJh=ur,f?
wu,fawmh 0efxrf;awGe@J ppfom;awG/ aemuftv,ftvwfwef;u ¶H;k t&m&Sad wGuvnf;yJ
vpmenf;enf;yJ&+y;D awmh aumif;aumif;rGerf eG q f ufqH cH&olawG r[kw&f mS ygb;l ? tu,fIrsm; ppfwyfukd
ypfrSwfxm;+yD;awmh oD;oef@ campaign wpfckzGJŒpnf;+yD;awmh wyfrawmfom;awG&JŒ vdktyfcsufawG
twGuf oD;oef@udik w f , G f ay;Edik cf rhJ ,fq&kd if tenf;qH;k awmh wyfxrJ m yd+k y;D xda&mufa&muf aqmif&u G Ef ikd f
r,fh tzGŒJ awG&v dS mEdik cf rhJ ,f?
bmvkyd jJ zpfjzpf 0efxrf;avmueJ@ wyftwGi;f u tzGŒJ 0ifawGudk qENjyrSKawGrmS yg0ifvmatmif
vdk@ ,Hk=unfvmatmif azsmif;zsEdkifzdk@qdkwmu twdkuftcHvSKyf&Sm;rSK[m atmifjrifrSK&Sd&r,fvdk@
&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;jrifomrSK&zdS @kd OD;qH;k vd+k y;D tJ'v D &kd iS ;f vif;rSKr&S&d ifawmh olw@kd yg0ifvmEdik zf @kd [m vG,u f wl hJ
tvkyfawmhr[kwfygbl;? tu,fIrsm; vSKyf&Sm;rSKawGu &SHK;edrhfcJhr,fqdk&if/ 0efxrf;awGtaeeJ@
olw@kd &JŒtvkyt f udik af wGukd qH;k &SKH ;&rSmjzpf+y;D awmh wyfrawmfom;awGtaeeJ@ wpfoufwpfu|ef ;jypf'%f
awGcsrSwfcH&Edkifovdk/ EdkifiHawmfykefuefrSKrSm yl;aygif;w,fvdk@ pGyfpGJcH&+yD; ao'%fawmifrS ay;cH&zG,f&Sd
aeygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf;tckjrif&wJhtaetxm; rSmawmh wyfrawmfuae+yD;awmhrS pGrf;tm;&SdwJh
tzGJŒwpfzGJŒudk pnf;¶Hk;EdkifrSom&,f Armjynf&JŒvlxkawmfvSefa&;vSKyf&Sm;rSKawG[m atmifjrifEdkifzG,f&m
&Sad eygw,f?
xdyw f ef;ppfAv kd cf sKy}f u;D awG&ŒJ tpktzGŒJ awGt=um;rSm pD;yGm;a&;udk udik w f ,G af e=uwJtzGŒJ awG/
aemufwpfcg oHCmawmfawGukd ESdrf;eif;zdk@toHk;cswJhtzGJŒawGqdk+yD; tzGJŒawGtrsm;}uD;&SaewJh tcsdefrSmyJ
olwdk@awG[m olwdk@&JŒtm%mudkcsKyfudkifxm;csifwJhpdwftay:rSmrSD+yD; nDn$wfae=uqJjzpfygw,f?
OyrmtaeeJ@ ¶dak r;eD;,m;u Ceausescus 9 vdrk sKd ; tm%mvufvwfvu kd &f wJh acgi;f aqmifa[mif;
awG&ŒJ uH=urRmeJ@ywfouf+y;D odjrifvm&wJt h cgrsKd ;rSm olw@kd eJ@olw@kd &JŒrdom;pkawG&ŒJ vHjk cKH a&;eJ@ywfoufv@kd
pdwfcsEdkifzdk@twGuf qHk;jzwfcsufawG vkyfvmcJh=uw,f? wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ ppfwyfacgif;aqmifydkif;taeeJ@
'guolw@kd &JŒwm0efe@J wdik ;f jynfuckd sKyu f ikd f tm%m&,lciG &hf w dS ,fqw kd mudk trSepf ifppfwxpfcstaeeJ@
,H=k unfxifjrifvm=uw,f?
1950 aemuf y d k i f ; ES p f r sm;upvd k @ ppf w yf a cgif ; aqmif r S K u owf r S w f x m;wmu
ppfwyfonfomvSsif EdkifiHawmf&JŒtusdK;pD;yGm;udk umuG,fay;aeEdkifwJh wckwnf;aomppfrSefwJh
rsKd ;cspt
f zGŒJ tpnf;jzpfw,fqw kd myg? 'Dqufo, G rf KS ukd Mary CallahanajymcJw h mu Adv k cf sKyaf wGtaeeJ@
jrefrmjynfolawGudk olwdk@&JŒr,Hk=unf&wJht&mawGeJ@ &efoljzpfvmzG,ftvm;tvm &SdolawGtaeeJ@
owfrw S cf suwf pfcv k jkd zpfaewJh Edik if t H wGi;f ae&mwkid ;f rSm awGŒae&wJh billboard awGrmS wyfrawmfu
ol@wd@k ud, k o f wl @kd wyfrawmf omvSsit f rd/ wyfr awmfomvSsit f zqd+k y;D &nfne$ ;f aeygw,f?
'ga=umifhrdk@vdk@ tjrifhqHk;AdkvfcsKyf}uD;jzpfovdkqHk;jzwfcsufay;Edkifolvnf; tjzpfudkifwG,fcJh
32
wmyJjzpfygw,f?tpd;k &u wyfrawmfomvSsif wdik ;f jynfwckv;kH udk pnf;vH;k aeatmifv@kd pk¶;kH Edik o f jl zpfw,fv@kd
tcdik t f rmajymaewmu Edik if w H umtaxmuftyHawGudk &&SEd ikd zf @kd twGuf taxmuftuljzpfapygw,f?
tcsdKŒaomtm&Stpdk;&awGu ¶kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfrSKawG&JŒ +cdrf;ajcmufrSKawGudk oD;jcm;tjrifwpfrsdK;eJ@
*¶kwpdu k af pmif=h unfah eygw,f? 'Dvakd pmif=h unfrh KS e@J 4if;wd@k &JŒ jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f jryS Ef x
HS m;wJh pD;yGm;a&;awGu
olw@kd &JŒtpd;k &tay:rSm &yfwnfcsuu f kd taemufEikd if aH wGxufpm&if ra&r&mtaetxm; &yfwnfcsuf
rsdK;eJ@ &yfwnfaewmudk awGŒ&ygw,f?
tawmfrsm;rsm;uawmh tpdk;&u vlenf;pkvlrsdK;awG&JŒ awmif;qdkcsufawGtay:rSm
jiif;qefrSKawGjyKvkyfaewmu vlenf;pkvlrsdK;awGeJ@ tjiif;yGm;rSKawGudk ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;apovdk/ +idrf;csrf;a&;
udkOD;wnfEdkifr,fh vlenf;pkvlrsdK;ygwDrsm;eJ@ vufeufudkiftzGJŒtpnf;rsm;u awmif;qdkaewJh ppfrSefwJh
'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHwnfaxmifa&;/ z'&,fjynfaxmifpkazmfaqmifa&;wdkŒudk aESmifhaES;oGm;apcJhw,fqdk+yD;
tjiif;yGm;ae=uygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf;w¶kwftygt0if txl;ojzifh tm%m&SifqefwJh tm&SEdkifiH
acgif;aqmif tcsdKŒqDuawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ a&G;aumufcHtpkd;&tzGJ@wdk@&JŒ vlenf;pkvlrsdK;
awGqDuae xGufay:vmr,fh jyif;xefwJht=urf;zufrSKtEW&m,fuae umuG,fEdkifpGrf; t&nftcsif;
eJ@ywfouf+y;D oHo,&Sad =umif; toHawGxu G v f mcJygw,f?
(9 Nicolae Ceausescu (1918-1989) ¶dkar;eD;,rf; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif/ orRwtjzpf 1967-89 txdaqmif&GufcJh
10
Mary Callahan˜ Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma (Ithaca˜ NY: Cornell
University Press˜ 2003)˜ 221.)
'gt
h jyifukd w¶kwu
f pd;k &drw
f mu NLD u OD;aqmifr,ft h pd;k &tzGŒJ [m US eJ@yd+k y;D awmhe;D pyfwhJ
qufqHa&;&Sdae+yD;awmh w¶kwfeJ@ yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifrSKrSmu ppfwyfutkyfcsKyfcsdefrSmavmuf
vdkvdkvm;vm;vufcHr,fhyHk r&SdwmyJ? tem*wfrSm jrefrmjynfwGif;rSm&SdwJh }uD;rm;wJhpGrf;tifqdkif&m
pDrHudef;awGtay:rSm xdcdkufepfemrSKrsdK;r&Sdbl;qdkwm aocsmr,fhtaetxm;rsdK;udkw¶kwfzufu
tvdk&Sdw,f? tcktcsdeftxdawmh w¶kwftaeeJ@ olwdk@&JŒtvm;tvm&SdwJh &if;ESD;jrSyfESHrSKawGudk
tm;avsmhoGm;apovdk vlxktHk=uGrSKawGudk jzpfay:apr,fhtajctaeawGudk zefwD;aewJh tpdk;&&JŒ
pD;yGm;a&;tay:rSm vGJrSm;pGm;yHkysuf yef;ysufudkifwG,faewmrsdK;udk rESpf+rdKŒEdkifjzpfaeqJyJ?
w¶kwu f jrifaewmu jrefrmjynf&ŒJ wnf+ird rf KS u a&G;aumufyaJG wmh usi;f yay;r,f / 'gayr,fh
Edik if aH &;rSm ppfwyf&ŒJ tcef;u¾u =oZm}u;D rm;aeqJjzpfaeatmif jyXmef;xm;wJh tajccHOya'tay:rSm
tajccHoGm;&r,fvdk@qdkxm;wJh tpdk;&&JŒvrf;jyajryHkudk a&SŒwdk;aqmif&Gufjcif;tm;jzifh taumif;qHk;yHkazmf
Edik rf ,fv@kd ,H=k unfxm;w,f?
b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf urBmay:u w¶kwf&JŒtcef;u¾u ajymif;vJoGm;yg+yD? tckqdkw¶kwfu
urBmrSmta&;ygwJh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKcH&a&; enf;vrf;awGudk &SmazGaeygw,f?
olwdk@awG&JŒ image eJ@ tusdK;pD;yGm;=um;u rSsajcudk *¶kwpdkuf qifjcifoHk;oyfae=uygw,f? 2007
ckESpfrSmqdk&if w¶kwf[m olwdk@&JŒ jrefrmEdkifiHtay:&&Sdxm;wJh =oZmtm%mudkoHk;+yD;awmh trsdK;om;
jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKtay:rSm tultnDawGay;zdk@ taemufEdkifiHawGeJ@ ukvor*~
taxG a xG t wG i f ; a&;rS L ;wd k @ uay;wJ h xd a &muf w J h z d t m;awG u d k &if q d k i f a e&ygw,f ? w¶k w f u
ukvor*~vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDrSm Zefe0g&Dv 2007ckESpfu wifoGif;cJhwJh jrefrmtpdk;&&JŒvlŒtcGifhta&;
csdK;azmufrSKawGtay: jypf'%fcwfr,fhqHk;jzwfcsufudk ADwdktm%moHk;+yD;awmh y,fcscJhygw,f?
bmvdk@'DvdkvkyfwmvJqdkawmh wpdwfwydkif;taeeJ@ 'g[mw¶kwf&JŒvlŒtcGifhta&; tajctaeawGudk
33
pHkprf;zdk@twGuf erlemoabmrsdK;jzpfoGm;rSmudk pdk;wmvnf; yg ygw,f?

'gayr,fh ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf befuDrGef;u ol@&JŒtxl;udk,fpm;vS,fudk
tiftm;oHk;+zdKcJGaepOfrSmyJ apv$wfcJhwJhtcsdefrSmawmh w¶kwftm%mydkifawGzufu 'Dvdktxl;udk,fpm;
vS,f&JŒvma&mufcGifhudk cGifhjyKay;zdk@ jrefrmAdkvfcsKyf}uD;awGudk pnf;¶Hk;odrf;oGif;wJhae&mrSm t"duuswJh
u¾ uaeyg0ifcJhygw,f? 11 &ufawGtawmf=um+yD;wJhaemufrSmawmh w¶kwfzufu jrefrmEdkifiH
ta&;twGuf ukvor*~vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDrSm qHk;jzwfcsuf&,lzdk@ta&;udk jiif;qefy,fcscJhayr,fh
ydk+yD;aysmhajymif;wJh(rvdkufemrjzpf vdkufem&efrvdkwJh) vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDOuUÏ&JŒazmfjycsufrSm ukvor*~
u=um;0ifaphpyfay;r,fh tpdk;&/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ vlenf;pkvlrsdK;pkrsm;t=um; av;yGifhqdkif
aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGukd jyKvyk o f mG ;zd@k wdu k wf eG ;f csuu
f kd xnfo h iG ;f oGm;zd@k udak wmh oabmwlay;cJyh gw,f? 12
w¶kwfvdkyJ tdEdN,&JŒ ¶kyf=uGif;avmifpmvkdtyfcsuf[mvnf;yJ t&Sdeft[kefeJ@jrSifhwufae+yD;
jrefrmjynfudkawmh olwdk@&JŒta&;ygwJh avmifpma&mif;csolwpfOD; tjzpfjrifxm;ygw,f? qENjyrSKawG
jrifwh ufaewJt h csed rf mS udyk J tdE, Nd &JŒa&eH0ef}u;D u jrefrmEdik if rH mS a&muf&adS ecJ+h y;D a&eHe@J obm0"gwaf iGŒ
&SmazGrt _ wGuf pmcsKyaf wGvufrw S af &;xd;k wmrsKd ; vkycf yhJ gw,f? tdE, Nd taeeJ@ tpd;k &&JŒ tiftm;oH;k +zKd ciG ;f rSK
awGtay:rSm ESpfzufpvHk;u olwdk@&Œvdkvm;csufawGudk +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf;ajz&Sif;Edkif=uvdrfhr,fvdk@
arSsmfvifhrda=umif;avmufyJ ajym=um;cJ+hyD; tjypfwifa0zefwmrsdK;udk a&Smif&Sm;cJhw,f? 13
ukefcJhwJhq,fpkESpftwGif;u ppftpkd;&taeeJ@ w¶kwfeJ@tdEdN,t=um;u jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ
o,HZmwawGeJ@ywfowf+yD; +ydKifqdkifae=uwmudk vdrRmyg;eyfpGm tcGifhaumif;,lcJh+yD;awmh EdkifiHESpfckudk
wdkufay;cJhw,f?w¶kwfu wyfrawmfukd a':vmoef;wpfaxmifausmfzdk; ppfvufeufypPnf;awG
a&mif;csay;cJhwmrsdK;&Sdovdk/ tdEdN,zufuvnf; avmavmvwfvwfESpfawGrSm vufeufawG
a&mif;cswmrsdK; &Sdvmygw,f?
(11 Lalit K. Jha˜ ‘International Pressure Building on Burma’˜ Irrawaddy (Thailand)˜ 28 Sept, 2007. Mr Gambari was allowed to meet
Aung SanSuu Kyi but could not visit sites where the violence occurred
12
Statement by the President of the Security Council’˜ UN doc² S/PRST/2007/37 of 11 Oct, 2007
13
Mungpi ‘At Last India Voices Concerns over Burma Turmoil’˜ Mizzima News (India)˜ 26 Sept, 2007.)
tiftm;oHk;+zdKcGJrSKawG vkyfcJht+yD;rSm US eJ@ EU wdk@u tpdk;&eJ@ 4if;wdk@&JŒpD;yGm;zufawG

udk ypfrSwfxm;wJh pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk@rSKjypf'%fawG csrSwfcJhayr,fh ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGuawmh olwdk@udkolwdk@
,H=k unfrKS &adS eqJyjJ zpfovd/k w¶kwef @J tdE, Nd wd@k uvnf;yJ jrefrmeJ@pD;yGm;a&;awG qufvyk af eOD;rSmjzpfygw,f?
ukvor*~taeeJ hu jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ jy\emudk owdxm;rdaeayr,fhvdk@ xda&mufwJhaqmif&GufrSKrsdK;udk
rvkyfEdkifbl;jzpfaeygw,f? ESpfawG=um+yD;wJhaemufrSm ukvor*~taxGaxGnvmcHeJ@ vlŒtcGifhta&;
aumfr&SifwdkŒu 2006ckESpfrSm vlŒtcGifhta&;aumifpDtjzpfeJ@ jyefvnfpkpnf;+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHeJ@twGif;u
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;jyefv$wfa&;e@J yg0ifoifholrsm;tm;vHk;yg0if&r,fh EdkifiHa&;awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;rSK
awGtwGuf jypfwifa0zefwhJ ESpyf wfvnfq;kH jzwfcsuu f kd xkwjf yefvu kd yf gw,f?
'gayr,fh jrefrmtm%mykdifawGzufuawmh uGJjym;pGmeJ@wHk@jyefcJhygw,f? ukvor*~&JŒ
jrefrmEdik if q
H ikd &f m vlŒtcGit
hf a&;oHwref aygvq kd m*s¶D ykd n
D ¶J ;kd udk av;ESpv
f ;kH jynf0ifciG Ahf ZD m jiif;y,fcwhJ mu
olŒ&JŒtvkyaf wGukd qufvufvyk u f ikd zf @kd rjzpfEikd af vmufatmif cufcaJ pcJygw,f? tiftm;oH;k +zKd ciG ;f rSKawG
jyKvyk pf Ofumvwke;f uvnf; ukvor*~&ŒJ txl;oHwreftaeeJ@ tb&m[if*rfbm&Du jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f
oGm;a&mufc+hJ y;D t=urf;zufrKS awGukd &yfqikd ;f zd@k eJ@ a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J awGŒqHak qG;aEG;rSKawGudk tpjyKz@kd
wdkufwGef;cJhygw,f? 'Dae&mrSmawmh jrefrmjynfoltrsm;tjym;u *rfbm&D[m ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGu
34
olŒ&JŒpum;udk em;axmifatmif vkyEf ikd v f ifch =hJ uygw,f? 14

f rd rhf ,fv@kd arSsmv
Ad k v f c sKyf r S L ;}uD ; oef ; a&$ u a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf e J @ quf o G , f z d k @ quf q H a &;0ef } uD ;
wpfa,mufxm;&Sday;zdk@udk oabmwlcJhayr,fh tusdK;quftaeeJ@uawmh vaygif;rsm;pGm =umcJhayr,fh
xda&mufwJh qHk;jzwfcsufrsdK;csrSwfEdkifwmrsdK;r&SdcJhygbl;?
ukvor*~vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDu rjzpfraevdkufem&efrvdktyfwJh OuUÏ&JŒa=ujimcsufxJrSm
tiftm;oH;k +zKd ciG ;f rSKawG aemufyikd ;f jrefrmEdik if eH @J ywfoufwhJ tajctaeudk xnho hf iG ;f vdu
k wf t
hJ csed rf mS awmh
vHjk cKH a&;aumifp&D ŒJ vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%mudk csŒJ xGizf @kd enf;vrf;&SmaeolawGtwGuf ta&;ygwhJ tcsujf zpfvm
ygayr,fhvdk@ 'Dtcsufuvnf;yJ tpdk;&udk xdxda&mufa&muf+cdrf;ajcmufwmrsdK; rvkyfEdkifcJhygbl;?
2008ckESpf&JŒ azazmf0g&DvrSmawmh tpdk;&u jynfvHk;u|wfqENcH,lyGJudk arvrSmusif;yrSmjzpf+yD;/
taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJuawmh 2010ckESpfrSm usif;yrSmjzpfw,fvdk@a=ujimcJhygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;
oef;a&$uawmh EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@aphpyfvdkwmrsdK;/ ukvor*~eJ@yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcsifwmrsdK;awG
r&Sdbl;qdkwmawmh &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;udk jrifae&yg+yD?
*rfbm&D[m jrefrmh'rD u kd a&pDacgi;f aqmif atmifqef;pk=unfe@J vnf;awGŒqHck ?hJ tpd;k & qef@usif
a&; qENjyyGJawGrSm aoG;ajrus&ufpufpGm tiftm;oHk;+zdKcGif;aewmudk &yfwef@zdk@}udK;pm;cJhwJh
olŒ&JŒc&D;pOfuawmh atmifjrifrSKr&SdcJhygbl;?
ukvor*~vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDtaeeJ@u jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tajymif;tvJawG jzpfatmifvkyfzdk@
enf;vrf;&Sdygw,f? OyrmtaeeJ@ajym&&if jzpfEdkifwmu vufeufwifydk@rSKudk ydwfyifwmrsdK;yg?
'gayr,fh'guvnf;yJ w¶kwftaeeJ hu vufcHEdkifrSmr[kwfygbl;? w¶kwfudk olwdk@&JŒ&yfwnfcsufudk
ajymif;vJvmatmif pnf;¶Hk;wmu vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDtaeeJ@ ydk+yD;xdxda&mufa&mufvkyfEdkifzdk@twGuf
aoa&;&Sifa&;wrSsta&;}uD;wJhtcsuf+zpfygw,f? vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDtaeeJ@ ydkrdkxda&mufwJh pDrHcsuf
awGvkyfzdk@vkdtyfae+yD; w¶kwftaeeJ@u tpdk;&udk axmufcHaewmrsdK;awGudk tuef@towfr&Sd
&yfqikd ;f r,fqw k hJ t&dyv f uQ%mawGudk jyEdik rf ,fq&kd if 'Dtcsuu f wyftwGi;f rSm *d% k ;f *%uGjJ ym;rSKawG
ay:aygufvmzdk@ vG,fuloGm;+yD; ppfwyfudk ydkrdktm;aysmhoGm;apcJhr,f? 'Dvdkqdk&ifawmh w¶kwftaeeJ@
EdkifiHa&;jyefvnfazmfaqmifrSKudk w¶kwfu olŒtusdK;tjrwftjzpf jrifvmzG,f&m&Sdygw,f?
vSKyf&Sm;rSK}uD;.tusdK;oufa&mufrSKrsm;
vSKyf&Sm;rSK[m vdkvm;csufawGudk &&Sdatmifraqmif&GufEdkifcJhaomfvnf; 'DvSKyf&Sm;rSK[m
tusdK;tjrwfvHk;0r&Sdwmawmh r[kwfygbl;? qENjyolawGtwGufuawmh csKyfcs,frSKtvGefjyif;xefwJh
tajctaersdK;rSm tckvdk}uD;rm;wJh qENjyyGJwpfckukd &,lEdkifcJhwmu auseyfp&myg? ae@wdkif;ae@wkdif;
csDwufyGJawGtwGuf axmufyHhydk@aqmifa&;awGudk u|rf;usifydkifEdkifpGm udkifwG,fc+JhyD; taumif;qHk;
pnf;¶H;k Edik cf w
hJ ,f? oHCmawmfwpfyg;csi;f u vdt k yf&ifvt kd yfovdk csucf si;f tpDtpOftwdik ;f wH@k jyefEikd cf +hJ y;D /
csw
D ufyaJG wGudk OD;aqmifEikd cf w hJ ,f? vl0wfa=umifawG yg0ifvmwJt h csed rf mS vnf; OD;aqmifoo l C
H mawGuyJ
qENjyrSK}u;D udk t=urf;rzufqENjyrSKtjzpf&yfwnfEikd q f jJ zpfatmif xde;f odr;f Edik cf =hJ uw,f? ausmif;om;awG/
usef;rma&;qdkif&mu|rf;usifolawGeJ@ tjcm;olawGu aomufoHk;a&/ ESmacgif;pD;/ vdktyfwJhusef;rma&;
tultnDawGpowJh axmufyHha&;tultnDawGudk vdktyfcsdefrSm vdktyfovdkay;Ekdif&eftwGuf
vSsifvSsifjrefjrefyJ pkpnf;EkdifcJh=uw,f? 'DtcsufawGtm;vHk;u tpdk;&udk vrf;awGay:rSm jzpfaewJh
tjzpftysuaf wGu rif;rJph ¶du k af wGygv@kd ajymzd@k tvGet f rif; cufcaJ pw,f?aemufwpfcu k oHCmawGuae
tEkynm&SifawGtxdyg0ifvmwJh tzGJŒtpnf;awG[m r[mAsL[mpDrHudef;udk pDrHuGyfuJzdk@odkodkodyfodyf
35
ykef;atmif;ae&wJh olawGeJ@twlwuG yg0ifvmcJhwmygyJ? vGefcJhwJhESpftenf;i,fu jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;cJwJh

ppfzufqdkif&m axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJŒrS t&m&SdtopfawGtaeeJ@ acgif;aqmifyg0ifaewJh bkef;awmf}uD;
awG&ŒJ ud, k af &;tcsut f vufawGudk &&SEd ikd zf @kd u tcuftcJawGe@J &ifqikd cf &hJ ygw,f? &v'ftaeeJ@uawmh
tm%mydiawGtaeeJ@ OD;aqmifob l ek ;f awmf}u;D awGukd vSsiv f sS ijf refjrefzrf;qD;&rdz@kd cufccJ +hJ y;D / vSKy&f mS ;rSKukd
&yfwef@zdk@tcuf}uHKaecJh&vdk@ aemufqHk;rwwfomwJhtqHk;rSm bk&m;ausmif;uefawGudk 0ifpD;+yD;
tpkvu kd t f jyKH vu kd zf rf;qD;rSKawGukd vkycf &hJ w,f?
bkef;awmf}uD;awGudk t=urf;zufzdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufwmu vlxkudk a'goxGufapcJhovdk
EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;udkvnf;xdwfvef@oGm;apcJhw,f? wyftwGif;rSmvnf; jy\emaygif;pHkudk
zef w D ; ovd k j zpf c J h w ,f ? tpd k ; &tzG J Œ rS m 'k w d , t}uD ; qH k ; ppf A d k v f c sKyf } uD ; jzpf w J h armif a t;u
tiftm;oHk;+zdKcGif;rSKumvtwGif;u USDA eJ@ pGrf;tm;&SifawGudk yg0ifapcJhwJh oef;a&$&JŒqHk;jzwfcsufeJ@
ywfouf+y;D oabmxm;uGv J rGJ KS jzpfymG ;cJw
h ,fv@kd vlajymolajymawGt&od&w,f?
oleJ@tcsdKŒaom tv,ftvwftqifh&Sd t&m&SdawGu olwdk@[mvlrqefwJh vkyf&yftcsdKŒudk
vkyfrdcJhw,fvdk@ tenf;i,fawmh cHpm;rdvm=uovdk wyfrawmf&JŒ*k%foduQmpGef;xif;ysufqD;cJhwmeJ@
ywfoufvdk@ pdwfysufrdvm=uw,fvdk@qdkygw,f? 15 tiftm;oHk; +zdKcGif;rSKawGt+yD; tcsdKŒaomppfwyf&JŒ
rdom;pk0ifawG[m olwdk@&JŒvlrSKtodkif;t0dkif;rSm ywf0ef;usifu ypfy,fz,fusOfvm=uwmudk
cHpm;vm&ovdk tjcm;aomolawGu olwdk@eJ@ywfoufvdkjcif; r&Sd=uawmhwJhtcsdefrsm armifat;u
oef;a&$eJ@cyfuif;uif;aecJhygw,f? (15 Interview˜ 23 Jan² 2008)
ppfwyfeJ@eD;pyfwJh owif;&if;jrpfawG&JŒtqdkt& tiftm;oHk;+zdKcGif;rSKa=umifh wyfwGif;
*k%foduQmu tm;enf;¶kwfavsmhoGm;cJhw,fvdk@ xifjrifcsufay;=uygw,f? 'guaemufydkif;rSm
jyefvnf&SifoefvmEdkifwJh vSKyf&Sm;rSKtwGuf qufvufusef&Sdaeao;wJhtcsuf tjzpf jrifaumif;
jrif E d k i f y gw,f ? vS K yf & S m ;rS K rS m yg0if c J h w J h o l a wG t aeeJ @ auseyf r S K t&S d q H k ; tcsuf u ol w d k @ taeeJ @
jrefrmEdkifiHjyifyuolawGudk olwdk@&JŒtajymif;tvJukd vdkvm;wJhpdwfqEN&JŒ euf&SdKif;rSKudk odoGm;atmif
jyoEdkifcJh=uwmyJ? +idrf;csrf;pGmqENjyae=uwJh bkef;awmf}uD;awGudk¶dkufESufaewJhtjzpfawGudk
cdk;0Suf+yD;¶dkuful;xm;wJh "gwfyHkawGu jrefrmEdkifiHtay:rSm EdkifiHwum&JŒpdwf0ifpm;rSKudk b,fwkef;ueJ@rS
rwlatmifvdk@ qGJaqmif,lEdkifcJhygw,f? wuf=uGvSKyf&Sm;olawGu jrefrmEdkifiHtay:rSm ydkrdkta&;w,l
aqmif&Guf=uzdk@vdktyfw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk EdkifiHwum&JŒqENoabmw&m;udk ydkrdkus,fjyef@apcJh
arSsmvf ifx h m;=uygw,f?
rsd K ;quf o pf a usmif ; om;awG e J @ vl i ,f w uf = uG v S K yf & S m ;ol a wG u d k qEN j yyG J } uD ; awG u
arG;xkwfay;cJhygw,f? olwdk@xuftrsm;}uD;touf}uD;wJh acgif;aqmifawGu tusOf;uscHae&wJh
tcsdefrSmawmifrS olwdk@vkyfaewJhtvkyfawGtay:rSm arSsmfvifhcsufawGvnf; jrSifhwufvmcJhygw,f?
2007ckESpf vSKyf&Sm;rSK}uD;&JŒ taumif;zufu tusdK;oufa&mufrKS awGuawmh vlwpfcsdKŒu
vlxkvSKyf&Sm;awmfvSefrSKawGcsnf;oufoufeJ@ tajymif;tvJawGukd &,lEdkifpGrf;&SdrSKtay: wu,fhudkyJ
av;av;eufeufeJ@ oHo,&Sdae=uaomfvnf;yJ aemifwpfcsdefrSm ay:aygufvmEdkifr,fh ydkrdkatmifjrifrSK&
Edkifr,fh vlxkvSKyf&Sm;rSKawGtwGuf tajctaeawGudk &&SdatmifulnDrSKawG ay;EdkifcJhygw,f?
tem*wf r S m jzpf v mr,f h vl x k t m%mzD q ef a &; vS K yf & S m ;rS K rsm;. jzpf E d k i f a csrsm;
vlxkvSKyf&Sm;rSKawG jyefay:vmygOD;awmhrvm;/ jyefay:vmr,fqdk&ifaum b,fvdkenf;
vrf;awGeJ@vJ? 2007ckEpf qENjyyGJawGrSm yg0ifcJhwJh wuf=uGvSKyf&Sm;olawG tawmfrsm;rsm;uawmh
36
vSKyf&Sm;rSKudk jyefvnfazmfaqmifoGm;r,fvdk@ oHEdNÏmefcsxm;=uw,f? tpdk;&zufuvnf;yJ wlnDpGmyJ

qef@usifolawG&JŒ qENjyyGJawGukd wm;qD;zdk@twGuf qHk;jzwfxm;jyefw,f? vlxktaeeJ@u tpdk;&udk
rke;f wD;ae=uayr,fv h @kd olw@kd ud, k wf ikd f rsujf rifawGŒcJ&h wJh t=urf;zufrKS awGa=umifh a=umufvefae=u&ovdk
jzpfay:vmr,fh tzrf;tqD;awGuv kd nf; a=umufae&w,f? 16
wpfcsdKŒudpPawGrSmawmh wuf=uGvSKyf&Sm;olawGudkolwdk@bmomolwdk@ tzrf;cHvmatmifvdk@
rdom;pk0ifawGudkyg xdef;odrf;wmrsdK;awG/ "g;pmcHtjzpfzrf;xm;wmrsdK;awGudk vkyfvm=uygw,f? 17
bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;wdkuf 50ausmfudkvnf;yJ tiftm;oHk;+zdKcGif;pOfrSm 0ifpD;cJh=uovdk axmifeJ@csDwJh
oHCmawGuv kd nf; olw@kd awG&ŒJ Zmwdaus;&GmeJ@ +rKd ŒawGudk twif;tusyjf yefvnfapv$wcf =hJ uygw,f? 18
2008ckEpS f ESpOf ;D ydik ;f rSmawmh 2007ckEpf qENjyrSKrmS yg0ifcw hJ hJ acgi;f aqmifawG tm;vH;k eD;yg;[m
tusOf;uscHcJh&ovdk tcsdKŒuvnf; tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGukd xGufajy;yHk;a&Smifae=u&ygw,f? tifwmeuf
uzD; awGeJ@ bkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;awGudk apmifh=unfhcHae&rSKawGudk wdk;jrSifhvmovdk qENjyyGJawGukd
pk¶;kH wJah e&mawGxu J wpfcjk zpfwhJ r*~ib f ek ;f awmf}u;D ausmif;udak wmh ydwyf pfcyhJ gw,f?
&v'fuawmh jrefrmEdkifiHom;tawmfrsm;rsm;u aemufwpf}udrf vlxktm%mzDqefa&;
vSKyf&Sm;rSK topfawGudk acgif;aqmifrSKay;r,fholawG ay:aygufvmzdk@qdkwmudk r,HkEdkifavmufatmif
jzpfae&ygw,f?wuf=uGvSKyf&Sm;ol tzGJŒi,fuav;awGuawmh vSKyf&Sm;rSKawGudk jyefvnftouf0if
vmapr,fh enf;vrf;awGudk &SmazGae=uygw,f? 2007 ckESpfaemufydkif;rSm ausmif;om;tzGJŒawGjzpfwJh
‘Generation Wave’ vdk tzGJŒawGu ydkpwmawGeJ@ ‘Change new Government’ eJ@ ‘Freedom From
Fear’ qd k w J h pmom;awG y gwJ h vuf u rf ; pmapmif a wG u d k jzef @ a0cJ h o vd k oH C mawmf a wG e J @
wpf o m;wnf ; jzpf a =umif ; oauF w taeeJ @ azmf j yzd k @ vl a wG u d k ol w d k @ &J Œ t0wf t pm;awG r S m
oHCmawG&ŒJ ouFe;f tydik ;f tpudk wG+J y;D csnaf ESmif=uzd@k wdu f eG ;f wmrsKd ;awG vkycf yhJ gw,f? 19
k w
(16 According to Amnesty International˜ ‘Myanmar: Arrests Increasing Four Months On’˜ 25 Jan, 2008. over 700 people arrested in
connection with the 2007 demonstrations were still in prison, along with over 1˜100 political prisoners incarcerated earlier.
17
Human Rights Watch˜ Crackdown: Repression of the 2007 Popular Protests in Burma˜ Dec² 2007. documents many cases˜ 87 8.
18 ‘Monasteries Raided Since September 26. Assistance Association of Political Prisoners Burma (Thailand)˜ www.aappb.org.
19
Ko Dee ‘Sporadic Movements Defying Junta’˜ Mizzima News˜ 7 Nov, 2007; Ko Dee˜ ‘Activists Group Urge People to Revive ‘‘Saffron
Revolution’’ ’˜ Mizzima News˜ 27 Nov, 2007.)
wpf c sd e f w nf ; rS m yJ bk e f ; awmf } uD ; wpf c sd K Œu tvS L ud k v uf c H w mrsd K ;ud k jiif ; qef r S K ud k

qufvkyfaewmrsdK;/ &vmwhJtvSLudk qif;&Jom;awGudk jyefvnfa0iSypfwmrsdK;awGudk vkyfae=uovdk
&[ef ; ysd K tcsd K Œuvnf ; 2008 ck E S p f r S m tpd k ; &usif ; yay;r,f h bmoma&;pmar;yG J a wG u d k v nf ;
oydwaf rSmufz@kd qH;k jzwfxm;=uygw,f? tcsKd Œaom"rRuxduq&mawmfawGe@J ausmif;xdik q f &mawmf}u;D
rsm;uawmh vlpnfum;&mw&m;yGJawGrSm tpdk;&udk ypfwifa0zefrSKawGudk &Jwif;pGmjyKvkyfcJhovdk
tJ'Da[majymcsufawGudkvnf; wpfEdkifiHvkH;tESH@ jzef@csdcJh=uygw,f? wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ NLD
tzGJŒ0ifawGuawmh a':atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ tjcm;EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf
tywfpOfqkawmif;yGJawGudk jyKvkyfae=uqJyJjzpfygw,f? awGŒqkHaqG;aEG;a&;twGuf vlenf;pk
vlrsdK;pkrsm;aexkdif&m jynfe,fawGjzpfwJh ucsifjynfe,feJ@ &cdkifjynfe,fawGrSm pwif+yD; qef@usifa&;
ydpk wmawGuyfcg vSKy&f mS ;rSKawGvyk af e=uygw,f?
2008 ckESpfESpfOD;ydkif;rSm t&G,ftpm;i,fwJh vSKyf&Sm;rSKav;awGu ydk+yD;}uD;rm;us,fjyef@wJh
vSKyf&Sm;rSKawGqDudk OD;wnfoGm;cJhwmrsdK; r&SdcJhaomvnf;yJ AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$taeeJ@ arv
2008ckEpS rf mS jyefvnfpwifr,fh trsKd ;om;nDvmcHe@J 2010 rSmusi;f yr,fh tpd;k &topfa&G;aumufyaJG wGe@J
37
ywfoufwJha=ujimcsufudk 2008 azazmf0g&DvrSm xkwfjyefzdk@twGuf vHkavmufwJh pdk;&drfrSKawGudk

jzpfyGm;apcJhygw,f? 1988 ckESpfwkef;uvdkyJ tpkd;&taeeJ@ tiftm;oHk;+zdKcGif;cJhrSKuae vlawG&JŒtm¶Hkudk
ajymif;vJypfEikd zf @kd twGuf vmr,fah &G;aumufyrJG mS wd;k wufrKS tcsKd Œ jrif&Ekid w f ,fqw kd hJ vlx&k ŒJ arSsmvf ifch suuf kd
toH;k csz@kd enf;vrf;awG &SmazGcyhJ gw,f?
aemufwpfcg w¶kwftaeeJ@uvnf; jrefrmtpdk;&udk 2008 =o*kwfvrSm usif;yr,fh
ab*sif;tdkvHypfyGJrwdkifcif trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk jyefvnfpwifzdk@ zdtm;awGay;aecJhygw,f? 'grSom
4if;wdk@twGuf jrefrmjynfu jy\emwpf&yftaeeJ@ &yfwnfraerSmyg? tjcm;olawGu rJay;rSKawGu
vGwv f yf+y;D w&m;rSswwefaumif;w,fv@kd ,lqae=uwJt h csed rf mS yJ ABMA eJ@ 88 rsKd ;qufausmif;om;
rsm;tzGŒJ ESpzf ŒJG pvH;k uawmh tpd;k &&JŒtpDtpOfukd vlo&d iS =f um;&SKycf scyhJ gw,f? wuf=uv G KS y&f mS ;olawGtaeeJ@
oydwfarSmufyGJawGudk pnf;¶Hk;zdk@twGuf tcuftcJawGeJ@ &ifqdkifae=u&ovdk tpdk;&uvnf; 'DudpPudk
jyif;jyif;xefxefwm;jrpfrKS awG vkyv f mcJyh gw,f? &,lay;Edik pf rG ;f &Sw d ,fv@kd vnf; ,H=k unf=uw,f? arwWm
okwWefudk &Gwfzwfjcif;tm;jzifh =um;&olawGrSmyg &GwfzwfwJholenf;wl arwWmw&m; awGjrSifhwufvm
atmifv@kd ,lq=uw,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd oHCmawmfawG[m ¶dik ;f pdik ;f cufxef+y;D wH% k b dS ma0vkyaf ewwfwhJ
tpdk;&udk pdwfyg0ifpm;+yD; vlxkudk*¶kwpdkuf&SdwJhtpdk;&tjzpf ajymif;vJvmatmif }udK;pm;wJhae&mrSm
*END&JŒvrf;pOfjzpfwJh pm&*&[vrf;pOf (20) udk avSsmufvSrf;olawGtjzpfeJ@ owfrSwfEdkif=uw,f?
oH C mawmf a wG t rsm;pk t aeeJ @ +id r f ; csrf ; pG m &G w f z wf y l a Zmf j cif ; &J Œ tpG r f ; owW d a =umif h
wdkif;oljynfom;awG&JŒ aumif;usdK;twGuf wm0ef,lr_&Sdoifhw,fqdkwJhtjrifrsdK; ppfAdkvfcsKyfawGqDrSm
Edk;=um;vmvdrfhr,fvdk@ ¶dk;om;pGm,Hk=unfae=ucsdefrSmyJ touft&G,f}uD;&ifholoHCmtcsdKŒeJ@
EdkifiHa&;tawGŒt=uHKydk&SdwJh oHCmtcsdKŒuawmh tm%mykdifawGtaeeJ@ olwdk@t&ifuvkyfcJhovdkyJ
tiftm;oH;k +y;D awmh wH@k jyefvrd rhf ,fqw kd mudk [k;d tpueOD;uwnf;uae &dypf m;rdc=hJ uw,f?
tcsdKŒaomausmif;xdkifudk,fawmfawGqdk&if olwdk@&JŒwynfhom;oHCmrsm;udk qENjyyGJawGrSm
yl;aygi;f ap&ef cGijhf yKz@kd twGuf &[ef;ysKd awG&ŒJ vHjk cKH a&;udk pd;k &draf omtm;jzifh aESmifah ES;aecJ=h uw,f? 'gayr,fh
qENjyyGJawG tm;aumif;vmwJhtcsdefrSmawmh bkef;awmf}uD;awGeJ@ vlyk*~dKvfawG[m a=umufpdwfawGudk
z,f&mS ;Edik cf =hJ uw,f?wyfawG &efuek +f rKd ŒxJukd (25) pufwifbmuaep+y;D wzGzJ 0JG ifvmuwnf;u vlx[ k m
tiftm;oH;k +zKd ciG ;f rSKawG jzpfymG ;zd@k eD;uyfvmae+yq D w
kd mudk vufcv H m=uw,f?
(20 Satyagraha)
'gayr,fv h nf; trsm;pkuawmh rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH awGavmuf/ a&yef;awGe@J xk;d cGw J mavmufe@J yJ
+y;D oGm;r,fv@kd arSsmv f ifah e=u+y;D ¶du k w f mESuw f mawG/ rD;avmifA;kH awGe@J jypfcwfwmawG rygavmufb;l vd@k
,lqxm;=uw,f? 21
qENjyrSKawG jzpfymG ;aepOfumv twGi;f rSm vly*k Kd~ vt f csKd Œu wkwaf wG/ cJawGuikd af qmif+y;D awmh
olw@kd wdu k cf ukd cf &H pOfrmS toH;k jyKvckd =hJ uayr,fh oHCmawGu 'guw kd m;jrpfcwhJ ,f? wu,fawmh tpydik ;f rSm
tcsdKŒaombkef;awmf}uD;awGu vlyk*~dKvfawG qENjyyGJawGrSm yg0ifvmrSKudk wm;jrpfcJh&jcif;ta=umif;u
vlyk*~dKvfawG[m olwdk@udk&efpcH&&if olwdk@&JŒpdwfudk xdef;csKyfEkdifpGrf;&Sd=urSmr[kwfbl;vdk@ xifjrifwJh
twGujf zpfw,f? 'hgtjyifov l sS td aeeJ@ 0ifvm+y;D awmh wpfzufval wGe@J xd;k Zmwfqif&efjzpfwmrsKd ;awGukd
jyKvyk +f yD; jy\emwufatmifvyk w f mrsKd ;udk wm;qD;zd@k vnf; ydrk ckd ufco
J mG ;rSmjzpfw,f?
oHCmawmfawG[m qENjyyGaJ wGtm;vH;k rSm +ird ;f +ird ;f csr;f csr;f jzpfaeapzd@k eJ@ tiftm;oH;k +zKd ciG ;f rSKawG
,kwcf sn;f ay:ayguv f mcJv h sS iaf wmifrS pepfwus jzpfaeapzd@k tjyif;txef}uKd ;pm;cJ&h w,f?
38
a':atmifqef;pk=unftaeeJ@uvnf; enf;pepfydkif;qdkif&m ta=umif;jycsufawGa=umifh

r[kwfyJeJ@ tusifhoduQmtwGuf t=urf;rzufwJhenf;vrf;udk toHk;jyK=uzdk@ wdkufwGef;cJhygw,f?
Ak'b
< mom0ifwpfa,muftaeeJ@a&m *ENu D =kd unfnKd av;pm;olwpfO;D ygjzpfwhJ olrtaeeJ@ “w&m;rSswrSKe@J
t=urf;rzufa&;rlawGudkyJ qkyfudkifxm;wJholawG&JŒ nDn$wfwJhaqmif&GufcsufawG[m jynfolvlxk
qENe@J tnD wifajrmS ufjcif;cH&jcif;r&Sw d hJ Edik if w
H pfEikd if t
H wGi;f u }u;D rm;us,jf yef@wJh tzGŒJ tpnf;u jyKrw l hJ
aqmif&u G cf suaf wGxuf ydrk }kd u;D us,af tmifjrifatmifvyk Ef ikd w f ,f”vd@k ajymcJzh ;l ygw,f? 22
qENjyoltrsm;tjym;uvnf;t=urf;rzufwehJ nf;vrf;udk olw@kd &JŒ*k%o f ud mQ udk ysŒH ES@H apr,fh
enf;vrf;tjzpfa&m aemufwpfcgtrsm;tjrifrSm vdkcsifwJhtusdK;oufa&mufrSKudk&zdk@ aoG;at;at;eJ@
tiftm;oHk;aewJh tm%mydkiftzGJŒtpnf;awGeJ@ 4if;wdk@udk cGJ+yD;jrifaeatmifvkyfzdk@&nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd
toH;k jyKae=uygw,f? 'gayr,fv h nf; xdwv f ef@zG,v f rl qefwhJ tiftm;oH;k +zKd ciG ;f rSKawGukd tm%mydik f awGu
vkyf+yD;awmh bkef;awmf}uD;tcsdKŒtygt0if pdwfysuftm;i,faewJhyg0ifqENjyolawG[m t=urf;rzuf
vSKyf&Sm;rSK enf;vrf;wpfckwnf;eJ@csnf;yJ csOf;uyfwm[m xda&mufrSK&Sd&JŒvm;vdk@ oHo,0ifvmw,f?
vufeufudkifwpfcsdKŒudkvnf; vdktyfw,fvdk@ tcsdKŒut=uHOm%fay;=uw,f? tenf;qHk;awmh
vufeufrq hJ ENjyolawGukd umuG,zf @kd ayg?h
tcsd K Œuvnf ; pepf w uszG J Œ pnf ; xm;wJ h vuf e uf u d k i f a wmf v S e f r S K rsd K ;&S d o if h w ,f v d k @
axmufcaH jym=um;w,f? vufawGŒrSmawmh t&rf;udek nf;yg;wJh 'Dpw d v
f ukd rf mefygvyk wf hJ tjyKtrlrsKd ;udo k m
qENjyyGJawG+yD;whJaemuf vtenf;i,favmufyJ jrifawGŒcJh&ygw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqkdawmh vdkvm;
awmif;wcsufawGudk &,lzdk@}udK;yrf;csufawGrSm twdwfu jrefrmjynfwGif; vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;
awG&HSK;edrfhcJh&jcif;/ vufeufudkifvSKyf&Sm;rSKawGtay:rSm EdkifiHwum&JŒaxmufyHhulnDrSKenf;yg;wm/
tvGeftrif;zdESdyfcHae&wJhtajctaersdK;rSm vSKyf&Sm;zdk@twGuf tcuftcJawG&Sdaewma=umifhrdk@vdk@
&yfwef@cJh&ygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; wpfcsdKŒaom tzGJŒi,fuav;awG[m wdwfwqdwfpkpnf;zGJŒpnf;+yD;
vSKy&f mS ;rSKti,fpm;av;awG vkyaf umif;vkyaf eEdik yf gw,f?
rdrdudk,fwdkifvufeufudkifqGJ+yD; awmfvSefcsifwJhol[m jrefrmjynfolawGxJrSm tvGefyJ
enf;ygw,f? tJ't D pm; olw@kd u Edik if w H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f udk yd+k y;D vSKy&f mS ;aqmif&u G af y;apcsi=f uygw,f?
ArmjynfwiG ;f rSm tusyt f wnf;awGjzpfaepOfrmS ta&;ygwhJ rD', D mawGe@J oHwrefawG&ŒJ pdwyf g0ifpm;rSK
}uD;rm; vmpOfrSmyJ ArmvlrsdK;trsm;tjym;u EdkifiHwum&JŒyg0ifrSKtay:rSm t}uD;tus,fpdwfysuf
oGm;=uw,f? ppfwyfu t=urf;zufrSKawGvkyfaewkef;ua&m aemufydkif;jynfolawGudk zrf;aewm/
axmifawGcsaewmawGudka&m EdkifiHwumu wm;qD;ay;Edkifjcif;r&SdcJh=ubl;? jynfyudk xGufajy;vmwJh
oHCmawmfwpfyg;urdef@wmu “ukvor*~vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDudk OD;Zif;ar;csifwmu 'Drdkua&pDeJ@
vlŒtcGit f a&;twGuf vlb,fEaS ,mufavmufaoay;&rvJqw kd myJ”? 23
'guoHCmvSKyf&Sm;rSK}uD;udk OD;aqmifpnf;¶Hk;rSKvkyfcJholawGxJu wpfa,mufjzpfwJh OD;*EBD&&JŒ
q&mawmftzrf;rcH&cif &ufydkif;tvdku rdef@=um;csufudk t&dyfxif+yD;jyefrdef@wmyg?
“urBmay:u oef;ajcmufaxmifavmuf&w dS v
hJ al wGudk jrefrmjynfoal wG cHpm;ae&wJ'h u k aQ wGukd
udk,fcsif;pmwwfwJh olawGudk ajymcsifwmu 'Dvdkrdp>mpepf}uD;uae vGwfajrmufatmifOD;Zif;wdk@udk
uln=D uygv@kd arwWm&yfccH siyf gw,f” vd@k rde@f cJyh gw,f? 24
wuf=uv G KS y&f mS ;ole@J omrefval wG trsm;tjym; US eJ@UN wd&k ŒJ wyfawGukd ppfa&;t&
=um;0ifaphpyfay;zd@k udk ESpo f uf}uKd q=kd uygw,f? jrefrmjynfrmS vlox d if&mS ;wJh t,f'w D mwpfa,mufu
39
xkwaf jymcJw k yfygw,f?” 25

h m&Syd gw,f? “u|eaf wmfw@kd ava=umif;u ypfual y;wm vdt
(21 Interview˜ 4 Feb, 2008.
22 Aung San Suu Kyi˜ Thakore Prize Acceptance Speech˜ 2 Oct, 1995. For a detailed e»planation of Aung San Suu Kyi’s philosophy of non
25 ‘Apocalypse Naypyidaw’˜ Irrawaddy˜ 22 Nov, 2007.)
enf;ynmtopfrsm;. tcef;u
u¾
1988ckESpf qENjyyGJawG&JŒ t&G,ftpm;[m 2007ckESpf qENjyyGJawG&JŒ t&G,ftpm;eJ@
,SOfvkduf&iftrsm;}uD;ydkygw,f? 'gayr,fh 1988wkef;awmh EdkifiHwumu 'gawGudk rjrifcJh&ygbl;?
2007ckESpfrSmawmh tqufrjywfxkwfv$ifhaewJh AD'D,dkawG/ "gwfyHkawGeJ@ rsufjrifoufaoawG&JŒ
xGufqdkcsufawG[m tcsdefeJ@wajy;nD ay:xGufvmcJ+h yD; urBm}uD;udk tHhtm;oifhrSifoufoGm;apcJhovdk/
vlaygif;rsm;pGm;&JŒ tm¶HkpdkufrSKudk &,lEdkifcJhygw,f? rdkvfbdkif;zkef;wpfvHk;&JŒwefa=u;[m jrefrmjynfrSm
a':vmwpfaxmife@J txuf&adS eayr,fh vltenf;pkuawmh tifwmeufcsw d qf ufrKS uek u
f sp&dwaf wGukd
ukeu f scEH ikd =f uygw,f? wuf=uv G KS y&f mS ;olrsm;eJ@ vlrKS 0efxrf;jynfoŒl owif;axmufrsm;u 'DEpS cf pk vH;k udk
t}u;D tus,t f cGiahf umif;tjzpf&,lEikd cf =hJ uygw,f?
"gwfyHkawGeJ@ 4if;wdk@tay:rSwfcsufawG[m BBC eJ@ CNN wdk@qDukd email taeeJ@
0ifa&mufvmaeovdk/wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ jrefrmEdkifiHom bavmh*fa&;om;olawGeJ@ jynfya&muf
jrefrmrD', D mXmeawGu olw@kd &J Website awGuydk akH wG/ owif;awG/ vly*k Kd~ vaf wG&ŒJ ajym=um;csuaf wGe@J
tpOfwpdu k f update vkyaf y;aecJyh gw,f? OD;aqmifol oHCmawGeJ@ ausmif;om; wuf=uGvSKyf&Sm;
olawG[m ykef;atmif;ae=u&ayr,fhvdk@vnf; EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSm&SdwJh owif;axmufawGeJ@ wdkuf&dkuf
tifwmAsL;awGuv kd yk zf @kd rdv
k b
f ikd ;f zH;k awGukd oH;k +y;D pDpOfEikd cf =hJ uovd/k olw@kd &JŒa=ujimcsuaf wGe@J ukvor*~/
w¶kwfeJ@Association of Southeast Asian Nations (jrefrmEkdifiHu tzGJŒ0if tjzpfyg0if
ae)wdk@qDudk ay;ydk@wJh arwWm&yfcHcsufawGudkvnf; email uae wqifhay;ydk@EkdifcJh=uygw,f?
pm;aomufqdkifawG tawmfrsm;rsm;eJ@/ [dkw,fawG/ vlcsrf;omawG&JŒtdrfawGrSm +*dK[fwkpavmif;awG
wyfqifxm;wmrdk@ olwdk@wawGqifEGJae=uwJh qENjyyGJawGeJ@ urBmŒacgif;aqmifawG&JŒ wHk@jyefrSKawGukd
Ekid if w
H umowif;XmeawGe@J jynfya&muf ¶kyo f eH @J a&'D,tkd oHvi$ Xhf mewpfcjk zpfw@J Democratic Voice
of Burma wdk@qDuae+yD;awmh =unfh¶SKcGifhawG &cJh=uygw,f? yHkawGtm;vHk;vdkvdk[m &efukef+rdKŒ
qDuaeay:xGufvmcJhwm jzpf+yD;awmhenf;ynmtopfawGeJ@ xdawGŒcGifhenf;yg;aewJh tjcm;aom
+rKd Œrsm;uaexGuaf y:vmwmuawmh enf;aeygw,f?
tcktcsdeftxdudkyJ 'DtcsuftvufawGu tvGef}uD;rm;wJhtusdK;aus;Zl;&SdaeqJyg?
rdv k b f ikd ;f zke;f awG oH;k pG&J wm vG,u f v l sijf refrKS e@J email eJ@ qufo, G rf KS awG[m OD;aqmifow l uf=uv G KS yf
&Sm;olawG tcsif;csif;=um;rSm nSdESdKif;wdkifyifwmawGvkyfzdk@ vG,fulacsmarGŒapcJhygw,f? 1988ckESpfwkef;
uawmh a&'D,akd wGu ta&;tygq;kH aom owif;&if;jrpfjzpfaecJ+h y;D vlx}k u;D u 'Dae@bmjzpfcw hJ ,fqw kd mudk
em;axmif=u&¶Hrk [kwyf eJ @J eufjzefbmqufvyk =f u&r,f qdw k mudyk goEd ikd w
f hJ t&mwpfcjk zpfcyhJ gw,f?
tiftm;oHk;+zdKcGif;aepOfumvtwGif;rSmyJ tm%mydkifawGzufu 'Denf;ynmawGudk
zsufvdkzsufpD;vkyfzdk@ enf;vrf;awG &SmcJh=uw,f? qkdufbm uaz;awGukd ydwfvdkufw,f/ emrnf}uD;wJh
bavmh*q f 'kd af wGukd ydww f ,f/ tifwmeufueG ef uf&iS af wGu ¶kwcf sn;f aES;auG;oGm;w,f/ rdb k ikd ;f zH;k vdik ;f awG
ysufawmufaew,f? 'gayr,fh tm%mydkifawGzufuvnf;yJ enf;ynmtopfawGoHk;+yD; tcGifhaumif;
,lcJhwmawG&Sdw,f? "gwfyHkawG¶dkuf,lwm/ tjcm;olawG¶dkufxm;wJh yHkawGudkoHk;+yD; qENjyyGJawGrSm
yg0ifwo hJ al wGukd vdu k vf &H mS azGwmawGvyk cf w hJ ,f?
40
tqHk;owfaumufcsufcsjcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m¶kef;uefae&wJh tcsufESpfck&Sdygw,f? wpfcku 'Drdkua&pD
jyefvnfazmfaqmifa&;eJ@ aemufwpfcu k wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkawG&ŒJ tcGit hf a&;udpaP wGyg? jrefrmjynf&ŒJ
EdkifiHa&;tcuftcJawGudk ajz&Sif;csifw,f qdk&ifawmh'DESpfckvHk;udk udkifwG,fajz&Sif;&rSmyg?
vlxktm%mzDqefa&; vSKyf&Sm;rSKawGudk atmifjrifapatmifvdk@vkyfzdk@ xda&mufwJhtqifhwpfcktxd
vlenf;pkvlrsdK;pkav;awG&JŒ yg0ifr_u vdktyfygw,f? vlrsdK;pktpktzGJŒawGtxJrSm t=urf;rzuf
vkyfudkifae=uwJh EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG/ tpdk;&eJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;,lxm;wJh tzGJŒawG/ wdkufyGJ0ifaeqJ
tzGŒJ tm;vH;k yg0ifygw,f?
tcsdKŒaom vlenf;pk EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u NLD eJ@yl;aygif;+yD; qENjyyGJawGrSm yg0ifcJhygw,f?
tcsdKŒaom +idrf;csrf;a&;r,l&ao;wJh vufeufudkiftzGJŒtpnf; acgif;aqmifawGuawmh qENjyyGJawGukd
axmufcHa=umif;jyocJ=huayr,fh aemufxyfvSKyf&Sm;rSKawGawmhxyfrjzpfvmcJhygbl;? typf&yftzGJŒ
awGuawmh olwdk@&JŒyg0ifywfoufrSKa=umifh tpdk;&qDuae &efnSdK;xm;cH&rSmudk pdk;&drfwJhtwGuf
t}uD;tus,fudk E_wfqdwfaecJh=uygw,f? vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;awG&JŒ vSKyf&Sm;rSKrSmyg0ifrSKuvnf;
jynfrrSmavmuf }uD;us,frSKr&SdcJhygbl;? tpkd;&uawmh 'Drdkua&pDvSKyf&Sm;rSKeJ@ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawG&JŒ
vSKy&f mS ;rSKawGukd oD;jcm;pDcjJG cm;xm;cJah yr,fh 'DEpS cf pk vH;k u olw@kd &JŒ&nf&, G cf suaf wGukd atmifjrifcsiw f ,f
qd&k if eD;eD;uyfuyfy;l aygi;f aqmif&u G rf yS &J ygvrd rhf ,f?
jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒtjzpfrSm ,lqEdkifwmu vlxkawmfvSefa&;vSKyf&Sm;rSKawGu a&wdkrSmjzpfap/
umvtwef=umonfh wdik af tmifjzpfap t+rw J apawmh atmifjrifrKS r&,lEikd b f ;l qdwk myg? ckid rf mjrjJ rpH mG
tjrpfwG,faewJh tpdk;&&JŒtm%mudk tjynfht0eD;yg;&,loHk;pGJae=ujzpfwJh tavhtxuawmh
tvG,w f ultcsKd ;tauGŒawGjzpfvmapzd@k rvG,u f yl gb;l ? aemuf+y;D awmhtajymif;tvJawGjzpfvmzd@k twGuf
vdktyfwJhta=umif;tcsufawG[m wpfcsdefwnf;rSm wpkwpnf;wnf; &&SdEdkifzdk@vnf; vdkygao;w,f?
jrefrmppfwyftaeeJ@ qENjyvSKyf&Sm;olawGtay:rSm t=urf;zufrSKawGudk rqifrjcifjyKvkyfcJhvdk@
olw@kd &JŒtodtrSwjf yKc&H rSKukd qH;k &SKH ;cJph OfrmS yJ vSKy&f mS ;rSKawGzufuvnf; tpd;k &tzGŒJ tiftm;pkawGtwGi;f rSm
odomxif&mS ;wJh tuGt J jyaJ wGukd jzpfay:vmatmif vkyaf qmifEikd cf jhJ cif; r&Scd o hJ vdk tpd;k &&JŒt=urf;zufrKS
awGukd vnf; [ef@wm;Edik jf cif;r&Scd yhJ gb;l ?
vlenf;pkwdkif;&if;om;awGudk nDn$wfapwJhae&mrSm nSdESdKif;aqmif&GufrSKawGtwGuf
tcuftcJawGe@J &SKyaf xG;rSKawG/ 'Dru kd a&pDta&;¶ke;f uefae&rSKawG[m vSKy&f mS ;rSKawGukd aESmifah ES;apwJh
t"duuswJhjynfwGif;u tcuftcJawGjzpfygw,f? rD'D,mawGeJ@ ukvor*~vHkjcHKa&;aumifpDwdk@
qDuaewqifh jrefrmEdik if t H ay:rSm tm¶Hpk u kd rf KS tjrifqh ;kH jzpfaecsed rf mS awmifrS Edik if w
H umtodik ;f t0dik ;f &JŒ
xda&mufwJhaqmif&GufcsufawGudkvnf; r&&SdEdkifcJhwmuvnf; apmapmutcsufawGvdkyJ ta&;}uD;wJh
tcsujf zpfygw,f?
jrefrmppftpdk;&[m rausmfv$m;EdkifavmufatmifcufcJwJh t&mwpfckawmh r[kwfayr,fh
jynfwGif;u tajymif;tvJtwGuf vSKyf&Sm;=u&r,fh t=urf;rzufvSKyf&Sm;r_awGtwGufuawmh
EdkifiHwumtodkif;t0dkif;qDrS tzGJŒ0ifawG&JŒ +yD;jynfhpHkatmif taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufrSKeJ@
tm;aumif;wJah xmufcrH KS awG vdt k yfaeygw,f?
(www.dawnmanhon.com rS &,lygonf?)
pnfolatmif
41
ikdjrnfwrf;[pf vGrf;cspfavvJ
pGef@cJh+rJyifpOfxm0&csdefwef=uaomf
b0tilurf;*rlv,faewluG,faysmuf
qDrD;awmuf+idrf;cE<modrf;+yDolpdrf;tdrf&hJt&dyf0,ff
ukd,feJ@&if;ESD;olwpfOD;OD;ukd,fhtokduft+rKH ukd,fhb0
xJu cGJcGgxGufoGm;wmrsdK;eJ@ awG@&olwkdif; tenf;
eJ@trsm; pdwfraumif;jzpfrdwwf=urSmyg? 'DtxJurS
t+yD;tykdif xGufcGgoGm;wmrsdK;qkd&ifjzifh pdwfraumif;
jcif;xuf 0rf;enf;jcif;/ ylaqG;&jcif;awGyif jzpf=urSmyg?
cG J c G g jcif ; / uG J u G m jcif ; qk d w muvnf ; b0wpf c k & J h
olpdrf;tdrf&J ht&dyf0,f tpdwt f ykid ;f vkd jzpfaewmrk@d aouG&J iS u
eJ@ cGJcGg&wmrsdK;ukd trsm;tm;jzifh cHpm;awG@}uKHzl;
f JG wenf;enf;
t&Sif^m%du =uvdrrhf ,fv@dk vnf;rSe;f qrdyg&?hJ

rdom;pktay:/ &if;ES;D olawGtay:/ vlom;
xktay: aumif;usdK;jyKoGm;vsifjyKoGm;oavmuf usef&pfolawGtaeeJ@ vGrf;usef wrf;usef&pfr_
t&Sed jf rifrh m;ayvdrrfh ,f? tpOfxm0& arhr&Ekid pf mG atmifah rhwoae&wmrsKd ;vnf; jzpfEidk rf ,f? rcGrJ cGgvv dk @dk
b,fvkdyifwrf;um[pf[pf/ avSsmuf&r,fh vrf;c&D;opfukd oGm;&OD;rnfholtzkd@ em;cGifh r&Sdao;bl;av?
qufavSsmufae&OD;rSm? ikdrsuf&nf rpJ tyluJaeolawGukd cGJcJh&rSm? t+rJwrf;om?
ikdjrnfwrf;[pf
vGrf;cspfavvJ
pGef@cJh+rJyif
pOfxm0&
touf&SifolawG&Jh cGJcGgjcif;rsdK;/ pGef@cGgr_rsdK;rSmu cGJcGg pGef@cJholu oGm;aeol? toufrJh
cE<mukd,fwpfcktzkd@awmh tpGef@cHolu oufrJhcE<m? b,fvkdyif vGrf;vGrf;/ b,favmufyifcspfcspf?
ikdjrnfwrf;[pf vGrf;cspfavvJ ajrykHpkd@pkd@/ 'grS r[kwfvnf; tkwf*lrkd@rkd@av;atmufrSm vJavsmif;
usef&pf&rSmu aoolwpfa,mufxJom? tarSmifurBmrSm? a,mifcsmcsm? qkH;prxif? urf;vnf;
rjrifEkdifwJh oHo&m yifv,fjyifrSm?rxifrSwfpGm }uKHvmqkHvm=u&+yD; qkH}uKH&wJh olawGtcsif;csif;
wpfae@ae@rSmawmh &SifuGJaouGJ wpfenf;enf;eJ@ uGJ=u& cGJ=u&jcif;qkdwmu jzpfpOfwpfcktwGif;u
rvGrJ mS ;wJh ed,mr? wb0wmrSm c%wmqkv H m+y;D uG=J u&/ cG=J u&? olvnf;c&D;oGm;/ uk, d v f nf; c&D;oGm;?
armyef;EGr;f vsv@dk rckid w
hf ckid f b0qkw d hJ ,kid ef @J eJ@ Z&yfav;wpfaqmifrmS c%0ifem;ae=uwm?
c%awG@ckduf rd&,fb&,f/ armif&,fESr&,f/ cspfolcifol/ oHa,mZOfawG xlxleJ@?
ul;vl;,SuEf , G /f wmwG,af ESmif&pf? b0opfz@JG ? xm;cJah emufcse?f wdryf st H vm;? arsmvGio hf mG ;&? wc%om?
aendKncsrf; a&mifpOfoufwrf; ukefcrf;;csdefrSmawmh cGJcGg&jcif; tarSmifu a&mufvm
p+rJ?ukd,fhvrf;ukd,foGm;zkd@ jyif=u&p+rJ? wpfb0wmtwGif; ukd,fxkyfcJhwJh uHxkyfav;awGukd,fpDqGJvkd@?
tenf;trsm;/ vGrJ mS ;jcif;uH/ wnfrh wfjcif;uH/ yk[ H efuvnf; trsKd ;rsKd ;? uGcJ &hJ wJo h al wG/ cGcJ &hJ r,foh al wGu/
rsuf&nf=um;rSm r_ef0g;0g;?

42
csed w
f ef=uaomf²²
tcsd e f w ef a wmh v nf ; ae&yf X mef jyef = u&wmu {nf h o nf w pf O D ; twG u f obm0?
omref { nf h o nf w pf O D ; tzk d @ uk d , f j yef & rnf h ae&mwpf a e&mqk d w m uk d , f h t d r f u k d , f h , mvnf ;
jzpfaumif;jzpfr,f? uk, d tf wef=um=um aexkid cf b hJ ;l wJah e&mwpfcv
k nf; jzpfaumif;jzpfr,f? ok@d r[kwv f @dk
ae&mopfwpfckukd qufvufoGm;&wmrsdK;qkdvsifawmh tcsdefwefvkd@ tdrfjyefqkdwJh
pum;xuf qufvufxu G cf gG v@dk om qk&d ayrvdrrfh ,f?
b0wpfyg; ajymif;oGm;olwpfOD;taeeJ@ ukd,fvmcJhwJhae&mukd jyef=u&wmrsdK; jzpfEkdifajcenf;
vGe;f w,f?'Dawmh b0wpfyg; ajymif;oGm;olwpfO;D twGuaf wmh b0c&D; qufov l @dk omajym&r,fxifyg&?hJ
c&D;qufae&olwpfOD;tzkd@ b,frSm t+yD;wkdif em;ckdEkdifygOD;rvJ? e,fajropfrSm topftopfawGeJ@
awG@&avayOD;r,f?
ae&mopfqkdawmh pGef@pm;&r_awG/ }udK;pm;&kef;uef&r_awGeJ@ jynfhESufaerSm? wpfb0wGif;
vlom;wpfOD;tzkd@yJ jzpfjzpf/ b0wpfyg;ul;vl;oGm;wJh owW0gwpfOD;OD;twGufyJ jzpfjzpf?wpfb0wpfcE<m
csKyfavorkd@ oGm;&rnfholtzkd@rSmu oGm;&rnfhae&m[m ukd,fhtdrfa*[mr[kwfavbl;av? aemuf+yD;
oGm;&rnhfae&muvnf; ukd,fxm0& tem;,lvJavsmif;vkdwJhae&mwpfckvnf;yJ [kwfaumif;rS
[kwrf mS ayg?h odusG r;f ol/ &if;ES;D cifrifoal wGudk pGe@f cGgv@dk wu,fawmh oGm;a&mufem;ck&d rnfh 'Dae&mav;[m
uk d , f h t wG u f a wmh wu,f h u k d pd r f ; aeavwJ h ol p d r f ; awG & J h e,f a jrav;omyg? b0qk d w J h
aomiftilav;wpfcrk mS &yfwnfae&wJt h aetxm;qkw d mu avvm&ifvnf; ,kid v f vk /k a&vm&ifvnf;
jrKyfvkvk? txktx,frJ@rJh? ,Jh,Jhav;rSsom?
aendKncsrf;tcsdefa&mufav+yDrkd@ urf;av;wpfckrSm vma&mufem;ckdEkdifcGifh tcsdefu
ukefvGefcJh+yDav? wpfb0wm awmufycJhwJh b0tvif;&Sdefvnf; wpfae@ukefvkd@ uG,faysmufavwJh
aerif ; tvm;? b0aomif p G e f ; uae uG , f a ysmuf c J h a v+yD a ygh ? tarS m if c sd e f usa&muf v k d @
vmav+yD?tarSmifa=umufvkd@ xGef;nSdcJhwJh qDrD;wkdifav;qDrSm rD;pmvnf;ukef qDvnf;cef;oGm;cJhav+yD?
tvif;pu wpp ykrd u dk m yg;vsyg;vsvmr_e@J twl tarSmifvm$ u xlxv l mcJ?h yde;f ydwaf tmif arSmifveG ;f wJh
tarSmif urBmxJrSm prf;w0g;0g;? tazmfrJhpGm wpfa,mufxJom?
olprd ;f awG&hJ tvnfrmS qkw d mu aysmpf &mukd rSsa0p&m r&So d vkd vGr;f p&mqkv d nf; ajzp&mu
rJhaewwfwm? 'gu oHo&m c&D;oGm;wpfOD;&Jh jzpfavh"rRwm?
b0til
urf;*rlv,f
aewlu, G af ysmuf
qDrD;awmuf+idrf;
cE<modrf;+yD
olpdrf;tdrf&hJ
t&dyf0,f
(wpf c k a om tok b tcrf ; tem;u tjyef )
t&Sif^m%du
43
OD;0if;wifeJ h ar;cGe;f rsm;
nDnw
G af &;udOk ;D wnf&EHk iS rhf jy;D h h h
rnDnwG af &;udv k nf; jiif;y,fMu
{jyD 19 / 2011
(jrefrmESpfopful;umv q&mOD;0if;wifeJ@ awG@qkkHpum;ajymjzpfwJhqDrSm jrefrmuGefjrLeDwD

twGi;f / jrefrmhta&;v_y&f mS ;olawGtwGi;f rSm txl;acwfpm;wJh pum;vk;Hk wckt k a=umif; ajymjzpfygw,f?
“usaemfwdk@ jrefrmawG rnD=ubl;”? “jrefrmEdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHawGu rnDnGwfbl;” qkkdwJh pum;yg?
jrefrmawG rnDnGwfbl;qdkjyD; 'gudkyJ cvkkwfwdkufaewJhta=umif;/ tJonftcsufuvnf;u ajymp&m/
vufndSK;xdk ;p&m/ qifajcay;p&m/ tjyifxGufjyD; vufr_difcs ab;xdk ifaep&m tcsufvdk rsLd;rsm;
jzpfaeovm;vdk@ ar;rdwm jzpfygw,f? q&muawmh 'gudk pdwf"mwfydkif;qdkif&m jy\emjzpfw,f/
usifh0wfydkif;qdkif&m ta&;udpPjzpfw,fqdkjyD; ol&Jh tjrifudk tus,fw0ifh ajymjyvdkufygw,f? q&mu
atmufygtwkidk ;f ajz=um;ygw,f?)
EdkifiHa&;rSm vkkyfief;pOf&Sdw,f/ tvkkyfawG &Sdw,f/ tzGJ@tpnf;awG &Sdw,f? tJonftwGuf
tvkyk v f yk =f uw,f? 'gu tvkyk yf ikd ;f qdik &f m? aemufwckk ajymcsiw f muawmh pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mayg?h vlawGu
tvkyk af wG vkyk &f if;eJ@ pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m cHpm;csuaf wG &Sv d mw,f? usi0hf wfyidk ;f qdik &f m udpaP wG ay:vmw,f?
OD;wnfcsuw f cku k kd azmfaqmifwhJ tvkyk af wG vkyk =f uwJah e&mrSm t,ltqydik ;f qdik &f mawG uGjJ ym;vmwmawG
&Sdw,f? 'grsLd;udk qdkvkdw,f?
Oyrm tckk =uzhH @HG tpk;dk &wufvmwJt h cgrmS tJonfay:&_jrifwhJ oabmxm;awG t,ltqawG
rwl=ubl;? tpkkd;&u odyfaysmhajymif;vmjyD/ tpdk;&udk,fwdkifu EdkifiHa&;jy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;csifwJh
oabmxm;awG &S d v mjyD ? 'grsKd ; ,l q vm=uwmu wrsLd ; ? wd k i f ; &if ; om;awG e J @ ywf o uf j yD ;
vkyk uf ikd w
f ahJ e&mrSm pD;yGm;a&;zGjH zLd;wd;k wufatmifvyk v f mw,f? 'gq&kd if &kyk yf ikd ;f qdik &f m wd;k wufvmovdk
pdwfydkif;qdkif&mawGvnf; aemufydkif;rSm wdk;wufr_awG ay:vmEdkifw,f ponfjzifh oabmxm;awG
ay:vm=uw,f?
tJonfvdkrsLd; okkH;oyfwmawG &_@jrifwmawG rwlnDwmawG &Sdvmw,f? t,ltqawG
uGjJ ym;wmawG &Sv d mw,f? uGv J rJG a_ wGuaejy;D rnDnw G rf a_ wG ay:Edik w f ,f? rnDnw G rf u _ aejy;D tuGtJ jyaJ wG
jzpfay:vmw,fv@kd qdEk ikd w f ,f?
aemufwcku k vnf; ppftpk;dk &wd@k / =uzhH @HG tpk;dk &wd@k udk wkek @f jyefwahJ e&mrSm tcsi;f csi;f awGrmS b,fvkd
cssw
d q f ufjy;D vkyk =f urvJ? ok@dk r[kw k vf nf; b,fvrkd sL;d ud, k vhf rf;ud, k f avSsmuf=urvJ qdw k hJ ar;cGe;f awG
ay:vmw,f? 'gawGuvnf; nDnw G af &;udk uGjJ ym;atmifjzpfay:vmapw,f?
tckkvdkrsLd; vkkyfief;pOfawGrSm oabmxm;awG/ tjrifawG/ t,ltqawG uGJjym;ovkkdrsLd;/
ppftpkkd;&eJ@ywfoufjyD; wkkef@jyef=u&mrSm rwlnD=uovdk rsLd;/ trsKd;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;wdk @
awG@qkkHaqG;aEG; tajz&Sma&;wdk@eJ@ ywfoufjyD;awmhvnf; b,fvdkrsLd; wOD;csif;pD/ tzGJ@csif;pDrSmvnf;
44
azmfaqmifykHjcif; rwlwmawG/ csdwfqufvkyfEdkifzdk@ pOf;pm;wm/ oD;jcm;pD aqmif&Guf=uwJhae&mrSm

uGjJ ym;wmawGvnf; jzpfay:Edik w f ,f? jzpfay:aew,fv@kd qdEk ikd yf gw,f?
jynfyudk =unfhjyD;awmh ajym&r,fqdk&if 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkkawG[m ukkd,fhae&mrSm
ud, k v hf yk if ef;rSm ud, k thf iftm;eJ@ud, k f oD;jcm;vkyk af evd@k &wmcsn;f yJ? tckt
k csed rf mS jynfyu tiftm;awG
tzGJ@awG toD;oD;[m ol@ae&mrSmolwdk@ t,ltqtrsLd;tpkkH/ tpkktzGJ@ trsLd;tpkkHeJ@ ay:aew,f?
woD;wjcm;awG vkkyfae=uwmudk awG@jrifae&w,f? 'gayr,f olwdk@wawGtaeeJ@ pOf;pm;&rSmu
olw@k d ae&mrSm olw@k d enf; olw@k d [efe@J oD;jcm;vkyk af e=uwmawGuae tJonfow l @k d tcsi;f csi;f awG =um;xJrmS
oabmxm;rSefrSefeJ@ OD;wnfcsufwckkwnf;xm;jyD;awmh ndSndSE_dif;E_dif;om vkkyf=ur,fqdk&ifawmh
nD n G w f a &;qd k w mud k xd e f ; od r f ; xm;vd k @ &r,f v d k @ ajymEd k i f w ,f ? 'gayr,f h tJ v d k r [k k w f b l ;
udk,fhzmomudk,fvkyfr,f/ usefwJholawGudk b,fvdkxdcdkufoGm;rvJ qdkwmudk rpOf;pm;yJ vkkyfwJhtcgrSm
nDnw G af &; uGjJ ym;r_awG/ tuGt J jyaJ wG jzpfay:vmw,fv@kd ajymcsiyf gw,f?
'g[m jynfyrSmwifyJvm; qkkd&if jynfwGif;rSmvnf; xdktwdkif;yJ? r=umcifwkef;u vGefcJhwJh
wES p f a usmf rwf v wk k e f ; upjyD ; awmh tif e f t ,f ' D y gwD [ m ES p f a ygif ; rsm;pG m nD n D n G w f n G w f e J @
tif t m;awmif h a wmif h w if ; wif ; eJ @ twl w l & yf w nf a e&muaejyD ; awmh jynf w G i f ; jid r f ; csrf ; a&;/
trsLd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;wdk@/ qef&SifudpPawGrSm oabmxm;csif; wlwJholawGtjzpfuaejyD;awmh
tcsLd@ygwD0ifawGudk ,fwdk ifu wcgwnf; udk ,fhenf;udk ,f[ef udk ,fhoabmudk ,fht,ltqeJ@
oD;jcm;vkkyf=ur,f jzpfuk efw,f? tifeft,f'Duae pGef@cGmoGm;=uw,f/ ausmcdk if;oGm;=uw,f?
olwdk@wawGu tifef'DtufzfawG bmawG axmifjyD;awmhrS uGJ=u jyJ=u vufndK;xdk;=u 'grsKd;awG
jzpfysuu f ek w f m awGuv kd nf; awG@ae&w,f?
wdik ;f &if;om;tpkt k zG@J awGrmS vnf; wcsLk @d uqd&k if tJovdk t,ltqrwlwmawG/ uGjJ ym;wmawG
&Sw
d ,f? wcsK@d uqd&k if jynfaxmifp=k u;D twGuf yifvaHk wG bmawG rvkadk wmhb;l / olw@kd v$waf wmfxrJ mS yJ
aqG;aEG;=ur,f qdkwmrsLd;awGvnf; &Sdvmw,f?
EdkifiHa&;ygwD rSwfykHwifjyD; tckka&G;aumufyGJ0if=uwJh oltcsKd@awG/ vuf&SdtajccHOya'udk
axmufcHwJh tiftm;pkkawGuvnf; b,fvdk rsLd;ajymvmovJqdk awmh wdk if;jynfta&;udpPawGudk
v$wfawmfxJrSmyJ &Sif;awmhr,f? v$wfawmfjyifyrSm r&Sif;awmhbl;? cifAsm;wdk@ tifeft,f'DygwD[m
v$wfawmfjyify jzpfaejyD? usaemfwdk@u Oya'abmiftwGif;rSm vkkyfae=ujyDvdk@ ajymvm=uawmh
tifeft,f'Du tvkkdvdk ae&if; Oya'jyifya&mufatmif/ w&m;r0ifygwDwckktjzpfa&mufatmif
olw@kd awGu, kd wf ikd u f wGe;f yd@k aewJh tjzpfukd a&mufaew,f?
'gawGu bmudk jyovJqdkawmh rnDnGwfa&;udk azmfaqmifvm=uwmudk jyw,f? 'ga=umifh
usaemfwdk @u tm;vkkH;udk b,fvdk rsLd; ajymae&ovJqdk awmh tifeft,f'Dudk ,fwdk ifu Edk ifiHa&;
aygi;f pnf;r_tiftm;udk OD;wnfjy;D vkyk rf ,fv@kd ajymaew,f? wkidk ;f &if;om;awGtm;vk;Hk eJ@vnf; usaemfw@dk awG
twlwuG yifvpHk w d "f mwfe@J jynfaxmifp=k u;D twGuf OD;wnfjy;D vkyk rf ,fv@kd ajymaew,f? rwlnw D mawG
uGJjym;wmawGudk usaemfwdk@wawGu azmfaqmifaewmrsKd;vkkyfaer,fhtpm; usaemfwdk@ tm;vkkH;
wlnw D mawGukd vkyk Ef ikd af tmif/ csw d q f ufEikd af tmif vkyk af qmif=uygv@kd wdu
k w
f eG ;f ae&wmjzpfw,f?
odk@aomf ckkcsdefrSm tJovdkrsLd; &jyDvm;vdk@ ar;&ifawmh r&ao;bl;? uGJ[r_awGu &Sdaewkkef;yJ
jzpfaew,f? tifet f ,f'&D hJ oabmxm;uawmh nDnw G af &;udk vdv
k m;w,f/ nDnw G af &;udk wduk wf eG ;f w,f/
pmrsufESm 46 odk h
45
rdwfaqGrsm;cifAsm;
'D a e@ usaemf a jymcsif w muawmh ara'; ac:
ara';ae@ pm tvkyform;ae@ta=umif;yJjzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfwkd@
AkdvfcsKyforRw jrefrmEkdifiHawmf}uD;rSm ara';yGJ usif;yjzpfrSm
armifprG ;f &nf r[kwfygbl;? tvkyform;awGukdvnf; tvkyform;ae@yGJ
2011 / {jyD 27 txd r f ; trS w f y G J usif ; ycG i f h a y;rS m r[k w f y gbl ; ? rormwJ h
tpkd;&wkdif;[m tvkyform;awGukd a=umuf¶GHŒ xdwfvef@
+rjJ zpfygw,f?
tvkyo f rm;qkw d m tvky¶f x Hk rJ mS t+rwJ rf; tpkvu dk f
ta0;vku d f xke@J xnfe@J &Sad ewmqkad wmh ra=umufv@dk rjzpfb;l ?
'ga=umifh ppftm%m&Sif tpkd;&vufxufrSm tvkyform;
tpnf ; t¶k H ; rzG J @ &/tvk y f o rm;ae@vnf ; rusif ; y&bl ; /
usif;yzl;wkef;uvnf; “tvkyform; ta&; 'kd@ta&;” vkd@
a=uG;a=umfcGifhray;bl;? jynfaxmifpk r+ydKuGJa&;-'kd@ta&;
qkw d mrsKd ;yJ a=u;G a=umfapcJyh gw,f? 'gawG trsm;jynfol od+y;D om;
ygy?J
tvkyform;ae@ txdrf;trSwfyGJomru awmifol
v,f o rm;ae@txd r f ; trS w f y G J r sm;vnf ; rusif ; y&J y gbl ; ?
v,f , mawG & J Œ rl v yk d i f & S i f [ m Ek d i f i H a wmf j zpf w ,f q k d + yD ;
v,f,mawGudk Ekid if yH idk f ppfwyfawGtwGuf odr;f ,l xm;ygw,f?
iwfjywfaewJh ppfwyfawGukd olwkd@&JŒ rdzjynfolawGqDu "m;jy
wku d f vk,ufapygw,f? 'Dawmh tvkyo f rm;awGe@J rsuEf mS csi;f
rqkdif&Jawmhbl;aygh?
vGwfvyfa&;ae@/ jynfaxmifpkae@/ tmZmenfae@qkdwmawGawmif crf;em;us,fjyef@atmif
rusi;f y&Jawmhygb;l ? vuf&dS ppfwyfrmS orkid ;f a=umif;/ orkid ;f aumif; r&S&d mS bl;? vGwv f yfa&;ae@ usi;f y+y;D
jynfoal wGudk vGwv f yfa&;ae@ aemufco H rkid ;f a=umif;ukd pOf;pm;cGiahf y;vku d wf idk ;f jynfoal wG&ŒJ wku d yf o
JG rkid ;f yJ
ay:vmrSmuk;d ?
wyfrawmfqw dk m rlvwke;f u jynfo@l vGwv f yfa&;,lz@dk jynfoal wGu zG@J pnf; arG;xkwf cJw h m
r[kwv f m;? rvGwv f yfbJ vGwv f yfa&;ae@ usi;f y&ifvnf; ppfwyft&Suu f &JG rSmu t&ifq;Hk cHpm;&rSmuk;d ?
jynfaxmifpak e@qkjd yef&ifvnf; “yifv”Hk qkw d hJ toHudk em;0 avoHrsS olw@dk r=um;&J=u&Smbl;r[kwv f m;?
tmZmenfae@qkdjyef&ifvnf; tmZmenfawG&JŒ "gwfykHawGukd armfrzl; 0Hh=u&Smbl;av? ckqkd&if
wyfrawmfae@awmif rusif;yawmhbl;? wyfrawmfae@qkdwm jynfolawG&JŒ awmfvSefa&;ukd emrnf
zsufxm;wm r[kwfvm;?
olwkd@rSm &mZ0iftwWKywWd r&Sdbl;? “&mZ0iftwWKywWdvnf; &Sd&r,f/ armfuGef;vnf;
xkd;avmufw,f/ jrifhjrwfwJhAkdvfatmifqef;&,f”qkdwJh jynfolawG qkdp&moDcsif;r&Sdbl;? “,kwfrmwJh
Akdvfoef; a&$&,f” vkd@yJ qkdcsifqkdzkd@yJ &Sdw,f?
wyfrawmfae@wkdif; wyfrawmfqkdwm jynfolvlxk&JŒ touftkd;tdrfpnf;pdrfukd umuG,fzkd@
jzpfw,fv@dk jynfoal wG&ŒJ a&SŒarSmuf/ wyfrawmfom;awG&ŒJ a&SŒarSmufrmS ae@pOf jy&wm rsuEf mS yl&&SmrSmyJ?
46
jynf o l awG & J Œ touf t k d ; td r f p nf ; pd r f u k d 'if ; wk d @ yJ zsuf q D ; ae=uwmuk d ; ? jynf y tEW & m,f
umuG,f&atmifuvnf; bmrS r&Sdawmhcufwmaygh?wu,fawmh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;qkdwm
urBmhorkdif;rSm ay:xGufuwnf;u tkyfpkd;ol t&if;&Sif tm%m&Siftpkd;&wkd@[m orkdif;rSm arG;&myg
&efbufawGyJav? tvkyf&Sif t&if;&Sif/ tm%m&SifawGu zdESdyfol/ acgif;ykH jzwfol/ tvkyform;awGu
tzdESdyfcH&ol/ acgif;ykHjzwfcH&ol “"rRaomu”awGyJ r[kwfvm;?
tvkyform;ordkif;ukd jyef=unfh&ifvnf; a&eHajroydwfwyf}uD;&JŒ orkdif;ut&dyf}uD;
xk;d aerSmygy?J “a&eHajr oydww f yf}u;D csw D ufvmyg+y?D &efoel ,fcsŒJ tvDudk vSzD @dk &m}upH nf/ &mckid Ef e_ ;f jynfh
tcG i f h t a&; r&orS s twnf / &atmif & atmif t¶k d ; a=ua=u t&nf cef ; cef ; / raoG w rf ;
wkdufzsuf=uygrnf?” qkdwJh 1300 jynfhta&;awmf ykHaw;oH[m {&m0wD&JŒaumif;uifrSm toHrpJ
ys0H aJ ewke;f ygy?J
1300 jynfhta&;awmfykH t&dyfjybJav;qkdwm &Jabmfjrwfav; wDxGifwifqufcJhwmav?
'DocD si;f vnf; olyJ a&;zG@J cJw h myJ? pE<,m;cspaf qGe@J wDxiG cf w hJ m? ukcd spaf qG}u;D eJ@ jyefvnfwifquf=uzk@d
aumif;w,f?
orkid ;f rSm tvkyo f rm;wif;&if b,frif;rS rcHEidk yf gb;l ? tvkyo f rm;awGrmS aESmif}uKd ;uvG&J if
bmrS qk;H ¶_;H p&mr&Sb d ;l ? 'g[m orkid ;f wGirf ,fh tvkyof rm;}uKH ;0g;oH/ tvkyo f rm; a=u;G a=umfoyH ?J tvkyf
orm;awGu ¶ke;f uefweG ;f vSe&f if aESmif}uKd ;tm;vk;H jywfuek rf mS yJ? r¶ke;f uef&ifawmh aESmif}uKd ;awG rjyef¶Hk
omru ykd+yD; wif;vm &pf vmrSm rvGJygbl;? 'g[m orkdif;&JŒvufawG@w&m;yg?
tvkyform;qkdwm cGeftm;&Sif +cFaohrif;yg? +caoFhrif;u rv_yfr&Sm;bJ tdyfae&ifawmh
+caoFrh if;&JŒ cHwiG ;f xJudk b,fom;aumifrS taysmw f rf; ckeq f if;=u¶k;d r&Sad ybl;? wku d yf JG r&S&d if atmifyrJG &S?d
tvkyform;taygif;wkd@ bmvJ b,fvJ/ usaemf armifpGrf;&nfyg?
armifprG ;f &nf
pmrsufESmrS 44 rStquf
nDnw G af &;udk =uKd qw kd ,f? nDnw G af &;udk tm;ay;w,f? xd@k twlyJ usaemfw@kd wawG[m rnDnw G af &;udk
&_wfcsw,f? rnDnGwfa&;udk ausmcdk if;w,f? rnDnGwfa&;udk jiif;y,fw,f? rnDnGwfa&;udk
vufrcHbl;qdkwmudkyg wqufwnf; wjydKifeufwnf; xkkwfazmfajymqdkae&r,fvdk@ usaemfuawmh
oabmxm;w,f?
usaemfw@kd u nDnw G af &;udk OD;wnfae=ucsed rf mS wzufuvnf; rnDnw G af &; tiftm;pkak wG/
rnDnGwfa&; oabmxm;awGudk vpfvsL&_xm;vdk@rjzpfbl;/ OyuQmjyKxm;vdk@ rjzpfbl;? oabmxm;
aysmah jymif;ay;xm;vd@k rjzpfawmhb;l ? rnDnw G af &;udk jiif;y,fw,fv@kd xkwk af zmf ajymqdak erS jzpfr,fv@kd
usaemfuawmh ajymcsiw f ,f?
rnDnGwfwJhtiftm;pkkawGudkvnf; nDnGwfa&;abmifxJ 0ifvmatmifvnf; qufvufjyD;
wdu
k w f eG ;f E_;d aqmf pnf;&k;Hk ae&rSm jzpfygw,f? 'g[m usaemfw@kd Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkak wGxrJ mS aum/ jynfyu
tiftm;pkkawGxJrSmyg/ jynfolvlxktm;vkkH;&Jh pdwf"mwfykdif;qdkif&m wnfaqmuf=u&r,fh oabmxm;udk
usaemf =uKd ;pm;jy;D wifjyvdu k w
f mygy?J
(http://moemaka.com rS &,laz: jyygonf?) OD;0if;wif
47
“abmvHk; vSdrhfupm;jcif;onf
pmayavhvmr_ ausmufwnfjcif;ESihf ta-umrsm; twGuf
aumif;ygonf?
aoewfypfjcif;onf tqkwfESihf
&ifbwftwGuf aumif;ygonf”
jroef;wihf
pmay avhvmjcif;onf pdwEf v S ;kH udk =unfE;l ap.? tqift,ifukd jzpfap.? t&nftcsi;f udk
wkd;ap.? pmayudk avhvm zwf¶_jcif;jzihf txD;wnf; aexdkifpOfESihf tem; ,lpOfwGif pdwfESvHk;udk
=unfE;l apEkid yf gonf?
pmayudk zwf¶_jcif;jzihf pum;ajym&m wGif tqift,if jzpfapygonf? pmayudk zwf¶_jcif;jzihf
qH;k jzwfcsicfh sed jf cif;ESifh tvkywf @dk udk pDrcH ef@cJjG cif; jyK&mwGif t&nftcsi;f wk@d udk wk;d wufapEkid yf gonf?
wwfyGef a=unufonhf yk*~dKvfrsm;rSmrl pDrH cef@cGJ Ekdif=uygonf? tao;pdwf tcsuftvuf
wkd@udkvnf; wpfckcsif; Ed_if;csdef pOf;pm;wwf=uygonf? odk@&mwGif omref vlrsm;rSmrlum; wkdifyif
ESD;aESm&ygonf? t}uHtpnfrsm;/ t&mudpPwkd@udk pDrHyHkrsm;onf ynm&Sdwdk@xHrSom taumif;qHk;
&&Sw d wfygonf?
pmay avhvmr_wGif tcsdefudk rsm;pGm toHk;csjcif;onf av;vHxdkif;r_dif;apygonf?xdktqif
t,iftwGuf pmayavhvmr_udk tvGeftrif; jyKvkyfjcif;onf yv$m;[efaqmifjcif; jzpfygonf?
pmayavhvmr_w@dk udck sn;f tm;ud;k I qH;k jzwfEi_d ;f csed f pOf;pm;jcif;onf ynm&Sw d u
hdk kd &,fz,
G jf zpfwwfygonf?
pmayavhvmr_onf obm0udk jynhpf akH tmif vkyaf y;+y;D tawG@t}uKH u wpfzefjyefI pmayavhvmr_ukd
jynhpf akH tmif vkyaf y;ygonf?
obm0t&nftcsif;wkd@onf obm0 aygufaom opfyifrsm;ESihf wlygonf? tyifwkd@rS
tudkif;tcufwkd@udk ckwfxGif &Sif;vif;&ef vkdouJhokd@ obm0 t&nftcsif;wdk@ udkvnf; avhvmr_jzihf
ck w f x G i f &S i f ; vif ; ypf & ef vk d y gonf ? avh v mr_ o nf ol @ yif u d k , f ouf o uf t wk d i f ; qk d v S s if
axGjym;vSonht f wGuf xkad vhvmr_ukd tawG@t}uKH jzihx f ed ;f uGyaf y;&efvydk gonf?
aumufuspfpOf;vJ olwkd@onf avhvmr_udk ¶_wfcs jypfwif =uygonf? ¶dk;om;olwkd@um;
avhvmr_udk ESpfouf oabmus=uygonf? ynm &Sdolwkd@um; avhvmr_udk toHk; cs=uygonf?
avhvmr_rsm;onf olwdk@udk toHk;jyK&ef oif=um;jcif; rjyKyg? odk@&mwGif avhvmr_ r&SdbJ pOf;pm;qifjcif
qHk;jzwfEkdif+yDqkdvSsifum; xkdt&monf Om%fynm rnfygonf?
48
jiif;cHk&efESihf jiif;y,f&ef pmzwfjcif; rjyKygavESihf? ,Hk=unf&efESihf olrsm; ajymorSsudk

vufcH&efvnf; pmzwfjcif; rjyKygESihf? pum;}uD; pum;us,f ajym&efESihf aqG;aEG;&efvnf; pmzwfjcif;
rjyKygavESihf? Ed_if;csdef&efESihf awG;awm&ef twGufom pmzwfjcif; jyKygav?
tcsKdŒpmtkyfwkd@onf jrnf;prf;=unhf&ef jzpf.? tcsKdŒum; rsKdcs&ef jzpf.? tenf;i,faom
pmtkyfwkd@rSm omvSsif a=unufatmif 0g;I tpmacs&ef jzpf.? wpfenf;ajym&vSsif tcsKdŒaom
pmtkyfwkd@onf wpfpdwf wpfydkif;rSsom zwf&ef jzpf.?
tcsKdŒpmtkyfrsm;um; omref zwf¶Hkom jzpf.? tenf;i,faom pmtkyfwkd@ omvSsif vHk@v/
0D&d,/ owd tm¶Hkpdkufr_ wdk@jzihf tjynhftpHk zwf&ef jzpfay.? tcsKdŒpmtkyfrsm;um; udk,fpm;jzihfom
zwftyfaom pmtkyrf sm; jzpf.? tjcm;olrsm; xkwEf w _ af y;aom tcsurf sm;udo k m zwftyf.?od@k &mwGif
xkdpmrsKd;rSm ta&;r}uD;aom ta=umif;rsm;ESihf nHhzsif;aom pmtkyfrsm;om jzpfoihf.? aygif;cH
pmtkyfrsm;onf aygif;cHa& uJhokd@yif [dwf[efrsm;aom t&m jzpfaoma=umihf jzpf.?
pmzwfjcif;onf jynh0f aom vlwpfa,muf jzpfap.? wkid yf ifE;DS aESm jcif;onf us,jf yef@aom
vlwpfa,muf jzpfap.? pma&;jcif;onf wdusaom vlwpfa,muf jzpfap.?
xkd@a=umihf pma&;enf;ol wpfa,mufjzpfvSsif }uD;aom rSwfOm%f&Sdzdk@ vkdygonf?aqG;aEG;
wkid yf ifr_ enf;vSsif Z0eOm%f&dS zdv hk ydk gonf? pmzwfjcif; enf;vSsif yg;eyfr_ &Szd @kd vkyd gonf?&mZ0ifrsm;onf
vlrsm;udk ynm &Sdapygonf? uAsmq&m rsm;um; vlrsm;udk Z0eOm%f xufoef apygonf?
ocsFm q&mrsm;onf vlrsm;udk El;nHh odrfarG@apygonf? '\e ynmonf vludk
av;eufapygonf? eDwd ynmonf vludk wnf=unfapygonf? ,kwœdaA'ESihf E_wfr_ynmonf vludk
,SO+f yKd iEf ikd af pygonf?
Z0eOm%fwGif twm;tqD; t&yftwef@ [lI r&Sdyg? avhvmr_a=umihfom ysufpD;
oGm;Ekid yf gonf? ud, k cf E<mwGif jzpfaom a&m*gw@dk twGuf oihaf vsmaf om avhusicfh ef;rsm; &So d nhf enf;wl
jzpfygonf? abmvHk; vSdrhfupm;jcif;onf ausmufwnfjcif;ESihf ta=umrsm; twGuf aumif;ygonf?
aoewfypfjcif;on f tqkwfESihf &ifbwftwGuf aumif;ygonf?
jznf;nif;pGm vrf;avSsmufjcif;onf 0rf;AdkuftwGuf aumif;ygonf? jrif;pD;jcif;onf
acgif;ponfwkd@ twGuf aumif;ygonf?
xk d @ a=umih f vl w pf a ,muf . pd w f o nf twnf r ae axG j ym;vsuf & S d y gu ocsF m ud k
avhvmoihyf gonf? tb,fa=umihq f adk omf ocsmF udw
k uG &f mwGif pdwtf m¶Hu k kd pkpnf;jcif; rjyKEikd yf gu tprS
jyefxu G &f rnf jzpfaoma=umihf jzpfygonf? ol@pdwo f nf jcm;em;csuu f kd rcJjG cm;Ekid yf gu od@k r[kwf rawG@ygu
ausmif;q&mudk twk,loihfygonf?
jy\emrsm;udk rajz&Sif;EkdifvSsif t&m0wWKwpfckudk oufaorxkwfEkdifvSsif a&SŒae.
tr_wGJrsm;udk avhvmoihfygonf? xdk@a=umihf pdwf.cGswf,Gif;csuftwkdif; twGuf txl;ajzaq;
wpfcpk &D w dS wf=uonfom jzpfygonf?
jroef;wihf
(tufaq; zcif}uD; wpfOD;jzpfaomFrancis Bacon(1561-1626)) . of Studies [laom

urBmausmftufaq;udk q&mjroef;wihfu jyefqkdcJhonf?)
49
'Dy,
J if;vkyNf uHrKS MuD;
armifpGrf;&nf
AGdtdkat ouf}uD;pum;tpDtpOfrSjzpfygonf/
rdwfaqGrsm;cifAsm ²²²
'Dwywfusaemf ajymcsiw f muawmh arvordik ;f wuGuyf J jzpfygw,f? t&ifwywfu ajymcJw h m
uawmh ara';ac: tvkyform;ae@ta=umif;wckyJjzpfygw,f? ck usaemfajym r,fh arvordkif; wuGuf
uawmh arvkyfjuHr_}uD;wpf ckta=umif;jzpfygw,f? 19 Zlvkdif rarhedkifqdkovdk/ 30 arv arhr&? arv
30 rarhzG,fqdkwJh ar ordkif;wuGufyg? 2003 ar 30 u aoG;oH&J&J vkyfjuHyGJ}uD;wckudk AdkvfcsKyf
rSL;ju;D oef;a&$u, kd wf ikd Of ;D aqmif pDpOfneG =f um;cJyh gw,f? 'A,if;vkyjf urH }_ u;D vdk &h mZ0ifwiG yf gvrd rhf ,f?
2003 ar 30 &ufaehu OD;wifOD;eJh a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdkh OD;aqmifwJh trsdK;om;
'Drukd a&pDtzGJ ch sKyf &Jabmfarrsm;[m rEWav; rH&k mG uae a&OD;jrKd @qDukd um;wef;}u;D eJh c&D;qufc=hJ uygw,f?
'y,if; jrKd @em; udak &mufawmh tzG@J csKyu f m;wef;ju;D udk vlwpku ra,mifrvnf r[m;'&m;eJ w h m;qD;jy;D
'kwfawG/ "m;awG 0g;cGsefawGeJ h &kwfw&uf xdk;ckwfvkyfjuHjuygawmhw,f? ausmif;om; vli,fwpku
OD;wifO;D eJ ah ':atmifqef;pkjunfwhkd pD;eif;vdu k yf gvmwJu h m;awGay:rSm arSmufjy;D umuG,jf u&SmygowJ?h
vkyjf uH ol awGajumifh vlaygi;f 100 / 200 avmufusq;kH cJ&h ygw,f? pm&if;twdtusawmh 'Dae@txdrod
&ao; ygbl;? tJ'Dwkef;u wm0ef&SdwJh ppftpdk;t&uvJ w&m;cHawGudk ppfaq;pHkprf;azmfxkwfwmrsdK;
vHk;0rvkyfcJhygbl;? urBmhtHhzG,fjzpf&yfyg?
OD;wifO;D eJh a':atmifqef; pkjunfwu hkd olw&hkd aJ bmfawG &JabmfarawG vufeufrv hJ yk jf ucH aH e&
wmudk r&_@qdwfvdkh um;ay:u qif;jur,fvkyfayrJh um;armif; wJhvli,fawGu rqif;edkifatmif
um;udZk w G af rmif;jy;D xGuaf jy;cJv h @kd vGwaf jrmufomG ;cJ=h uygw,f? 'gayrJh a&OD;a&mufawmh tm %mydik rf sm;u
zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f apjy;D &efuek u f kd ac:oGm;juygw,f? vkyjf ucH &H olrsm;udk xde;f orf;xm;vdu k w f m 7 eSpf 8
eSpf avmufjumcJhygw,f? w&m;cHawGudkawmh zrf;qD; ppfaq;xdef;odrf;w,fvdk@rjum;rdvdkufygbl;?
tJ'g'DyJ,if;ac: 'A,if;&Jhordkif;wuGufyg? Armhqdk&dk;pum;wck&Sdygw,f? t&dk;wGefwwfw,fwJh? t&kd;qkd
50
awmifwef;omoemjyK q&mawmf OD;OwWrom&
ppfol}uD; r[mAE<Kv
'Dy, J if;t0if
wm ta&;tom;vkd aqG;ajrhajuysufoGm;&kd;r&Sdaybl;?
tJ ²²tJ'D 'A,if;[m orkid ;f vScw hJ hJ e,fajrwckyg? yk*aH cwf
ausmufpmxJrSm ‘‘xdaAtHo#if” vkd@a&;xkd; cJhjyD; 'DacwfrSmawmh
'DyJ,if; vkd ha&;avh&Sdayr,fh usaemfwkd htnma'orSm 'A,if;vkd hyJ
ac:ygw,f? ckacwfppfAkdvfcsKyfjuD;awG armfzl;&wJh Armh*k%faqmifppf
oljuD; r[mAE<Kvqkdwm 'A,if;jrdK@awmf0efjzpfcJh zl;ayonf?
i,femrnfu armif&pfw?hJ armif&pf&zhJ mG ;&mZmwduvJ 'A,if;em; u
iy,if;qkd wJ&h mG jzpfygw,f?
Armh p mayork d i f ; uk d enf ; enf ; av; pl ; prf ; avh v mzl ;
olawGawmif jum; odzl; wJh &[ef;pmqkd &Sift*~ orm"dtausmf&Jh
zG m ;&mZmwd u vJ 'A,if ; teD ; u uef z sm;&G m wJ h c if A s? acwf
opfAk'<bmom orkdif;rSm &kd;&kd;&Sif;&Sif; Armpum;ajyeJ hAk'<tbd"rRm
awGukd jzef@csdcJh=uwJh v,fwD q&ma wmf bk&m;juD;u 'A,if;em;u
q&mpH pkid ;f jyif&mG Zmwdygw?hJ 'A,if;q&mawmfvdk eh mrnf ausmf jum; wJh 'kwd
,a &$ usifomoemykdifq&mawmfjuD;uvJ 'A,if;em;u uefzsm;
&GmZmwdyg cifAs? ckacwfawmif wef;omoemjyKorkdif;rSm xdyfqkH;u
ausmfjum;wJh t&SifOD;Owœrom& q&mawmfjuD;uvJ 'A,if;e,f rSm q&mawmfjuD; wyg;ygyJwJh? Armh
awmfvSefa&; orkdif;rSm txif&Sm;qkH;jzpfwJhv,form;olykefjuD;vkd@armfuGef;&ol *VKefq&mpH&Jh zGm;&m
ZmwduvJ 'A,if;em;u o&ufuef&mG wJ?h
tJhovkd tzufzufu xif&Sm;ol yk*~dKvfa usmfjuD;a wG ay:xGef;&m 'A,if;e,f&JhxGef;ajymif
cJhwJh orkdif;[m 2003 ar30rSmtrJuGufjuD;wuGufpGef;xif;oGm;cJh&ygjyD?'Dorkdif;[mw&m;0ifarmfuGef;
rwif& ao;ayr,fh waehawmh t&kd;wGef wmukd jum; &rSmyg? apmifhar#mfem;qifjuygpkd@/
usaemfarmifpGrf;&nfyg?
51
Armjynf&ŒJ aemufq;kH ay: t&yf0wfppftpd;k &u t}uaH y;tzG@J qdw k mudak zmfxw k f vdu k jf yef+y?D
rsuv f n S hf q&m&JŒ OD;xkyrf nf;}u;D xJu ,kejf zLav;waumifcek x f u
G v f mwmudk owd&rdapygw,f?
t}uHay;tzGJ@¶Sdw,fqdkwmeJ@yJ tpdk;&w&yf[m vlxktjrifudkav;pm;wJh/ 'Drdkua&pD
qefwt hJ pd;k &jzpfomG ;a&m wJv
h m;? v$waf wmfo;kH &yf/ 0ef}u;D tzGŒJ trsKd ;rsKd ;/ &m*%ef;¶Sw
d 0hJ ef}u;D eJ@ 'k0ef}u;D awG/
trsd K ;om;umuG , f a &;eJ @ vH k + cH k a &;aumif p D pwm awG ¶ S d a e+yD ; wmawmif r S t}uH a y;tzG J @
oD;oef@zG@J ae&w,fqakd wmh ajymcJw h rhJ sm;jym;vSwhJ taqmuf ttHak wGu rjynfp/kH rvHak vmufv@kd vm;
pOf;pm;p&mjzpfraebl;vm;? 'gavmuf rsm;jym;wJhvlawG (ynmwwfawGtrsm;}uD;ygw,f) rSm
t}uH^m%faumif; rvHkavmufbl;vm;? r¶Sdbl;vm;? 'Dt&yf0wfppftpdk;&[m udk,hfv$wfawmf
udk,fpm;vS,fawGeJ@ a¶SŒaecsKyf/ pm&if;ppfcsKyf polawGudk tm;r&/ rauseyfbl;vm;? wu,fqdk
yHkrSeftpdk;&w&yfrSm t}uHay;tzGJ@qdkwmr¶Sd/ rvdkygbl;? ta&;ay: tpdk;&vdk/ tm%modrf;tpdk;&
vd[ k mawGrmS om ¶Sw d wfwmyg?
“'DvEkd ikd if aH &;orm;
tpktpnf;w&yfukd
-um¶Snwf nf¶cdS iG ahf y;xm;&if
Edik if aH &;tiftm;w&yfvjkd zpf
vmrSmpd;k &w,fvkd h
OD;ae0if;uwGuyf gw,f”
qifNuH NuHoal wG&J t
h NuHay;tzGJ h &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;
Armjynfordik ;f rSm vlot d rsm;qH;k t}uaH y;tzG@J tcku 1968 - 69ckEpS rf mS OD;ae0if;&JŒ “33
OD;aumfrwD”qdw k myJ? tjynhftpHku“jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHjynfwGif;nD!Gwfa&;tzGJŒ”jzpfygw,f?
tJ'DaumfrwD bmawGvkyfcJhw,f/ b,fvdktqHk;owfcJhw,fqdkwm tm;vHk;todrdk@ txl;ajymp&m
rvdkawmhygbl;? tJ'DaumfrwD rwdkifrDav; wifrSmyJ rqvtpdk;&[m EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;awGudk
uduk ;kd useG ;f yd@k wm/ jynfwiG ;f ppfut kd jywf towfzw d ukd w
f mawGvyk +f y;D wjynfv;kH udzk Ed ydS af ecsed jf zpfygw,f?
useG ;f qG,t f a&;tcif;uvnf; 'DumveJ@ ra¶S; raESmif;rSm ay:cJw h mjzpfygw,f? aemuf+y;D rqvygwu D kd
trawygwu D ae jynfo@l ygwt D jzpfajymif;w,f qdw k mvnf;vkycf yhJ gw,f?
tJ'v D akd emufcuH m;atmufrmS OD;ae0if;uzG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'qkw d mudk a&;qGzJ @kd vkyw f myg?
tJ't D wGuf 'D “33OD;aumfrwD ” qkw d mudzk @JG wm/ t}u^H m%fawmif;wmvd@k qdyk gw,f? bmrSx;l xl;jcm;jcm;
t}urH ay;vdu k &f wJh 'Dt}uaH y;tzG@J udk OD;ae0if;u ajcmufvavmufe@J zsuo f rd ;f vdu
k yf gw,f? e*du k wnf;u
52
“OD;A dkvf odef;pdef tpd;k &ua&m

b,fvjkd ynfotl ay: zdEydS wf ahJ jcvSr;f awG
'grSr[kwwf ikd ;f jynfb¾m ud,k tfh wd xf xJ nfwh hJ ajcvSr;f awG vSr;f rSmrdk h
'Dvvkd yk vf mw,fqwkd m pOf;pm;jyifqif-uzdk hvykd gw,f”
[efjy¶Ht k wGuo f mzG@J cJw
h m jzpfwthJ jyif 'DvEkd ikd if aH &;orm;tpktpnf;w&yfukd =um¶Snw f nf¶cdS iG ahf y;xm;&if
EdkifiHa&;tiftm;w&yfvdkjzpf vmrSmpdk;&w,fvdk@ OD;ae0if;uwGufygw,f? 'ga=umihf olvufazsmuf
wcsufwD;wmeJ@ ay:vmovdk vufazsmufwcsufwD;vdkufwmeJ@ aysmufoGm;ygw,f? olwdk@txJu
wu,ft}uaH y;rdwhJ csi;f trsKd ;om; acgi;f aqmifOf ;D vst H yk uf awmh tzrf;cHvu kd &f ygw,f?
wu,fu 1973ckEpS zf ŒJG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk tJ't D csed rf mS OD;ae0if;uol@pOf;pm;csut f wkid ;f
ol@vl,kH awGuakd &;qGcJ ikd ;f ae(+y;D )yg+y?D olvckd siw f zhJ @JG pnf;yHrk sKd ;udk 'D33OD;qDu bmt}urH rS &Edik b f ;l qdw k m
olaumif;aumif; odygw,f? 'gayrJOh ;D ae0if;[m 33 OD;udk pmwrf;wifcikd ;f / t}uaH y;cdik ;f tifrwefyyd &d &d d
vkycf yhJ gw,f? 'ga=umihf t+y;D owfrmS awmh ‘’0S;D zwf”awmifr=um;vdu k &f ygb;l ?
tckwavm t&ifO;D ae0if;vufatmufrmS “t}uaH y;”(ud, k ufh , kd u f x kd ifwm) vkycf yhJ gw,f
qdkolawGu olwdk@ OD;ae0if;udkb,fvdkt}uHay;cJhw,f qdkwmrsdK;awGudk*k%f,lpGm a&;ae=uwmudk
awG Œ ae&ygw,f ? 'gayrJ h ol w d k @ a&;wmawG x J r S m OD ; ae0if ; ud k q ef @ usif j iif ; cH k c J h w ,f q d k w mrsd K ;
vHk;0rawG@&oavmufygyJ? 'ghtjyifawmfawmf rsm;rsm;[m OD;ae0if;}udKufvdrfhr,fxifwmudk
ajymaewmjzpfw,fqdkwmvnf;awG@&ygw,f? olwdk@a&;aewm[m tckt&yf0wfppftpdk;&uzGJ@r,fh
t}uaH y;tzG@J twGuf a&vmajrmif;ay;vkyaf ewmvm;vd@k awmif pOf;pm;rdp&mjzpf ygw,f?
tckt}uHay;tzGJ@0ifawGu bmajymvdk@&rSmvJ? 'Dyk*~dKvfawG&JŒ¶dk;om;wnf=unfr_eJ@
ywfoufvdk@bmrSrajym vdkygbl;? 'gayrJh olwdk@t}uHawGudkem;axmifr,fqdkwJh t&yf0wfppftpdk;&&JŒ
¶dk;om;wnf=unfr_uawmh wurBm vHk;todygyJ? olwdk@[m trSefw&m;ukd&,lcsifwmr[kwfyJ
olw@kd tm%mwnf+raJ &;twGuf enf;emawGuo kd mvdk csiw f mjzpfygw,f? 'gomru wckcjk zpfomG ;&if
tJ't D }uaH y;tzG@J udk toH;k jyK+y;D tiSm;Adu k ef @J "m;xd;k cHwmawmif jzpfEikd yf gao;w,f? wu,fusawmh't D pd;k &[m
olw@kd udt k ckvt kd }uaH y;tzG@J ay;ygv@kd t}uaH y;wJv h rl sKd ;awGqu D t}u^H m%fawGuykd t J "duxm; &,laerSmyg?
usew f v
hJ al wGuakd wmh vSsmjywfatmifajymOD;awmh “zkwaf vwJih yd ¶Sw d ,f” vd@k awmif,q l rSmr[kwyf gb;l ?
ajym&&if 'Dt}uaH y;tzG@J eJ@ tm%m&ppfAv kd af wGt=um;u jy\emujynfov l x l t k wGuf
odyt f a&;r}u;D ygb;l ? ta&;}u;D wmu 'daemufu, G rf mS bmtpDtpOf/ t}ut H pnfawG¶w dS ,fqw kd mygy?J
txufrmS a&;cJo h vdk OD;ae0if;wke;f uvnf; olvyk cf siw f mvkyzf @kd twGuf 33OD;tzGŒJ udk azmfxw k t f oH;k
cscJ h w mjzpf y gw,f ? OD ; Ad k v f o d e f ; pd e f tpd k ; &ua&m b,f v d k j ynf o l t ay: zd E S d y f w J h a jcvS r f ; awG /
'grrS [kww f ikd ;f jynfb¾m ud, k t fh w
d xf x J nfw h hJ ajcvSr;f awG vSr;f rSmrd@k 'Dvv kd yk v
f mw,fqw kd m pOf;pm;
jyifqif=uzd@k vdyk gw,f?
typf&yftzG@J awG/ trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKy/f usew f t hJ oHxu G af eolawG/ owdt}u;D qH;k
xm;&r,fh tcsed f wckygy?J
&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;
53
vGwNf ird ;f csr;f omcGiq

hf wkd mu
azmfjyvdu k wf hJ
vufawG o h abmxm;wck
&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;
ArmjynfwjynfvHk;/ wurBmvHk;uawmif;qdk arSsmfvifhae=uwJh EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;

rsm;udv k w $ af y;a&; jy\emudk etztarGct H &yf0wfppftpd;k &u 'Dv16&ufae@rSmta=umif;jyefvu kd yf g+y/D
tcsdefu OD;odef;pdef tif'dkeD;¶Sm;u jyefvmump/ w¶kwfjynfudk oGm;rvdk@ txkyftydk;
jyifaewJhtcsdef? wkdufqdkif wmvm;? csdefudkufvkyfwmvm;? pOf;pm;p&mawGtrsm;}uD; jzpfaeygw,f?
tmpD,HOuUÏ vkyfcGifhtajzrxGufvdk@ ywfr}uD;udkxkd;azmufjywmvm;/ w¶kwftpdk;&avmufawmh
'gavmufvkyfjyvdkuf&if &ygw,fvdk@wGufwmvm;/ aocsmwmuawmh vHk;0r¶dk;om;wmygyJ?
wu,fu 'DumvwavSsmufrSm Armjynf&JŒ ,Hk=unfcsufa=umihftusOf;usaewJh EdkifiHa&;
tusOf;om;awG udkv$wfay;a&;qdkwJh awmif;qdkcsufawG/ ajymqdkoHawG jynfwGif; jynfyrSmem;
vSsHaeatmif=um;ae&ygw,f? trsdK; om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfuvkyfwJh vufrSwfpkaqmif;yGJrSm
vufrw S x f ;kd vdu
k wf hJ Armjynfu vufvyk v f ufpm;qif; &Jom;utp ukor*~twGi;f a&;rª;&JŒud, k pf m;vS,f
ADa*s;erfb;D ,m;txd tm;vH;k woHwnf;xGu/f wavxJ awmif;qdak e=uwJh udpjP zpfygw,f?
tJ'Dvdktaetxm;rsdK;rSm tckvdk axmiftESpf200/ 65 ESpfusaeoludk wESpfavSsmhay;
vduk w f ,fv@kd qdv k ukd wf m[m tm;vH;k udk apmfum;vdu k w f mjzpfygw,f? Adv k o f ed ;f pdew
f @kd &JŒtckvyk f &yf[m
t*Fvyd f pum;xJu add insult to injury qdw k hJ “xdcu
kd af tmifvyk x f m;oltay: apmfum;r_pu G vf u kd wf ,f”
qdkwmvdkyJ tm;vHk;udk tapmfum;}uD; apmfum;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f? avSmifcsdKifhxJrSmxnhfxm;wJh
wd&p>mefawGukd pwm ajymifwm[m tifrwef¶ikd ;f w,fq&kd if axmifxrJ mS tESp2f 00 axmifcscaH e&wJv h ul kd
'Dvdkoa&mfavSmif ajymifwm[m ydkvdk@awmif¶dkif;ygao;w,f? 'Dtjzpftysufu OD;odef;pdeforRw
jzpf+yq
D w kd ek ;f u ol@udk yk*Kd~ vaf &;t& cs;D rGr;f cef;xkwcf o hJ rl sm;udk oifcef;pm xyfay;w,fv@kd ,lrw S &f rSmygy?J
wu,fusawmh EdkifiHwumua&m olwdk@udk ydwfqdk@r_awGvkyfae=uwJh EdkifiHawGuyg
t&yf0wfppftpd;k &&JŒ tckvv kd yk &f yfukd auseyfrmS r[kwb f ;l qdw
k m OD;ode;f pdew
f @kd aumif;aumif;odygw,f?
tJ'v D o kd v d suef @J 'D¶ikd ;f ys apmfum;vSwx hJ wk jf yefcsuu f kd orRwOD;ode;f pdef emrnfe@J xkwjf yefv f u dk w f m[m
'DppfAdkvfawG bmt0wftpm;yJ 0wfxm;/ 0wfxm;/ olwdk@&JŒ twGif;oabmxm;jzpfwJh jynfwGif;jynfy
54
b,fo@l udrk *S ¶krpdu k b f ;l qdwk hJ armufrmr_ukd vH;k 0rpGe@f v$wb f ;l qdwk mudk azmfjyvdu k w f mjzpfygw,f?
txl;ojzifh ukvor*~twGif;a&;rª;&JŒ udk,fpm; vS,f[m Adkvfodef;pdefwdk@eJ@'DudpPudkajym+yD;
jyefoGm;vdk@&ufydkif;av;twGif;rSmyJ vkyfcsvdkufwmjzpfaeawmh ADa*s;erf bD;,m;&JŒ ausmjyifudk
Adv
k cf sKyaf wGu ar;aigah ewmudak wmif jrif&ovdv k ¶kd adS eygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dtpd;k &opf&ŒJ aumif;uGuaf wGukd
cspw f ;D acgi;f oef;¶Smovd¶k mS +y;D cs;D rGr;f cef;xkwaf ewJyh *k Kd~ vaf wG tckawmh bmrsm;ajymygO;D rvJ vd@k awmif
ar;csifp&mjzpfaeyg+yDf?
etzwjzpfvJ t&yf0wfppftpdk;&&JŒ 'Dv_yf¶Sm;r_[m trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf&JŒ
wae@wjcm;axmufcHoleJ@ axmufcHwJhtzGJ@tpnf;awGrsm;jym;vmaewJh v_yf¶Sm;r_udkwkef@jyef
tajzay;vdkufwmjzpfw,fqdkwmuawmh ¶Sif;ae ygw,f? wcsdKŒtm%m&olawG[m vlxk&JŒqENukd
wdkuf¶dkufr&ifqdkifyJ 'Dvdkenf;eJŒwkef@jyeftajzay;avh¶Sdygw,f? 'g[m olwdk@&JŒarmufrmr_/ r¶dk;om;r_
udkazmfjywmjzpf¶Hkru vlxk}uD;udkr&ifqdkif&Ja=umif;/ trSefw&m;udkr&ifqdkif &Ja=umif; azmfjywm
vnf;jzpfygw,f?
wygwnf;rSmaxmufjyzdk@vdkwmwcku OD;odef;pdefwdk@&JŒ t&yf0wfppftpdk;&[m etz&JŒ
&ef!d_;tmCmwawG/ vkyfenf;vkyf[efawGudk yk'frwckrusefqufcHxm;w,fqdkwJh tcsufjzpfygw,f?
'ghtjyif tusOf;om;awGudk v$wfwmawmif uqkefvjynhfae@rSm v$wfw,fqdkwJh ppftkyfpkawG&JŒ
,=wm0goemudkyg qufcHxm;wmvnf; rSwfavmufom;avmuf owdxm;rdygw,f? 'ga=umihf
ppfAdkvfcsKyfawG[m t&yf0wf ajymif;vdkufwmeJ@/ ypyfu ewfpum;xGufvdkufwmeJ@ o¾mef
a&mtES p f o m&ygajymif ; oG m ;+yD v d k @ ajymaeol a wG u d k 'D “ jynf a xmif p k o rR w jref r mEd k i f i H a wmf /
EdkifiHawmforRw¶Hk;/ trdef@trSwf 28§2011”qdkwmudk vuf!d_;xdk;jy+yD; b,fhES,f¶Sdp vdk@ ar;vdkufzdk@
aumif;ygw,f?
'D t &yf 0 wf ppf t pd k ; &buf u =unh f & if 'D , H k = unf c suf a =umif h tusOf ; cscH a e&wJ h
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudk tcktcsdefrSm v$wfay;vdkufw,fqdkwm[m 'Dae@ArmEdkifiHjynfol
awGeJ@EdkifiHwumu awmif;qdkaewmudk tavSsmhay;vdkuf&musr,f/ tJ'Dv_yf¶Sm;r_awGudk todtrSwf
jyKvdkuf&musr,f/ aemifrSm tpOftvmjzpfoGm;r,f pojzifh ylyefp&mawG ¶SdEdkifygw,f? 'grsdK;udk
olwdk@&JŒ“v$wfawmf”xJrSmwifjyw,fqdk&if tomav;acgufxm;vdkufvdk@jzpf ygw,f? 'gayrJh tckvdk
Armod-urBmod wifjyvmwmudak wmh olw@kd taeeJ@ rwke@f jyefv@kd r&wmeJ@ wke@f jyefjyvdu k wf m jzpfygw,f?
wu,fawmh Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;v$waf &;[m 'Dru kd a&pDta&;eJ@ wdu k ¶f u kd q
f ufpyfaewJt h jyif
txifom tjrifomqHk; azmfjycsufwckvnf;jzpfygw,f? 'Djy\emrSm OD;odef;pdefwdk@[m t&ifetzeJ@
oabmxm;wckwnf; qdkwmudk=unhf&if 2010a¶G;aumufyGJa=umifh ArmjynfrSm bmtajymif;tvJ
jzpfcw hJ ,fqw kd m ¶Si;f aeygw,f?
'ghtjyif 'Dt&yf0wfppftpdk;&[m etz&JŒ rlay:vpDawGomru vkyfenf;vkyf[efawGudkyg
tukefqufcH xm;wmjzpfavawmh ArmjynfjynfolawGbufu ajym&&ifvnf;h udk,hfta&;awmf
yHk&JŒvuQ%m/ udk,fwif&r,hf a=uG;a=umfoHpwmawG[m bmrSrajymif;vJoihfygbl;? etzudk
qef@usiw f u
kd yf 0JG ifcw
hJ ek ;f u tvHuykd v J i$ x
fh +l y;D tJ't D a&;awmfyu kH ykd J qufvufwu kd yf 0JG if=u&rSmyg?
"m;aoG ; aewJ h v l [ m pd w f u l ; ,Of a erd & if "m;rxuf b l ; jzpf w wf y gw,f ? rawmf & if
ud, k v hf ufu¶kd S wmawmif jzpfwwfygw,f?
&Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;
55
&ifckefoHq&mMuD;twGuf
bkb
d v
dk ef;pif
usaemf. xl;qef;aom uavmif

emrnfESifhywfoufI ar;jref;vmorSsukd
t=udrfa&rsm;pGm &Sif;jy&mY '*kefwm&m.
“jrjrvef;pif” 0wˆKukd }udKufonfrStp
&S i f t k e f ; nd K . *gxmajcmuf q ,f y sKd Œ xd
&Sif;jy&ygonf? usaemf. yxrqkH;ykHESdyfpmrSm
“wm&m/ 'kd&m/ arESifh wdrfckd;rSsif”? Tum;
pum;csyf?
&Siu
hf Asmq&m
tifwmeufay:wGif pmqkdysH
oifrsm;u bmombm0 tcspfuAsm cHpm;r_
uAsmrsm; a&;=uzwf=uawG@ &aomtcg
'*kefwm&m. “&ifckefoHuAsmrsm;twGuf”
qkdonfh 1960 u 0wˆKwkdukd owd&rdonf?
'*kew
f m&m. tvuFmuAsmrsm; (1962/ tzk;H - yef;csOD ;D tke;f vGi)f emrnfausmf tcspfuAsmq&mwa,mufukd
pmzwfy&dowf uAsm&l;pm&l; trsKd;orD;wOD;u umrbkO…m[d zdwf=um;{nfhcHykH tcspfuAsmrsm;ukd
oa&mfonfh 0wˆKuav;yg?
“usaemfonf pmaya0zefa&;orm;b0rS avSsmusI cifOrRm. tvSb@JG uAsmrsm; pyfqadk om
aysmfawmfquf jzpfae&ay+yD? ²²²
“Ekuawmh q&m? uAsmukd ESvkH;ckefoHeJ@ pnf;csufvkduf+yD; a&;w,f? uAsm[m toJESvkH;&JŒ
bmompum;yJ r[kwfvm;q&m? [if”
“²²² olronf acgif;pOfqef;qef;rsm; wyfavh&Sdonf? avSsmhygOD; cspfolyifhul&,f/ aoG;pdrf
toJwjcrf;/ usr aoaomtcg/ usm;ukd &if0,fykdufvkdonf/ acgif;avmif;xkd;oHESifh ¶_dufoH?²²²
“²² usaemf vli,fawGudk tm;ay;ygw,f? 'gayrJh +r;D aumifayguu f av;awGudk ynmray;bJ
pmzwfy&dowf wkd;atmif tm;ay;aejcif;rsKd;uawmh roifhavsmfbl;vkd@xifyg
w,f? 'g[m tnGe@f tanSmufudk ysKd ;axmifjyKpak y;&mra&mufygb;l ? tckacwfu vrf;o&J/ zke;f o&Jwif
&Sdwmr[kwfzl;? uAsmo&J/ pmo&JawGvnf; &Sdae+yD? ²²²”
wu,fawmh '*kew f m&monfvnf; tcspEf iS u hf if;+y;D pmqkcd o
hJ l r[kwyf g? w[Dwo D mG ;&atmif/
aiGavSay:u terf; ponfh emrnfausmf cHpm;r_uAsmrsm;ukd tawG;opf ta&;opfjzifh zGJ@oDcJholyif?
ol@vrf;a=umif;ukd csŒJ xGipf yfonfh =unfat;/ csp'f gv/D aemif ponfh vli,frsm;. wacwfyif ¶_r0r*~Zif;rS
xGe;f um;cJah o;onf? ok@d aomf '*kew f m&monf ppfrjzpfcifuyif avmutrGev f dk qk&d ,
S vf pfuAsmrsK;d jzifh
'*ke-f acwfprf; tkypf rk S cGx
J u
G vf mcJo
h nf? rwfvawmfveS af &;u pmayopftp[k qkEd idk o f nf? OuUvmy/
56
tkdb,fhokcrdef tokd@enf;/ rdrdukd,fukd rJZmokd@ ykd@jcif;/ rkef;rS u,fvDzkd;eD;,m;okd@ ponfh ,ae@txd

zG@J pyfvmorSs uAsmrsm;wGiu f m; +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ nDnw
G rf sS wa&; cHpm;csuw
f @dk u yku
d aJ eonfudk pmzwforl sm;
od=uygonf? '*kew f m&m. uAsmonf tm¶kaH =umysujf ym;onfh uAsm/ vdipf w d ZW x=uIG r&Surf a=umuf
n}uD;rif;}uD;xkdif+yD; zGJ@onfh =umjcnfbm0rsm; r[kwfyg? (i,fi,fu &J&Jawmufoavmuf }uD;cgrS
“om;azmuf” uAsmawG wGifwGifpyfoGm;onfh q&m}uD;wOD;ukd pdwfysufp&m awG@cJhzl;ygonf?)
,Ofaus;r_. &xm;rª;
ude;f b&pfcsu f yg&*laygupf wa,muf '*kew f m&mESihf awG@zl;pOfu t*Fvyd v f dk b,fvadk &vnfpmG
ajymykHukd txifw}uD; ajymonfukd rSwfrdaeygonf? '*kefwm&monf vlawGodaom “yef;Eka&miftkd”
vuf0JpmqkdrSs r[kwfyg? 'kwd,urBmppfrjzpfcif tm&SukdvkdeD +rdKŒ }uD;rsm;wGif xGef;um;cJhaom *vkdb,f
ujym;,Ofaus;r_w&yf. ouf&t dS arGvnf; jzpfygonf? pEN&m;q&monf a=u;eef;¶k;H &efuek t f oHvi$ ¶hf rHk S
v$iw hf wfaom ylpw D &l , d m0kid ;f ponfh a=u;&wwfom;orD;rsm;. taysmx f rf;wD;0kid ;f rsm;. vufpjJG zpfonf?
ausmif;om;or*~ &efykHaiGtwGuf xkdacwfu bkdtqefqkH; tqkdawmf bdvyfjyefoef;ESifh cspf'kuQukd
¶kyf&Sifwif¶kdufzkd@ =uHcJholawGxJ olvnf; ygonf? xkdacwfu “trSwfw&” qkdEkdifonfh txufwef;pm;
t&yfysufrav; “ar” ukd cspfoem; usef&pfatmif Zmwfvkdufvkyfa&;cJholyifwnf;? “olonf um;ukd
zdwfac:avonf?” (wa&;a&;/ 1939) rSm xkdacwfu armf'efta&;?
1940-50 ausmfu a0gh'pPaetjym/ &Dwma[;0yft+yHK;/ bufwD*a&b,f. aygifwHtum;
ponfh tar&duef ukefonftEkynm zvifykH&dyfawG tifwmeufrSm azmaX;atmif awG@&awmh
olrjrifawmhonfw h idk af tmif =um;rdapcsio f nf? rSwrf ad o;awmh/ rEœav;wGif rsupf v d mjyonfh tacguu f
ukov dk af wmfb&k m;em; ac:oGm;=u&m bk&m;a&SŒu a&uefudk bmta&mifv[ J k ar;onfq. dk ? 0if;0if;jrifh
(eef;awmfa&SŒ ) u “pdrf;ykyf}uD;yg q&m&,f” [k qkdawmh “jrpdrf;a&mifayghAsm” [k yef;csDq&mu
qkad vonf? olcpH m;wwfovkd pmzwfy&dowf jrifvmatmif zG@J EG@jJ y&mwGiv f nf; wzufurf;a&mufoyl g?
ol. tEkpw d tf a&;tawG;a=umifh avmutvSudk jrifwwf/ ,Ofaus;r_oabmukd xif[yfvmEkid af om
tEkynmonfaygif;vnf; renf;awmh? urBmh,Ofaus;r_ tarGpkukd jrefrmhwkdif;&if;om;¶kd;&mESifh pe,f+yD;
vGwfvyfaom trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_opf ay:xGufatmif wm&macwfwGif olysKd;=uJcJhonf?
!SdxGef;a&$wkdif
[kdwavmu vlxkpdef0if;u wkdif;jynfwckukd xlaxmifawmhr,fqkd&if oabmw&m;ygwJh
0wˆK}uD;awG vlawGzwfp&m &Sd&w,f/ ckacwf pmayawGrSm 1950 ausmfu vuf0J0wˆK}uD;awGvkdrsKd;
vlxkukd v_H@aqmfEkdifwmr&Sdawmh[k aqmf=oonfukd zwfvkduf&onf? TacwfwGif tef*sDtkdvkdif;cs
ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;0wˆK/ vli,fynmay;/ awmobm0 raemtxmusavmuf a&;wwfvSsif
=uufqlawmtv,f aZmfqGJEkdifatmif pmayu acwfysufae&m Aef;armfwifatmif/ ocifjroef;/
ewfE, G x
f m;bd/ armifxif/ *sme,fausmrf rav;/ cifEiS ;f ,kavmufyif vloal v;yg; av;pm;p&mu touf
60 atmufwef;awGrSm rusefvSawmhyg?
urBmh,Ofaus;r_ tarGpkukd jrefrmh wkdif;&if;om; ¶kd;&mESifh pe,f+yD; vGwfvyf aom trsKd;om;
,Ofaus;r_opf ay:xGuf atmif wm&macwfwGif ol ysKd;}uJcJhonf?
xkd'Da&edrhf a&aoxJrSaeI pmayonf jynfol@twGuf[k ,kH=unf&mukd &J&J}uD;csjyum
EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac: &otzGJ@ avmutjrif tqifhjrifhjrifh a&;cJh=uonfh wacwfESifh xkdacwftp
57
wm&mr*~Zif;zcif '*kefwm&m. aus;Zl;ukd txl;atmufarh&awmhonf?

ol@0wˆKawGu ay;onfh teD;ta0; orkid ;f jzwfoef;r_ um;csyaf wGuvnf;
,ckacwfxd csdefxkd;tuJjzwfvkd@&ao;onf? ukdif;aeaomaygufyifrsm;/
vufvufavm a&$a&mifavm/ q,faEGq,frkd;/ ocif=uufaoG;.
usqkH;cef;/ ykdpwmuyfol/ aoewfoH? 1950-60 wGif; urBmhppf
at;*,uf E S i f h vuf 0 J v uf s mt+yd K if =oZmvk c sd e f r k d @ pmayonf
tEkynmtwGuf vkid ;f uvnf; y&dowfudk v$r;f rk;d Ekid &f ef ajymifajrmufaom
tEkynmrsm; xkwv f yk cf o
hJ nf? armifxif/ cifEiS ;f ,k/ aomfwmaqG/ xifvif;/
pdefpdef²² ? [kdwkef;u ¶_r0ygwum;?
'*kefwm&monf EkdifiHa&;rvkyfaomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;aoG;=uJ
1960 ausmf csufukdpvkdAufuD;,m;
y&m[m;+rdKŒxkwf EsL;tkd&D&ifhr*~Zif;rS olr[kw?f acwftqufquf tcsK;d tauG@rsm;wGif “rSeef ef;tok;H cH” tjzpf
jroDwm. jrefrmpmayta=umif; EkdifiHa&;oDv ajymufusm;cHcJholvnf; r[kwf? q&mr_dif;pum;ESifhqkdvSsif
aqmif;yg;yg pma&;q&m}uD;rsm;
“uG s ef 0 ,f & m ol t qpf r ygcJ h ” ? Ek d i f i H a &;wG i f pmay. u¾uk d
ajymifajrmufapcJhol/ pmayu EkdifiHa&;aemuf+rD;qGJ r[kwfbJ acwfukd
vrf;n$efEkdifcJhol ywfum;pma&;q&m/ &JabmfA[def;. opPm&SdvSpGmaom
cspfaqG?
orkdif;onfrqkH;
rEœav;wGif olEiS hf zke;f ajymavh&pdS Ofu [kw d ,fr,fu q&mhu, dk af wG@vm;²²²

“'Dvkdar;jref;a&;&wmayghAsm [J[J”/ b,f0wˆKu b,fZmwfaumif[m
tjyif r S m b,f o l @ uk d =unf h a &;wm r[k w f v m; ponf j zif h
‘ar’ 0wˆK rl&if;a&;ol t*Fvdyfpma&;q&m/
jyZmwfq&m bDAmvDepfukd;
vl}uD;oabmaumif;oavmuf pyfpkrdvSsif olu +yHK;jrjrESifh “cifAsm;
(beverley-nichol) awmfawmfow d myJ” [k jyefajymwwfyu Hk dk ckxd c%c% owd&aerdonf?
vli,fawG acwfukd odatmiftm;xkwfonfh &Sm;yg; jrefrm
vl } uD ; wa,muf x H r S vl } uD ; awG jzwf o ef ; cJ h y k H u k d od v k d p d w f E S i f h
zvS,rf jd cif;om jzpfonf? &eforl &Sd rdwaf qGom&S[ d k a&;ajymaeus ol@xHrS
jynfoltrsm;pk}uD;ESifh xyfwlcHpm;wwfonfh tjrifpum;awGukdvnf;
=um;zl;onf?
a=omf arhv@dk ? ql;iSux f rH S =um;zl;aom '*kew f m&mykjH yifwcku
aumvdyf*sifema&;wGif OuUÏ}uD; OD;ae0if; vmar;pOf jyefcgeD; ol@ukd “
cifAsm; rkqkd;0wˆKawG a&;ao;vm;As” [k E_wfqufoGm;onf qkdonf?
tkdb,fh '*kef(Akdvf)wm&m? &mausmfouf&Snf+yD; jynfol@&ifckefoH
qENjynfh0atmif tm;ay;ygOD;?
'*kefwm&m. ‘ar’ (pwWKxt}udrf
1973/ tzkH; - yef;csDOD;b&ifav;)
(ar 10 '*kefwm&m 92 ESpfjynfhokd@)
bkb
d v
dk ef;pif
(www.mizzimaburmese.com rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)

58
jrefrmhumwGef;q&m}uD; OD;b*srf;onf 1926 ckESpfwGif aumvdyfausmif;om;b0Y

aumvdyfr*~Zif;xJwGif umwGef;pwifa&;qGJ&mrS umwGef;q&m}uD; jzpfvmoljzpfonf? OD;b*srf;.
yxrqH;k yHEk ydS af zmfjycH&onfh umwGe;f yHrk mS aumvdyaf bmf'gaqmifY xrif;auGs;onft h cg [if;zwfenf;+y;D
t&nfrsm;aeonfh ta=umif; a&;qGJxm;onfhyHk jzpfonf? xdk@aemuf q&m}uD;onf paumufac:
uif;wyftzGJ@u xkwfa0onfh ‘bm;rm;bGKdif’ (Burma boy) r*~Zif;ESifh u0drsufrSef r*~Zif;rsm;Y
umwGef;rsm; qufvuf a&;qGJcJhonf?
&efukefaumvdyfY tdkifattxufwef;txd ynmoif=um;+yD;aemuf ausmif;xGufI
twGif;0ef¶Hk; (aemif 0ef}uD;rsm;¶Hk;)wGif wv 90 usyfjzifh pma&; 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifcJhonf? odk@aomf
tcsKyftjc,f rcHcsifaoma=umihf tvkyfrSxGufvdkuf.?
q&m}u;D u h h h h
“yef;csDq&mwdk@/ umwGef;q&mwdk@[m pdwfeJ@ywfouf+yD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aecsif=uw,f/
csKycf s,rf u
_ kd wpdwu f av;rS cHcsi=f uwmr[kwb f ;l ” [k aemifwiG f oltvkyrf S xGucf &H yHu
k kd ajymjycJo
h nf?
xdk@rSsru emrnfausmf=um;vmaomtcg zqyv tpdk;&u &mxl;}uD;}uD;ay;+yD; cef@xm;onfudkvnf;
jiif;y,fcJhavonf? “tpdk;&tvkyf rajymeJ@/ q&myifwdkif umwGef;qJGaewJh owif;pmwdkufu
vcpm;cef@onfuykd if rvky[ f ”k qdo k nf?
q&mOD;b*srf;onf tEkynm
orm;yDyD tcsKyftcs,fudk r}udKuf/ vGwf
vGwf vyf aexdik w f wfovd/k ol@uavmifukd jrefrmhumwGe;f 0dZm…
uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_udkvnf; rcHcsifay?
Tonf E S i f h ywf o uf I umwG e f ;
q&mOD;baxG;. “umwGef;OD;b*srf;ESifh
OD;b*srf;
olwdk@tjrif” pmtkyfY“ppftwGif; *syef od y ` H c spf o l
acwfwek ;f u udb k *sr;f eJ@ yef;csD udb
k =unf
u jyef=um;a&;XmerSm 0ifvkyf w,f?
q&muawmh *syeftpdk;&xkwf Armhacwf
owif;pmrSm vcpm;umwGe;f q&mtjzpf
eJ@ umwGe;f qGw J ,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u oHjzLZ&yfrmS azmufaewJh ,d;k ',m;-jrefrm rD;&xm;vrf; twGuf
v_@HaqmfwJhumwGef;yHkwyHkudk OD;b*srf;[m qGJay;w,f? tJ'D acGs;wyfxJ0if&if vc/ &duQm/ t0wf/
aq;0g;aumif;aumif; &Edkifr,fqdkwmawG ygw,f? wae@rSm udkb*srf;[m blwmbufa&mufvdk@
acGs;wyfom;awG t0wfrjynfph /kH tpm;csKŒd iJ/h aq;0g;vnf;r&Sb d J 'kuaQ &mufaewmawG awG@&awmh pdwx f cd u
kd +f y;D
qufrvkyaf wmhbJ anmifwek ;f jyefaew,f? aemuf ppf+y;D rS &efuek jf yefvmw,f”
“+y;D awmh zqyv tpd;k &u ol@udk &mxl;}u;D ay;+y;D cef@ygr,fqckd zhJ ;l wmjzpfayr,fh q&mOD;b*sr;f u
zqyv tpdk;&udkvnf; ol@umwGef;eJ@a0zef/ zqyv&JŒ jynfawmfom pDrHudef;qdkwm}uD;udkvnf;
oa&mfvkyfcJhwmyg? tJ'DvdkyJ twdkuftcHawGudkvnf; tvGwfray;ygbl;? olu yk*~Kdvfa&; roa&mfbl;?
acwfudkom oa&mfwm/ olu owif; pmzwf/ wdkif;jynfrSm bmjzpfaeovJqdkwm tuJjzwf+yD;awmh
umwGe;f a&;wmyJ/ ol r}uKd u&f if a&;cdik ;f vd@k r&bl;/ ol ,H=k unfwmudk qef@usi+f y;D b,fawmhrS ra&;bl;?
azmfvHvnf; rzm;bl;” [lI rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf?
59
q&m}uD; umwGef;OD;azodef;uvnf; ol. “pme,fZif;umwGef;ordkif; pmwrf;” wGif

“tEkynm&Siw f a,muftaejzifh OD;b*sr;f . txl;jcm;qH;k *k%t f *FgrmS aiGrrufjcif; jzpfonf? OD;b*sr;f onf
aiG&&eftwGuf umwGef;qGJonf r[kwf/ olonf wdkif;jynftwGuf umwGef;qGJaeonf[laom
,H=k unfcsujf zihf a&;qGaJ ejcif;jzpfonf” [k a&;om;xm;avonf?
tdk;a0OD;ndKjruvnf; q&mOD;b*srf;ESifhywfoufI TuJhodk@ aumufcsufcscJhyg onf?
“q&mOD;b*sr;f [m pdwo f abmxm; El;nHah ysmah ysmif;olwa,mufyg? 'gayr,fh ol@odumQ udk
xdyg;vm&ifawmh qwfqwfxd rcHwwfygbl;? rmevnf;}uD;ygw,f”
wzef umwGe;f OD;ausmq f ef;(uq) uvnf; -
“tJ'Dtcg q&mOD;b*srf;[m umwGef;udk pufeJ@vSnfhxkwfovdk a&;aewJhtcgaygh/ q&mu
umwGef;ukd [dkjyif'DjyifvkyfwJhwdkufudkawmh umwGef;ray;bl;? wcgvnf; owif;pmwdkuf}uD;wwdkufu
Edik if t
H zG@J tpnf;wckukd aqmfwu hJ mwGe;f wcka&;yd@k zd@k OD;b*sr;f udk csO;f uyfw,f? ay;aeus umwGe;f c 25
usyt f pm; 50 ay;ygrh ,fv@kd vnf; ajymw,f? tJ'aD wmh OD;b*sr;f u 50 r[kw/f 5000 ay;vnf; ra&;bl;?
usKyfqDu umwGef;&zdk@vnf; rarSsmfvifheJ@awmhqdk+yD; tJ'Dwdkufudk umwGef;jzwfxm;vdkufw,f? +yD;awmh
q&mOD;b*srf;u usaemfwdk@udk pmrsm;rsm;zwfzdk@ wdkufwGef;avh&Sdw,f? wzufom; epfemoGm;atmif
ra&;bJ [moaESm+yD; cHomatmifa&;zdk@ tjrJajymw,f? "rR"dÏmefusus a&;zdk@vnf; ajymw,f/
olrsm;cdkif;wdkif; ra&;bJ udk,f,HkrS a&;zdk@vnf; qHk;rw,f” [lI azmufonfcscJhonf?
od k @ uvd k rd r d , H k = unf c suf E S i f h rd r d c H , l c suf u d k twd r f ; tapmif ; rcH ol @ uavmif j zif h
a0zefoifhonfxifvSsif &J&J0Hh0HhwifjychhJaom umwGef;q&m}uD; OD;b*srf;udk 1902 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 20
&uf=umoyaw;ae@wGif {&m0wDwikd ;f / anmifwek ;f +rKd Œ/ 9 vrf;Y tz yd;k ukeo f nf OD;azmif/ trd a':jrpfw@kd rS
zGm;jrifcJhonf? arG;csif; 6 a,mufteuf yOPrajrmuf jzpfonf?
i,fpOfu anmifwek ;f +rKd Œ t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ESpb f momausmif;wGif pwif ynmoif=um;+y;D aemuf
&efukef+rdKŒ/ ul&Sifausmif;odk@ ajymif;a&$Œum owWrwef;rSpI ynmqnf;yl;&m xdkausmif;rSyif
q,fwef;atmifco hJ nf? yHq k bJG momudk tydb k momtjzpf ,lum q,fwef;atmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? c&pfEpS f
1924 wGif &efuek af umvdyo f @kd a&mufI tdik af t (OyZm 0dZm… ) txufwef;txd qufvufynm qnf;yl;
cJah vonf?
OD;b*srf;onf jrefrmumwGef; odk@r[kwf ¶kyfajymifavmuwGif txl;xif&Sm;aom umwGef;
q&mwOD; jzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppfrwdkifrD oHk;av;ESpfcef@rS uG,fvGefonf? 1953 ckESpfwdkifatmif
jrefrmEdik if w H iG f tausm=f um;qH;k / vl}uKd ut f rsm;qH;k aom umwGe;f tEkynm&Si}f u;D jzpfc&hJ m ‘umwGe;f 0dZm… ’
[lI cs;D usL;ac:a0:jcif;cH&ayonf?
OD;b*sr;f . yxrqH;k a&;qGaJ om umwGe;f onf 1926 ckEpS x f w k f &efuek af umvdyf r*~Zif;wGif
ygcJhavonf? &efukefaumvdyfrS xGufaomtcg u0drsufrSefr*~Zif;/ &,f&$ifzG,f tvif;r*~Zif;/
&,f&$ifzG,f*sme,f/ &efukefa*Zuf t*Fvdyfowif;pm/ 'D;'kwf*sme,f/ ol&d,/ jrefrmhtvif;/ Armhacwf/
[Hom0wD ponfh owif;pmrsm;ESifh '*kef/ ¶_r0r*~Zif;rsm;/ ,k0wD*sme,fwdk@wGif ¶kyfajymifumwGef;rsm;
a&;qGcJ o hJ nf?
[mo¶kyfajymifumwGef;rsm;omru a=umfjimumwGef;rsm;/ yHkjyifumwGef; ¶kyfpHkrsm;udkvnf;
a&;qGJonf? yJa&muf¶kyf&SifwGif yxrqHk; jrefrmumwGef;¶kyf&Sif ‘tol&m’ ESifh ‘=uufawmifuG’ [laom
Zmwfum;rsm;udk pDpOfa&;om; ¶dkuful;cJhonf? bD*sDpwD'D,dk [laomtrnfjzifh bavmufwdkuf
60
OD;b*sr;f tkw*f l
wnf a xmif c J h o nf ? ?tjyif / ‘a&$ + rd K Œawmf 0 wˆ K wd k u f ’
[l a omtrnf j zif h 0wˆ K rsm;xk w f a 0cJ h & m/ OD ; b*srf ;
udk,fwdkifa&;om;aom ‘nDrav;’ 0wˆKonf xdkwdkufrS
xGu&f cdS o
hJ nf?
OD ; b*srf ; onf umwG e f ; ¶k y f a jymif r sm;
a&;qGJ&mwGif udef;}uD;cef;}uD;r&SdbJ tvsm; 5 ay/ teH 4
ay cef@&Sdaom pm;yGJa[mif;}uD;ay:wGif uwfxljym;cif;um
a&;qGcJ ohJ nf? v,f*smpuUL tjymEka&mifukd trsm;qH;k toH;k jyKum a&;qGcJ o hJ nf? w¶kwrf ifawmifu h v kd nf;
aoG;I oH;k wwfonf? ¶kyyf rkH sm;udk ta&mifay;aomtcgrsm;wGif csnq f ;kd aq; a&mifpw kH @kd jzifh ay;avh&o dS nf?
OD;b*srf;onf pme,fZif;rsm;wGif rdrdtmabmfjzifh a&;onfhyHkjyifrsm;udk ‘b*srf;’ [lI
vufrw S t f jynft h pHk a&;xd;k +y;D / rdrt d mabmfr[kwb f J tjcm;olrsm;. tmabmfukd o¶kyaf zmfay;&aomtcg
bD*sD (B.G) [lI twdak umuf vufrw S af &;xk;d avonf?
Ed k i f i H j cm;Y ynmqnf ; yl ; &m tpd k ; &u apv$ w f r nf q d k a omf v nf ; vd k v d k c sif c sif r&d S /
jiif;qefcahJ vonf? OD;b*sr;f wGif ud, k yf ikd Zf mwfaumifrsm;&Scd o hJ nf? Armhacwf owif; pmwGif OD;azsmufqyd /f
[Hom0wD owif;pmwGif ‘csm&m%oD armifajrZm’ ponfwdk@ jzpfonf? Zmwfaumif OD;azsmufqdyfudk
'kwd,urBmppfrwdkifrDu ol&d, owif;pmwGif a&;+yD; ppf+yD;aomtcg ol&d,owif;pmwdkufu r,lI
Armhacwfowif;pmwdu k o f @kd ajymif;ay;cJo h nf?
OD;b*srf;onf yk*~dKvfa&;t& oa&mf+yD; a&;om;jcif; rjyKcJhay? acwfESihf p¶dkuf obm0udkom
t"duxm; oa&mfcJhonf? ae@pOfxkwf owif;pmrsm;udk zwf¶_um wdkif;jynfwGif; jzpfysufaeaom
ta=umif;udpw P @kd udk avhvmtuJjzwf+y;D rS umwGe;f a&;qGaJ vh&o dS nf?
“OD;b*sr;f pum;ajymvSsif ovdyu f yfoyH gonf? pum;ajymvSsif avoHw;kd wd;k jzifh ajymwwfonf?
&,f & $ i f z G , f & mrsm;ud k tjrJ a jymavh & S d o nf ? umwG e f ; ¶k y f a jymif r sm; a&;qG J v S s if qG J / rqG J v S s if
pmzwfaewwfonf” [lI q&m}u;D ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyfaexdik cf ahJ om OD;[depf eG ;f (1902-1987) u ajymonf?
q&m}uD;onf pmzwf0goemxHkI pmvnf;tvGefzwfol jzpfonf? pme,fZif;rsm;Y
tcgtcGifhoifhvSsif aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;qGJavh&Sdonf? q&m}uD;onf Av&Sifaq;jym; iHkxm;avh&Sdonf?
ud,k wf idk "f mwfy¶kH u kd wf wf¶rkH u zvifaq;jcif;/ ul;jcif; vkyif ef;rsm;udv k nf; Edik ef if;pGm vkyu f ikd Ef ikd o
f nf?
1936 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif yJcl;+rdKŒol a':cif=unfESifh vufxyfcJhonf? q&m}uD;.
vufxyfr*FvmyGJudk &efukef+rdKŒ uGefwifeifw,f taqmufttHkY usif;ycJhonf? q&mOD;b*srf;onf
a&S;OD;pGm &efuek +f rKd Œ 14 vrf;/ trSwf 48 aetdrw f iG f aexdik +f y;D xdrk w S qifh 13 vrf; trSwf 37 aetdro f @kd
ajymif;a&GŒaexkid o f nf?
1948 ckEpS w f iG f ZeD;a':cif=unfonf om;OD;a,mufsm;av; armifausmn f eG @f udk arG;zGm;+y;D aemuf
r=umrD uG,fvGefoGm;cJh&m q&m}uD;onf tvGefpdwfxdcdkufoGm;&&Smonf? xdk@a=umifh OD;b*srf;.
Zmwfvdkufausmf OD;azsmufqdyfonf &aoh0wfajymif;um &aoh}uD; OD;azsmufqdyf jzpfvm&onf?
1953 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif temyqkyfaygufum rusef;rrm jzpfvm+yD;vSsif t&G,faumif;
emrnfwufqt J csed w f iG f 1953 azazmf0g&v D 18 &uf Ak'[ < ;l ae@wGif uG,v f eG o
f mG ;cJah vonf? OD;b*sr;f .
=uGif;usefaom ¶kyfuvyfudk wmarG pmqdkawmf ok\efY *loGif;o+*õK[fcJhavonf? xdk@aemuf
wmarGpmqdak wmf ok\efukd awmfveS af &;aumfpaD cwfY zsuv f u
kd af oma=umifh q&m}u;D .tkw*f v l nf;
61
ysupf ;D oGm;avonf?
OD;b*sr;f uG,v f eG +f y;D aemuf 1954 ckEpS wf iG f &efuek +f rKd Œ *sLAvDa[mY tpd;k &u OD;b*sr;f twGuf
tvuF m ausmf p G m bG J @ ud k usef & pf o l OD ; b*srf ; . wOD ; wnf ; aomom; armif a usmf n G e f @ tm;
*k%fjyKay;tyfcsD;jrSifhcJhavonf? xdk*k%fjyKyGJY yef;ykynm&Sif OD;[efwif xkvkyfxm;aom OD;b*srf;.
ud,k w f ydik ;f yHwk l yef;yk¶yk u
f kd yef;csaD usmf OD;aiGuikd u
f zGiv hf pS af y;cJah vonf?
q&m}uD;OD;b*srf;onf zqyv tpdk;&ay;tyfcJhaom tvuFmausmfpGmbGJ@udk uG,fvGef+yD;rS
&&SdcJhaomfvnf; zqyv tpdk;&u tvuFmausmfpGmbGJ@rsm;/ 0ÀausmfxifbGJ@rsm; azmazmoDoD
ay;tyfaeonfudk oa&mfcJhavonf? zqyv tpdk;&onf pmayESifh tEkynmavmuY xif&Sm;cJhaom
q&m}uD; ocifudk,fawmifrd_if;/ Zmwfrif;om; a&$ref;wifarmif/ *Dwpmqdk a&$jynfat; wdk@udk
tvuFmausmfpGmbGJ@ ay;tyfcJhovdk pma&;q&m}uD; a&$Oa'gif;/ vl&Gifawmf [morif;om;}uD; zdk;yg}uD;/
¶kyf&Sifrif;orD; =unf=unfaX;/ Zmwfrif;om;}uD; pdefatmifrif;/ *Dwynm&Sif a':atmif=unf wdk@udk
0Àausmx f ifb@JG rsm; ay;tyfcahJ vonf? OD;b*sr;f onf yef;csq D &m}u;D OD;aiGuikd f bdvyfo@kd avhvma&;c&D;
xGufcgeD; *k%fjyKEkwfqufyGJY “OD;aiGudkif[m 0d&d,}uD;oljzpfwJhtwdkif; EdkifiHjcm;rSm yef;csDynmudk
}ud K ;pm;avh v m a&;qG J r S m rv$ J a =umif ; / jref r mjynf jyef a &muf w J h t cg qD a q;/ a&aq;/
rifqyJG ef;csvD uf&mtpHk xl;cGseaf jymifajrmufvmrSm aocsma=umif; tJ't D cg zqyvtpd;k &u ‘0Àpkww f ’H
‘owdk;oD&dqDaq;/ a&aq;’ pwJh bGJ@awGcsD;jrSifhoifha=umif;” ponfjzifh xnfhoGif; ajym=um;oGm;&m
y&dwfowfrsm; q&m}uD;.ysufvHk;udk tawmfyGJusoGm;cJhonf[k od&ayonf?
rnfodk@qdkap h h h
uG,fvGefonfhwdkifatmif vlxktm; umwGef;ynmjzifh EdkifiHawmf. jzpfysufaeaom
tajctaetrSefw&m;udk a0zefaxmufjy azmfxkwfwifjycJhaom q&m}uD;. umwGef; tEkynm
vuf&mrsm;ESifh *k%fowif;onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm oif;ysHŒ arG;xHkaernfrSm rv$J{uefyifwnf;?
(http://moemaka.com rS &,laz: jyygonf?) odycH` spfol

“zdwfac:tyfygonf”
EdkifiHa&;/vlr+a&;/pD;yGg;a&;tawG;tjrif aqmif;yg;rsm;
a0zefa&; aqmif;yg;rsm;
uAsm/0wˆKwdk/umwGef;/yef;csD rsm;udk
rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGm ay;ydk hEdkifygonf//
pmrlrsm;udk(15)&ufae h
aemufqHk;xm;jyD; ay;ydkŒ }uyg&ef
arwWm&yfct H yfygonf//
62
b0&J htpdwftydkif;av;wpfckta-umif;
0if;vJah r
(acwW*syef)
'Dvdk'kuQawGudk z,f¶Sm;Edkifzdk hOD;aqmifwdkufyGJ0ifolawG ¶Sdygw,f/
'Dvdk acgif;aqmifawGvdk vdkufrvkyfEdkif awmifrS olwdk hawGtwGuf tm;jzpfapr,fh back up tjzpf
aemufvdkufaumif;rsm;jzpfatmif }udK;pm;zdk h cJ,Of;r,f rxifygbl;?
vGecf ahJ omESpaf ygi;f 20 ausmaf usmaf vmufu usrtvGecf sp&f whJ tzd;k tzGm;&ifciG =f um;uae
usrazazwm0efuswJh bdvyfajrpuf¶w kH nf¶&dS m +rKd ah v;udk rvdu k cf siv
f udk cf sief @J v
h ukd cf yJh gw,f? &efuek +f rKd @
uae e,f+rKd q h w kd meJ rh vduk cf sicf b
hJ ;l ? tzd;k tzGm;u tvGecf spaf wmh ausmif;ydk ah usmif;}uKd ud, k w
f ikd v
f yk af y;
ausmif;qif;tdrftjyef pm;csifwmawG vuf!d_;xdk;0,fcdkif;+yD;&if tzGm;aygifay: xdkifpm;&if; zdk;zdk;¶Hk;udk
0if}udK+yD; jyef&wJhb0/ ¶Hk;rSm[dkvlucsD 'DvlupeJ@ haysmfp&maumif;whJ b0uae rvdkufcsifchJwmawmh
trSefygyJ? 'gayrhJusrazazu rdom;pkeJ@ hrcGJcsifwma&m e,ftawG ht}uHKvnf;&apcsifwma=umifh
vdu
k yf gajymif;a¶$@ ch=J u&w,f xifygw,f?
'DvdkeJ hbdvyfajrpuf¶Hk v#yfppf&xm;pDrHudef;¶Sd&m+rdK@av;udk a&mufcJhygw,f? ¶dk;¶dk;&xm;
omjrifbl;whJusr v#yfppf&xm;udkjrifbl;chJw,f? tJ'Dv#yfppf&xm;vrf;&J@ wzufum; vrf;ab;u
0ef x rf ; td r f , mrS m ae=u&w,f ? &xm;vrf ; &J @ [d k b uf u m;vrf ; reJ @ h 0 ef x rf ; td r f , mawG & J h
rsuEf mS csi;f qdik rf mS awmifuek ;f eJ ah wmtkyaf v;¶Sw d ,f? armifErS 2 a,mufausmif;rwuf&ao;cif tdraf ¶S@
qif0ifatmufrmS zsmav;cif; um;b,fEpS pf ;D / &xm;b,fEpS pf ;D jzwfrvJ apmif=h unf&h if; yHak wGqcJG =hJ uw,f?
'DvdkeJ hwae htdrf&J hrsufESmcsif;qdkif um;vrf;rwzufrSm usrwdk heJ h¶G,fwluav;awG
vSr;f +y;D xGu=f unf&h wmawG &h w,f? usrwdk ah rmifErS awG ykaH wGq=JG u/aqmh=uwm tm;usw,fxifygw,f?
azazeJ hararudkar;awmh tJ'D awmtkyfxJrSm¶Gm¶Sdw,f ¶Gmuuav;awGaerSmaygh wJh? wcsKdu
tusF D rygb;l / wcsKd u h abmif;bDrygb;l / usreJ ¶h , G w f l 6 ESpf 7 ESp0f ef;usio f momav;u vom;t¶G,f
uav;wa,mufuckd sx D m;wmawG &h w,f? armifErS 2 a,mufvuf,yfac:awmh csKx H aJ jy;0ifomG ;=uw,f?
aemufae rh v S u kd =f unf=h ur,fq+kd y;D wdik yf ifvu kd =f uw,f?
'DvdkeJ@ ausmif;wuf&awmh roGm;jzpfjyefbl;? ausmif;pwufwJhae hausmif;a&mufawmh
'gorD;pmoifrhJ tcef;yJvdk hq&mrujyawmh usrb,frSm b,fvdkxdkif&r,frSef; rodjzpfoGm;w,f?
pm;yGJ¶SnfawGyJ¶Sdw,f? vl}uD;vuf0g; wxGmavmuf ysOfjym;awGudk ¶dkufxm;wmpm;yGJjzpfoGm;w,f?
xdkifcHkqdkwmr¶Sdvdk h zsmay:rSm xdkifpmoif=u&w,f? ¶G,fwlausmif;olrav;awGu armifav;/
nDrav;awGux kd ed ;f &if; pmoifaewm awG@&w,f? q&mrawGvJ pdw¶f n S ¶f n
S ef @J oifay;aewmawG@&w,f?
txu (2) prf;ausmif;rSm wufcJhwJh usrtwGufawmh pmroifEdkifbl;/ ai;=unfhaerdw,f?
ausmif;pdrf; uniform udkrc|wfwrf;0wfwJh usrudkvJ txl;tqef;jzpfae=uw,f? wevFmae@rSm
ausmif ; pd r f ; r0wf r ae&vd k @ ausmif ; tk y f q &m}uD ; pnf ; urf ; xk w f x m;vd k @ om0wf = u&ayr,f h
usefwJh&ufawGrSm arS;rdSefwJh ta&mifpHk/ umvmpkH jzpfaewmawG h&w,f? pmtkyf roHk;Edkif=uvdk@
ausmufoifykH;/ ausmufwHudkyJ toHk;jyK=u&w,f? usr&J h pencil box eJ ha&bl;av;awGutp
63
udkif=unfh=uw,f? &efukefrSm tcef;xJrSmtm;vkH; 'DvdkyJudkif=uw,fajymawmh [,f h h h[kwfvm;wJh?

wcsK@d u cJwaH wmifr¶Sv d kd h iSg;oH;k =u&w,f? ausmufoifyek ;f awmifrS tuGjJ crf;av;yJ udik Ef ikd w f o hJ v
l ¶J w
dS ,f?
aemuf usr&efuek u f oli,fcsi;f awGta=umif;/ &efuek u f pmoifcef;ta=umif; rajymjzpf
awmhb;l ? !_;d i,fwJh rsu0f ef; tm;i,fwrJh su0f ef;awGeJ eh m;axmifaewmudk uav;ayr,frh cHpm;Edik cf b Jh ;l ?
usrazazu tdrfeJ hausmif;vSrf;vdk h¶Hk;roGm;cifum;eJ@ydk hw,f? ausmif;jyef&ifarareJ@ tdrfrSmaewJh
tr}uD;u pufbD;eJ hvm}udK=uw,f? vm}udK&if vuf!d_;xdk;pm;p&m aps;onfr¶Sdawmhbl;?
tdrjf yefnae aps;a&mif;0,fjcrf;/ csu=f ueJ ah e ch if;aps;onfawG ra&mif;=uawmhb;l ? ae ch if;rkehf
pm;ausmif;qif;vdk@ rkef hpm;r,fqdk+yD; oGm;awmhvnf; rkef hqdkvdk hbdef;rkef@/aumuf!Sif;xkyf/
aumuf!Sif;aygif;rSwyg; oabFmoD;okyf/ ZD;,dk/ ajymif;zl;jyKwfvdk [mawGyJ¶Sdw,f? tJ'gudkwcsKd @u
xrif;eJ@pm;=u&¶Smw,fav? usrurkef hzdk; 50 jym;&w,f? oabFmoD;okyf 5 jym;zdk;/ajymif;zl;jyKwf
10jym;yJ¶SdwJhtcsdef tdrfjyef&ifwpfjym;rSjyefrygvmwJhtwGuf azazuemrnfay;xm;w,f ighorD;
t&nfazsmfpufwJh? usroli,fcsif;awGyg 0,fau|;wmudk;? usruawmhxrif;bl;vmydk hwmeJ@
oli,fcsif;awG0dkif;zGJ h+yD; pm;=uw,f? tdrfudkvJ ydkxnfhcdkif;w,f?
armifav;qdk tdrfuykZGef[if;eJ hausmif;ubJO vJpm;cJhw,f/ om;&J@[if;udkolwdk@ u
ai;ae=uw,fav/ ay;vdu k &f ifvJ om;iwfrmS qd;k vdk b
h OJ eJ@vJpm;cJwh ,fw?hJ azazuawmh&,faewmayg/h
aemufydkif;tdrfudkvJvmr}udKcdkif;awmhbl;? ydk hvJrydk hcdkif;awmhbl;? oli,fcsif;awGeJ@ hum;vrf;ab;u
vrf;av#mufomG ;&wmaysmv f mw,f? 'gayr,fh ausmif;qif;vd@k usrwd@k ah rmifErS aqmhupm;wJh tcsed rf mS
wcsKd@awG[m rdbawGrtm;vdk@uav;xdef;oluxdef;/ xrif;tdk;wnfoluwnfeJ haeae=uw,f?
usrwdk@rD;rD;xdefatmuf pm=unfhaecsdefrSm wzuf¶Gmu uav;awGu a&eHqDrD;tdrfi,fatmufrSm
pmusufae&¶Smw,f?
usrwdk t h rd af ¶S &h xm;vrf;wzufawmtkyx f u
J ¶GmxJomG ;=unfw h ,f/ olwkd b
h ,fvakd e=uovJ
odcsifwmeJ h? acG;udkufv$wfvdkufvdk hidk+yD;jyeftvmrSm araru usrtvnfvGefwmudk qlygawmhw,f?
arar olwdk hrSma&csKd;zdk@/ a&okH;zdk@oGm;cyf&wma0;w,f/ tdrfrSmyJvmcyfcdkif;ygvm;vdk hajymrdw,f?
cGifhjyKcsuf&awmh aysmfoGm;w,f/ olwdk hawG a&vmcyf&if; usrw@dk harmifESrESpfa,mufeJ h aqmhcGifh&
oGm;w,fav? olwdk@vm&if usrrSm¶SdwJhrkef@awG/ tusF D awG ay;&wmtarmygyJ?
(1) ywfrmS (2) &ufavmufyJ ausmif;wufEikd w f vhJ v
l ¶J &dS J ?h rdbawGtvkyv f yk af eawmhtrd u f
armifawG/nrD awGxed ;f &w,fw?hJ tJawmh eifwdk ph mb,fawmhwwfrvJ b,fwwfEikd yf grh vJw?hJ 'Dvekd @J
usrwdk h&efukefjyefajymif;vmcJh=uw,f? TTC rSmausmif;jyefwufcJh&ayr,fh usrraysmfawmhbl;?
usrausmif;um;yJpD;+yD; at;at;csrf;csrf; pmoifaecsdefrSm uav;xdef;/xrif;csufeJ hylyifpGm
pmoifae=u&wJh oli,fcsi;f awGukd ud, k cf si;f pmowd&rdw,f?
usrwdk hrdom;pk puFmylrSm ausmif;jyefwuf&awmhrS usrwdk harmifESr&cJhwJh uav;b0u
[duk uav;b0eJ , h OS af wmhrS bmrSr[kwyf gvm;awGc&hJ jyefw,f? a&muf+y;D (3)ESpt f =um ararujyefcikd ;f vd@k
jyefcJh&w,f? oH¶Hk;rSmESpfwdkif; open book eJ hajz+yD; atmifaewm pdwfrcsrf;omvdk hwJhav?
jrefrmjynf jyefa&mufawmh (9) wef;ausmif;ol/ usroli,fcsif;eJ hausmif;qif;wme@J
a':atmifqef;pk=unf&J rh ed f ch eG ;f awGomG ;em;axmif=uw,f? +y;D wmeJ &h efuek w f uUov kd xf J 0ifvnf&wm/
jru|ef ; om wuU o d k v f q d k w J h b0ud k tvG e f r uf a rmrd w ,f ? 'gayrJ h p d w f r aumif ; pG m yJ ' *k H q d k w J h
64
vGifxD;acgifjyifxJ ajymif;oGm;awmh&ifarmoGm;w,f? usrtazajc&mrrSDawmif YIT Dip awmh

&atmifwufcJhw,f? EdkifiHa&;tpjyKcJhwJh ausmif;om;}uD;awG wufcJhygvm;vdk@ hawG;+yD;aysmfcJh&w,f?
'gayr,fhav pdwfraumif;p&mu rdk;¶Gm&ifwcsKd htcef;awGrSm a&ykef;av;awG cHxm;=u&w,f? work
shop udkoGm;&if 'kwf¶Snf¶Snfaqmif+yD; oGm;&w,f? jruf¶dkif;yifawGu udk,fht&yfxuf ¶Snfw,fav?
ajrGudkufrSmvnf; a=umuf&awmh [Jh¶SL; qdk+yD; atmf&wmvJ style wckvdkygyJ?
ausmif;opf}uD;aqmuf+yD;vdk h vd_ifom,ma¶$ hvdkuf=uygw,f? armifav; ti,faumif
ausmif;tyf&if; avhvmrdw,f/ vGifwD;acgifjyif v,fuGufawG=um; ausmif;taemufbufrSm
acsmif;yJ¶Sdawmhw,f? "edawmeJ h"ed&nfqdkifawGu aygrSaygyJ? usrarmifav;twGufomru
ausmif;om;awGtwGuf pdwyf rl o d mG ;w,f? wuUov kd af usmif;&J yh nwfur¶S/d ywf0ef;usiu f vJ roifah wmf/
b,fESifhvkyfrsm; ausmif;om;awG pmaumif;aumif;oifEdkifyghrvJ awG;cJhrdw,f?
ausmif;pmaumif;aumif; roif&/ A[kokwrjynfh0atmif 'Dppftpdk;&u wrifvkyfxm;
wmygvm;vdk h qifjcifrw d ,f? wrifynma&; nhzH si;f atmif/ ysujf ym;atmif vkyx f m;wJt h xJu, kd rf ygatmif
}uKd ;pm;zd@k vdw
k ,f? rdryd wf0ef;usiu f vli,fawGrygatmif }uKd ;pm;zd@k yh v J w kd ,fvkd rh b
d awGu qk;H rzl;w,f?
'DvdkeJ hyJusrwdk h'kwd,t}udrf pifuFmylrSm ausmif;jyefwufawmh tcef;xJrSm jrefrm
oli,fcsif;awG &¶SdcJhw,f? jrefrmjynf&J hbGJ h&+yD;om;awGygayr,fh [dku first year &J @pmawG reJ
vdkufae&w,f? usrwdk hjrefrmjynfrSm british council eJ hU.S.I.S library uvGJ&ifpmzwfp&m library
aumif;aumif;r¶Sdbl;? pm=unfhwdkufr¶Sdawmh pmrzwfjzpf/ pmrzwfjzpfawmhausmif;pmtkyfxJ uvGJ&if
usef w mrod a wmh b l ; ? q&muself-studyvk y f z d k @ assignment ay;vd k u f & if b,f u p
b,fpmtkyzf wf&r,f rodvkd ah ,mifcsmcsm jzpfae=u&w,f? usrwdk jh refrmausmif;om;awGu statistic
vdk accounting vdk wGufpmawGrSm t&rf;awmf=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh management rSm
t&rf;tm;enf;=uw,f?
wae@ group discussion vky+f y;D assignment wif&w,f? q&mu ac:qlygava&m/
rif&J h assignment eJ hwjcm;ausmif;om; jrefrmawGa&;wmeJ@ bmvdk hwlae&wmvJ? olwdk hrod&if
guide vkyfay;yg/ +yD;+yD;a&m rul;ygapeJ hwJh? jrefrmjynfu q&mawGqdk&ifawmhul;wJholudkyJ qlrSmyg?
tqlcH&vdk hatmifhoufoufeJ h +yHK;vm&ayr,fh oli,fcsif;awGrsufESmjrifawmhvJ ig*¶krpdkufvdk h olwdk@
r&ygvm;/ igwm0efrausrdbl;vJ xifrdcJhw,f? jrefrmEdkifiHjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;rSm management
aumif;zd@k vdrk ,fxifygw,f?
“ynma&;[mvJ EdkifiHa&;ygyJ? vlr_a&;vkyfaewmvJ EdkifiHa&;ygyJ? pD;yGg;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ynma&;
tp¶dSwmawG ysufjym;aewmvJ EdkifiHa&; ysufjym;ae&wmyg? 'Dysufjym;aewJh EdkifiHa&;awGudk
jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifygrS vl htcGifha&;jynfh0wJhEdkifiH wnfaxmifEdkifrSmygvdk h”tefwDpkuajymygw,f?
tJ'ga=umifh &[ef;¶Sifvl trsm;u ynma&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;ygG;a&;awGudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf +idrf;csrf;pGm
vkyaf qmifEikd af tmif wdu k yf 0JG ifaeygw,f? usrwdk &h J rh cd if[mvJ}u;D rm;wJjh ypf'%fawGukd &ifp;D cHae&ygw,f?
'D=um;xJurS ol@&J@¶Sdor# tiftm;awGeJ@om;orD; rdcif/bcifawGtwGuf a¶S haqmifay;aeygw,f?
&ufpuf=urf;=uKwfvSwJh urBm}uD;rSm ol h&J hom;orD;awGtwGuf aumif;rGefjrifhjrwfwJh
ae&mav;wckukd aomf4if;/ oef ¶h iS ;f vwfqwfwahJ &av;wayguu f 4kd if;/ vGwvf wG v f yfvyfe@J cHpm;Edik rf ,f
qdkwJh ,Hk=unfcsufawGeJ@ tar[m wdkufyGJ0ifaeygw,fvdk@ tar&dueforRw obama u nobel
65
qk,lt+yD; usrwdk@&J@ 'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk wifpm;ajymqdkcJhygw,f?

ol@&J@wefz;kd t¶Sq d ;kH tcsed af v;rSm jrefrmEdik if t
H wGuf wefz;kd t¶dq S ;Hk yk*Kd~ vw
f a,mufta=umif;udk
owdw& ta&;w,l ajym=um;chw J thJ wGuf tvGe0f rf;om*k%, f rl w
d hJ cHpm;r_jzpfay:&ygw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm
wdkif;jynftwGuf tepfemcH wdkufyGJ0ifaewJh &[ef;¶Sifvl/ jynfolawGtwGuf *¶k%mjzpfr_eJ htwl
av;pm;rdygw,f?
usrtzd;k qk;H rpum;av;¶Sw d ,f/ “a&mufwahJ e&mrSm acgi;f aqmifaumif;jzpfatmif }uKd ;pm;yg/
acgi;f aqmifaumif; rjzpfc&hJ ifawmif aemufvu kd af umif; jzpfatmif}uKd ;pm;ygw“hJ ?usrwd@k [m vGwv f yfpmG
ynmoif=um;cGifhr&I jzpfap/ vGwfvyfpGm vlr_a&;vkyfcGifhr&Ijzpfap/pD;yGg;a&; vkyfcGifhr&Ijzpfap/
ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh trdEdkifiHrSm raeEdkifvdk h xGufvmcJh=u&w,f? tajctae trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh
xGufvmcJh&ayr,fh rdrdwdk h&J hbdk;bGm;/ armifESrom;csif;awG usefcJhygao;w,f?
xdk htwl jrefrmwEdkifiHvkH;rSm ,ckqdk&if &efukef+rdK @ay:rSmyg pmroifEdkifawmhwJh uav;
oli,fawG odef;eJ@csD¶Sdaeyg+yD? uav;oli,f tcGifhta&;[m bmrSef;rodavmufatmif qif;&J'kuQ
rsm;vSygw,f? vGefcJhwJhESpf20ausmfuae tck tajctae wjznf;jznf;ydkqdk;Iomvmaeygw,f?
'Dvdk'kuQawGudk z,f¶Sm;Edkifzdk hOD;aqmifwdkufyGJ0ifolawG ¶Sdygw,f/ 'Dvdk acgif;aqmifawGvdk vdkufrvkyfEdkif
awmifrS olwkd ah wGtwGuf tm;jzpfapr,fh back up tjzpf aemufvu kd af umif;rsm;jzpfatmif }uKd ;pm;zd@k
cJ,Of;r,f rxifygbl;?
rdrw
d ikd ;f jynf wd;k wufa&;twGuf uav;oli,fawG&@J u¾u rao;ygbl;? uav;awGyJqdk+yD;
vspv f sL&_rxm;=uyJ wwfEikd o f avmuf ulnaD xmufyahH y;Edik =f uzdk h usrwdu k wf eG ;f Ed;_ aqmfyg&ap?
(udk,fwdkifa&;cHpm;r_) 0if;vJah r(acwW*syef)
aejynfawmfudk,faysmufrif;w&m;}uD; From Burma Strange news blog

aejynfawmf rif;=wm;}u;D trSew f u,f tem;,lomG ;ajumif; aejynfawmf r_L;}u;D rwf&mrsm;u
w&m;0if xkwfazmfajymqdk=uonf? jynfy tajcpdkuf owif;Xme tcsdK@url rif;=wm;}uD; tem;,ljcif;
r[kwfbJ aemufuG,frS judk;udkifaeqJ jzpfonf[k a&;om;r_rsm;vnf; &Sdonf? xdk@ajumifh rif;=wm;}uD;
tem;,l-r,l udpPudk trsm;jynfoltaejzifh odk@avm²² odk@avm jzpfae=uonf?
,aehxkwf jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmt&rl rif;=wm;}uD; tem;r,lao;onfudk "mwfyHkrsm;eSifh
wuG awG@jrif&onf? odk@aomf udk,faysmuf rif;=wm;}uD; toGifaqmifxm;ojzifh "mwfyHkxJwGif
rif;=wm;}uD;udk awG@jriff&jcif; r&Sday?
bk & if rif ; =wm;. &mZyv† i f } uD ; tpd k ; &xk w f
owif;pmrsm;wGif ay:xGufvmjcif;/ orRw OD;odef;pdef.
aemufwnfw h nfrh aS eI wefc;kd ÁÁ'<yd g'jf zifh ud,
k af ,mifazsmufum
“udk,faysmuf rif;=wm;}uD;” tjzpf &mZyv†ifay:wGif rdef hrdef
hjuD; aqmifha=umifh xdkifaeonfudk "mwfyHkrsm;wGif awG@&jcif;
wdk@a=umifh rif;=wm;}uD; tem;r,lao;onfrSm trSefyif
aocsma=umif;/ jrefrmhta&; tuJcwfrsm;u oHk;oyf=uonf?
(Myanma Alin˜ 24 May 2011)
66
ukd,fhjrefrmjynfeJ hcGJcGmjyD; EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSm ynma&;twGuf/ pD;yGm;a&;twGuf 'grSr[kwf

Ekid if aH &;'grrS [kwf wckcak om ta=umif;eJ h aeae&wJh usrwkd jh refrm vlrsK;d awG trsm; tjym;&Sad eygw,f?
wESpjf y;D wESpf ykjd y;D rsm;jym;vmaeygw,f? uk, d Ehf idk if H r[kw&f ifawmh Ekid if jH cm;ygy?J ta=umif;uvJ uk, d Ehf idk if &H J
h pD;yGm;a&;eJ hwGufr,f qkd&ifawmh tav;omae w,fqkdwm odxm;=uvkd hbJvkd h xifygw,f??
vl=uD;/ vli,f/ trskd;om;/ trsKd;orD;wkd h[m EkdifiH&yfjcm;rSm b,fvkdvkyfukdifaexkdif
pm;aomuf & rvJ q k d w m rawG ; bJ rsuf p d u k d Zk H r S d w f / ta=uG ; awG wayG h w yk d u f = uD ; xm;cJ h j yD ;
ud, k Ehf idk if uH vG&J ifjy;D a&mqkjd y;D xGuo f mG ;=uwmrsm;w,fvdk x h if ygw,f? wvk;H xJ&w dS AhJ u
dk f eJ@ avmuD&@J
taqmifta,mif/ ywf0ef;usifwkd@&J@ rsufESmomay;r_awGukd &,lvdkr_wkd@a=umifhvnf; rdom;pk/
aqGrsKd;tokdif;t0kdif;/ cspfcifol orD;&nf;pm;awGukd ausmckdif;jyD; xGufoGm;=uwm? 'DvkdajymaeayrJh
'Dvkdvlwef;pm;xJrSm usrvnf; tygt0ifyg? ukd,fvkd csifwJh aiGa=u;twkdif;twmav; &&ifawmh
uk, d w hf idk ;f jynfudk jyefr,fv@dk awmh acgi;f xJ xJx h m;cJyh g&@J ?
'gayrJhvkd@tcsdefawG=umvdk@ aqG;ajr‡@jyD; aysmufuG,f arS;rSdefoGm;wJhtxJyg oGm; ovm;awmh
rodygbl;/ acgif;xJu tawG;ukdawmh ckcsdefxd taumiftxnf razmfEkdifao;ygbl;? tJwmxufudk
vkt d yfaewJh avmuD ta,miftaqmifawGudk ckxufxjd ynfah tmif rjznhpf rG ;f Ekid af o;ygb;l ? wvk;H xJ&w dS hJ
AkdufvJ rjynfhEkdifao;ygbl;? ukd,fh&J@ vkdtifukd rjznfhEkdifao;ovkd rdom;pkawG &J@ vkdtifukdvnf;
rjznfhEkdifao;ygbl;? jyefvmawmhvkd@ olwkd@ w*sD*sD ac:aeayrJhvkd@ usrrjyefEkdif ao;bl;av? bmawG
rufarmaewmvJv@dk uk, d uhf , dk u
f dk jyefar;rdygw,f? 'gayrJh tajzuawmh xGurf vmygb;l ?
pify:wufawmom;
aejcnf
EkdifiHjcm;rSmae&wm aumif;w,fvkd@ ajymwJholeJ@/ raumif;bl;vkd@ ajymwJholawGukd

r=umc%awG@&wwfygw,f? b,folrSrrSm;bl;vkd@ ajymyg &ap? rrSm;bl;qkdwmuvJ usru
qkH;jzwfcsufay;vkd@rS r&wmr[kwfvm;? vlwkdif; tawG;awGukd,fpDeJ@&Sdovkd tawG;awGuvnf;
wa,mufwrsKd;qkd ovkd ESpfa,mufqkdawmhvnf; ESpfrsKd;jzpfoGm;wmaygh? olajymwm olrSefw,f?
usrajymawmh usrurSefw,fvkd@ ,lqxm;wmqkdawmh usrtaeeJ@ trSef trSm; tqkH;tjzwf
ay;p&mrvdkr,f rxifygbl;?
EkdifiHjcm;qkdwmu olrsm;EkdifiH/ olrsm;vlrsKd;/ olrsm;"avh/ olrsm;xkH;pH awG/ jyD;awmh
ol r sm;pum;awG e J @ ol r sm;vl r sKd ; awG trsm;pk t k y f p k d ; xm;wJ h ae &myg? 'D v k d a e&mrsKd ; rS m
usrwk@d jrefrmvlrsK;d awG[m uk,
d ef @J eD;pyf&mtvky/f uk,
d ef @J oifah wmfwt
hJ vky/f uk,
d w
f wfwt
hJ vkyf pojzifh
tqifajyovkd vkyfukdifae=uw,f? vlrsKd;jcm;/ bmomjcm;/ "avhxkH;wrf;awGrwlwJh olawGeJ@ twl
ollwkd@pnf;rsOf;abmiftwkdif; rcspfaomfvJ atmifhumerf;qkdovkdbJ ukd,fh&J@&nf&G,fcsuftwGuf/
67
rdom;pktwGuf onf;cHjyD; yifyifyef;yef; &kef;uef ae=uygw,f? 'gayrJhav b,fae&ma&mufa&muf

tvkyu f awmh vkyaf e& rSmbJ? usrtvkcd siq f ;Hk uawmh vGwv f wG v
f yfvyfe@J tvkyu f dk rckrd uyfvyk f ae&&if
auseyfjy?D
bmvk@d vJ odvm;? Ekid if jH cm;rSm ae&wm aumif;w,fv@dk ajymwJh ole@J / raumif;bl;vk@d ajymwJo h l
pum;ukdjyefquf&&ifawmh usrtaeeJ@awmh aumif;w,f? yifyef;wmawmh rSefygw,f? b,frSmaeae
yifyef;wmyJ? &GmrSmaewkef;uvJ yifyef;wmyJ? 'gayrJh vGwfvyfw,f r[kwfvm;? jyD;awmh ekdifiHjcm;u
jrefrmjynfvkdr[kwfbl;av/ vkdcsifwm0,fvkd@&awmh yifyef;wm uyifyef;wmaygh? rdef;uav;qkdawmh
tvSty =uKu d w f ,f? t0wftpm; =uKu d w f ,f? jzpfcsiw f mav;awG jzpfvu dk &f &if yifyef;wmawG c%awmh
arh oGm;&ygw,f?
r=uKdufwmawGvnf; 'keJ@a';yg? olrsm;EkdifiHrSm vlrsKd;jcm;eJ@qufqH ae&wJhtwGuf
pdwyf supf &mawG &Syd gw,f? olw@dk em;vnfatmif r&Si;f jycsiaf yrJh rcHcsipf w d ef @J &Si;f vif;ajymjyae&wmukd
pdwyf surf w d ,f? odyt f a&;ygwhJ udpq P &dk ifvJ &Si;f jyraeygb;l ? olw@dk u ar;wwfygw,f? jrefrmvlrsK;d awG
qef aumif;aumif;pm;=u&J@vm;? qefuwrsK;d xJ &Sw d ,fr[kwv f m;? qefu rm w,fr[kwv f m;? ao;ao;
&Sn&f n S af wGav- odyrf mwmyJ -qkjd y;D / bm r[kww f mawGudk t=urd rf sm;pGmar;wwfw,f? wcgr[kwb f ;l ?
t=udrfaygif; rsm;pGm 'Dpum;ukd ajymw,f/ =umawmh usrvnf; pdwfr&Snfawmhbl;? twwfEdkifqkH;
rsufESmukdjyKH;xm;jyD;awmh --- qefaumif;w,f/ raumif; bl;qdkwm ukd,fht=uKdufeJ@bJqkdifw,f
r[kwv f m;?
wrsKd;xJ&Sdw,f qkdwm awmh 'DrSmaejyD; qkH;jzwfwmawmh raumif;ygbl;? igu v,form;
om;orD; uarG;vmwJholyg? qefb,fESpfrsKd;&Sdw,fwm igtodqkH;yJ? eifwkd@vlrsKd;u eifwkd@ypPnf;/
eifwkd@vlrsKd; aumif;a=umif;/ awmfa=umif;/ wwfa=umif;t&rf; ajymwmbJ/ vlom;t&rf;yDygayw,fvkd@
jyefajymvku d yf gw,f? bmrS ta&;rygwmukd pum;=uKv H @dk ajymvdu k w
f myg? 'gayrJh tckvdk a&;vku d &f awmh
eJeJ aygo h mG ;w,f?
b,f o l r S rrS m ;ygbl ; ? Ek d i f i H j cm;rS m ae&vk d @ aumif ; wm/ raumif ; wm ajym&&if
ukerf mS awmifr[kwb f ;l ? usrtwGuf aumif;wm&Syd gao;w,f? yDyjD yifjyif aumif;w,fv@kd ajymcsiyf gw,f?
olw@dk vlrsK;d awGu olw@dk vlrsK;d aumif;a=umif; ajymaewm rqef;ayrJh usrwk@d jrefrmvlrsK;d awG wyg;Ekid if rH mS
aejyD; ukd,fhtcsif;csif; raumif;a=umif;awG ajymaewmawmh tqef;tus,f ygyJ? txl;ojzifh
Ekid if aH &;vkyaf eygw,fv@dk ajymae=uwJh tokid ;f t0kid ;f rSm jrifawG@ae&ygw,f?
usr EkdifiHa&;orm;r[kwfygbl;? pma&;q&mvnf; r[kwfygbl;? omref vlwpfa,mufyg?
usra&;wJhpmukd vltrsm;odatmif vkd@ ar;vftkyfpkwckxJ0ifjyD; ykd@vkdufwJhtcsdefupjyD; rodcsifwmawG/
rjrifcsif wmawG odjrifvm&awmh pmxyfa&;rdjyefygw,f? tm;wJh&ufqkd&if a&Smhyif xGufr,f?
&ky&f iS =f unfrh ,f/ pm;aomufr,f/ tdyrf ,f? jy;D &if oli,fcsi;f 'grrS [kwf rdom;pke@J tquftoG,v f yk rf ,f?
'gawGu usrykHrSefvkyfaeus jzpfpOfwckygyJ? uGefjyLwm ruGsrf;usifayrJh ta0;rSm&SdaewJh rdom;pkeJ@quf
oG,zf @dk tqifajyqk;H enf;vrf;wck awG@xm;awmh t&rf;tqifajyygw,f? tifwmeuftquftoG,af v;
aumif;aeawmh aiGa=u; tukeftusouf omovkd toHvJ=um;&/ vlvJjrif&awmh tifwmeufukd
t&rf;oabmus w,f? b,folawGu bmtwGuf tifwmeufukd okH;ovJawmh rodbl;? usrawmh
tifwmeufukd pGJaejyD? yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajym&&ifawmh &nf;pm; xufawmif pGJaeygjyD?
ar;vftyk pf wk ckxJ 0ifrx d m;awmh tifwmeuf[m aumif;ovkd raumif;bl;vk@d vJ qk&d OD;r,f?
68
tm&yfurBmu tajymif;tvJawG[m tifwmeuf/ tckusrtokH;jyKaewJh az;pfbGwfcfa=umifh

atmifjrifr_awG/ t ajymif;tvJawG jzpfukefw,fvkd@vJ od&ygw,f? EdkifiHa&;orm;awGtwGuf awmh
vufeufaumif;=u;D wckvdk jzpfomG ;w,fv@dk awG;rdygw,f? urBm&J@ b,fae&mrSm &Sad ewJo h u l b dk jJ zpfjzpf/
owif;tcsut f vufawGudk puUe@f ykid ;f twGi;f today;Ekid w
f ,f/ odapEkid w f mod&ygw,f? tm&yfurBmu
usyf w nf ; r_ a wG u k d &yf w ef @ oG m ;atmif tif w meuf u vk y f a y;vk d u f w ,f / tm%m&S i f awG
usqkH;oGm;atmif tifwmeuf pGrf;aqmifvkdufw,f pojzifh ekdifiHa&; e,fy,fu ajymqkdaewm
jrifawG@ae&ygw,f?
tifwmeufeJ@ usrwa,muf rdom;pkeJ@ jrifawG@ajymqkdae&vkd@ aysmfaeovkd jrefrmEkdifiHa&;
orm; awGvnf; ajymvk@d rqk;H atmif jzpfae=uyg w,f? olw@dk awG tm;usrmS ayg?h tm;usvnf; usp&mygy?J
jrefrm jynfrSmu tjzpfqkd;awG t=udrf=udrfawG@cJh&jyD; atmifjrifr_rS r&cJh=uwmr[kwfvm;? tckvkd
tifwmeufe@J tquftoG,ef @J atmifjrifra_ wG wckjy;D wckquf wku d v f jdk zpfaeawmh tm;wufoa&meJ@
tifwmeufe@J ykjd y;D tok;H csvm =uw,f?
jrefrmjynfrSmawmh tuef@towfawG trsm;=uD;eJ@ tifwmeufukd tokH;jyKae=u&ygw,f?
EkdifiHjcm;wkdif;jynfawGuawmh vGwfvGwfvyfvyfeJ@ okH;pGJae=uwmyg/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ EkdifiHa&;/
ynma&;pwJh ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;rSm tifwmeufukd wGifwGifus,fus,f=uD; tokH;csae=uovkd/ tokH;vnf;
wnfh aeygw,f? tok;H wnfw h m rwnfw h mawmh tok;H cswo hJ el @J bJ qkid rf mS yg? aumif;wJah e&mrSm tok;H csjy;D
tvkyfjzpfaewJhol &Sdovkd/ raumif;wJhae&m rSmokH;jyD; tvkyfjzpfaewJholawG &SdrSmyg?
usrtaeeJ@ pdwfraumif;wmu ukd,fhvlrsKd;tcsif;csif;/ ukd,hftodkif;t0kdif;tcsif;csif;=um;rSm
raumif;a=umif;awG/ tykyfta[mif;awG a&;om;/ ajymqkday;ykd@ae=uwm pdwfraumif;p&myg?
ykv
d @dk qk;d wmu oufqidk o f q
l D uko
d m a&;om;/ ajymqkad y;yk@d wm r[kww f muawmh pdwt f aESmuft,Suf
jzpf&ygw,f? tm;vk;H ukd odapcsiw f ,f&ifv@dk a&;om;ay;yd@k w,fq&dk ifawmh &nf&, G cf suf =u;D rm;w,fv@dk
qkd&rSmygyJ? =uD;rm;wJh &nf&G,fcsuftxJrSm awmh aumif;jcif;/ raumif;jcif; tusKd;aus;Zl;awG
woDwwef;=uD; ygaerSm yg? pdwfysufp&m aumif;oavmuf a=umufp&mvJ aumif;ygw,f? tifwm
euf u k d wcsd K @u uk d , f a &;uk d , f w mtwG u f tok H ; csw,f ? uk d , f a &;uk d , f w m qk d w muawmh
uk, d yf idk tf usK;d pD;yGm;twGu4f if; ygygvrd rhf ,f? wcsK@d uawmh tkypf t k wGuf tok;H csw,f? tkypf k (trsm;)
qkw d muawmh pD;yGm;a&;twGuf ygovkd Ekid if aH &;eJ@ wjcm;udpaP wG trsm;=u;D ygw,fv@dk xifjrifryd gw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;twGuf tifwmeufudk tok;H csv@dk atmifjrifra_ wG &aewJt h csed rf mS uk,d thf csi;f csi;f
xkd;ESufaewm[m tokH;csykHrsm; vGJrSm;aeo vm;vkd@yg?
“jrKd@wufvmwJhawmom; pifay:wifay;vkdufovkdbJ” qkdwJh pum;wck&Sdygw,f? 'Dpum;
usrt&rf;rke;f ygw,f? bmjzpfv@dk vJqadk wmh usr [m awmoljzpfaevk@d ygy?J t&Sut f a=umufr&S/d rjrifb;l /
rukid w f , G b f ;l wmawG@jy;D tvku d u f ef;qk;d rod vGyv
f yfcsiw
f idk ;f vGwv f yfaew,fv@dk 'Dpum;&J@t"dyg, ` u f dk
usrem;vnfxm;wmyg? Oyrmay;xm;ukd r=uKdufayrJh usr ukd,fwkdif okH;&ygawmhr,f?
usrav;pm;&wJh EkdifiHa&;avmurS EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;wkd@&Sifh/
tifwmeufudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf tokH;cscGifh&wJh ae&ma&mufjyD; tokH;cscGifh&wkdif;
tokH;ruswJhenf;vrf;awGrSm tokH;csaewmawmh “jrKd@wuf vmwJhawmom; pifay:wifay;
vku d of vkb d ”J qkw d meJ@ wlaeovkyd gyv J @dk awmol usr aejcnfu ajymyg&ap?rdrd tok;H usjcif;/ rusjcif;eJ@
tusKd;&Sdjcif;/ r&Sdjcif;[m rdrd&J@ tokH;cswwfjcif;eJ hqdkifygw,f? aejcnf
69
b,fvdkvl h h h b,fvdkb0rsdK; eJ h
vlwpfu, kd t
&SifoefrvJ?aZmf0ifat;
f jrifwpfrsK;d qdo
k vdk vlwpfO;D ESiw
aZmf0ifat;
hf pfO;D avmuud¶k j_ rifo;Hk oyf&mwGif tjrifcsi;f
rwlnDEdkifacs? 'gayrJh vlrSef&ifqif;&Jonfjzpfap csrf;omonfjzpfap vl@toufwpfacsmif;pm
wefzdk;eJ@nDr#wJh ¶SifoefaewJhb0wpfckudk ydkifqdkifwmuawmhwlnD=uygw,f? 'Dvdkvl@b0udk
wefz;kd rJph mG jzKef;wD;jypfw,fq&kd if tvGeEf aS r#mzd@k aumif;vSygw,f? usaemfw@kd taeeJ@ rdrv d uf0,f¶+dS yD;om;
vl@b0&J@wefzdk;udk av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;=unfhrd=u&J@vm;// wu,fudk rdrd¶Sifoefr_udk t"dy`g,f¶Sd¶Sd
tokH;csaevm;/xdkufwefatmif vkyfaqmifaevm;qdkwm rdrdudk,fudk wcgw&Hjyefvnfqef;ppf
=unfhoifhygw,f? usaemfwdk@vdk omrnvlr[kwfwJh twkr¶SdwJhjrwfpGmbk&m;¶Sifudk,fawmfu
ae@pOfqrG ;f cH=uG+yD;tjyef ajcaq;zd@k &yfwt hJ cdu
k rf mS -'Dvrkd ed @f jrGwzf ;l ygw,f//
ty`rma'e bduQa0 or`ma'x
(1) 'kv†abm rk'<Ky`ga'g avmu odR H
(2) 'kv†abm rEk\wWËdvmabm
(3) 'kv†abm (o'<g) or`wWd
(4) 'kv†abm yAŠZ…m
(5) 'kkv†bH o'<rR\e
(1) avmurSm bk&m;tjzpfqdkwm &cJw,f?

(2) vl@tjzpfqdkwmvnf; &cJw,f?
(3) o'<gw&m;ESifhjynfhpHkjcif; udkvnf; &cJw,f?
(4) &[ef;tjzpfudkvnf; &cJw,f?
(5) olawmfaumif;w&m; em=um;cGiu hf v
kd nf; &cJvwS ,f h h [ h qk +kd y;D vl@tjzpf&cdu
k rf arhravsmh raygrh q
owdw&m;vufudkifxm;&eftvdkiSg rdef@bl;onf[k(tH/c/Ï/49)rSmzwfbl;ygw,f? 'Dvdkwefzdk;¶SdvSwJh
vl@tjzpfukd &¶Szd @kd &m b,favmufxcd ufcw J ,fqw dk mudk ¶Siaf wmfb&k m;u'Dvv kd nf; Oyrmay;bl;ygw,f?
urBmajr}uD;u ajrr_Hyrm%eJ@ ol@vufonf;cGHay:wifwJh ajrr_Hyrm% udkEd_if;,SOf+yD; vl@b0/vl@tjzpfudk
&¶Sd&efrSm vufonf;cGHay:u ajrr_Hyrm%avmufudk enf;yg;ygw,fvdk@ rdef@=um;chJygw,f?
'DvdkcufcJvSwJh wefzdk;¶SdwJh vl@b0udk twdwfuH.aumif;r_a=umifh &¶Sd+yD;ygrS usaemfwdk@taeeJ@
tv[o jzKef;wD; ovdkrsdK;/ wefzdk;ao;odrfapoGm;wmrsdK;jzpfatmifrjyKrloifhyg? 'Dae@urBmvdk vlOD;a&
tqrwefwdk;yGg;aevdk@ tpm&duQmutp t&m&mjy\emaygif;pkHeJ@ v$rf;xkHaewJhavmu}uD;rSm
vl@b0¶Sifoefr_udk &ae¶kHeJ@aumif;vS+yDqdkwm [kwfyghrvm;vdk@ tjiif;yGg;r,fqdk&if tjiif;ygG;Edkifygw,f?
'guv kd nf; jrwfpmG bk&m;¶Siu f umvmrokwrf mS tqH;k tpGex f ad [m=um;xm;bl;ygw,f? igjrwfpmG bk&m;
a[m=um;wmrdk@vnf; rsufpdrdSwfr,HkygeJ@? usrf;*efvmrdk@vnf;r,Hkoifh? oHo,jzpfoifhonfht&mudk
ud,k yf ikd pf Of;Om%fjzifh awG;awm+y;D rSvufc&H ef a[mjyawmfrcl yhJ gw,f?
70
'g[m ynm¶SifawG aqG;aEG;=ur,fh tydkif;tjzpfxm;vdkufyg? usaemfqdkvdkcsifwmu

'Dtzd;k xdu k w
f efvw S hJ vl@b0ud&k +y;D rS b,fvv kd pl m;awGtjzpf usaemfw@kd ¶Sio f efaexdik o f mG ;rvJqw kd myg?
tenf;qHk; wacwfrSm wpfa,mufavmufom ay:aygufwwfwJh tmZmenfyk*~dKvfrsdK;rjzpfawmif
aumif;wJhtoufarG;r_eJ@ ¶Sifoefaexdkif&if; aysmf¶$ifatmifzefwD; &,lEdkifygw,f?
vlqdkwmarG;zGm;uwnf;u wlnDwJhwefzdk;¶SdwJh toufwpfacsmif;udk ydkifqdkifvmwmuawmh
twlwlygyJ? arG;zGm;vmcJhwJh aemufcHtodkif;t0dkif;uGmjcm;csuf/ ¶kyfacsmr_/Om%faumif;r_ qdkwmawGu
twdwb f 0u ay;wJu h ok v kd u
f t
H avsmuf jzpfay:cJw h mrd@k a¶G;cs,cf iG rhf &Edik yf gb;l ? 'gayrJh vuf¶b dS 0rSmawmh
ZeuH (twdwfb0ukodkvfuHa=umifh jzpfay:r_) udka&SmifvGJvdk hr&ayr,fh }udK;pm;tm;xkwfjyKjyifolwdk h
twGuaf wmh ypPKyK` erf mS ajymif;vJEikd yf gw,f/ ypPKye` u f jH zifh wd;k wwfatmif jznfq h nf;&if; usaemfwkd h b0
udk aumif;usdK;csrf;om&atmif vkyfaqmif&ygr,f/ “aumif;wmawG vkyfayr,fh igwdk huawmh qif;&J
aewmyJ wcsdK hrsm;raumif;wmawG vkyf+yD; csrf;omaewmygyJ qdk+yD; rdrdaumif;wmvkyfaewm tay:rSm
oHo,0if t,lrSm;wwfygw,f/ aumif;wmvkyfjcif;onf aumif;usdK;udk&rnfqdkwm aocsmygw,f/
qif&Jjcif;udk csufcsif;ry,fzsufEdkifaomfvnf;aumif;wmvkyfaeoa&G humvrSmawmh tenf;qHk; avm
avmq,f pdwcf sr;f ompGm / vdyjf ymoef ph mG eJ ah exdik cf iG u hf kd &&Syd gr,f/ raumif;wmawG vkyaf eol twGuf
awm@ol&J@ 0dOmOfvdyfjym&J h tpOft+rJajcmufvSef hr_eJ htwl b0rSm vdyfjymvHkpGm &SifoefcGifh r&Edkifygbl;?
wu,fawmh vl hb0 qdkwm trSefwdkawmif;vSygw,f/ 'Dvdk &SifoefcGifh wdkawmif;vSwJh um
vrSm usaemfwkd [ h m b,fvkd vlpm;awGtjzpf &Sio f efaexdik o f mG ;rvJqw kd mu ta&;}u;D vSygw,f/ Oyrm
Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;wdk v h kd tmZmenfy*k Kd~ vrf sm;qdk olwkd &h J h &Sio f efciG hf wdak wmif;cJah yr,fh olwkd &h J h aumif;
usdK;vkyf&yfawGa=umifh olwdk h&J h aus;Zl;w&m;eJ h emrnf*k%fowif;uawmh tpOft+rJ&SifoefaerSmyg/
'gudk b,fvdkt&mawGurS ydwfyifwm;qD; azsmufzsufypfvdk hr&Edkifygbl;/ 'gayr,fh oef;a&$vdk vlpm;
rsdK;=uawmh vlraoao;ayr,hf ol h&J h&Sifoefr_u aoqHk;oGm;yg+yD/ raumif;wmvkyfwJh vltwGufawmh
ordkif;rSm vlqdk;vl,kwfrmqdkwJh raumif;owif;uawmh xm0& usef&pfcJhrSmyg/ tm%m pnf;pdrf awG
b,favmuf&&dS dS raumif;wJh tvkyaf wG eJ h aexdik af eoltwGuaf wmh ol&J h vdyjf ymrvH+k crH e_ J t h wl ae@pOf
ajcmufvSef hcHae&rSmyg/
usaemfw@kd awG&@J b0[m tckaecgrmS rjynfph rkH a_ wG/ tcuftcJawGe@J &ifqikd }f uKH awG@ ae=u&vd@k
pdwf"gwfusp&m/ 0rf;enf;tm;i,faep&m rvdkygbl;? ar#mfvifhcsufeJ@ }udK;pm;tm;xkwfaewJh
&SifoefwJhb0udk ydkifqdkifolwdkif;rSm tcGifhtvrf;&Sdygw,f? usaemfwdk@[m tdpufvSwJh wefzdk;}uD;vSwJh
zJarG@,may:rSm tdyfrSr[kwfygbl;? rmausm=urf;wrf;vSwJh ausmufcif;vrf;ay: tdyfoluvnf;
ewforD;tdrfruf rufcGifh&Sdygw,f? ewforD;tdrfrufudk taumiftxnfaz: }udK;pm;wJhae&mrSm
,Hk=unfcsufwckudk pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ arG;jrLxm;zdk@vdkygw,f? ,Hk=unfcsuf wu,f cdkifrm+yDqdk&if tifrwef
rmausmvSyg+yq D wkd hJ ausmufqikd af usmufom;/ oHr%dawGawmif t&_;H ay;&ygw,f? ,H=k unfcsuw f cke@J
av#mufaeol&J@ tem*gwfudk r m&fewfrif;&J@ vufaygif;waxmifeJ@ wm;qD;ydwfyifvdk@vnf;
ratmifjrifEdkifwm trSefyg?
usaemfwdk@taeeJ@ avmutusdK;/ vltrsm;tusdK;twGuf rdrdtoufudkyif pGef@v$wf
Edik of nftxd avmutusKd ;twGuf o,fy;kd aqmif&u G o f mG ;wJh ol&aJ umif;rsm; rjzpfEikd af wmif tenf;qH;k
vl@avmuudk qdk;usdK;rjzpfaprJh aumif;aom touf&Sifr_eJ@ touf&SifaexdkifwJh b0udkawmh
71
zefw;D ,lEikd yf gw,f? xd@k twl raumif;r_ukd jyKvyk af eolawGukd wm;qD;&mrSmvnf; yg0ifqifEEJ$ ikd yf gw,f?
acgi;f aqmifrjzpfEikd af wmif Pink Floyd &J@ The Wall t,fvb f rfxu J usL;&ifh xm;ovdk Another
brick in the wall ....eH&HxJu aemufxyf tkyfcJav;/ tkyfcsyf av; wcsyftjzpfeJ@aygh/
'Dvdk tkwfwcsyf tjzpfyg0if&rSmvnf; cyfnHhnHh rckdifrmwJh tkwfwpfcsyfrsdK;rjzpfatmif
tjrif u s,f u s,f eJ h ynmaumif ; aumif ; wwf a om vl o m;rsm;jzpf & ef }ud K ;pm;&ygh r ,f / /
aumif;wmvkyfwmrSefayr,fh bm rS ravhvm rjyifqifxm;&if omrefyJjzpf+yD; t&ma&mufEdkifrSm
r[kwfygbl;/ ,ae h urBmvdk rar#mfvifh aom jy\emrsm; v#ifjrefpGm jzpfysufaecsdefrSm usaemfwdk@
taeeJ h jy\emtopfrsm;twGuf trSt D cdk uif;uif; awG;jrifEikd pf rG ;f udk jyKpyk sKd ;axmifay;&ygr,f/ 'gro S m
udk,f&nfudk,faoG;&Sdaom vlpGrf;aumif; OD;aqmifcsdefrSm &nf&G,fcsufyef;wdkif ta&mufvSrf;Edkifzdk h
axmufyHhay;Edkifonfh vlom;aumif;/ aemufvdkuf aumif; jzpfEdkifygvdrfhrnf/
'Dvdk&SifoefcGifhudk ,Hk=unfcsufwckeJ@ }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfwJh ae&mrSm aumif;wmvkyfwmyJ
aumif ; wmjzpf r S m aygh qd k + yD ; bmrS r jyif r qif / rawG ; rawmeJ @ vk y f & if a wmh atmif j rif r _ e J @
a0;uGm&wwfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ tenf;qHk; vlwdkif;trSwfwrJh t+rJajymajymaewJh pum;av;
wcGef;udkawmh vdkufemusifhoHk;Edkifr,fqdk&if wefzdk;&SdwJh usaemfwdk@awG&J@ b0udk zefwD;EdkifrSmyg?
wjcm;r[kwfygbl; "SMART" usus vkyaf qmif&ygr,f? "S" specific (wdwdusus owfowf
rSwfrSwfjzpf&r,f) "M" Measurable (rdrd&J@ taetxm;/ vkyfaqmif&rJh t&mawGudk wdkif;wm
Edik pf rG ;f &S&d r,f) "A" Achievable (rdrv d yk af qmif&r,fh udpu P vkd yk af qmifEikd rf ,fh pGr;f &nf&&dS r,f )“R ”
Realistic ( &nf&G,fcsuf/ vkyfaqmifcsufudk vufawG hus &r,f ) “ T” Time - Bound
(b,ftcsed /f b,fumv twGi;f qdw k hJ umv uef o h wfcsu&f &dS r,f) 'Dvo kd m usaemfwkd &h J h b0rsm;udk
smart ususeJ h aumif;wmawGvkyf+yD; qufvufav#mufvSrf; r,fqdk ypPKy`efrSmvnf; aysmf&$if&r,f/
usaemfwdk h&J hb0rSm +yD;jynfhpGm aexdkifoGm;EdkifcGifh &ygvdrfhr,f// xkdtwl rdrdudk,fudk vdyfjymvHkpGm
b0udkjzwfoef;cJhwJh twGuf bmaemifw w&m;rS usef&pfrS r[kwfyg bl;/ xdk htwl bmaemifw&m;rS
rcsef&pfcJhtwGuf b0&J hqnf;qmcsdefudkvnf; +idrf;csrf;at;csrf;pGm jzwfoef;EdkifrSm rvGJyg/ (qnf;qm
umvtul;tajymif;)
usaemfwdk h wpfOD;csifpDeJ h zGJ hpnf;xm;wJh vl htzGJ htpnf;}uD;[m usaemfwdk h&J h cspfvSwJh EdkifiH
awmf}u;D yg/ b,foal =umifh / b,f0ga=umifh 'Dvjkd zpf&wm[k w&m;cH&mS tjypfzkd ah e=ur,ht f pm; usaemf
wdk h cHpm;cJh&aom vlr_a&; 'kuQrsm; b0&J h qHk;&_H;r_rsm;rSm usaemfwdk h ta=umufw&m;v$rf;+cHKr_ /
aeomovdk aecJhr_rsm;eJ h usaemfwdk haumif;usdK;trsm;aumif;usdK;a&S;&_ hwJ hvkyfaqmifr_rsm; rvkyfcJh r_
a=umifh jzpfonfudk 0efcH=u&ayrnf/ xdk twl wefzdk;&SdvSwJh / &cJhvSwJhvl@b0udk tusdK;rJh jzKef;wD;ae
r_rsm;udk &yfwef h+yD; udk,fhusifhw&m;eJ h "rR"dXmefusr_wdk hudk atmifEdkifoljzpfwJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf &J@
vrf;n$efr_ aemufudk vdkuf&if; wefzdk;&SdwJh usaemfwdk hb0rsm;udk zefwD;wnfaqmuf=uyg/ b0rSm aer
0ifcif rdk;csKyfoGm;&olrsm; rjzpfatmif }udK;pm;&if; &Sifoef=uygpdk h/
“udk,fusifhw&m;eJ h "rR"dXmefusr_wdk h&J h - aus;u|efjzpfae&if urBmavmu}uD; udk jrSifhwifr,fhol rjzpf
Edik b
f ;l ”
Nietzsche (on the Genealogy of Morals)
aZmf0ifat;
72
“jyifopfawmfveS af &; vrf;wpf0ufayguaf e+y”D [korl aocifq,fEpS af vmufu erdwzf wfjcif;rSm

{0ueftrSefpifppfjzpfvmcJhavonf?oluG,fvGef+yD;q,fESpf=umaomf ol@Zmwdcsufa=uGwdkif;jynfwGif
rkew
f ikd ;f wduk o
f vdk tH=k uaG wmfveS rf a_ wGjzpfvmcJah vonf? ayguaf yguaf vSmo f vdk bk&ifukd awmfveS of nfh
wdkufyGJawGjzpfvmonf?odk@aomf yxrqHk;jzpfvmonfhawmfvSefa&;rSm Oa&mywGifr[kwfay?
tar&duajrmufyikd ;f twWvEdw W uf rf;ajcrSonf e,l;[rf¶h id_ ;f ,m;ESihf a*sm*f s,
D mwpfav#muf t*Fvyd u f vkd ekd D
13 jynfe,frS pwifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf?
t*Fvdyf tar&duefppfyGJ
(odk@ ) jynfaxmifpk
ay:xGe;f jcif;
wifarmifjrifh
tar&duefa&muf t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd eD ,fom;rsm;onf yifu, kd t
f m;jzifh vGyv
f yG v
f yfvyf aeolrsm;
jzpfonf? olwo kd nf yxr csm;vfpb f &k if.EdyS pf ufru _ rkd cHEikd I
f t*FvefrS xGuaf jy; vmolrsm; jzpfonf?
tar&duefa&mufawmh paumhawG/*smrefawGESifhaygif;rd=uonf? olwdk@onfq,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
yifyef;=urf;wrf;vSaom b0udk¶kef;uef&if; vGyfvGyfvyfvyfaecJh=uolrsm;jzpfonf? ,if;a¶S;OD;
tar&duefrsm;onf e,fpeG ef ,fzsm;/tEW&m,frsKd ;pH=k um;wGief ,fopfy,fopfwnfaqmufco hJ rl sm;jzpfonf?
18&mpkwpfacwfvHk;+Adwdefonf tar&duef¶dS udkvdkeDjynfe,f 13 udkvG,fvG,fuav;ESifh
tkycf sKycf ohJ nf? udvk ekd D e,fom;rsm;onf ud, k =hf urRmud, k zf efw;D vd=k uolrsm;jzpfonf? 1763ckEpS w f iG +f Aw
d ed u
f
jyifopfudkppfEdkifaomtcgtar&duefajrmufydkif;rSjyifopfudkvdkeDrsm;onf +Adwdo#vufatmufodk@
a&mufvmawmhonf?onftjymif;tvJonf +Adwdo#tpdk;&. EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'udkyg ajymif;vJapcJh
awmhonf?
ppfp&dwfu tukeftusrsm;vSonf? onfp&dwfpursm;twGuf jynfrtpdk;&uom
usc&H jcif;jzpf+y;D / tusKd ;tjrwfukd udv k ekd rD sm;utacsmif&vdu k o f vdjk zpfaeonf[k +Aw d o
d #acgi;f aqmifrsm;
jrifvmonf? xdktcg tif'D;,ef;rsm;&efrSumuG,f&efqdk+yD; tar&duefudkvdkeDrsm;odk@+Adwdo# ppfwyf
awG y d k @ ay;onf ? onf t wG u f p &d w f p ursm;ud k ud k v d k e D r sm;uuscH & onf ? 1765ck E S p f w G i f
onfudpPtwGufygvDrefu Oua'ESpf&yfjyVmef;vdkufonf? +Adwdo#ppfom;rsm;twGuf aep&dwf/ pm;p
&dw/f o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&;p&dwt f m;vk;H udv k ekd rD sm;u usc&H rnf? aemufOya'wpfcu k wHqyd af cgi;f Oya'?
udkvdkeDe,fy,ftm;vkH;owif;pmESifh tjcm;ykHEdSyfxkwfa0a&;udpPtm;vkH; wHqdyfacgif;uyf&rnf?
wHqdyfacgif;a&mif;&onfhaiGtm;vHk; +Adwdo#ppfwyftwGuf okH;&rnf?
xdktcgudkvdkeDe,fom;rsm;u olwdk@tm;+Adwdo#EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;zdk@ awmif;qdk
vm=uawmhonf?olw@kd u+Aw d o
d #tpd;k &.tcGex f rf;rsm; jzpfaejcif;udt k a=umif;jy+y;D awmif;qdjk cif;jzpfonf?
bmtcGifhta&;rSr&bJtcGefay;ae&jcif;[m w&m;rr#wbl;[lonfhtoHawG udkvdkeDrsm;rS w+ydKifwnf;
xGufvmawmhonf? onfwkH@jyefr_a=umifh +Adwdo#wdk@+zHKoGm;onf? 1766ckESpfwGif wHqdyfacgif;
73
Oya'ud¶k yk o f rd ;f ay;vdu k &f onf?aemufcek pfEpS t f =umwGif t*Fvyd yf gvrD efu Oya'wckaemufxyfxyfw;kd
vdu k o f jzifh tusKd ;enf;&onft h jzpfawG xyfw;kd vmjyefonf? 1773ckEpS w f iG f ta¶S@tdE,
dN ukr% ` t D m;
udkvdkeDukefonfrsm;odk@ vufzufajcmufwdkuf¶dkufa&mif;cscGifhay;vdkufonfh Oya'jzpf.? t"dy`g,frSm
udv k edk eD ,fom;tar&duefawGtwGuf vufzufajcmufaps;oufomoGm;aomfvnf; tar&duefoiG ;f ukef
vdkifpif&ukefonfawG txdemoGm;avawmhonf? Todk@jzifhrauseyfr_rsm;rSonf awmfvSefykefuefr_
txdjzpfvmawmhonf?
1773ckESpfwGift*FvdyfoabFmokH;pif;/taygpm;vufzufajcmufawGwif+yD; tar&duefodk@
a&mufvmonf?abmhpwefqyd u f rf;wGif vufzufajcmufxyk af wGukd tar&duefawGu a&xJuefcsypfonf?
tjcm;qd y f u rf ; rsm;uvnf ; t*F v d y f o abF m rsm;ud k urf ; tuyf r cH b J armif ; xk w f =uonf ?
onfowif;=um;awmh t*FvefrS wwd,ajrmufa*smb h &k if a'gotrsuaf jcmif;ajcmif; xGuaf vawmhonf?
tar&duefudkvdkeDawGudk ol@bufrSaysmhaysmhaysmif;aysmif;qufqHaeygvsuf/onfvdkarmufrmapmfum;
&rnfvm; [k }udwfrEdkifcJr&jzpfaeonf? t*Fvdyfwdk@u olwdk@taejzifh tar&duefawGqDrS
tcGeaf umufciG ¶hf adS eonf[k ,k=H unfaeqJyif? od@k aomftar&duefw@kd . qef@usirf r_ sm; udk tav#mah y;
qufqHvmonf?odk@aomfvufzufajcmufta&;tcif;wGifrl ykefuefonf[k t*Fvdyfwdk@ u,lq.?
Oya'udck sKd ;azmufjcif;[krw S ,f . l ? xd@k a=umifo h nfupd u P jkd ywfjywfom;om; ta&;,lz@kd qH;k jzwfvu kd o f nf?
ygvDrefwGif Oya'awGtrsdK;rsdK;wif+yD;jyVmef;onf? ,if;wdk@txJrSwpfckrSmabmhpwef qdyfurf;udk
ydwyf pfz@kd jzpfonf? +y;D awmh rufqmcsL;qufjynfe,ftpd;k &udk t=uyfuikd zf @kd Oya' awGvnf;ygonf?
ygvrD efxw J iG t f ajctwifawG jzpfvmonf? tcsKd @uonfvOkd ya'=urf;awGuq kd ef@usio f nf?
od@k aomf tpd;k &uZGwv f yk of nf? 0ef}u;D csKyf +rKd @pm;}u;D aemhou f trwfawGuakd r;onf? ‘usKyfw@kd jynfoal wG
udk usKyfwdk@udkvdkeDuvlawG w&m;vufvGwfvkyfaewmudk cifAsm;wdk@vufydkuf=unfh ae=urSm
vm;’?abmhpwefESifh rufqmcsL;qufudpP Oya'=urf;rsm; rJtjywftowfEdkif+yD; twnfjzpfoGm;onf?
xdktcsdefwGifabmhpwefom;awGuysufpD;oGm;onfhvufzufajcmufawGtwGufavsmfa=u;ay;zdk@
pDpOfae=uonf? od@k aomfonftawmtwGi;f +Aw d od #ro S wif;a&mufvmojzifh olw@kd tom+ird af evdu k f
onf?tqdkygOya'ESpf&yfa=umifh udkvdkeD 13jynfe,f¶Sd tar&dueftm;vHk;a'golykefxukef=uawmhonf?
rufqmcsL;qufudk u¶k%moufa=umif; Am*sD;eD;,m;jynfe,fu xkwfjyefa=ujimonf? xdktcg
Am*sD;eD;,m;bk&ifcHu jynfe,fOya'jyKv$wfawmfudk zsufodrf;ypfvdkufonf? odk@aomftrwfawGu
pm;aomufqikd w f pfqikd w f iG pf ak 0;+y;D / tjcm;udv
k ekd rD sm;od@k onfupd ! P EdS i_d ;f zd@k pma&;ta=umif;=um;vdu k o f nf?
rufqmcsL;quf udkvdkeDuvnf; Am*sD;eD;,m;ESifhwpfoabmwnf;¶Sdonf? udkvdkeDjynfe,f
tm;vHk; wpfpnf;wvHk;wnf;tvkyfvkyfzdk@ pdwftm;xufoefae=u+yD; +Adwdo#tpdk;&u olwdk@udkydk+yD;
zdEySd v
f monf? 1774ckEpS /f pufwifbmv tapmydik ;f u olw@kd wawG zDvm'Jvzf ;D ,m;wGif awG@qHck =hJ uonf?
ol w d k @ txJ w G i f Am*sD ; eD ; ,m;rS a*smh 0 g¶S i f w ef y gonf ? ruf q mcsL;quf r S *|ef t 'rf p f ygonf ?
yxrqH;k jynfv;kH u|wf uGe*f &uf.y%mrajcvSr;f jzpfavonf? atmufwb kd mvxJwiG f uGe*f &ufjynfo@l
tcGifhta&; a=unmpmwrf;udkoabmwlvdkufonf? a=unmpmwrf;wGif tar&duefwdk@uarG;&myg
obm0Oya'udk tajccH+yD; udk,fh=urRmudk,fzefwD;EdkifcGifh ¶Sd&rnf[kawmif;qdkxm;onf? +Adwdo#tpdk;&
taejzifh udv k ekd rD sm;tm;xde;f csKyx f m;r_ukd tqk;H owfz@kd vnf;awmif;qdo k nf? onfawmif;qdck surf sm;tjyif
+Adwdo#ukefpnfrsm;udk udkvdkeDrsm;u r0,fawmh[kvnf; &mZoHay;vdkufonf?
a=ujimcsuo f nfvef'efo@kd c&pPrwfrwdik rf u D av;wGif a&mufomG ;onf? xd@k a=umifyh aJG wmf&uf
74
+y;D rS ygvrD efwiG af qG;aEG;=uonf? ygvrD efxw J iG f qlyu G of mG ;jyefonf? tvGet f a[mtajymaumif;onfh
tuf'refAsKpv f x kd yd w f ef;acgi;f aqmifawGu wpfajrpDjcm;umtar&duefjzpfomG ;=uaom ud, k v hf rl sKd ;rsm;.
awmif;qkcd suu f v kd ukd af vsmcsi=f uonf? olw@kd awmif;qdck suaf wG w&m;r#wonf? vdu k af vsmoifo h nf[k
olw@kd uqd=k uonf? ygvrD efjyifywGit f *Fvyd jf ynfoal wGuaoG;&if;om;&if;awG +ird ;f csr;f pGmajz¶Si;f oifo h nf[k
ygvrD efu0kd ikd ;f ajym=uonf? +Aw d od #tpd;k &u ppfrjzpfapcsiyf g[q k okd nf? od@k aomf wwd,ajrmufa*smb h &k if
u ‘jyoemawGjyif;jyif;xefxef rjzpfapcsifbl;/ 'gayrJhtavsmhay;vdk@vnf;rjzpfbl;/ udkvdkeD
awGtavsmhay;&r,f? 'grSr[kwf&if wdk@udkEdkifatmifwdkuf&r,f’[kqdkonf?
bk&ifrif;jrwf.oabmxm;udk ygvDrefxJwGiftrwftrsm;pku axmufcH=uonf? +Adwdef
taejzifh aemufr qkwfEdkif? udkvdkeDwdk@bufuvnf;tvm;wlyif? ygvDreftrwfwpfOD;u‘r=umcifrSmyJ
tar&duefawG[majymifajrmufw1hJ 775ckEpS af wmfveS af &; tcrf;tem;}uD;udu k si;f y=uvdrrhf ,f/1688
ckEpS u f u|eaf wmfw@kd vyk cf =hJ uovdak ygh’[kerdwzf wfco hJ nf?yxrqH;k aoewfou H kd 1775ckEpS w f iG yf if=um;
vdu k &f onf?1776ckEpS =f o*kwv f xJwiG f udv k ekd jD ynfe,faygi;f pHk uGe*f &uf.'kw, d a=ujimcsuv f ef'efo@kd
a&mufvmonf?‘vl@b0tprSmuwnf;u vlqw kd mwef;wlnrD _ bk&m;ocifuzefqif;cJw h m’[kpxm;+y;D
onf u d k v d k e D r sm;onf t vm;wl p G m vG w f v yf a omwpf a jy;nD t cG i f h t a&;&¶S d a om jynf e ,f r sm;
jzpfz@kd vdo
k nf’[ktqH;k owfxm;onf?
tar&duefvGwfvyfa&;a=ujimpmwrf;onf tar&duefordkif;. pmrsufESmopf
wpfckjzpfvmvJhavonf?a=ujimcsuf.tESpfom&rSm olwdk@taejzifhaemufrqkwfEdkif? 1778ckESpfwGif
tar&duefw@kd u t*Fvyd w f @kd tm; e,l;a,muf/qm&mwk*d g wdu k yf wJG iG af tmifycJG v H u kd o
f nf? tar&duefajr
ay:rSjyifopfw@kd u udv k ekd bD ufr&S efoal [mif; t*Fvyd w f @kd ud0k ifwu kd af y;onf? od@k aomf wdu k yf rJG mS tjywf
towf t¶_;H tEdik f ray:bJ tDaeonf?Tod@k jzifh 1781ckEpS cf ef@a&mufvmonft h cgwiG f t*Fvyd w f yfrsm;
Am*s;D eD;,m;/a,mhcaf wmif;wGif ydwrf ad eawmhonf? TwGit f *Fvyd Af v kd cf sKy}f u;D qmuGeaf 0gv h pfcv f ufeufcs
&onf? aemufqkH; 1783ckESpf/pufwifbm 3&ufae@wGif+Adwdo#wdk@u yg&DpmcsKyfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh&
avawmhonf? TpmcsKyrf mS tar&duefajray:rS t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd D 13jynfe,fukd tar&duefjynfaxmifp[ k Il
todrSwfjyK&onfhpmcsKyfjzpfonf?
tar&duefacgif;aqmifrsm;onf jynfe,f 13ckudk pkpkpnf;pnf;tkyfcsKyfEdkifonfh cdkifrm
awmifhwif;aomtpdk;&tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;EdkifcJh=uonf? 1787ckESpfarvxJwGif tajccHzGJ@pnf;tkyfykH
Oya'a&;qGJa&;nDvmcHudk zDvm'JvfAD;,m;wGif usif;yEkdifcJh=u+yD; t*FvdyfawmfvSefa&;+yD;ptwdkif;
,if;zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHudk a&;qGJEdkifcJh=uonf?onftajccHOya'udkzuf'&,frl[lIac:wGif+yD;/ tkyfcsKyfr_
tm%mtcsdK@udk jynfe,frsm;ujynfrtpdk;&ESifh cGJa0cHpm;zdk@jzpfonf? tjcm;t"dy`g,frSm tpdk;&tzGJ@wpf
zGJ@. vkyfief;cGJwpfckonftjcm;tpdk;&tzGJ@wpfzGJ@.vkyfief;cGJ tkyfcsKyfr_tm%mudk uef@owfEdkifonfh
pepfjzpfonf?onfpepfukd Check and Balance [kac:onf? wpfzufu=unfv h #if tar&duefw@kd onf
t*FvdyfawmfvSefa&;umvudk twk,lxm;jcif;jzpfonf? Oyrm olwdk@zGJ@pnf;ykHonfjynfolrS jynfolodk@
[lonfrh u l ,kd x l m;jcif;jzpfonf? jyifopfw@kd u olw@kd vlawGtar&duefEiS w hf +JG y;D t*Fvyd u f kd wdu k af ejcif;tm;
tomapmif=h unfah e+y;D / olw@kd pepfuv kd nf;avhvmaeonf?xd@k aemufow l @kd Edik if w
H iG f onfpepfut kd ok;H csz@kd
}uKd ;pm;=uawmhonf? wifarmifjrifh
rl&if;- Conflict in the Colonies by Frances Plotkin.
jynfol ah cwf*sme,frS aqmif;yg;udk jyefvnfazmfjyygonf/
75
“vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;/vlxkwdkufyGJawGeJhusHK;roGif;or#/ppfacG;tkyfpk/
qif&dkif; awG[m udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;/ toacsFteEWeJ h tm%m,pfrl;aerSmyJ”
tawmifyrH &Sad om &ifcek forH sm;
armifpdk;csdef
rdcifqifru om;i,f qifaygufuav;eJ@ a&jymtdkif a&pyfudk qif;vmcJh=u ? qifru
tajy;tv$m; a&iHk@aomufpOfrSmyJ rdausmif;u qifESmarmif;udk ckef+yD; udkufvdkufw,f? qifru
vef@a=umuf+y;D aemufv! S hf jyefqw k v
f u
kd af yrJ/h rdausmif;u ESmarmif;udk rv$wwf rf; cJxm;? qifr
ajy;rvGwfawmh? qifr vS!fhxGuf&m aemufrSm rdausmif;[m ESmarmif;udk udkufcJxm;vsufeJ@
ygvmcJ+h y?D uef@vef@}u;D ? avxJrmS ? a[m--qifayguu f av; u ol@rdcif qifr&J@ aemufajcaxmufe@J
0rf;AdkufatmufrSm a&mufae&muae ajcacsmf+yD;/ rdausmif; ausmukef;ay: wufaerd&ufom;
jzpfoGm;w,f? ajcacsmfoGm;wmvm;? b,fvdkyJ jzpfap rdausmif;ay: wufeif;xm;vsuf?
tjzpftysufawGu odyf+yD; jrefqef? v#yfwjyuf?
v#yfwjyufrSmyJ/ tjzpftysufawGu ajymif;oGm;vdkufwm? qifr&J@ ESmarmif;udk
udkufcJxm;wJh rdausmif;[m/ &kwfw&uf axG;xkwfvdkufyHk &w,f? qifaygufu ausmay:eif;?
rdausmif;yg;pyf tmacgif +yJvsufom; [oGm;? rdausmif;u a&xJ &kwfcsnf; ckefqif;oGm;?
qifom;trdvJ ta0;udk a=umufvef@w=um; ajy;xGufoGm;=uav&J@?
qife@J rdausmif;wdu k yf JG atmufrmS pmwrf;xd;k xm;w,f? rSww f rf; wifoul kd awG@&w,f?
uGefjyLwm puifay:rSm ol@&kyfyHkudkawmh rawG@&? "gwfyHkq&mu qGwfZmvefu vmwJh urBm@vS!fh
c&D;onf? rmwif Edkifazvm ( Martin Nyfeler ) wJh? ZefbD,m EdkifiH awmifykdif;/ vla&mif0g +rdK@/
trsdK;om;yef;+cH? (Zambia's South Laungwa National) rSm (15) puUef@twGif; jzpfysufcJhwJh
2010 pufwif bmvxJu tjzpftysufwck? [kwfyghrvm;? (15) puUef@ Zwfvrf;? uGefjyLwm
0ufbfqdkuf awGxJu/ twdkqHk; Zmwfvrf; wyk'f jzpfEdkifw,f? 0ufbfqdkuf Zwfvrf; trJvdkufawG
=u!fh&_cHpm;+yD; =ua&maygh?
76
acgi;f xJuae qifawG ckex f u G v f mw,f? rsuv f ;kH xJrmS jrifa,mifvmw,f? rsuv f ;kH xJuae
qif&ikd ;f awG ckex f u G v f mwm jzpf&r,f? pma&;q&m *gr%d a&;xm;wJh aqmif;yg;xJ u qif&ikd ;f awG?
tiftm;}uD;wJh awmqif&dkif;awGudk/ qif,Of jzpfvmatmif/ avhusifhay;cJh wJh rdk;!Sif;-rdk;aumif;
e,fom;/ &Srf;eD trsdK;om;}uD; pdkif;aA'gudk awG@csifvdkufwm? touf&Sif vsuf &SdaeOD;r,f qdk&if/
touf&mausmf &Sdavmuf+yD? qdk;oGrf; &dkif;pdkif;vS+yD;/ tiftm; t&G,ftpm; }uD;rm;vSwJh &efol
qifawGudk/ vltusdK;jyKwJh rdwfaqG tdrfqif (qif,Of) jzpfvmatmif zrf;qD;avhusifhay;wJh tzdk;
pdkif;aA'g?
qif&dkif;awGudk usKH;oGif;wJh &efoludk rdwfaqG vkyfjcif; twwfynmaA' aqmif;yg; udk
rdk;rceJ@ tvif;tdrfrSm azmfjyvdkufwJhtwGuf usufoa& wufae xGef;oGm;? &efol qif&dkif;udk
t=urf;ywrf;enf;eJ@ zrf;csKy&f w,fw?hJ usKH ;oGi;f zrf;w,f? usi;f axmif zrf;w,f? arhaq; aoewfe@J
ypfcwfzrf; owJ?h qif&ikd ;f qdw k t hJ wGuf vlawG@&if eif;owfz@kd ? vlukd ,yfawmifjzpfomG ;atmif eif;acs
acsre_ ;f ypfz@kd ? tiftm;oH;k +y;D tpG,ef @J xk;d aumf+y;D /vu l kd ajrmS ufypfwifvu kd zf @kd avmufyJ odwhJ qif&ikd ;f ?
tdrfrSm cdkif;zdk@ qdkayrJh tomw=unf ac:r&? 'Dawmh qif&dkif;udk oGefoifay;wJh enf;aA't&/
t=urf;wrf;qHk; wdkufyGJ qif+yD;/ zrf;csKyf tkyfypf&w,f?
qif&ikd ;f udk &ufaygi;f ESpq f ,ftwGi;f rSm b,favmufq;kH r,l&ovJ? c|e;f eJ@ aygu?f vSeH @J xd;k ?
!SyfxJrSmyJ tcsdeftm;jzifh q,fav; ig;&uf xm;&owJh? t=urf;zufwJhenf; omru/
t=urf;rzufwehJ nf;udv k J wGzJ uf+y;D oH;k wm awG@&w,f? qif&ikd ;f udk !Syx f rJ mS xJh xm;qJrmS yJ/
t=urf;rzufwhJ enf;awGukd oH;k &w,f? vlav; ig;a,mufu vufawGe@J yGwo f yf/ yg;pyfuvJ csKd om
El;!Hw h hJ oDcsi;f awGukd oH+yKd if oDqdk [pfatmf acsmah rmh&owJ?h +ird u f somG ;&if xnufcJ (xef;vsucf )J
wcJ au|;wm? iSuaf ysmoD;wvH;k au|;wm vky&f w,f? tif;--'gayrJh t=urf;zuf ESyd u f yG &f wJh enf;awG[m/
qif&ikd ;f udk taumif;qH;k aom qH;k renf;awGy?J tiftm;oH;k acsre_ ;f vdw k hJ pdwq f if&ikd ;f / pdw&f ikd ;f pdwrf ukd u
f /kd
tiftm;eJ@yJ jyefvnf acsre_ ;f / ,Ofyg;atmif vkyw f hJ enf;[m/ wu,fh toufaoG;a=umyJ? pOf;pm;=u!f?h
tJ'eD nf;[m rajymifajrmufb;l qd&k if/ rxufjrufb;l qd&k if &efol qif&ikd ;f ausmuke;f ay: vufoyf+y;D /
aphpyfa&;vkyzf @kd qdw k m a0;ygao;&J@?
usL;bm;rSm bmwpfpwmudk uyfpx&dw k @kd ausmif;om;awGe@J vlxak wGu qH;k rcJh w,f?
bmwpfpwm qdw k ahJ umif xGuaf jy;cJ&h w,f? &dwpf w k wf ef;? aemufuswhJ ajcaxmuf opPmazmuf?
AD,uferfrmS woJoJ 0ifvmcJ=h uwJ/h jyifopfe,fcs@J qif&ikd ;f awG/ *syef zufqpfe@J tar&duef e,fcs@J
awmqif&ikd ;f &efol tkypf ak wGu/kd vlxpk pfy/JG vlxw k u kd yf JG wduk yf EJG pS &f yfe@J usKH ;oGi;f +y;D acsre_ ;f ypfc&hJ w,faemf?
urBmavmu}u;D xJrmS AD,uferf v,form;awG/ tvkyf orm;awG[m &efoq l if&ikd ;f awGukd ckcpH pf/
awmfveS pf pfe@J usKH ;oGi;f &mrSm txufjrufq;kH / tajymifajrmufq;kH yJ/ OD;pd;k csed u f armifp;kd csed f (igh ) udk
ar;w,f? armifp;kd csed u f OD;pd;k csed f (igh ) udk [kww f ,f? awmfveS w f hJ AD,uferfawG[m rdik f &Spaf xmifausmf
c&D;&Snf csw D ufyu JG w&kwf v,form; wyfeaD wmfawGvkd odyf xufjruf ajymifajrmuf=uwmvd@k
ajzw,f?
a[m--apmapmu =u!fv h ukd &f wJh t,fv*f s;D &D;,m; ppfyrJG mS e,fcs@J t&dik ;f tpdik ;f jyifopfu/kd
usKH ;oGi;f armif;xkww f hJ jynfopl pf[mvJ urBmt h b hH , G &f m wyg; ayyJvm;? t,fv*f s;D &D;,m; vlxak wG[m/
wa,mufjcif;/ wzG@J wpkjcif;/ tomief;ief; aoewfukd &&Sad tmif pkaqmif;=uw,f? Armjynfu
a&$@ajymif; tvkyo f rm;awG tvky&f mS ovdyk ?J zdEydS f tkypf ;kd owfjzwfaewJh vlwpk vufatmufrmS / wrdepf/
77
wpuUe@f awmif raevdw k /hJ vlrsm;pk}u;D [m awmfveS cf ck zH @kd aoewfu/kd xrif;xuf yd+k y;D av;av;eufeuf
&SmazGv, k uf =uw,f? &efo@l vufeuf ud, k v fh ufeuf vkyyf pfw,f? uav; &SpEf pS /f q,fEpS o f m;u
tp tzdk;tkd/ tzGm;tdktqHk; ajratmufawmfvSefa&; vkyfief;xJrSm ESpfjrKyf yg0ifcJh=uw,f? olwdk@udk
=u!fh =u!fh +y;D / +red pf &maumif;vdu k wf mvd@k avoHe@J wd;k wd;k ajymrdwt hJ xd? [kww f ,f? wuf=uEG ;kd =um;/
pGef@v$wf nD!Gwfae=uwJh t,fvf*sD;&D;,m;wdk@&J@ jynfolppfyGJ[m qmqmavmifavmifeJ@ pm;&wJh
npmvdkyJ +rdefp&m odyfaumif;w,f?
ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_[m }uDrm;cef@x,f? vlxk[m ykvdyfpcef;awGudk yHkpHtrsdK;rsdK;
enf;y&d,m,f toG,o f , G ef @J 0ifp;D =u? wdu k cf u kd =f u? vufeufawG ,l=u? &efo@l vufeuf[m &efol
qif&ikd ;f jyifopfawGtwGu/f taumif;qH;k aom usKH ;awG/ !Syaf wGyaJ v? opfawm rJrJ xlx}l u;D awGxrJ mS
awmcdk olyek f vkyw f m rawG@cJ&h ? +rKd @ jywdu k yf aJG wGuom v$r;f cJah v&J@? &efol jyifopf qif&ikd ;f awG[m/
zdESdyf owfjzwfr_udk t&Sdeft[kef xyfwdk;cJh=u jyefw,f? awm qif&dkif; e,fcsJ@awG[m vlxkawGudk
e,fcsJ@ppfwyf/ qifajcaxmufawGeJ@ tr_ef@ jzpfatmif txyfxyf eif;acscJhawmhwmyJ? awG@ra&Smif
owfjzwf? odyf+yD; &rf;um;vmw,f? axmifxJ qGJoGif;xm;wJh awmfvSefa&;orm;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;udk
acgi;f jzwfpufxJ xJ+h y;D / acgi;f jzwf ypfw,f? =u!fph rf;? tJ'h D &ufpufr/_ zdEydS f tEdik u f sirfh /_ awmqif&ikd ;f
qifajcaxmufawG a=umihf awmfvSefa&; usqif;roGm;wJhtjyif/ a&eHavSmifwJhuef rD;avmifwmudk/
"gwfqD xyfjzef;ovdk jzpfoGm;cJhw,f?
ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_ rD;awmufrDv#HawG[m/ awmqif&dkif; jyifopf vljzLawGudk/
t&Sifvwfvwf aorif;jynfudk ydk@ay;cJhw,f? a[m'DrSm =u!fhvdkuf? jyifopfe,fcsJ@wyfu vlxk
taqmuftOD;wckudk AHk;eJ@ pwifcJGw,f? wdkufwmawG[m tpdwfpdwftr$mr$m +ydKus ysufpD;oGm;?
vlxk tavmif;awG yHx k yfomG ;w,f? aoG;csi;f w&J&?J &meJ@csD +y;D aoaewJh tavmif;awGukd qGx J wk =f u?
tjypfrJh uav;i,fawG[m ausmufwHk;/ oHwdkifawGatmufrSm ,yfawmifawG aoG;tvdrf;vdrf;
jzpfoGm;? &ufpufvdkufwm? t,fvf*sD;&D;,m; vlrsdK;awG[m +idrfcHraebl;? onf;cH cGifhv$wfygu
at;csrf;yg.? tJ'D rD;usdK;armif;ysuf tawG;tac: &SdcJhyHk r&bl;? (r&bl;)? olwdk@[m vlom;pifppf
jzpfa=umif; jycsiw f ,f? ,keaf wG/ od;k awG/ EGm;awG r[kwaf =umif; jycsiw f ,f? olw@kd [m vljzpfa=umif;
jyowm[m odyfudk vSyw,f?
jyifopfe,fcs@J u a&ay:qD vl*% k x f H &yfuu G u
f /kd t,fv*f s;D &D;,m; vlxek @J pnf; txyfxyf
jcm;xm;w,f? vHk+cHKa&;uvJ txyfxyf? vlvlcsif; cGJjcm;qufqHcH=u&? ajr atmuf awmfvSefa&;
&Jabmf trsdK;orD;awG[m/ trsdK;rsdK; ta,mifaqmif+yD;/ a&ay:qD +rdK@e,fxJ 0if=uw,f?
pm;aomufqdkif/ ZdrfcH&m naysmfyGJpm;&HkrSm/ avqdyfrSm w+ydKifwnf; AHk;azmufcGJ=uw,f? e,fcsJ@
awmqif&ikd ;f awG&@J &rf;um; owfjzwf eif;acsru _ kd jyefvnf wke@f jyef xd;k ppfqifr?_ vSvu kd w f hJ wke@f jyefr?_
e,fcs@J ud, k wf ikd u
f tJ'v D kd jyefvyk zf @kd oifay;cJwm?
t,fv*f s;D &D;,m; +rKd @ jyvlxw k u kd yf [ JG m ESprf sKd ;pvH;k ygw,f? tH=k uaG wmif;qdrk _ vlxk wdu k yf ?JG
+yD;awmh vufeufudkif t=urf;zufawmfvSefa&;? 'Dvdk usHK;oGif;wmuvJ/ obm0 ed,mr wckyJ?
obm0wdu k yf x
JG uJ &lyaA' oabmawG/ "gwak A' wke@f jyef oufa&mufra_ wG twdik ;f ygy?J vGwv f yfa&;eJ@
'Drdkua&pD/ omwlnDr#a&;udk awmif;qdkvdk@ r&wJhtqHk;/ acsr_ef; owfjzwf/ aoG;pkyf tjrwfxkwfwm
rcHEdkifwJhtqHk;/ tiftm;vGef awmqif&dkif;awGudk vlxk ppfyGJawGeJh@ usHK;oGif;&awmhwmyJ? a&G;p&mu
'Dwvrf;yJ &Sdawmhw,f?
78
a[h--q&m? atmf--q&m? OD;pd;k csed q f w kd m cifAsm;vm;? udpk ;kd csed f cifAsm;ES,Af sm? arwWmyd@k
&Gwfzwf qENjywmxuf/ aoewfu tpGrf;xufw,fAs? odvm;? tJ'DwHk;u aoewfom ygcJh&if/
ol&Jaumif; jzpftHk;rSm? tckawmh arwWm vufeufyJygoGm;wJhtwGuf t!HhcH xGufajy;a&;orm;
jzpfvmcJhw,fAsm? ,Hkom ,Hkvdkufprf;yg? ,Hkvdkufprf;ygAsm? 2006/ 2007 awGu vrf;jycJhwm?
owfjzwfzEd ydS o f r# iH@k cHygrh ,f? igw@kd vufxrJ mS onf;cHjcif; arwWmyJ ygcyhJ gw,f? tyfwkd wacsmif;awmif
qENjywJhae&m ,lrvmcJhygbl;? (*k%f,l 0ihf=uGm;pGmeJ@vm;/ aoewf r&Sdvdk@ r,lvmcJh&wmvm;)?
t=urf;zuf zdEydS o f wfjzwfwmudk t=urf;rzufa&;eJ@ ik@H cH&r,fqw kd hJ atmifusLusL tawG;tac:[m/
igwdk@udk &__H;edrfhapw,f? tJ'g cifAsm;od&J@vm;? tJ'g 'um}uD; od&J@vm;? bmudk qdkvdkwmvJ?
'um}uD; od&J@vm;? odygw,f? odygw,f?
EGr;f vsaewJh rsuEf mS ? rD;usncf aJ &mifoef;aewJh rsuEf mS ? tJ'D rsuEf mS awGukd ordik ;f rSww f rf;
pmtkyfxJrSm/ ESpfESpfumum ig odrf;qnf;xm;vdkufw,f?
awmfvSefa&; pma&;q&m *gr%du/ q&m '*kefwm&m&J@ “&efoludk rdwfaqGjzpf
atmifvyk jf cif;” qdw k mud/k awmqif&ikd ;f udk usKH ;oGi;f wJh enf;aA't& vufco H mG ;w,f? om"k? om"k?
om"k? usKH ;oGi;f wJh enf;aA'u ESprf sKd ;? qif&ikd ;f udk qif,Of jzpfatmif/ (1)v/ (2)v/ (3)v/ (4)v/
(5)v vkyf,l&wmyJxm;? Armjynf ppfacG;/ awmqif&dkif;tkyfudk usHK;oGif;wm vlxkwdkufyGJ
aumif;oavmuf rjy!fhpHk? rcdkifrmawmh/ tay:w0uf atmuf w0uf? zdwfw0uf pifw0uf?
(10) ESpf/ (15) ESpf/ ESpf (20)/ (21) ESpf?
[kwfygw,fuGm? igu cHpm;r_ 0g'D? vlxkcHpm;r_[m ighcHpm;r_yJ? vlxkcHpm;r_b0udk ig
uAsmzGJ@w,f? vlxktmabmfudk a&;w,f? rif;wdk@ cHpm;wmudk igu a&;&r,fav? [ifhtif;--
cifAsm;cHpm;wmvJodcsifw,f? cifAsm;u uAsmq&m t,f'Dwmqdk+yD; vlvnfrus eJ@? wdkif;jynf&J@
tem*gwfudk cifAsm; od&r,f? cHpm;aew,f? tJ'g ajymAsm? [ifhtif;--rif;wdk@u pajym? igu
rSwfom;xm;r,f? q&mu tawmfvlvnf vkyfw,f? 'gqdk&if ajymyghr,f? t=urf;rzufa&;
vrf;pOfeJ@ trsdK;om; jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;? 3-4 buf awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;tvHudk
udkifxm;wJhtwGuf vlxk rvGwfajrmufbl;Asm? ESpf ESpfq,fausmfoGm;+yD? ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;/ ausmyGwfoyfa&;eJ@ zsufodrf;vdk@ r&bl;As?
ajcusKd ; a&$0if;armife@J 0dy\em eENm aZmfO;D u pl;ueJ azmufcyJG pfvu kd w f ,f? ig&h @J "gwcf eH @J
wJwh uhJ somG ;w,f? &ifxrJ mS v_ycf wfjrnfa=u;G ayg?h vlrsKd ;pk vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;orm;awG&@J
rdred ,fajr vGwv f yfa&;&zd@k / vlrsKd ;pkwckxJ vGwaf jrmufz@kd vkyaf e wma=umih/f Armjynf vGwaf jrmufa&;/
tzdEydS cf H vlwef;pm;w&yfv;kH / vlrsKd ;pk vlxw k &yfv;kH vGwaf jrmufa&;[m/ a0;onfxuf a0;ae&w,fw?hJ
(88) ta&;awmfyrkH mS / (2006)/ (2007) ta&;awmfykH vlxw k ukd yf aJG wGrmS / tJ'v
D rl sKd ;pkawG&@J vufeufuikd f
awmfveS af &;[m/ raygi;f pyf Edik cf =hJ ubl;? +rKd @ }u;D jy}u;D awGrmS rajymeJ@? olw@kd e,fajrawGrmS awmif
raygi;f pyfEikd b
f ;l ? urf;ukeaf &mAsm?
wcsKd @u Armtcsi;f csi;f csuek =f u+y?D tH=k uG qlyu l ek =f u+y?D cs =uprf;uGm qd+k y;D / 0rf;omtm;&eJ@
ajymwJh vlrsdK;pk olykefawGawmif &Sdaew,f? Adkufyl}uD; OD;ausmfacgifau;pyf ajymwm jywfw,f?
'Duae@ vlxkacgif;aqmifwpk[m/ Armjynfvlxkudk [dkcsDrif;vlxk/ uyfpx&kd vlxk/ armfpDwkef; vlxk/
t,fvf*sD;&D;,m; +rdK@ jywdkufyGJvlxk jzpfatmif jzpfajrmufvmatmif ajymif;vJrypfEdkifbl;Asm?
ol@pum;vH;k awG[m avxJrmS 0if;ysuo f mG ; wJh rd;k }uKd ; v#ypf ;D awG jzpfomG ;w,f? pnf&@J rsuEf mS jyifukd
79
cwfjyif;jyif; wD;cwfvdkufwJh toH uJhodk@yif/ [D+yD; [def;aew,f?

vlrsdK;pk awmfvSefa&; olykefawGuvJ usOf;ajrmif;wJh vlrsdK;a&;tjrif/ vlrsdK;a&; pdwf"gwf
pGJudkif xm;wkH;yJAs? &efol ppftkyfpk qif&dkif;uvJ/ olrS qif? olurS qifaumif Arm? vlrsdK;pkawGudk
&efou l vlrsKd ;a&; oGwo f iG ;f ay;w,f? +y;D awmh &efou l 'gukd }uKd uf oGm;? vufcarmif; wcwfcwf?
zufESpfbufpvHk; awmfawmfwHk;wJh vlawG? &efoljzpfovm;/ jzpfw,fqdk&if wdkuf&rSmyJ? wdkufprf;?
bHk&efoludk 0dkif;wdkuf&rSmyJ? tck e,fpyfrSm wyfaygif;pk zGJ@=ujyef+yDwJh? 2011 ZEM0g&DxJrSmyJ/ vlrsdK;pk
(13) zGJ@ wyfaygif;pk zGJ@=uowJhAsm?
OD;ausmaf cgiaf u;pyfukd vSr;f =u!fv h ukd ?f xdyaf jymifajymif/? tm;yg;w& toHukd jriS v hf ukd pf Of/
rsufvHk;awG jyL;us,foGm;? wcsdK@ vlrsdK;pk awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifawG[m/ EdkifiHa&; a&csdefu
edrfhusaewHk;yJ? tJ'gu wpf? ESpfu tjrifusOf; vlrsdK;a&; pdwf"gwfudk wcsdK@ tawmfrsm;rsm;
pGJudkifxm;wkef;yJ? oHk;? wcsdK@vlrsdK;pk acgif;aqmifawG[m &efol@ tawG;tac: twdkif;yJ?
ppfAsK&u kd &ufawGAs? av;? oHr%d pdw"f gwef @J wyfaygi;f pk nD!w G af &; rzG@J Edik b
f ;l ? ppftm%m&Sipf epf
zsuo f rd ;f ? wdik ;f jynfvw G af jrmufa&; qdw k hJ bHk vkyif ef;pOf rcsEikd cf bhJ ;l ? tqd;k qH;k uawmh/ ig;/ tcsuyf ?J
ppfu|eEf t HG ikd x f u
J &ke;f xGuv f y_ &f mS ;vmcJ=h u wJh wdu k yf xJG u
J / tzdEydS cf H vlx&k @J urf;vmwJv h ufawGukd
vSrf;,l qGJxl+yD;/ ru,fwifEdkifcJhjcif;yJAsm? vSrf;r,lEdkifcJhygbl; q&m&,f? usaemf udk,fwdkifu
rGeftrsdK;om;yg? rGeftppf?
at;av-- tJ'ga=umihfvJ vlxkacgif;aqmifu tm;raumif; armif;roefwJh vlrsdK;pk
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;udk =u!fh=u!fh+yD;/ rD;pif=u!fhuwm jzpfrSmayghAsm? awG@qHk aqG;aEG;a&;/
&efoel @J aphpyfa=uat;a&;/ trsKd ;om; jyefvnfoihjf rwfa&;/ oH;k yGiq hf ikd f aqG; aEG;a&; vky&f wmaygAh sm-
--ausmfacgifau;pyf&,f? [kwfp?
igajymwmudk OD;ausmaf cgiaf u;pyfu acgi;f t}urd }f urd cf gw,f? ajcusKd ; a&$0if; armife@J eENm
aZmfOD;u acgif;cgw,f? [dEML uacsonfr&J@ OD;acgif;uJhodk@ v_yfcgaeawmhwm? [kwfrSmyg
[kwfw,fyJxm;? tJ'Dvdkawmh rjzpfoihfbl;? &efoludk usHK;roGif;yJeJ@ &efoleJ@ pum;ajymvdk@ r&bl;?
&efol@ ausmudk yGwfoyf aw;qdk acsmh&HkeJ@ trsdK;om; oihfjrwfa&;/ ,Ofaus;r_vkyfief;/ EdkifiHa&;
vkyfief;udk vkyfrSm r[kwfbl;As q&m&J@? t,f'Dwm&J@?
Adkufyl OD;ausmfacgifau;pyfuawmh/ ighudkcsxJhvdkufjyef+yDvdk@ oabmrxm;rdygbl;? 2011
rwfvxJrSm/ vpfAsm;EdkifiH awmfvSefa&; aevHk;xGufvmcJhwkef;rSm/ tar&duef aewdk; wyfawGu
vlxw k u kd yf t JG wGuf 0ifwu kd af y;r,fv@kd qdw k ,f? [k;d a&S;wke;f u &ef!;_d awG/ ,QK Edik if aH &; a&eHppfyaJG =umif/h
orw tdkbm;rm;u vpfAsm; u'gzDudk 0ifwdkufw,f? u'gzD&J@ eef;awmfudk wGefa[mhpf 'Hk;usnf/
'H;k ysaH wGe@J ypfcwfw,f? Adv k Ef w
_ cf rf;ar$; (Advk rf ;_ }u;D apmvm;bG,)f &J@ wyfaygi;f pk oH;k zG@J vufxu J /kd
wGeaf [mhpf q,f'gZif (12 ×10=120) ay;vSLcsiw f ,f? zdeyf/ aiGa=u;/ ,leaD zmif;awG ay;vSLrJt h pm;?
vlrsdK;pk vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; (13) zGJ@eJ@ Adkvfr_;}uD; apmvm;bG,f/ ausmif;om;
wyfrawmfw@kd aygi;f pyfvu kd &f if/ &efol qif&ikd ;f [m yk+d y;D +zKH omG ;r,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu tm%m
zDqefa&; vrf;pOf pdwf"gwftwdkif;/ rajymif;rvJyJ/ (9 @&) ajrivsifr}uD; jzpfoifhw,f? Armjynf
awmfvSefa&; ajrjyifay:rSm/ ajr wvuR/ ajr ESpfvuRwdkif;rSm/ oef;aygif;rsm;pGm aom/ 'Drdkua&pD
uif;rJhuyf/ +idrf;csrf;a&; uif;rJhuyfqdk;/ trsdK;om; wef;wla&; uif;rJhuyf/ tiwfab; usa&mufaewJh
vlxkudk/ qlemrD v_dif;=urf;}uD;awG jzpfatmif/ olru vkyfEdkifw,f?
80
&efoul kd usKH ;roGi;f yJe@J &efoel @J pum;ajymvd@k r&bl;? &efo@l ausmudk

yGwfoyf aw;qdk acsmh&HkeJ@ trsdK;om; oihfjrwfa&;/ ,Ofaus;r_vkyfief;/ EdkifiHa&;
vkyfief;udk vkyfrSm r[kwfbl;As
Edk;--r[kwfbl;av? vlxku qlemrD ivsifv_dif; vdyf}uD;awGtjzpfeJ@ udk,fwdkifudk,f us
vkyfcJh=u+yD;+yD? tck[mu vlxku (9 @ 7) ajrivsif A[dkcsuf jzpfaewm? EdkifiHa&;/ awmfvSefa&;
acgi;f aqmifawGu qlemrD v_ikd ;f vdyaf wGjzpfz@kd / qif&ikd ;f awGukd tJ'D v_id ;f vH;k awGe@J usKH ;oGi;f zd@k vdt k yfaewm?
rdk;oD;ZGef/ rif;udkEdkif/ oufxGef;/ ausmfrif;,k ( *sifrD) wdk@u/ vlxkausmif;om; qlemrD
vd_if;vdyfawG jyKvkyfay;w,f? ae0if;&J@ eef;awmftm%m qif&dkif;udk acsr_ef;cJhw,f? vlxkwdkufyGJ
wGefa[mhpf 'Hk;usnfawGeJ@ ae0if; tm%m/ ESvHk;tdrfudk jzKwfcscJhw,f r[kwfvm;? tJ'Dwkef;u
ausmif;om;awG pcJw h /hJ vlxw k ukd yf aJG wGukd (wu,fv@kd rsm;&Scd &hJ if) trsKd ;om; vGwaf jrmufa&;wyf&v dS @kd
/ aygif;pyfvdkuf&if/ =um;jzwftpdk;& zGJ@pnf;vdk@ &Edkifavmufw,f? tJ'Dwkef;uom =um;jzwftpdk;&
zGJ@Edkif&if/ vlxk tm%mudk wnfaqmufwJh vlrsdK;pHk trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&;wyf[m/ ,ae@tcg
vlxktpdk;&&J@ trsdK;om; rsdK;cspfwyfrawmf jzpfaetHk;rSm?
vlxkacgif;aqmif/ awmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmifawG[m/ ordkif;a&;wJh vlxkudk pdwf"gwf
tawG;tac: wyfqifay;&w,f? rD;&_;wefaqmif jzpfay;&w,f? vlxk tusdK;twGuf vlxkeJ@ twl
ud, k u f sKd ;pGe@f ay;qyf wdu k yf 0JG if&w,f? tJ'aD emufawmh vlx[ k m/ acwfa[mif;udk +zKd cs/ ordik ;f opfa&;wJh
vlxak wG jzpfvmawmhwmyJ/ vlzsi;f vl!ahH wG[m/ ordik ;f udk ajymif;vJ rypfEikd b f ;l ? Edik if aH &;/ awmfveS af &;
acgi;f aqmifaumif;awG[m ordik ;f awGxrJ mS tJ'D trsKd ; rsKd ;aom vlxak wGu/kd ordik ;f udk ajymif;vJEikd w f hJ
vlxkawG jzpfvmatmif/ v_H@aqmf pnf;&Hk; EdkifolawGyJ?
'gayrJh OD;pd;k csed af &---vlx[ k m ordik ;f wqpfcsKd ;auG@/ wcsKd @auG@awGrG mS awmh r!hcH =hJ uygb;l Asm?
acgi;f aqmifawGvJ ay:xGuv f mcJw h mud;k ? armifp;kd csed u
f OD;pd;k csed u
f kd tJ'v D akd jym+y;D / toHEe_ ;f udk jriS +hf y;D
qufajymw,f? tzdEydS cf H vlx[ k m armihf xrfb&kd m rD;awmif (Mount Tambora ) jzpfcb hJ ;l w,f?
(88) ta&;awmfyHk (1300) jy!fh ta&;awmfyHkawGrSm/ 1932 wESpfxJrSmyJ Arm wdkif;&if;om;/
v,form;awGe@J AD,uferf wdik ;f &if;om; v,form;awG [m/ vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &; vkycf =hJ uw,f?
r!hHcJh=ubl;? 1973-74-75 wdk@rSm ausmif; om;awG/ tvkyform;awG[m/ zdESdyfr_u &kef;xGuf
aygufuGJwJh/ armifh tifem (Mount Etna ) rlemvdk&m (Mauna Loa ) rD;awmifawG
jzpfc=hJ uw,f?
vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;/ vlxkwdkufyGJawGeJ@ usHK;roGif;or#/ ppfacG;tkyfpk/ qif&dkif;
awG[m ud, k uf sKd ;pD;yGm;/ toacsF teEWe@J / tm%m ,pfr;l aerSmyJ? a[m'DrmS --=u!fv h ukd f qifr}u;D &J@
ESmarmif;udk ppfacG;rdausmif;u cket f yk uf u kd cf x
J m;w,f? a[m'D--uGejf yLwm 0ufbq f u kd af y:u twdq k ;kH
&kyfjrifoH=um; Zwfvrf;xJrSm? [kwfw,f udkufcJxm;w,f? tJ'D rdausmif;&J@ ausmukef;xufrSm
aqmifeh if;zdeif; usKH ;oGi;f wJ/h qifayguu f av;&J@ ajcav;acsmif;eJ@ ud, k cf E<m tav;csed /f a&muf&o dS mG ;wJh
tcsdefrSmawmh/ qifr}uD;&J@ESmarmif; udk udkufcJxm;wJh rdausmif; yg;pyf+yJoGm;? a&xJckefqif;oGm;?
qifayguf&J@ usHK;oGif;zdESdyf ajcaxmufawGrSm &ifckefoHawG ygcJhavovm;? qmavmifrGwfodyfpGm
pm;&wJh npmvdk/ +rdefvdkufwm? [kwf+yD--tdyfawmhr,f? reuf 4 em&D 10 rdepfwJh/ tdyftHk;rS
jzpfr,f--&ifcek f oHawGa&? armifp;kd csdef
{jyD 10 / 2011
81
oa&mfpm
t"rR-uyfajy; aejynfawmf
rif;-wm;}uD; a-umufpm
a-umufpm0ef a*smf'D;
(ppftm%m&Sif acwfaESmif;)
Ak'<H ²²² jrwfpGmbk&m; qif;wkrsm;udk AdkufazmufI Xmyem ,lyg.?
"rRH ²²² w&m;awmfjrwfudk rxDrJhjrif vkyfcsif&m vkyfyg.?
oHCH ²²² oHCmawmf t&Sifjrwfrsm;udk ²²² aoewfESifhypf ²²² wkwfESifh¶dkuf ²²² vl0wfvJum axmifcsyg.?
1? aumZmouU&mZf 1373 ckESpf/ bk&m;omoemESpf 2500 vGefav+yD;&um; ²²² T t"rR
=uyfajy; aejynfawmfY t"rR&mZm =uyfajy;rif;=wm;}uD; ²²² ig ²²² jzpfawmfrlvwf. ²²²?
2? T ²²² ig rif;=wm;}uD;. az}uD;aygufazmf ²²² yaxG;awmf ukvm;ESifh ta0;teD;
wdkif;jynf}uD;i,f toG,foG,frS om;a&wjrm;jrm;us&Smaom avmbacgiftdk; rdwfqdk; aqGnpf
ocifopfwdk@tm; ²²² wdkif;jynfw0Srf; ajray:ajratmuf vSefavSmufwl;qG&orSs o,HZmw t00udk
vnf;aumif; ²²²? jynfoljynfom; e,fjcm;+rdKŒpGef ²²² jrpfracsmif;oG,f ²²² &$HŒAGuf tdkifi,f rusef
u|efoD;u|efcdkiftjzpf (ighr,m; h h highom;orD; ²²² ighOpPm ²²² ryga&GŒ ) usD;xdk; avmufpm; xm;&mae
ap&moGm;apEdkif&efvnf;aumif; ²²² &uf&ufa&ma&m vSLawmfrlvwf.?
3? az}uD;aygufazmf yaxG;awmf ukvm; ESifh avmbacgiftdk; rdwfqdk;aqGnpfrsm; jyefvnf
ay;oem;aom wHpdk;vufaqmif tpkpkudk ightdwfaxmifwGif; tjynfhtwif; jznfhwif;+yD;oumv ²²²
usef&mrSsa0 ²²² ig ²²² cdkif;aporSs aponfhu|ef/ xGefonfhEGm;rsm; t¶dk;t&if;rSs vSsuf=uap&efvnf;
&uf&ufa&ma&m pGef@=uJawmfrlvwf. ²²²?

82
udk,fhbmompum;udkrSs ²²² t"dy`m,f em;rvnf ²²²

trdef@awmf aygufu& xkwfwwfvSaom ²²² vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhqdkwm
bmrSef; rod&Smxaom ¶l;aygoGyfESrf; orRwvl=urf;tzGJ@rS
tuef;rsm;ESihf tzl;&ap²²²?
4? xdxk akd om tvSLay;&jcif;tusK;d iSm wdik ;f om;jynfol jiLplpw d 0f rf; wpufrsS rvef;&atmif
²²² igESifhrwl igh&efol rSwf ²²² owfjzwfnêOf;qJ axmifoGif; tusOf;csapvsuf ²²² vGwf&ufr&Sd ²²² tESpf
100 ²²² 50 wdkif ²²² oHwdkif tcsKyf cdkifcdkifwkwfcJhaom ²²² ig h h h vkyfcJhorSs tukodkvf t00xuf tq ²²²
&maxmifru ²²² 0dbm* 0Éfa=uG;udk wvHk;w0wnf; jyefvnf cHpm;&ygapom; ²²²? ajrwGif; wl;ajrmif;
vdk%facgif;oG,foG,f ²²² Y ²²² ESpfaygif; ukaÉukÉm ydwfqdk@ cHae&ygapom;?
xdk vd_%facgif;i&J ²²² tEkjrL rD;usD;cJwGif &J&JuifcH&ouJhodk@ wHusifvSsKdae&aom umvY ²²²
ig ²²² olwyg; tm;jyKcJhovdk ²²² ighrdom;pkudk ²²² pdwfa=u udk,fEGrf; ryef;apvdka&GŒ ²²² igESifhtwl ²²²
ightoufESifhwlaom ²²² rsufaph rsufqef ²²² jzpfawmfrlxaom ²²² ighr,m; ²²² ighorD;²² ¶_r+iD;onfh ²²²
arsmufxD; arsmufr h h h bkpkc¶k ²²² ajr;wpktjyif ²²² igap cdkif;orSs ²²² ajrrusatmif abmif;awmfndwf
²²² pdwfawmfod ²²² wynfhvufyg;ap a0avavwdk@ ²²²? }uD;}uD;i,fi,f ²²² &G,f&G,fvwfvwf ²²²
wa,mufrusef h h h ig. tzdk@bm* ²²² tukodkvft00udk ²²² igESifhxyfwl ²²² cyfodrf;twl &ygapoaw;
²²²? ta&;t&m h h h ,lygapoaw; ²²²?
5? ig. ²²² tr_tukodkvf tpkpka=umifh ²²² T h h hb'NurBmwGif ²²² &SmumrS&Sm; EdkifiHa&;
tusOf;om;rsm;pGm ydkifqdkifxaom ²²² tmqD,H 'kuQtdk;av; b0rS ²²² OuUÏqdk;av;b0tjzpf ²²²
aornfhESpfwGif ²²² jzpfapoaw; ²²²?
pm;&rSmvnf; ²²² vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_wnf;aom oJw&Syf&Syf ²²²? ypf&rSmvnf; ²²²
obm0"mwfaiG@/ a&$ aiG ausmufoH ²²² o,HZmw ²²² w0if;0if;²²²? vnfyif;weifeif ²²² om;a& wiifiife@J
pHkvHk;uef; ²²² yg;pyf ydwf ²²² bm ²²² ,H ²²² nm ²²² ,H ²²² tumt&H ay;aeaom ²²² tdrfeD;csif;qdk; ²²²
olcdk;"m;jy avmbtdk; ²²² tm;vHk; ²²² igESifhtwl ²²² urBm@tvnf rsufESmi,f ²²² wHawG;cGuf yufvuf
²²² jzpfapoaw;²²²?
6? xdkaom ²²² umv xdkb0Y tla=umiftl=um; udk,fhbmompum;udkrSs ²²² t"dy`m,f
em;rvnf ²²² trdef@awmf aygufu& xkwfwwfvSaom ²²² “vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh” qdkwm bmrSef;
rod&Smxaom ¶l;aygoGyfESrf; orRwvl=urf;tzGJ@rS tuef;rsm;ESifh tzl;&ap²²²?
vdk%facgif;i&J ²² tEkjrL rD;usD;xJ ²²² Y ²²² &J&J zkwfuif ²²² wHusifvSsKdcHb0rS ²²² ravmufav;
ravmufpm; ²²² wpuUef@rSs avSsmhayghava=umif; ²²² armif;xk a=umfnm ²²² tkwfatmfaomif;eif; ²²²
t&Sufuif;rJh ²²² vlyHktv,f ²²² i,fxdyfay:qo'eJ@yef;jyovdk ²²² tapmftum; ²²² rcH&ygvdkoaw; ²²²?
T vdk%facgif;i&J ²²² tEkjrL rD;usD;cJxJrS wrdepf wpuUef@rSs rqdkxm; ²²² b0toacsF ²²²
odef;oef;ukaÉ ²²² ukÉm vGwfvrf; r&vdkygoaw;²²²?
(=uyfajy;aejynfawmfteD; ²²² Oy`gwoEWd apwDawmf ²²² wGi;f atmufbuf i&Jjynfo@kd rsuEf mS rl
aom ²²² t&yfY a&;xdk;xm;aom ²²² t"rR=uyfajy; aejynfawmf t"rR&mZm rif;=wm;}uD; a=umufpm)
(wl;azmfawG@&Sdol ²²² a=umufpm0ef a*smf'D;)
(http://moemaka.com rS &,laz: jyygonf?)
83
tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0w¬Kwdk jydKifyGJ
ESpo
f rd q
hf k
qktrsdK;tpm; ESpfodrfhqk
0wˆKtrnf tv,fuvl tm;emwwf.
trnf&if; oDwmatmif
uavmiftrnf oDwmatmif (oHviG cf )
“ud,
k af &;tusO;f ”
pma&;oltm; tz OD;apmatmif / trd a':cifcif0if; wdk hrS 1973 ckESpfwGif &efukef+rdK hY
arG;zGm;cJyh gonf/ tajccHynmtxufwef;atmifonft h xdtxd(pdezhf v
D rkd eD m) t²x²u²2²prf;acsmif;wGif
ynmoif,cl yhJ gonf?1995 wGiOf ya'bmomt"dujzifah usmif;jy;D cJyh gonf? 2000ckepS rf 2S 001ckepS t f xd
*syefeidk if &H *Sd syefbmomoifwef;ausmif;wGi*f syefbmomoif,cl yhJ gonf?
2009ckESpfrSpI *syefekdifiH wGif xkwfa0aomtm[m&pmapmifeSifhtvif;tdrfr*~Zif;wdkhwGif
uAsm14yk'fESifhaqmif;yg;wyk'f a&;om;cJhzl;ygonf? 2010ckESpfjo*kwfv u tar&duefekdifiHbwfzvdk;jrdK@
rSpmay0goem&Sifrsm;usif;yaom 8av;vHk;txdrf;trSwfuAsmjydkifyGJwGif 8888tajuG;uAsmjzifh
yxrqk&cJyh gonf?oHviG cf Blog http:§§thanlwinkha-thanlwinkha²blogspot²com§
wGiuf , kd w f ikd af &;om;cJah omuAsmtcsKd @az:jyxm;ygonf
,cka&;om;ay;ydo kd nfyxrOD;qH;k a&;om;aom0wˆKjzpfygonf?
hk nf0h wœKwo
tv,fuvl tm;emwwf.
'D&yfuGuf'Dvrf;rSmOD;bpHaevmwmeSpf60ausmfcJhjyD²²
wdwu d susajym&&if61eSpjf ynfzh @kd vydik ;f avmufyv J akd wmhw,f²²a&Sv h qdOk ;D bpHtouf 61eSpjf ynfh jyu
D ;kd ²²²²
arG;uwnf;uaevmcJhwJhvrf;uav;rSmckawmhvla[mif;qdkvdk@rsufapmif;xdk;tdrfurat;jrwdk@eJh
OD;bpHwdk@rdom;pkyJ&dSawmhhw,f²²t&ifvlawGuaps;aumif;&vdkh qdkjyD;wOD;jyD;wOD;a&mif;a&mif;jyD;jrdK@
opfajymif;oGm;=uwm=umaygh²²tJ'dwkef;u 0,fxm;wJh vlawGuvnf; wqifhwqifhjyefa&mif;&if;eJh
tdrfeD;csif;awGtrdsK;rsdK;ajymif;aewmudkyifpif,l+yD;rSyJ OD;bpHowdxm;rdawmhw,f//t&ifuawmh
waehwaehtvkyfeJhtdrfwiftcsdefukefaecJ@awmhywf0ef;usifeJhtvSrf;a0;ovdkjzpfaecJhwm² tckawmh
yifpifvnf;& tdrpf m;0wfaea&;twGuv f nf;ekid if jH cm;rSmtvkyv f yk af ewJoh m;eJo
h rD; uaxmufyahH eawmh
at;at;csrf;csrf; av;aevdk@& +yDav²²'ga=umifhtckrSyJywf0ef;usifudkowdjyKrdawmhwm//
²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
84
acgi;f &if;tdru f akd jymif;vmwJv h al wGuOD;bpHtjrifrmS awmhw&kwv f rl sd K;awGy/J 'gayr,fo h w l @kd u

olw@kd ud, k o f w l @kd ud;k uef v h rl sd K;vd@k ajymjuw,f?OD;bpHb@JG &wJt h xdpmoifcw hJ whJ avsmufrmS jrefrmekid if w H iG ;f
uwdkif;&if;om;pm&if;rSmudk;uefhvlrdsK;qdkwmroifcJhr=um;cJhzl;ygbl;?udk;uefha'oqdkwmawm h&dSwm
ayghav²'gayr,fhtJ'dvluolhudk,fol² “0vdk@ u udk;uef@vlrsdK; odkif;&if;pm;awG trsdK;pm;rwfyHkwif pd
v,f²”²²vdk hryDwyDajymaewmjum;zl;awmh olajymwJhtwdkif;yJtm;emyg;emeJ@wdkif;&if;om; vdk@yJxm;
vdu k yf gw,f²²
jrefrmyDyDtm;emwwfwmudk;²²²
tJ'dw&kwftJ²²udk;uef@awGaewJhtdrfuawmfawmfom;em;w,f?jcHcsif;uyfaeayr,fhOD;bpHtdrf
eJ@awmhwjcm;pD? +ceH @J jynfrh wwfaqmufxm;wJt h rd }f u;D urD;pufow H nHneH @J ae@a&mna&mqlv@kd pnfv@kd yJ²
OD;bpHuawmfajymyHt k &awmhu;kd uef}h u;D wd@k &Jph ;D yGm;a&;ujyifO;D vGief @J csi;f a&$a[mfrmS &dw S mqdyk ²J ol@om;csi;f
awGu jyifO;D vGirf mS a&m csi;f a&$a[mfrmS a&mw&kwjf ynfrmS yg&o Sd wJ'h bD ufeikd if u H u|e;f opfe@J vkyx f m;wJh
y&dabm*rdsK;pHkeJhyef;yk&kyfawGw&kwfjynfudktjuD; tus,fydk haewmwJh tJ'dpum; =um;awmh OD;bpH
rsufaphxJwtdtdvJusaewJhu|ef;yif}uD;awGudkjrifa,mifvmw,f²²olwdk@pD;yGm;a&;ue,frSm &dSayr,fh
'D & ef u k e f u td r f u ol @ orD ; awG bmoif w ef ; nmoif w ef ; awG w uf z d k @ eJ h o l @ rd o m;pk & ef u k e f v m&if
wnf;zd@k aqmufxm;wmwJ²h ² tdrt f ajumif;ajym&if;owd&rdao;w,fow l @kd tdraf qmufumpujcpH nf;&d;k
umawmhOD;bpHbufue*dkuumxm;wJhopfom; wdkifpnf;&dk;udkzsufjyD;tkwfjcHpnf;&dk;umrvdk@wJh
OD;bpHuv kd majymw,fO;D bpHvnf;oabm&d;k twdik ;f ydak umif;atmifvyk w f myJvyk yf g qdjk y;D cGijhf yKvu kd wf m ayg/h
²jcpH umjy;D 2&ufaf vmufaerSO;D bp+cu H mwJah e&mud=k unfrh w d ,f²tvdak v;²²²
tkwfpnf;&dk;uOD;bpHe*dkumxm;wJhpnf;&dk;xuftkwf2jym; pmavmufydkjyD;OD;bpH +cH0if;
xJa&mufaeav&Jh?t&yfpum;eJhajym&&ifawmh ajrcdk;wmayghav²²²yxrawmh tzdk;juD;tzGm;juD;
awGtm;ud;k p&mr&dS aiGvnf;r&db S ;l vd@k xifjy;D olw@kd rSeo f vdv k b kd mvdv k ekd @J cyfwif;wif; ajymjunfah o;w,f
aemufrSOD;bpHwkd@bufrSefaewm&,fom;orD;awGedkifiHjcm;uaeaxmufyHhedkifrSef; odoGm;wm&,f
ajumifah voHavsmjh y;D e*dt k ajctae twdik ;f jyefumay;w,fav / jzpfumpupdwq f ;kd cJah yr,fh ud;k uef@ju;D &J²hJ ²²
“ajrodik ;f wmrSm;pGm; vd@k pdwrf qdv²hJ ²”²²qdw k phJ um;wcGe;f eJ@yJO;D bpHw@kd auseyfvu kd yf gw,f²²²
tdrfeD;csif;awGyJav h h h jyD;awmhudk,fawGu jrefrmawGr[kwfvm; h h h
²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
OD;bpHwdk@tdrfajc&if;rSmaewmuawmhOD;tDA&mtifac: OD;vSarmifwdk@rdom;pkaygh olwdkhu
awmhajymif;vmwm ud;k uef@ju;D wd@k xufeeJ aJ pmw,f/ olw@kd Zmwdrsd K;EG,u f vnf;wzufeikd if u H jrpfzsm;cH
vmwmjzpfayr,fu h ;kd uef@}u;D wd@k vdak wmh“c|eaf wmf'@kd u'dik ;f &if;om;a'G”vd@k cyfwnfwnfe@J rajym&Smygb;l ²
olw@dk rSmud;k uefjh u;D wd@k vdk trdsK;om;rSwyf w kH if u'fr&daS o;vd@k vm; awmhrodb;l aygah v// bmyJjzpfjzpfow l @kd
rdom;pkuawmhOD;bpHwdk heJ heJeJydk&if;eSD;w,fajym&rvm;yJ²
&if;eS;D qdo k wl @kd ajymif;vmuwnf;u OD;bpHw@kd jcx H u J pm;yifo;D yifawGurkd suaf phusawmhwmud;k
OD;bpHu0goem tavsmufpm;yifo;D yifav;awGppkH akH phaphav;pdu k xf m;w,f ²jcx H rJ mS t0Dpw d iG ;f av;vnf;
&dSawmhtyifawGjzpfxGef;wmaygh²tJ'dawmh OD;bpHjcHxJqif;wmeJh OD;vSarmifrdom;pk0ifwa,muf
a,mufjcHxJqif;wmjuHk&if²²“[m;tmudk*sD;²tmyifawGt&rf;oef',f²²oD;',faemftmudk*sD;wdk@pm;vdk@
awmifukefrSmr[kwfzl;c|efa'gh uav;awG o&ufoD;qdk odyfjudkuf²”²²bmnmeJ hpum;ac:&if OD;bpHwdkhu
vufraeS;ygb;l ²teJq;kH wcgpm;wcgcsuaf wmhay;vdu k w f mygy²J
85
'Dvekd @J a&utpylpeD yH iftqH;k awmif;&if;ay;&if;eJ@pum;av;bmav;ajymjzpfwmaygah v²

olw@kd uvnf;racbl;aphaphpyfpyfo;kH wwfpw JG wfawmhuek rf mqdik jf u;D wqdik zf iG x hf m;edik w
f ,f/ jrefrmpum;
udkvnf;r$wfaeatmifwwfw,f//tJ'gawmhudk;uefhjuD;wdk@xufomw,f// ol@om;orD;awGuvnf;
tvkyfudkjudk;judk; pm;pm;vkyfjyD;uspfuspfvpfvpf aewwfawmh'dxufydkjuD;yGm;juOD;rSm OD;bpHjrifa,mif
aew,f/ olw@kd rdom;pkuvdck siw f mav;awG wwdwad wmif;wwf ayr,fu h ;kd uef@ju;D wd@k vdrk ma&ajuma&
tay:pD;ur[kwaf wmhvckd sirf suaf ph&rSd eS ;f odayr,fOh ;D bpHw@kd uwwfeikd o f avmufay;ygw,f tdref ;D csi;f awG
r[kwfvm; / jyD;awmhudk,fawGujrefrmawGav²²²
²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
OD;bpHwdk@tdrfa&S@ wJhwJhudkaemufqHk;ajymif;vmwmuawmhppfwyfuAdkvfjuD;eJ@ol@rdef;r
w&m;ol}uD;wJh/ tpuawmhOD;bpHwdkhowdrxm;rd=uygbl;/ olwdk@OD;bpHtdrfa&S@u wxyfwdkufuav;
0,f+y;D rjumcifow l @kd arG;xm;wJh 'db k mrifacG;uausmif;ujyefvmwJh uav;wa,mufukd xGuu f u
kd v f ukd f
w,f²uav;u ol@[molvrf;twdkif;at;at;aq;aq; jyefvmwmyg? udkufwwfwJhacG;arG;xm;&if
vHkvHkjcHKjcHKawmhxm;oifhwmaygh//'geJhtudkufcH&wJhuav;&J@rdbawGuaemif'Dvdkrjzpf&atmif acG;udk
xdr;f xdr;f odr;f odr;f xm; ay;zd@k acG;&Siu f v
kd majymjuw,f? tJ'rd mS tdr&f iS u f a'gowju;D eJh usKyaf cG; ol@[mol
b,fae&maeae bmjzpfvu J sKyu f b kd maumifrw S v f 'hkd v
D v kd majym&wmvJ² tckzek ;f wcsuf qufvu kd &f if
cifAsm;wdk@ 'kuQa&mufoGm;r,f²rauseyf&ifwdkifcsifwJhae&mwdkif²² bmnmeJ@atmf[pf}udrf;armif;aewm
jum;rS 'DvluAdkvfr_;juD;wa,muf&J@om;AdkvfjuD;qdkwmOD;bpHeJhwuGt&yfuvlawG od&w,f?
acG;udkufcH&wJhuav;rdom;pku yJjyefawmif;yef&rvdkjzpfaeawmhjrif&jum;wJhvlawGu rcHcsdrcHom
jzpfjuwmaygh av²'gayr,fhbmrS awmh0ifrajymjuygbl;²² odwJhtwdkif;yJjrefrmawG r[kwfvm;²²
onf;cH=uwmayg²h
rdef;rw&m;oljuD;rqdkwmvnf;OD;bpHwcgvm;eSpfcgvm;yJjrifzl;yg&Jh/ pdefawGudkoD;vdk@awmfawmf
awmuf a wmuf yy0wf p m;xm; wmyJ / / OD ; bpH u awmf u awmh o l j um;&or#jyef a jymjyw,f ²
tJ ' d w &m;ol j uD ; r awmf a wmf v m'f p m;w,f v d k h e H r ,f j uD ; owJ h o l @ a,musF m ;Ad k v f j uD ; uvnf ;
ae&maumif;&vdk@awmfawmfpD;yGm;jzpfowJh/ olwdk@vifr,m;awmfawmfeHr,fxGufaeayr,fh txufudk
vnf ; ay;urf ; +yD ; yd k i f a tmif a ygif ; xm;wm&,f vl j uD ; uawmf a wG e J h q H k & r,f h y G J v rf ; awG o G m ;&if
vljuD;uawmfawGrsufaphpyg;ar$; rpl;atmifcyfao;ao;ykvJem;uyfav;uvGJ&ifbmrS 0wfpm;
roGm;yJydyd&d&daewwfvdkhydktqifajyaewmwJh²²² vljuD;uawmfawGxuf omatmif0wfpm;oGm;vdk@
tzGm;juD;awGremvdkjzpf&ifol@a,musFm; acsmifxJ a&mufoGm;rSmpdk;vdk@wJh²²
ol@rdef;ruodor#ajymqdkjyD;xoGm;ayr,fhOD;bpHuawmh tawG;xJrSmqufepf aeao;
w,f?tdrfa&S@uO'[dkjzwfoGm;aewJh vlawGudkjunfh &if;ol@vrf;oloGm;ae&if; acG;udkufcH&&SmwJh
ausmif;om;av;udkjrifa,mifvmw,f?jyD;awmhedkifiH&yfjcm; awG rvkyfcsifwJh tvkyfawGudkyifyifyef;yef;
vk y f a e&wJ h o l @ om;orD ; awG e J h wjcm;vl i ,f a v;awG ² ²ud k , f h w d k i f ; jynf x J v mjyD ; jud k u f o vd k
pD;yGm;&SmcGifh&xm;wJhtdrfeD;csif;awG²²²² aiGrsufeSmwckyJjunfhwwfwJhtxufzm; atmufzd tm%m&_;
awG²²²rw&m;tzrf;cHc&hJ aoG;ajrusc&hJ wJo h C H mawmfawGet hJ jypfrehJ ikd if aH &;tusO;f om;awG²²tpDt&Dacgi;f
xJay:vm jyD;bmudkrSef;rodb,folhudkrSef;rodyJrausreyfjzpfvmw,f?aoaocsmcsmodvdkufwm
wckuawmh ol raus reyfjzpfaewJh vlawGxrJ mS olu, kd wf ikd x
f yd q
f ;kH uygaewmudyk ?J
oDwmatmif (oHvGifc)
86
tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0w¬Kwdk jydKifyGJ
0wˆKtrnf wefz;kd &Sad wmhvJ a&$aygh

trnf&if; t&SifZ0e
uavmiftrnf pdk;rdk;ol ('dkufOD;)
ae wh pfae vh ;Hk [m rD;cd;k wdwaf ew,f?
tokH;0ifypPnf; wpfck&JŒaysmufqkH;rSKaemufrSm
aomuawG/rauseyfrSKawG jynfhaew,f?
ntwGuvf nf; taz:aq;vdywf akd v;eJ h
txD;usef rSKk awGukd ajz&Si;f vdk &h awmhrmS r[kwbf ;l ?
rD;&JŒ wefb;kd udtk ckawmh ydek m;vnfovdyk gyJ?
wefbdk;&SdawmhvJ a&$aygh
tcef; (1)
ppfa=uma&;pcef;u ay;vdkufwJh '%f&mawG/ emusifr_awGeJ@ pdwfaomua&mufaecsdefrSm
tay:xyf u qif ; vmwJ h vl t k y f } uD ; a=umif h bmawG v J pl ; prf ; csif p d w f u aomuud k c%
tem;ay;vdu k yf gw,f? bmompum;wpfrsKkd ;udk qlnpH mG ajymqd&k if; vltyk f }u;D [m a&uefqD OD;wnf+y;D
oGm;ae=uygw,f? tcef;a&SŒu jzwfoGm;olwdkif;u u|efawmfhtcef;udk vSnfh=unfhoGm;=uyg w,f?
jrifaeusvl r[kwfawmh pl;prf;wJh t=unfhawGu u|efawmhftcef;udk usa&mufapygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@
vltkyf}uD;tm;vHk;[m u|efawmfwdk@ tcef;eJ@ twefi,fvSrf;wJh ae&mudk a&muf&SdoGm;w,f? q,fay/
q,fEh pS af ycef@&Sd tcef;usO;f av;xJ vl;vmw@Hk acguf avSsmuf&if; ae&mopf&ŒJ tcif;usi;f opfukd rsuaf ph/
em;/ pdww f @kd udk zGi+hf y;D pl;prf;aerdw,f? wdwqf w
d pf jyKvmwJh ywf0ef; usirf mS bmawGrsm; a&mufvmrvJ
qdw
k hJ pdwu f vJ &ifxu J kd 0ifa&mufvmjyefygw,f?
87
“ ydkif&Sif r&Sdao;wJh aq;vdyfwdk h h hydkif&Sif 'dk@ jzpfvdkufcsifygw,f ”

iH@vifhaewJh pdwftdrfxJudk xl;qef;wJh oDcsif;oH[m em;jywif;aygufuwqifh 0ifa&muf
vmygw,f? ol@oDcsif;oHu tawG;udk omru aomuudkyg Zwf}udK; apmifhqGJvdkufovdkygyJ? '%f&meJ@
emusirf a_ =umifh aomuawG vdr;f usx H m;wJh rsuEf mS rSm ol@oDcsi;f oHu &uft f wef=um aysmufq;kH aewJh
t+yHK;wpfyGifhudk rxifrSwfbJ vif;vufzdk@ cvkwfESdyfay;vdkufovdkygyJ? 'kwfwpfacsmif;eJ@ tr_dufyHkudk
ar$aESmuf&if; tcef;awG&JŒ tjyifbufrSm ol[m oDcsif;qdk&if; tvkyf&SKyfaew,f? u|efawmhf
tcef;a&SŒta&mufrSm ol@oDcsif;oH[m wdwfoGm;ovdk ol@ajcvSrf;awG[mvJ &yfoGm;ygw,f?
ol@t=unfhawGuvnf; u|efawmhf tcef;qD usa&mufvdk@ vmjyefw,f? tcef;em;udk wdk;uyfvm+yD;
oHwikd t f jyifbufu &yfv@kd twGi;f xJu u|eaf wmfh udk olu +yKH ;jyw,f?
“ tpfudk nu a&mufwmvm;/ 'DrSm tpfudkwdk@vdk a*:awG trsm;}uD;yJ”
olu &if;ESD;wJh avoHeJ@ E_wfquf&if; u|efawmfhudk pum;ajymvmw,f? u|efawmfuvJ
“ [kwfuJh/ u|efawmf nu a&mufw,f/ 'geJ@ tpfudkajymwJh a*:qdkwm bmvJ ”
olajymwJh pum;xJu u|efawmf em;rvnfwJh a*:qdkwJh a0g[m&udk ar;vdkufrdw,f? olu +yHK;+yD;
“ 'Dvdk udk&JŒ tpfudkwdk@vdk EdkifiHa&;r_eJ@ a&mufvmwJholawGudk taqmifu vlawGu
a*:EdkufawGvdk@ ac:=uw,f/ u|efawmf =um;zl;ovdk ajymjyr,faemf/ a*:qdkwmu w&kwfvdk ig;*%ef;udk
ac:wmwJh Edu k qf w kd mu t*Fvyd v f kd nudk ac:wm/ ESpcf ak ygi;f vdu k af wmh ig;naygt h pfu&kd m/ u|eaf wmfw@kd u
a*:Edu k v f @kd rac:awmhbJ a*:vd@k twdak umuf ac:vdu k w
f m”
ol&iS ;f jyrSyJ u|eaf wmfw@kd vdk Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;awGtwGuf taqmifaeolawGu ay;xm;wJh
emrnftopfudk oabmus aerdw,f?
“ tpfudk vlopfqdkawmh bmrS ygvmrSm r[kwfbl;aemf/ u|efawmf bm&Smay;&rvJ/ vdkwm
u|efawmhfudk ajymyg? wwfEdkifoavmuf u|efawmf }udK;pm;&Sm ay;yghr,f ”
pawGŒawGŒcsi;f ulnaD y;vdak om arwWmpdwef @J ajymvmwJh ol@pum;oHawGa=umifh pdwx f uJ ae
ol@udk cifrifoGm;rdw,f?
“ nDav;u aq;vdyfwdk vdkuf&Smaewmvm;/ tJ'D twdkawGu bmvkyfzdk@vJ/ a&m*g&r,f/
tr_dufyHkxJu aq;vdyfwdk udk raomufygeJ@vm;/ tpfudkvJ aq;vdyf }udKufygw,f/ ab;tcef;awGu
tpfudk@ &JabmfawG ay;xm;wJh aq;vdyfESpfvdyf &Sdw,f/ a&mh nDav; wpfvdyfaomuf/ rD;oGm;nSdvdkuf/
tpfudk aq;vdyfaomufcsifaewm =um+yD/ rD;b,fu &r,frSef; rodvdk@ aq;vdyfaomufcsifpdwfudk
twif;atmifhxm;&w,f ”
u|eaf wmfu aq;vdyw f pfvyd u f kd urf;ay;&if; oHwikd t f jyifbuf&dS ol@udk rD;wd@k cdik ;f vdu
k wf ,f?
“ tpfudka& aq;vdyf zifqDcHudk txifrao;eJ@aemf/ tpfudkwdk@vdk a*:awGu u|efawmhfudk
&Smcdik ;f xm;wm/ olw@kd vJ aomufz@kd r[kwb f ;l / ta&;}u;D wJh udpw
P pfck vkyw f mwJh tpfuakd &/ wefz;kd &Sw d ,f
qdkyJAs ”
u|efawmfhpdwfxJ olajymjywJh xl;qef;wJh pum;awGudk em;axmif&if; tcef;usOf;av;xJ
tawG;yGm;aerdw,f? olu rD;nS&d ef xGuo f mG ;awmh olajymwJh aq;vdyw f &kd ŒJ wefz;kd udk awG;awmaerdw,f?
“ 'Davmufawmif bmawGrsm; toHk;0ifaeygvdrfh ”
tcef; (2)
88
u|efawmfwdk@u 15 rdepfavmufyJ tjyifxGuf&w,f? olwdk@uawmh wpfaeukef tjyifrSm

aecGifh&w,f? u|efawmfwdk@ tcef;awGa&SŒ oef@&Sif;a&;/ a&tdk;awG a&jznfh/ u|efawmfwdk@ vdkwm
ulnzD @kd twGuf t+rw J rf; &Sad ew,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd udk olw@kd u a*:awGv@kd ac:+y;D u|eaf wmfw@kd u olw@kd udk
t+rJqif;awGvdk@ ac:w,f? tcef;wdkif;eJ@ olu &if;ESD;+yD;awmh tcef;xJu vlawG udpPudkvJ rnnf;rnL
vkyfay;w,f? tm;wdkif; ol u|efawmfhtcef; tjyifbufu tkwfcHkrSm xdkif+yD; twGif;xJu u|efawmfeJ@
pum; awG vmajymw,f?
“ rD;jcpfr&Sdawmh ncif; aq;vdyfaomufcsif&if awmfawmf 'kuQa&mufw,f ”
u|efawmfu aq;vdyfwpfwdkudk ESpfa,mufaomuf&if; ncif; 'kuQudk ajymjyaerdw,f?
ol@vufxJrSm tr_dufyHkaygif;pHku aumuf,lxm;wJh aq;vdyfwdkawGudk u|wfu|wftdwf tao;av;xJ
pkxnf+h y;D udik x
f m;w,f?
“ u|efawmf pOf;pm;ygOD;r,f tpfudk&m/ vl}uH&if tm;vHk;jzpfygw,f? ”
“ rif;rSmvJ 'Daq;vdyfwdkawGeJ@ a wmfawmf tvkyf&SKyfr,faemf/ bmrsm; toHk;0if
vd@k vJ”
olu &,faew,f? aq;vdyw f xkd yk u
f kd ajrmS ufjy&if;
“ tzdk;wefawG tpfudk&/ tzdk;wefawG/ tpfudk ajymwm &r,faemf/ c%apmifh ”
armifOD;a&vdk@ u|efawmfhvdkaewJh tcef;xJu toHwpfoHa=umifh olu pum;udk qHk;atmif
rajymbJ rwfwyf&yfvu kd wf ,f? u|eaf wmht f wGuf aq;vdyw f pfvyd af vmuf &Smcdifk ;f wmudv
k J tpfuakd jymwm
&r,fv@kd ajym+y;D olxu G of mG ;w,f?
tcef; (3)
u|efawmf wtH@w=o =unfhaerdw,f? olurf;ay;wJh yvwfpwpftdwfxJrSm vufav;vHk;
cef@om &SdwJh puULav;awG?
“ bmawGvJ nDav;& ”
u|eaf wmfu ar;vdu k af wmh tdwu f av;udk vufnKdS ;xd;k +y;D
“ tpfudk wpf&Gufcsif; =unfhvdkufav/ tpfudk ar;aewJh aq;vdyfwdkawGav ”
aq;vdyfzifpDcHrSm uyfxm;wJh owif;pm puULtydkif;av;awG/ u|efawmfu wtH@w=oeJ@
xl;qef;pGm ai;arm=unfhaewkef;rSm 15 rdepfqif;&ayrJh ol@udpPudk tjref aqmif&Gufvdk@ +yD;oGm;wJh
bd;k awmfu u|eaf wmft h cef;a&SŒ vm&yfw,f?
“ +yD;oGm;&if u|efawmfhtcef;xJ ydk@ay;aemf ”
u|efawmfhvufxJu tpDcHywf owif;pm tydkif;av;awGudk ar;aighjy&if; bdk;awmfu
pum;qdkvmw,f? a&mufcgp vlopfjzpf wJh u|efawmfu xl;xl;qef;qef; em;rvnfEdkifwJh toGifeJ@
ol@udk =unfv h u kd af wmh olu
“ 'Dv&kd w dS ,f udpk ;kd &/ u|eaf wmfw@kd udk b,furS owif;awG r&atmif 'DaumifawGu enf;rsKd ;pHek @J
ydwx f m;=uw,f/ b,fvykd J ydwyf w d /f vlawGyAJ sm/ &Sm}u&H if enf;vrf;uawmh wpfcrk [kwf wpfck awGŒwmyJ/
tJ'D owif;pm twdkav;awGxJrSm udfk,fodcsifwJh owif;wdkav;awG/ ema&;awG tpHkygw,f? usKyfwdk@
odcsiw f m wpfcrk [kwf wpfcak wmh ygvmwmyJ? owif;&zd@k twGuf aq;vdyzf ifpcD u H vJ owif;0ifayguf
wpfckyJ? ”
89
vl o m;awG & J Œ &S m }uH r _ / awG ; awmr_ a wG e J @ tcuf t cJ a wG u d k jzwf a usmf c J h w myJ a v?
'DtcuftcJawGudk aemufrSm csefcJh+yD; topf topfawGeJ@ vl@avmu}uD;u wdk;wufcJhwmr[kwfvm;?
bmr[kww f hJ wm;qD;uef@owfra_ wGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd a&SŒuvlawG ausmjf zwfEifkd cf +hJ y?D tckawmh armifO;D
wyifwyrf; &SmazGaewJh aq;vdyw f akd wG[m u|eaf wmfw@kd tm;vH;k qmavmifiwfrw G f aewJh owif;awGukd
ay;aeygvm;?
tcef; (4)
“ tpfudk/ ncif;twGuf bmrS pdwfysufp&m r&Sdawmhbl; ”
0rf;omtm;& trlt&meJ@ tajy;tv$m; a&mufvmwJh armifOD;&JŒ vufxJrSm ypPnf;wpfck
udik v
f mw,f? ol pdwyf supf &m r&Sad wmhb;l vd@k ajymaewJh t&mu ol@vufxu J ypPn;f eJ@ qdik af eyHk &w,f?
“ bmvJuG ” vd@k useG af wmfu ar;awmh olu ol@vufxu J ypPn;f udk xkwjf y+y;D 0rf;omtm;&wJh
rsuEf mS eJ@ u|eaf wmfu h kd
“ tpfudk tqifajy+yD ”
ol 0rf;om+y;D ajymaeayrJh u|eaf wmf em;rvnf Edik af tmif jzpfaew,f? ol@vufxu J ypPn;f uvJ
bmrS xl;xl;qef;qef;r[kwf oGm;wdu k w
f H wpfacsmif;rSsom jzpfw,f? olu bmawGrsm; tqifajyatmif
vkyfay;rSmygvdrfh? u|efawmhfrSm ydk+yD; Za0Z0g jzpfoGm;&w,f?
“ 'Dvdk tpfudk&/ 'DrSm awG@vm;/ oGm;yGwfwHrSm jrSKyfxm;wm a&$As a&$ ”
u|efawmf aocsm =unfhvdkufawmh rD;jcpfausmufudk oGm;yGwfwH t&dk;rSm jrSKyfxm;wm
awGŒ&w,f? olu toifh,lvmwJh b&dwf'g;av;eJ@ tJ'D rD;jcpfausmufudk cwfjyw,f? u|efawmfhudkvJ
awGŒvm; tpfukd qdw k hJ t=unfeh @J =unf&h if; +yKH ;jyw,f? +y;D awmh yvwfpwpftw d xf uJ pGyu f s,t f uFs pD
wpfpudv k J xkwv f u kd w f ,f? iSm;vmwJh rD;jcpfe@J pGyu f s,tf uFs pD udk rD;&SKd Œ w,f? tm;vH;k rD;avmifomG ;awmh
yvwfpwpfcGufeJ@ rD;awmufudk tkyfcsvdkufw,f? +yD;awmh olu u|efawmhfudk +yHK;jyaejyef w,f?
em;rvnfEikd w f hJ t=unfah wGe@J ol@ud=k unfah erdw,f?
“ 'D pGyfus,ftuFs Dtpudk rD;&SdKŒxm;wJh jympawGu ta&;}uD;w,f? y&kwfqDAl; tcGHxJudk
jympawG xnfh&r,f? 'DrSm=unfh ”
olu rD;&SdKŒ+yD; cGufeJ@ tkyfxm;wJh txJu jymawGudk ,l+yD; y&kwfqD Al;cGH ta[mif;xJ
xnfah y;w,f? oGm;wdu k f aq;wHav;udk tomudik +f y;D b&dw'f g;eJ@ cwfw,f? atmufu jymcGuaf v;udk
cHxm;w,f? yGix hf u G v f mwJh rD;zGm;awG[m jymp rSm oGm;uyfw,f? &JceJ jzpfomG ;wJh jymprSm aq;vdyw f u
kd kd
xdk;pdkuf+yD; trdt& zGmvdkufw,f? ol tm;&yg;& &SdkKufvdkufwJh tqHk; rSm ol@ESmacgif;xJu rD;cdk;awG[m
tvdyv f ukd f xGuv f mw,f? u|eaf wmfvJ 0rf;omtH@=opGmeJ@ ol@udak us;Zl;wif aerdawmhw,f?
“ aus;Zl;yJ nDav;&m ”
u|efawmf wu,fh &ifxJu vmwJh toHeJ@ ol@udk aus;Zl;wifpum; qdkrdw,f? olu
“ tpfudkwdk@ aus;Zl;awGu u|efawmhftay: trsm;}uD;/ u|efawmfvdkwm tm;vHk; tpfudkwdk@
b,ftcef;udk oGm;ajymajym vkyaf y;vdu k w
f mcsn;f yJ/ u|eaf wmht f rd uf vmEdik w f m r[kwb f ;l / u|eaf wmhf
pm;a&;aomufa&; tm;vHk; tpfudkwdk@ &Sdaevdk@/ u|efawmfjyefvkyfay;&wmu bmrS rjzpfavmufygbl;
tpfu&kd m ”
tcef; (5)
90
urBmOD;u rD;udk pwif awGŒ&Sd+yD;aemuf vlom;,Ofaus;r_ wpf&yf[m tcsdK;tauGŒ wpfckodkŒ

a&muf&v dS mw,fv@kd qdw k ,f? tck rD;udk u|eaf wmfw@kd ud, k w f ikd f zefw;D Edik rf /_ aemuf u|eaf wmfw@kd aexdifk rf _
b0xJo@kd tqifajyr_rsm;pGm a&muf&v dS m ygw,f? t0wfpawGukd wpfxyf/ yvwfpwpf wpfxyfxyf+y;D
vdyx f m;wJh tvdyu f av;udk armifO;D u ,lvmw,f?
“ tpfudk vkyfief;pr,f ”
15 rdepf qif;cgeD;rSm ola&mufvmw,f? tkwfeDcJ ESpfcJudkvJ tcef;xJudk oGif;vkdufw,f?
olu u|efawmfwdk@udk vdktyfwmawG ulnDae&wmudkyJ aus;Zl;qyfaewmvdk@ ausauseyfeyf}uD;
cH,lxm;wm? u|efawmfwdk@ tm;vHk;uvJ ol@udk apwem&Sd&Sd ay;urf;=uw,f? axmifxJa&muf+yD;
&ufyikd ;f twGi;f rSmyJ tdru f ygq,f ypPn;f awG&awmh u|eaf wmht f wGuf tcuftcJ odyrf &Sv fd bS ;l ? ol@eJ@yg
rSs+yD; pm;=uawmh olu aus;Zl;wifrqHk;atmif &Sdaew,f? u|efawmfwdk@ vdktyfcsufawGudkvJ
wpfae&m&mu &atmif &Sm}uHay;wwfw,f? u|efawmfh tcef;wHcg;udk olu zGifhvdkufw,f?
0efxrf;u olvyk &f r,fh tvkyu f kd armifO;D wd@k vdk t+rq J if;awGukd cdifk ;f xm;w,f? tck armifO;D u
u|efawmfhtcef;udk zGifh+yD; txJudk 0ifw,f? t0wfpawGudk pkyHk+yD; aq;vdyfrD;udk cyfememzGmw,f?
t0wfpawGrSm rD;zGm;awG usoGm;awmh zsmpav;awGeJ@ csdK;+yD;tHkxm;w,f? rD;zGm;udk raoatmif
yg;pyfuvJ tqufrjywf r_wfay;aew,f? ol@udk=unfh+yD; u|efawmf armaew,f? rD;awmufuav;eJeJ
t&rSm vufwpfqpfavmuf za,mif;wdkifwdkav;eJ@ rD;awmufuav;udk t&,lvdkufw,f? +yD;awmh
toufudk t0&SL+yD; tarmajzw,f? u|efawmfvJ em;rvnfpGm ol@udk ai;=unfhaew,f?
ol tarmajy oGm;awmh za,mif;wdik f rD;av;eJ@ yvwfpwpfA;l cGaH v;udk rD;&SKd Œw,f? yvwfpwpf
tpufav;awGudk t0wfeJ@ vdyfxm;wJh yvwfpwpfvdyfay:udk csw,f? wpfpuf/ ESpfpuf/ oHk;puf
tpufaygif;rsm;pGm tusrSm t0wfeJ@ yvwfpwpf a&mvdyfxm;wJh tvdyfav;ay:rSm rD;awmufav;
wpfck a&mufvmw,f? tkwfeDcJESpfckudk zdkcaemufvdk vkyf+yD; u|efawmfwdk@ xrif;pm;zdk@ ay;xm;wJh yHkpH
'efyef;uefjym;udk tay:u wifvdkufw,f? rD;awmufuav;u wjznf;jznf; t&Sdef &vmw,f? yHkpH
yef;uefjym;xJukd aomufa&td;k xJu a&udk ESpcf u G f cyfxnfv h u kd w f ,f? u|eaf wmfu h kd armh=unf+h y;D
“ a&aEG;ylylav; &r,f ”
ol@t+yKH ;xJrmS atmifjrifra_ wG *k%, f rl a_ wGukd awGŒvdu k &f w,f?
tcef; (6)
“ &SmazGa&;/ &SmazGa&; ”
ab;tcef;u tvef@w=um; atmfvdkufwJh toHa=umifh u|efawmf vef@Edk;oGm;w,f?
tcef;tjyifbufudk vSrf;=unfhvdkufawmh 0efxrf;awG[m wef;pD+yD; 0ifvmw,f? wpfcef;udk
oHk;a,mufE_ef;eJ@ usGefawmfwdk@ tcef;a&SŒrSm vm&yfae=uw,f? axmifxJ a&mufwm r=umao;wJh
u|eaf wmht f zd@k b,fypPn;f [m zGux f m;&r,f/ b,fypPn;f [m ay:wif xm;&r,fqw kd m rodwm trSeyf ?J
bmrSvJ axGaxGx;l xl; r&Sad wmh at;at;aq;aq;yJ? c%aeawmh tcef;wdik ;f aomhawG zGio hf =H um;&w,f?
u|eaf wmfh tcef;a&SŒ &yfaewJh 0efxrf;oH;k a,muf[m tcef;xJ0ifvmw,f? tdy&f mawGukd zGw,f? wpfcpk u D kd
udik =f unfw h ,f? [if;Al;awGukd zGi=hf unfw h ,f? 'Dvekd @J zsmatmufukd tvSerf mS
“ 'g b,fu &wmvJ ”
rmrmxef x ef e J @ ypP n f ; wpf c k u d k ud k i f + yD ; u|ef a wmf h u d k vS r f ; ar;w,f ? usG e f a wmf
91
vSrf;=unfhvkdufrSmawmh b&dwf'g; u|efawmfh twGuf toHk;0ifwJh b&dwf'g;/ 'gudk olu w&m;r0if

ypPnf;wpfck vuf0,fxm;&SdwJh w&m;cHudk ar;wJh yHkpHeJ@ ar;aew,f? csufcsif;yJ u|efawmfu
“ [dkem;u aumuf&vdk@ odrf;xm;wm ”
“ 'g xm;cGifh r&Sdbl; ”
rmrmxefxefajym+yD; ypPnf;udk odrf;oGm;w,f?
tcef; (7)
“ tpfudk bmawG ygoGm;vJ ”
olu pdk;&drfw}uD;eJ@ vmar;w,f?
“ ta&;}uD;qHk; ypPnf;ayghuGm ”
“ bmvJ tpfudk ” ol pdk;&drfwJh [efeJ@ ar;awmh u|efawmfu
“ b&dwf'g; ”
'DypPn;f &JŒ toH;k 0ifr[
_ m u|eaf wmfw@kd twGuf b,favmuf ta&;}u;D w,f qdw k m olow d ,f?
ol wpfcsuf pOfpm;[ef jyK+yD;
“ tpfudk u|efawmf }udK;pm;=unfhr,f/ wpfckckawmh tqifajyatmifaygh ”
ae@wpfae@vk;H [m rD;cd;k wdwaf ew,f? tok;H 0ifypPn;f wpfc&k ŒJ aysmufq;Hk rSKaemufrmS aomuawG/
rauseyfrKS awG jynfah ew,f?
ntwGuv f nf; taz:aq;vdyw f akd v;eJ@txD;usef rSKk awGukd ajz&Si;f vd@k &awmhrmS r[kwb f ;l ?
rD;&JŒ wefbdk; udktckawmh ydkem;vnfovdkygyJ?r=umcif wef;ydwfawmhrSmrdk@ tvkyfu vlawGudkjyefjyD;
tcef;awGxJ xnfah ejyD ? wef;ydwf oHacsmif;oHukd empGiahf ewke;f rSmyJ armifO;D tajy;uav; a&mufvmw,f?
“tpfudk 'DrSm ygoGm;wJ@ypPnf;vdkyJ okH;vdk@&w,f twlwlyJ okH;=unfhaemf tqifajyw,f”
u|eaf wmf vufxJ ypPn;f wpfcx k nfah y;jyD oltajy;tv$m; ol@tcef;&S&d mtay:xyf
udak jy;wufomG ;w,f? u|eaf wmf wtHŒw=opdu k t f =unfrh mS jrifvu kd &f wmuawmh²²
tcef;(8)
wu,fygAsm ypPnf;wpfck[m tokH;rvdkol&JŒ vufxJrSm a&$acsmif;=uD;[mvJ tvum;
ypPn;f jzpfaerSmyg? wu,ftok;H vdk tok;H wnfo h &l ŒJ vufxrJ mS td=k urf;uGJ ykvif;uG[
J mvnf; a&$vwkd efb;kd
=uD;rm;aerSm trSefygyJ? armifOD; ay;oGm;wJ@ ypPnf;av;[m todrf;cHvdkuf&wJ@ b&dwf'g; aveJ@
tokH;0ifrSKutwlwl ygyJ ? rD;yGifhw,f aq;vdyf rD;cdk;xGufawmhr,f? u|efawmfauseyf aerdw,f?
0rf;omtm;&eJ@ rD;udkcwfvdkufw,f ? jyD; aq;vdyfudkaumufzGmvdkufw,f? tay:xyfrSm wef;ydwf
bk&m;&Sdcdk;jyD;vdk@ (38) jzmr*Fvm uAsm udkawmif&GwfaejyDyJ ?
“ udk,fhay:jyKbl; ol@aus;Zl; txl;odwwfap
tJ@'grS Ak'<0g' urBmŒ r*FvmawG”
ysHŒvGifhwmwJ@ uAsmoH av;udkem;axmif&if; armifOD; ay;oGm;wJ@ tokH;0ifwefbdk;&Sd
ypPnf;av;udkw&dkwao odrf;zdk@ jyifvdkufw,f? at;av 'gav;uu|efawmfh twGuf wu,fh
wefbdk;&Sdaewmav ? r&SdawmhjyDjzpfwJ@ b&dwf'g; udk,fyGm;av;av? 'guawmhwu,fhudk yDbd
ykvif;uGJav;ygyJ ?atmf ykvif;uGJ ayr,fh a&$vdk wefbdk;&Sdw,fqdkwm aocsmaeygw,f?
pdk;rdk;ol ('kdufOD;)
92
bmomjyef tcef;quf
Tpmtkyfonf pma&;q&mr karen
connelly . rl&if;pmtkyw f tkyjf zpf+yD;
pmzwfolrsm; tm; tvGeftrif;
zwfapcsifaom qENa=umifh }uKd;pm;
wifjyvkdufygonf? Tpmtkyftm;
zwfapjcif;jzifh jref rmEkdifiHtwGif;
tkyfcsKyfrif;rlaeaom ppftpkd;&. vuf
xufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkd@ rnfa&G@
rnfr#xdvl@tcGifh ta&; qkH;&_H;ae+yD;
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;&Sd tusOf;axmif rsm;twGif;
rnfuJhokd hzdpD;ESdyfpuf
rnfuJhokd qif;&J'kuQcH&I
ppftpkd;&. vlrqefr_rsm;ukd
uGufuGufuGif;uGif; odjrif&rnf jzpfygonf?
tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyoGm;ygrnf?
tvif ; td r f r **~~ Z if ;
bmomjyefqdkol R oland Hardy(c)armifarmifvwf
Hardy
,cifvrStquf tdraf jrSmifavSmiftrd f

tcef; ( 43)
trJa&mifayguaf ewJh tkwyf wf=um;tufvidk ;f onf axmife&H =H u;D rSm txif;om; jzpfaeygonf?
ae0ifcsdefa&mufvmygjyD? aer0ifcif rarSmifcifrSm ewf pifukdta&mufoGm;Ekdifzkd@ukd aumifav;
pd w f a vmaerd y gonf ? wwf E k d i f o avmuf t jref q k H ; vrf ; av#muf & if ; awZ&J @ vif y ef ; uk d
zkd=uD;xJokd@tjrefykd@vkdufygonf? yef; uefawG/ vifyef;awG/ cGufawG aq;a=umaeolukd E_wfquf&if;
pm;zkrd LS ;=u;D ukd wcsuaf 0hI=unfv h udk yf gonf?
wu,fawmh aumifav; ig;a=umf E_dufpm;csifvkd@r[kwfyg? olewfpif&SdwJh prf;acsmif;av;
bufukdoGm;wm b,fol@ukdrS rodapcsifyg? pdwfxJrSm prf;acsmif;xJ u taumifyavmifawG
ewfpifeHab;u o&Jwap>awGukd wu,fra=umufyg? wu,f a=umufwmu arSmifrJrJ jzpfaewmukd
a=umufwmyg? 'DavmufarSmifwmukd qifvnf;a=umufrSmbJ r[kwfvm;?
pm;zdkrSL;ukdrawG@awmhrS zkd=uD;&J@aemufab;wHcg;ayguf wdwfwdwfav; xGufvmcJhygonf?
ewfpifukd oGm;zkd@om t"dujzpfygonf? ewfpifa&S@a&muf&if ol bmvkyf&rvJqkdwmukdom awG;&if;
pdwfavmaeygonf? awZajymwJh ausmif;pm zwfwwfzkd@qkdwm acgif;xJpGJaeygonf? bmbJjzpfjzpf
ewfawGudk olwwfoavmuf pum;ESi&hf cdS ;dk jy;D vkt d yfwq hJ ak wG awmif;&rSmbJ?
yg;aewJh a&mfbmzdeyfudk tomc|wv f udk jf y;D okid ;f vG,x
f m;wJv
h ,
G t
f w
d f xJudk xJv
h u
dk w
f ,f?
prf;acsmif;xJu wjznf;jznf; qif;av#mufae&if; &kwfw&uf vif;vmwJh rD;vkH;a=umifh vef@oGm;w,f?
93
uk d , f h b momuk d , f a=umuf w wf w muk d tjypf w if r d w ,f ? ajcz0g;wck v k H ; [m &G @ H A G u f x J r S m

epfjrKyfoGm;ygonf?
axmife&H =H u;D ESihf prf;acsmif;=um;u jrufyifawGtay:rSm =uu G af wGajy; v$m;aewm jrifEidk yf gw,f?
'Dreufcif;[m odyfom,maeygw,f? trsm;wumvkyf ovkd opfyifrSmyef;ukd =uKd;ESihfcsnfjyD;
ewfylaZmfwmrsKd;/ qGrf;uyfwmrsKd; rvkyfwwf yg? 'gayrJh 'l;axmufjyD; t&kdtao ay;vkdufygw,f?
ezl ; ay:vuf w if j yD ; &k d a oor_ j yKvk d u f w ,f ? b,f o l r S o l @ uk d pd w f q k d ; r,f r xif y g?
rG w f q vif a wG a &m/ Ak ' < b mom0if a wG a &m/ u&if c &pf , mef a wG a &m 'D v k d b J vk y f = uw,f ?
vlwidk ;f vkyEf idk w f thJ vkyu f dk bmjzpfv@dk olrvkyEf idk &f rSmvnf;? opfyif =u;D ukd wk;d wk;d av;ajymvku d yf gw,f?
em;r&Sw d ohJ pfyif=u;D [m ol@&J@opf&u G af wGuw qifh aumifav;ukd ajymvku d wf phJ um;awGudk aumifav;
=um;Ekdifvdrfhr,fxifyg w,f? ·······
ewfpif[m Ak'<&J@bk&m;pifavmuf r=uD;us,fyg? ewfawG[m rjrif&wJh arsmufwaumifvkd@
olxifaeygw,f? aumifav;rsufpdukdrSdwfjyD; pum;vkH;awG &Gwf zwfwwfzkd@ qkawmif;aerdw,f?
bmompum;qkw d m ajymwwfz@dk / tJ'pD um;ESihf ewfEiS phf um;ajymw,f? ewfqrD mS qkawmif;vku d yf gw,f?
tarajymcJb h ;l wJph um; awGvb dk J olvnf;ajymwwfatmif ewfqrD mS qkawmif;vku d wf ,f?
aumif a v;&J @ vnf * k w f u k d wa,muf a ,muf q k w f u k d i f x m;ovk d cH p m; vk d u f & vk d @
a=umufa=umufEiS hf vef@atmfrw d ,f? aumifav; a=umufa=umufEiS hf uk, d vf wG &f ek ;f jy;D ajy;xGuvf u dk wf ,f?
vG,ftdwfxJuav;cGukd tjrefxkwf&if; ausmufcJwkH;ukd avmufpmtdrfxJxJhjyD; csdefvkdufw,f? 'gayrJh
ypfrSwfukd awG@vkduf wmESifh ukvm;av; vufawGusoGm;w,f? axmifrSL; ukdvlacsm&J@ rsufESmukd ae
a&mifx;dk wJh opf&u G af wG=um;xJrmS awG@vku d &f vk@d bJjzpfygw,f?
“ rif;a&ul;wmukd oabmusw,f r[kwfvm;?” ajym&if;ESifh aumif av;wifyg;ukd
ajcaxmufEiS hf uefypfvu dk wf ,f?
odyfrjyif;ayrJh aumifav; a&ajrmif;xJukd a&mufoGm;ygw,f?
“tckcsdefu rkd;&moDqkdwm rarhESifh? rif;acsmif;xJrSm tat;rdaeOD;r,f?” ajymae&if;
aumifav;ukd cyfjyif;jyif;uefvkdufw,f? aumifav; a=umufa=umuf vef@vef@ESifh 'Dtwkdif;
jidrfcHaevkdufw,f? 'DwcgxyfjyD; aumifav;&J@ &ifbwfukd uefvkdufw,f? axmifrSL; vlacsm[memcJhwJh
'l;acgif;jyefemvmwJhtxd aumifav; ukd uefaewkef;bJ? aumifav; tat;rdjyD; acsmif;qkd;aeoH
=um;vku d w f ,f?
aumifav;&J@ ykqkd;&,f/ tuFsD&,ftm;vkH; pkd&GJaeygjyD?
“uJ h h huJ vm h h higrif;ukd qGJulay;r,f? ighvufukdukdifjyD; tay:ukd wuf ” vkdufvkd@ajym&if;
vufqef@ay;vkdufygw,f? aumifav; ukdvlacsmukd a=umufvkd@ acsmif;a&xJrSm csrf;wkefaeygw,f?
pum;jyefajymzkd@ toHxGufrvmyg? ukdvlacsm a&S@ukdwkd;vkdufwJhtcg aumifav;[m aemufqkwf
vkdufygw,f? aumif av; ukdvlacsm&J@aemufukd =unfhvkdufawmh axmifeH&H=uD;ESihf ewfopfyifukd jrif
&w,f? uHaumif;r,fqkd&ifawmh ol@ukd'kuQay;aewJh ukdvlacsmukd wm0efus 0g'g jrifoGm;ygap/
'grSr[kwf&if opfyifu ewfrif;=uD;awG@oGm;ygapvkd@ =udwfjyD; qk awmif;vkdufw,f? qkawmif;ae&if;
“usaemfu h dk rESyd pf ufygEiS hf ”vk@d jyefajymvku d w
f ,f?
“ atmf --- =uGufowform;av; a=umufaew,f [kwfovm;? ”
ukdvlacsm tm;&yg;& &,farmvkdufw,f? rif;ukd ig'Dtwkdif; rxm;cJhygbl;? em;vnfvm;? igbmvkyfvkyf
94
vkyfvkd@&w,f? ukdvlacsm[m ta&S@ukdukdif;jyD; aumifav;ukd vSrf;zufvkdufw,f? aumifav;

aemufqw k &f if; yufvufveS f vJusomG ; w,f? 'Dwcg a&eufwahJ e&m a&mufomG ;w,f? a=umufa=umufEiS hf
a&ay:ukd jyefay: vmjy;D toufuv dk jk y;D &_vu dk yf gw,f? jy;D awmh acsmif;a&[m yg;pyfx0J ifjy;D oD;oGm;w,f?
ukv d al csm[m acsmif;xJuq dk if;jy;D aumifav;&J@vnfyif;udk n‡pjf y;D a&xJ ukd ESpv f u dk yf gw,f?
pdwx f rJ mS axmifyidk =f u;D ajymcJwh hJ
“ rif;ukrd if; aoaocsmcsm xdr;f xdr;f odr;f odr;f ae”qkw d hJ pum;uk=d um; a,mifrw d ,f? 'gayrJh
tckae&m axmifeH&Htjyifbufqkdawmh tapmifh0g'gawG vnf; odEkdifrSmr[kwfbl;? aumifav;
tokH;rusvkd@ olqkH;rwmvkd@ oabmxm; vkdufw,f?
bDvl;waumifudk acsmif;tv,fxd qif;vkdufw,f? ppfzdeyfESifh aumifav;&J@wifyg;ukd
aqmifu h efvu dk wf ,f? aumifav;tuDsu F dk trdt&zrf;qkwu f idk f vku
d w f ,f? aumifav; a=umufa=umufEiS hf
&ke;f uefvu dk &f if; vGwo f mG ;w,f?
a=umufp&maumif;wJh axmifrSL;ukdvlacsm rsufESmukd awG@vkduf&ygw,f? aumifav;ukd
a&xJudk ESpo f wfaeygw,f? aumifav;[m &ke;f uef&if;ESihf xk;d =uw d f aeygw,f? vlacsm&J@ uk, d cf E<mxJrmS
aoG;awGqlyGufovkdcHpm; ae&ygw,f? aemuf qkH; atmf[pfaewJh aumifav;toH aysmufoGm;w,f?
aumifav; xk;d =uw d af ewm &yfwef@oGm;ygjy?D ola=umufvef@r_awG[m =um&Snrf cHEidk af wmhyg?
a&xJrmS epfaewJah umifav;[m o&Jwaumifvdk wifpm; jy;D om;jzpfomG ;w,f? a&xJu ckex f u G v f mwJh
ig;waumifvdk urf;ay:ukd a&muf vmw,f? toufudk &_vu dk w f ,f? yg;pyfxu J a&awGtefcsvu dk wf ,f?
uk,d cf E<mukd vSrd ahf e&if; a&awGtefcsvu dk yf gw,f?
ukdvlacsm&J@ emusifpGm qJqkdatmf[pfoHukd reD;ra0;u =um;vkdufygw,f? ukdvlacsm
'l;acgif;ukdudkifjyD; vufwzufu jrufyifawGukd qkyfukdif&if; emusifpGm atmf[pf qJqkdaeygw,f?
aumifav;yg;pyfudk vufEiS yhf w G jf y;D x&yfvu dk w
f ,f? ukd vlacsmajcaxmuf wckcjk zpfomG ;w,fxifw,f?
ukvd al csmvnf; =uK;d pm;jy;D x&yf vku d w f ,f? aumifav;ukd wk;d wk;d ESijhf znf;jznf;av; ajymvku d w f ,f?
“ ukvm;av; --- rif; - ighukd r&kdraovkyfwmawGukd &yfvkduf&if rif;ukd igemusifatmif
vkyfp&mrvkdbl;? tJ'g em;vnfvm;? ”
wu,fqkd&ifvnf; [kwfygw,f? aumif;ygw,f cifAsm;vkd@ ajym&if&wm yJ?
“ vmprf; 'Dem;ukd” vkd@ ac:vkdufw,f?
vG,t f wd x
f u J a&awG xGuu f svmw,f? vkcH snEf iS hf tuDs [ F m a&awG pk&d aJ$ ejy;D tom;ay:rSm
uyfaew,f? acsmif;vnf; “w[Gw[ f w G ”f qk;d aew,f? ar;&k;d ukd ukid v f u
dk w
f ,f? ukv d al csm xk;d xm;vk@d
emusijf cif;u odomvmw,f?
ukvm;av; rif;ukd igar;p&mawG &Sdw,f? tJ'g rif;rSefrSefajym&r,f?
aumifav; xGufajy;EkdifwJhvrf;ukd =unfhvkdufw,f? axmif&J@zkd=uD;&,f/ aq;&kH&,f rvSrf;
rurf;rSm awG@&w,f? tcktcsdefrSm ol@ukdb,folrS u,fEkdifrSmr[kwfyg? wef;pD; OD;usm;=uD;vnf;
u,fEkdifr,frxifbl;? uHaumif;wmu wm0efus 0g'g&J@t&dyf ukd vSrf;awG@vkduf&ygw,f?
“rif ; 'D u k d v mprf ; uk v m;av;? igacsmif ; uk d j zwf j yD ; rif ; uk d q G J a c:&&if rif ; 'k u Q
aumif;aumif;a&mufoGm;r,fodvm;? aemufwcgqdk rif;vGwfrSm r [kwfbl;? ratay;av;? 'Dbufukd
vmprf;? ”aumifav; a=umufa=umufEiS hf
“q&m usaemfhukd a&ESpfjyD; rowfygeJ@” [kajymvkdufw,f? axmifrSL;ukdvlacsmu
95
“t&l;av; emuef;aevm;? rif;'Dbufuv dk mvk@d igah jymaew,fav?” aumifav; a&xJqif;jy;D

vlacsm&Sw d b
hJ ufudk wufvmcJjh y;D ajcpk&H yfvu dk w f ,f? yg; ay:usvmrJh ukv d al csm vuf0g;ukd rsupf rd w dS jf y;D
apmifhqkdif;aevkdufygw,f? wcsdef xJrSmyJ yg;&kd;u emusifvmw,f?
“ igrif;ukd ar;p&m&Sdw,f? rif;ighukd ulnDEkdifr,fxifvkd@ rif;ukdigar;wm?” wukd,fvkH;
csrf ; wk e f o G m ;&if ; axmif r S L ;uk d v l a csmrsuf E S m uk d wcsuf = unf h v k d u f j yD ; acgif ; jyef i k H @ oG m ;w,f ?
tqufrjywfpD;aewJh acsmif;a&awGukd t"dy`g,frJhpGm pkduf=unfh aerdw,f?
“rif;owd&vm;? jy;D cJw h vhJ u rkew f idk ;f t=u;D tus,u f sv@dk taqmif 2rSm a&awG=u;D cJw h ,f?
” ajym&if; ukvm;av; ykckH;ukd vufESifhn‡pfxm;w,f? ukvm; av;[m emayrJh r&kef;awmhyg?
ola=umufaewJrh suEf mS ukd ukv d al csmrjrifwm ykad umif;w,fxifw,f?
“ rif;rSwfrdvm;? tJ'Dae@rSmbJ taqmif 3 txl;aqmifu EkdifiHa&; t usOf;om;awG
ppfacG;avSmiftdrfxJ xJhcJh&wJhaeav? ”
ukvm;av;u “[kwfuJh rSwfrdygw,f? ”
“ at; -- tJ'DtcsdefrSm rif;b,fa&mufaewmvJ? rif;bmvkyfaevJ?”
aumifav;pdwx f rJ mS wa,mufa,mufu ol@ukrd sm; tJ'aD e@u awG@vku d o f vm;qkd jy;D pdwyf o
l mG ;ygw,f?
“ reuf y k d i f ; rS m usaemf awmif , mbuf r S m ul v k y f a y;jyD ; ae@cif ; rS m =uG u f a wG
vkud &f mS owfaeygw,f? ”
“ b,fae&mrSm &SmaewmvJ? ”
“'Dae&mrSmbJ q&m? aemufjyD; taqmif 2bufukd oGm;ygw,f? a&=uD; vkd@ =uGufawG
trsm;=uD ; xG u f v m=uw,f ? ” aumif a v;[m 'D v k d a jymzk d @ tcsd e f t =um=uD ; uwnf ; u
avhusix hf m;jy;D om;jzpfw,f?
“wku d yf w d tf aqmife@J taqmif=u;D em; a&mufao;vm;? usaemft aqmif 2 zufomG ;wke;f u
wcgjzwfcjhJ y;D ntdrt f jyefrmS wcgjzwfcyhJ gw,f? ” vkcH snf ukrd jy;D a&awGnp‡ v f u
dk yf gw,f? ukvm;av;u
o&kyaf qmifaumif; wa,mufjzpf vmw,f? tku d w f ifu yDjyifw,f?
“ usaemf zdeyf=uK;d jyKwo f mG ;vk@d wku d yf w d t f aqmif a&S@bufrmS wcsuf &yfjy;D jyefjyifvu dk yf gw,f
cifAsm? ” tJ'aD e@u rk;d awGt&rf;&Gm aeawmh ol@ukd w a,mufa,muf awG@oGm;vnf; jy\emr&SEd idk yf g?
axmifrLS ; ukv d al csmu olvcdk siw f t hJ ajz r&bl;qkw d m odvu dk w f ,f? aumifav;[m yDyjD yifjyif
o&kyaf qmifEidk cf w hJ ,f?
“rif;ukd igwckajymr,f? rif; qGmrd ukvm;=uD;ukdodw,f r[kwfvm;? oHacsmif;acgufwJh
tapmifhav? tJ'D ukvm;=uD; v#mb,fvkdjzpfoGm;ovJqkdwm rif;odw,fr[kwfvm;? ”ukvm;av;u
“ [kwu f hJ ”vk@d jyefajzvku d yf gw,f?
“ at; -- olighukd vdrfajymvkd@ igu v#mjzwfypfvkdufwmbJ odjyDvm;?”
axmifrLS ;ukv d al csm tmacsmifwm rsm;oGm;w,f? ukq d mG rdu 'DaxmifxJ ra&mufcifuwnf;u
v#mjywfaewm vlwidk ;f odjy;D om;bJ? wjcm;wae&mrSm jywf cJw h mbJ? axmifxu J "g;a=umifrh [kwb f ;l ?
aumifav;ukd ukwv f udk &f if;
“ q&m usaemfvdrfrajymygbl;? usaemf zdeyf=uKd;jyKwfoGm;vkd@ 'Dae&mrSm wcsuf&yfjyD;
zdeyf=uKd;jyefwyfygw,f? 'DrSm =unfhrSm? usaemfh zdeyf=uKd;[m =uKd;eJ@ csnfxm;&wmyg? ”vG,ftdwfxJu
zdeyfudk aoaocsmcsmxkwjf y&if; oufao xlvu dk yf gw,f?
96
axmifrSL;ukdvlacsm[m aumifav;ukd wGef;vkduf&if; --

“ ig - rif;&J@zdeyfpkwfukd r=unfhcsifbl;? ig&Smaewmu tJ'Drkefwkdif; uswJh ae@rSm
aysmufoGm;wJhypPnf;ukd vkdcsifaewm? ig&atmif&Smr,f?” aumifav; ukdvl acsm&J@ ppfzdeyfukd
pku
d =f unfah erdw,f?
“ q&m tvk&d &dS if usaemfyg q&m&SmwJ[ h mukd uljy;D &Smay;csiyf gw,f? usaemfu axmifxrJ mS
bmrqkdaxmif=uD;xJrSm bmrqkd&SmazGwwfwJhaumif jzpfyg w,f? q&mtvkd&Sd&if uljyD;&Smay;yghr,f?
“ 'DrSm ukvm;av;/ acG;rom;av; ihgukd=unfhprf; ”
ukvm;av; rsufvkH;t0kdif;=uD;eJ@ jyef=unfhvkdufygw,f? ukdvlacsmu wkd; wkd;av; “ igrif;&J@
v#mukd rjzwfao;bl;? ajymajymqkdqkd aumifav;&J@ ar;aphukd ukd vufeJ@n‡pfukdifvkduf&if; “ rif;
vdrfajymwm igodvkd@uawmh v#mrjzwfbJ/ rif; ukd acG;pmau|;r,fodvm;?
“ rif; awZwku d yf w d cf ef; a&S@u jzwfomG ;wJah e@u &G@AH u G xf u J wckc&k mS awG@cJw
h ,f r[kwv f m;? ”
ukvm;av; “ q&m usaemf bmrS rawG@cJhygbl; q&m?”
ukv d al csm ukvm;av;ukd aqmifw h eG ;f vku
d &f if; “ oGm;prf; ukvm;av; rif;&J@ eHapmfaewJt h eH@ukd
igrcHEkdifawmhbl;? xGufoGm;prf;? ”
aumifav; vrf;av#mufae&if; vG,ftdwfxJu zdeyfukdxkwfjyD; ajray: csvkduf&if; wzufpD
pD;vku d w f ,f? aemufudk jyefvn S rhf =unfah yrJh axmifrLS ;ukv d al csm ol@ukd pkud =f unfah er,fqw dk m odjy;D om;yg?
ukdvlacsm emaewJh 'l;acgif;ukd jyefprf;aew,f? ajray:rSm xkdifcsvkduf&if; wHawG;
axG;xkwfvkdufygw,f? opfyifawGukd rESpfu ckwfypfcJhvkd@ tyifjrifhjrifhawG r&Sdawmhyg? ukvm;av;ukd
axmifxJrSm b,folu tm%mt&SdqkH;qkdwm jyojyD; jyD? 'l;acgif;u usnfqHrSefxm;ovkd emaew,f?
emvG e f ; vk d @ aumif a v;tay:uk d awmif v J u sbl ; w,f ? 'g[m 'l ; u emvk d @ vm;? 'grS r [k w f
pdwfv_yf&Sm;aecJhvkd@vm; rodyg?
pdwfxJrSm h h h h
“ukvm;av; rif;ajy;vkd@ rvGwfbl;? ”
0g'gwcsK@d &J@ ajymjycsut f & ukvm;av;[m awZ&J@wku d yf w
d tf aqmif bufrmS &Scd w hJ ,fqw dk myJ?
ukvm;av;&J@ypPnf;xm;wJh ae&mukd r&Sm&ao;bl;? uk vm;av;zkd=uD;xJu pm;p&mckd;pm;vkd@
olrcd b hJ ;l w,f? 'gayrJh axmifyidk =f u;D ukd olwifjywJt h cg axmifyidk =f u;D u vk;H 0pdwf r0ifpm;bl;? axmifyidk =f u;D
pdwq f ;dk jy;D
“ rif;bm awGav#mufvkyfaewmvJ? axmifrSL;av; nGef@a0OD;?”
ukvm;av;u rdbrJhw aumif=uGufjzpfovkd axmif=uD;xJrSm vcr ay;&bJ bmbJjzpfjzpf ckdif;vkd@&wJh
tvkyform;wa,mufbJ? olrsm;awG pm;jyD;om; tusefawGukdbJ pm;wmbJ? olrpm;vJ v$ifhypf&r,f?
tr_ud af wGbJ r[kwv f m;? aumifav;u ol@bmomol aeygap? bmrS oGm;rywfoufe@J ?”'gayrJh ukv d al csm
aumifav;ukd 'Dtwkid ;f v$wx f m;rSm r[kwyf g? 'Dwcg ukvm;av; ck;d pmwmawG@ &if b,fo@l ukrd S rajymbJ
ppfacG;avSmiftdrfxJ xJhxm;vkdufr,f?
axmifrSL; ukdvlacsm[m tdwfaxmifxJu w0ufaomufjyD;om; aq; ayghvdyfukdxkwfjyD;
rD;n‡dum w&_duf/ ESpf&_duf tm;&yg;& &_&_dufvkduf&if; jyefpOf;pm; aew,f?
acgif;xJrSm avmavmq,fq,f &Sdwmu emaewJh'l;acgif;ukd tjrefqkH; oufomvmatmif
b,fvv dk yk rf vJ? olu, dk w
f idk v
f nf; wcgwav tvkyef m;&uf uav;&&if aumif;rSmbJv@dk pOf;pm;rdw,f?
qufvufazmfjy ay;oGm;ygrnf? armifarmifvwf
97
Edik if aH &; tawG;tjrif bmomjyef tcef;quf
'Da&jrifoh pf
jrefrmhq&kd ,
S vf pf vrf;pOfygwD vufxuf/jrefrmhwyfrawmftrnfcH ppftm%m&Sirf sm;rS
xkwaf 0cGijhf yK+y;D aemuf ydwyf if wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom q&mjroef;wifh . 'Da&jrifo h pf
(armfpwD ek ;f ESihf w&kwaf wmfveS af &;) pmtkyt f m;/ tvif;tdrrf *~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;
taejzifh vufawG b h 0 w&kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;ESihf cH,jl zwfoef;r_rsm;udk pmzwfow l kd
jroef;wif h h avhvm od&EdS ikd af p&ef tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyvku d yf gonf//
(pma&;ol. rdom;pkEiS hf qufo, G af &; cufco
J jzifh today;jcif; r&So d nfukd
cGivhf w
$ af y;yg&ef awmif;yeftyfygon)f
od@k &mwGif armf. oabmw&m;a&; &efo/l ,efped cf si;f u qef@usizf uf jzpfru _ kd jiif;onf?
yËdyuQ jzpfaeaom buftoD;oD;onf aygi;f pnf;oGm;=uonf[k qd=k uonf? olu xdo k abmw&m;udk
ESpf taygif; wpf oabmw&m;[k ac:onf? ESpftaygif; wpf oabmw&m;onf/ yËdyuQjzpfr_udk
jiif;y,fI nDr#r_/ xyfwlxyfr# jzpfr_/ wckwnf;udkom todtrSwfjyKonf?
(,efpdefcsif;onf &k&Sm;jyef “abmfv&SDApf” 28 OD;teuf wOD;jzpfonf? uGefjrLepf
tifwmae&Sife,f ta&S@zsm;AsK&dkwGif xkwfa0a&; wm0efcH vkyfcJhzl;onf? &k&Sm;bmomaA' yg&*l
jzpfonf? 1949 ckwGif yDuif;odk@ jyefa&muf+yD;/ w&kwfjynf tbd"rRm toif;. OuUX jzpfonf?
ygwrD wfveD if0g' oifwef;ausmif; 'kw, d OuUX jzpfonf? ygwo D ifwef;ausmif;ESihf armf. usr;f rsm;udk
oif&dk;!$ef;wrf;rS jzKwfypfcJhonf? 1957 rS 1946 xd oifwef;ausmif;wGif 'k OuUX jzpfcJhonf?)
armfu yËyd uQrsm;wGif twdu k tf cH yËyd uQEiS hf twdu
k t
f cH r[kwof !fh yËyd uQ[k xyfco JG nf?
twdkuftcHr[kwfaom yËdyuQonf wcgw&HwGif/ twdkuftcH yËdyuQodk@ ul;ajymif;oGm;onf [k
“jynfolwGif; yËdyuQrsm;udk rSefuefpGm udkifwG,fa&;usrf;”wGif azmfjyonf?
yËdyuQ. xl;jcm;r_wGif armfu t"du yËdyuQESifh yËdyuQ. t"dubuf[lIvnf;
xyfI cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmao;onf?
“&_yfaxG;aom t&mudpP. jzpfxGef;wdk;yGm;o!fh jzpfpOfwGif/ yËdyuQ tajrmuftjrm;
wnf&Sd&m/ 4if;wdk@teuf wckonf/ t"duyËdyuQ jzpf&rnf? 4if;. wnf&Sdr_ESifh }uD;xGm;r_u tjcm;
yËdyuQrsm;. wnf&Sdr_ESifh }uD;xGm;r_wdk@udk owfrSwfonf? odk@r[kwf *,uf&dkufonf?”
“Oyrm t&if;&Sifpepf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;ESihf "e&Sif vlwef; pm;
[laom yËdyuQjzpfaeo!fh/ tiftm;pk ESpf&yfonf t"du yËdyuQ jzpfonf? tjcm; yËdyuQ
tiftm;pktm;vHk;udk/ ,if;t"du yËdyuQu owfrSwfonf? *,uf&dkufonf?”
(“yËdyuQusrf;” vufa&G;pifusrf;/ twGJ 1)
jzpfpOfxwJ iG &f adS om yËyd uQtm;vH;k udk wef;wlxm;I rjzpf[k armfu ,lqonf? 4if;wd@k udk
t"duESifh omrn[k ESpfrsdK;cGJ&rnf? t"du yËdyuQudk qkyfudkifrd&ef owdjyK&rnf? yËdyuQ
jzpf a eaom buf E S p f b uf u d k wef ; wl oabmxm;Ir&? rnf o !f h y Ë d y uQ w G i f r qk d /
yËdyuQjzpfaeo!fhbufrsm;onf }uD;xGm;r_ rnDnm? wcgw&H olrom/ udk,from jzpfovdk&Sd
aeo!fhwdkif ,if;rSm ,m,Dr#om jzpfonf? E_dif;,SOfr_t&om jzpfonf? t&if;cH tajctae
nDnmjcif;r&Sd? wzufu t"dujzpfI wzufu omrn jzpf&vdrfhrnf?
98
odk@&mwGif xdktajctaeonf/ rajymif;vJyJ wnf&Sdaeonfr[kwf? yËdyuQ. t"du

bufEiS hf t"dur[kwaf om bufrsm;onf/ tjyeftvSef ajymif;vJae=uo!fh tavsmuf t&mudp. P
vuQ%monfvnf;/ vdkufI ajymif;aeonf? yËdyuQ }uD;xGm;&mY wpHkwckaom tqifhwGif
t"dubufonf (u) jzpfI/ t"dur[kwaf ombufonf/ (c) jzpfonf qkyd gp@kd ? }u;D xGm;r_tqifo h @kd
a&mufaomtcg/ (u) ESifh (c) onf/ ae&mcsif; vJoGm;=uonf? (c) onf t"dubuf jzpfvm+yD;/
(u)onf omrnbuf jzpfoGm;onf? T ajymif;vJr_udk jzpfpOftwGif;&Sd yËdyuQ bufESpfbuf
wdkufyGJjzpfaeo!fh/ tiftm; twdk;tavsmh. twdkif; twmu qHk;jzwfonf? armfu Tw&m;udk
jy&mwGif/ c&D;&Snf csDwufyGJ Oyrmudk jyonf? c&D;&Snf csDwufyGJ jzpfpOfY/ tpwGif wyfeDawmf.
qdk;0g;aom tajctaeonf/ yËdyuQ. t"dubufjzpfI/ aumif;aomtajctaeonf yËdyuQ.
omrnbuf jzpfoGm;onf? odk@&mwGif aemufwqifhY aumif;aomtajctaeonf t"du
bufjzpfvm+yD;/ qdk;aomtajctae onf omrnbuf jzpfoGm;onf? armfu “t&mudpPwck[m
tqdk;u taumif;udk ajymif; oGm;Edkifw,f? taumif;uae+yD; tqdk;udk a&mufoGm;Edkifw,f” [k
zGio hf nf?
armfu ppfESifh +idrf;csrf;a&; jy\emudkvnf; tEkyËdavmrjzifh cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjyonf?
aoe*FAsK[m jy\em/ enf;y&d,m,f jy\emESihf ywfoufo!fh armf.usr;f rsm;onf/ ppfusr;f rsm;
oufoufr#omru/ tbd"rRma&;usrf;rsm;vnf; jzpfaeonf? &kyf0g' tEkyËdavmrenf;emudk
jyqdko!fh usrf;rsm; jzpfaeonf?
armf. ppftawG;tac:rsm;onf ppfa&;ppf&mudpPrsm;wGif/ tEkyËdavmrudk xif [yf
usihfoHk;jy&m tawG;tac:rsm; jzpfonf? w&kwfawmfvSefa&;}uD; atmifyGJcH&mY/ t"du usaom
ta=umif;&if;}uD;rsm; jzpfonf?
armfu ol@ppfa&; 0dZ…mynmudk olem;vnfwwfu|rf;vmjcif;rSm/ ,GDcsif; tajccH a'oudk
cseaf u&Sw d uf oH;k }urd w
f ikd f 0dik ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&; xd;k ppf}u;D rsm; qifjcif;a=umifh jzpf onf[k ajymzl;onf?
od@k &mwGif ppfaoe*FAsK[mESihf enf;y&d,m,fwiG v f nf; tajccH tbd"rRm &Szd @kd vdo k nf? wyfeaD wmfonf
ppftzGJ@tpnf;oufouf wckr#omru/ EdkifiHa&; tzGJ@wckvnf; jzpfonf? awmfvSefa&;yef;wdkifudk
ta&mufoGm;r!fh EdkifiHa&; ud&d,mwck jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh wyfeDawmf. aoe*FAsK[mESifh
enf;y&d,m,fw@kd u/kd xd&k nf&, G cf suu f jyXmef;onf? yHo k iG ;f onf? Edik if aH &;u trde@f ay;&rnfqo kd nfrmS
Toabmyif jzpfonf? tpp t&m&mudk EdkifiHa&;uom OD;aqmif&rnf?
*syefckcHa&;ppfyGJonf/ omrefppfyGJw&yfr#omr[kwf? awmfvSefa&;ppfyGJtm;vHk;. pHerlem
w&yfjzpfonf? trsdK;om; vGwfajrmufa&; wdkufyGJtoGifjzifh qifE$Jo!fh vlwef;pm; wdkufyGJjzpfonf?
TppfyrJG sKd ;tm;vH;k onf/ urBmh qd&k , S v f pf awmfveS af &;. tpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfonf[k armfu ajymzl;onf?
“ppf[m wpHkwckaom tqifhudk a&mufvmwJh yËdyuQrsm;udk ajz&Sif;wJh tjrifhqHk;
wdkufyGJ yHko¿mefjzpfw,f?---ppfqkdwm EdkifiHa&;&J@ tqufjzpfw,f? 'Dt"dy`g,ft&qdk&if/ ppf
qdkwm EdkifiHa&;yJ jzpfw,f? ppfudk,fYu EdkifiHa&; tjyKtrl jzpfw,f?--'gayrJh ppfrSm udk,fydkif
xl;jcm;csu&f w dS ,f? 'Dt"dyg` ,t f &qd&k if ppfqw kd m[m a,bk,s Edik if aH &;r[kwzf ;l ? ppfqw kd m Edik if aH &;udk
xl;jcm;wJh enf;eJ@ qufvkyfjcif;jzpfw,f? EdkifiHa&;[m tqifhwcktxd wdk;yGm;vm+yD; rlvenf;eJ@

99
a&S@udk wdk;roGm;EdkifwJhtcg/ EdkifiHa&;vrf;ay:u twm;tqD;awGudk z,f&Sm;ypfzdk@twGuf

ppfjzpf&awmhw,f?---twm;tqD;awGudk z,f&Sif;+yD;/ EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,f csuf txajrmufwmeJ@
ppfvt J qH;k owfomG ;vdrrhf ,f?--'ga=umihf Edik if aH &;[m aoG;rxGuw f hJ ppfjzpfw,f? ppf[m aoG;xGuw f hJ
EdkifiHa&; jzpfw,fvdk@ qdkEdkifw,f?” (“a&&Snfppf” vufa&G;pif usrf;/ twGJ 2)
“ppfyGJ. Oya'orsm;” udk avhvmjcif;onf ody`Hynmw&yfjzpfonf? yËdyuQrsm;udk
tajccHo!fh 0dZm… ynmw&yf jzpfonf? ppfyu JG kd ay:ayguaf po!fh yuwd tajctaersm; yËyd uQrsm;udk
avhvm&vdrfhrnf? wenf;ajym&v#if EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifh yx0D taetxm;rsm;udk
avhvm&vdrfhrnf? csefau&Sdwfudk wdkufcsifv#if/ csefau&Sdwfta=umif;udk avhvm&vdrfhrnf?
awmfveS af &;ppfyo JG nf/ rnfo!ft h cgr# usL;ausmpf pfr[kw?f ckcpH pfjzpfonf? rw&m;aom
ppfr[kwf? w&m;aomppfyGJjzpfonf[k armf ,lqonf? xdkppfyGJY jynfol. pdwf"gwfonf y"ge
tusqHk;jzpfonf? w&m;o!fhppfudk wdkufo!fh/ jynfolw&yfonf/ b,ftcgr# r&_H;? vufeufrcs?
ol@bufwiG f axmufco H rl sm;&Sod nf[k pG+J rpJ mG ,H=k unfonf? xdak =umihf xdpk pfrsKd ;onf obm0tm;jzifh
a&&SnfppfyGJ jzpf&vdrfhrnf? usL;ausmfolu jynfolrsm;udk +idrf;csrf;pGm u|efjyKvdkonf? odk@&mwGif
jynfol@ppfyGJw&yfY TtajctaersdK;udk rnfo!fhtcgr# &vdrhfrnfr[kwf? wdkufyGJ. tEdkift&_H;udk
vufeufu qHk;jzwfjcif;r[kwf? vlu qHk;jzwfjcif; jzpfonf? jynfolrsm;u vufOD;r_udk &,lonf?
ppfyGJta=umif;ESifh &efol ta=umif;udk jynfolrsm;u ydkI em;vnfvmonfESifhtr#/ vufOD;r_udk ydkI
,lvm=uvdrrf nf?
,iftef;wGif&SdpOf armfonf aoe*FAsK[m cHppf/ aoe*FAsK[m qkwfppfESifh aoe*F AsK[m
wefjyefx;kd ppfw@kd . oabmudv k nf;/ tus,w f 0ifh aqG;aEG;yd@k csonf? tajccHa'orsm; wnfaqmufa&;/
ajymufusm;ppfe,f}u;D rsm; xlaxmifa&;/ xdt k ajccHa'orsm;ESihf ppfe,f}u;D rsm;udk cdik rf matmifvyk af &;/
ajymufusm;ppf/ v_yf&Sm;ppfESihf ae&m,lppf po!fh/ ppfyGJoHk;rsdK; tjyeftvSef qufoG,fa&;/ po!fh
jy\emrsm;/ jynfol@ppfyGJ. pD;yGm;a&; jy\emrsm;/ udk,fzmom zlvHkaom wyfrawmfw&yf.
jy\emrsm;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh acgif;aqmifr_ jy\emrsm;udkvnf; tus,fw0ifh a&;cJhonf?
ol. a&;om;csufrsm;tm;vHk;Y armfonf jynfolwdk@. odpdwf&Sdaom aqmif&Gufr_ udk
tav;wif; azmfjyonf? ppfa&;jzpfap/ EdkifiHa&;jzpfap/ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; tm;vHk;Y/ jynfolwdk@.
odpw d f ta&;}u;D yHu k kd axmufjyonf? jynfo. l odpw d &f adS om/ aqmif&u G cf suf r&Syd J bmr# rjzpfEikd ?f
Tae&mYvnf; armfonf ygwDwGif;u “&k&km;jyef”rsm;. ckcHr_udk }uHK&onf? 4if;wdk@u
*syefcck aH &;ppfy.
JG ta&;}u;D yHu k kd vspvf sL&_=uonf? “ypPn;f rJh Edik if H wum0g'” [laom pum;vH;k jzifh
w&kwjf ynfwiG f csucf si;f vufiif;/ qd&k , S vf pfpepf xlaxmif &ef awmif;qd=k uonf? w&kwjf ynforl sm;.
*syefqef@usifa&; pdwf"mwfudk owdarhae=uonf?
“trsdK;om;vGwfvufa&; qHk;&_H;aewJh jynfolw&yf&J@ awmfvSefa&; vkyfief;[m/
qdk&S,fvpfpepfudk csufcsif;xlaxmifzdk@ r[kwfbl;? vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifzdk@ jzpfw,f?
qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk usifhoHk;&m wdkif;jynfudk/ tvkcHxm;&wJhtcsdefrSm u|efawmfwdk@[m qdk&S,f vpf0g'
ta=umif;udk ajymawmif rajymtyfbl; ” [k armfu 1936 ckESpfwGif t*~gpEdk;udk ajymcJhzl;onf?
1946 ckESpfwGif wyfeDawmfu csefau&Sdwftm; aoe*FAsK[m cHppfqifE$Jaeonf?
wcsdefwnf;wGif aoe*FAsK[m xdk;ppf}uD;udk jyifaeonf? vlxkudk EdkifiHa&;t& pnf;&Hk;jcif;/ vlxk
100
vrf;pOfjzifh ynmay;jcif;/ b¾ma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rsm; vkyfjcif;/ ygwDESihf ppfwyfudk

avhusijhf cif;/ yx0Dtaetxm;ESihf tcsed t f cgukd avhvm wGucf sujf cif;/ “aus;vufrS +rKd @udk 0dik ;f a&;”
rlatmifjrif&ef/ aus;vufwGif tajccH pcef;rsm; aqmufjcif;/ ponfwdk@udk vkyf&rnf?
TtqifhwGif ajr,m jyK jyifajymif;vJa&;rSwqifh/ vlxkvrf;pOfudk taumif txnf
azmf&rnf? vlxv k rf;pOfonf atmifyt JG wGuf t"du vdt k yfcsuf jzpfonf? T tqifyh g vkyif ef;rsm;udk
ausmfroGm;&?
armfonf w&kwfawmfvSefa&; qifE$J&mwGif aus;vufudk tajccHI/ +rdK@udk 0dkif;a&; rludk
csrw S o f nf? armfu ppfrwdu k cf if Edik if aH &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;udk vkyx f m;&rnf? wcsKd @ e,fajrrsm;ESihf
+rKd @ }u;D udk pGe@f v$ww f ef pGe@f v$wrf nf? udprP &S?d od@k pGe@f v$wjf cif;jzifh vltm;udk ac|wm&ma&mufonf?
“tqef r ygaom”Avmatmif y G J r sm;ud k &zd k @ / vl a wG tqH k ; &_ H ; rcH E d k i f ? &ef o l @ wyf r sm;ud k
&efolqef@usifo!fh e,fajrrsm;xJodk@ a&mufatmif r#m;ac:&rnf? &efolqef@usifa&; vlxk
0J*,uf}u;D xJwiG f qGEJ pS yf pf&rnf? Tenf;tm;jzifh &efou l kd ud,
k f vd&k mod@k ta&mufac:+y;D / t+y;D wdik f
acsr_ef;ypf&rnf[k armfu ,lqonf?
wyfr_;rsm;onf &J&J&ihf&ihf qHk;jzwfwwf&rnf? wyfr_rsm;. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
wyfom;rsm;ESifh vlxktm;/ wwfEdkifor# today;&rnf? v#dK@ 0Sufrxm;&? Todk@ vkyfjcif; tm;jzifh
wyfom;rsm; / jynfolrsm;onf tajctaeudk em;vnfoabmaygufum/ udk,fydkif tod
udk,fydkifOm%frsm; ay;Edkifonf? yËdyuQw&m;rsm;udk tajcwnfI qHk;jzwfcsufudk pkaygif;
vkyaf qmif&rnf?
yËdyuQwGif yËdyuQjzpfaeaombufrsm;. jzpfay: wdk;wufr_onf wckESifhwck nDnm jcif;
r&Sd[k armfuajymcJhonf/ (yËdyuQrsm;. rnDnmr_ oabmw&m;?) wenf;ajym&aomf jzpfay:
wdk;wufr _wckY yËdyuQbufrsm;onf/ taetxm; ajymif;vJoGm;Edkifonf? armf. w&m;onf/
txl; ojzifh ppfyGJrsm;udk avhvm&mY ydkI xif&Sm;onf? ppfyGJY tiftm;}uD;aom bufonf
t+rw J rf;Edik o
f nfr[kw?f tiftm;ao;aom bufonfvnf; t+rw J rf;&_;H onf r[kw?f “Edik if u H av;u
Edik if }H u;D wEdik if u
H kd tEkid w
f u
kd Ef ikd w
f ,f? tm;enf;wJh Edik if u H tm; aumif;wJh Edik if u H kd tEdik w
f u
kd Ef ikd wf ,f
” [k armfu 1970 arv (20) &uf ausnmcsuw f iG f axmufjycJo h nf? TonfrmS yËdyuQrsm;.
bufajymif;vJr_ w&m;udk tajccHI armfu axmufjyjcif; jzpfonf?
armfu yËyd uQtwGi;f u ajymif;jyefajymif;vJr_ jzpfpOfukd ppfyw JG iG f xif[yf usio hf ;kH onf?
“ wpHkwckaom tajctaeY/ t&m0wˆKwcktwGif;u yËdyuQjzpfaeaom bufrsm;onf
qef@usifbufodk@ ajymif;oGm;wwfonf? rdrd.bufrS qef@usifbuf tajctaeodk@ ajymif;vJ
oGm;wwfonf ” [k armfu ajymcJhonf? yËdyuQ. bufwzufrS tjcm; qef@usifbuf wzuf odk@
ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;udk xyfwljzpfr_[k ac:onf? TonfrSm “tEkyËdavmrw&m;. tESpf jzpfonf?
tEkyËdavmrw&m;onf/ qef@usib f ufrsm; rnfo@kd xyfwjl zpfomG ;=uonfukd jyonf? wckrw S cko@kd
ajymif;vJoGm;yHkudk jyonf? qef@usifbuf rsm;onf taoozG,f/ a&G@vsm;jcif;r&Sd wnfaejcif;
r[kwfa=umif;/ 4if;wdk@onf ,m,Dr#om jzpfa=umif;/ v_yf&Sm; aea=umif;udk jyonf” [k vDeifu
ajymcJhonf? xdktcsufonf ppfyGJwGif ta&;}uD;onf/ ajymif;jyefajymif;vJr_twGuf vdktyfo!fh
101
v_yf&Sm;r_udk em;vnfzdk@ vkdonf? xdkokd@ em;vnf&ef twGuf wDxGifr_ &Sd&OD;rnf? OD;aqmifr_

&S&d rnf? armfonf ajymif;jyefajymif;vJr/_ rnfo!fh tcsed w f iG f ay:aygurf nfukd em;vnfo!fah e&mwGif
xl;c|efoljzpfonf? tcsdeftcgudk trdt& zrf;qkyfwwfonf?
odk@&mwGif yËdyuQrsm;. bufajymif;wwfaom oabmudk/ em;vnf&eftwGuf t"du
yËdyuQESifh vufatmufcH yËdyuQudk cGJjcm;Edkif&rnf? (yËdyuQrsm;. ajymif;jyefjzpfr_ oabmw&m;?)
*syefckcHa&; ppfyGJumvwkef;u/ t"du yËdyuQonf/ *syefe,fcsJ@pepfjzpfonf? Tt"du yËdyuQudk
ajz&Si;f &eftwGuf (wdusaom uef@owfcsurf sm;twGi;f ) cseaf u&Sw d Ef iS hf nD!w G af &; wyfaygi;f pk zG@J cJ&h onf?
od@k &mwGif wwd, jynfwiG ;f ppfumvwGirf /l w&kwjf ynfol trsm;pk}u;D ESihf tar&duefe,fcs@J orm;rsm;u/
usm;uefay;xm;aom cseaf u&Sw d f ud,k pf m; jyKo!fh vufa0cH "e&Siv f w l ef;pm;wd@k =um;u/ yËyd uQ.
vufatmufcHrsm; jzpfvmcJh=uonf? xdk@a=umihf csefau&Sdwf qef@usifa&; tiftm;pktm;vHk;udk/
odrf;oGif;pnf;&Hk;a&;onf/ vufiif; wm0ef jzpfvmonf? xdkESifhtnD aemufxyf nD!Gwfa&;
wyfaygif;pkwckudk zGJ@cJh&onf? Tonf rSm jynfwGif;ppf EdkifiHa&;udk armfu yËdyuQw&m;wGif
tajccHI cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmyHk jzpfonf?
jynfwGif;ppfumv ppfa&;udkvnf;/ armfu yËdyuQw&m;wGif tajccHI ajz&Sif;onf?
jynfwGif;ppfumv ppfa&;u azmfjyo!fh yËdyuQ bufESpfzufrSm wzufu csefau&Sdwf.
ppfwyf}uD;rsm;jzpfI/ tjcm;wzufu uGefjrLepfwyfrsm;jzpfonf? TbufESpfzufwGif csefau &Sdwfu
vufeuftiftm; aumif;onf? wyfOD;a&rsm;onf? uGefjrLepfwdk@xuf (4) qcGJ tm;aumif;onf?
uGejf rLepfw@kd u vufeuf!o hH nf? tiftm;enf;onf? od@k &mwGif avhusifh r_ aumif;onf? ,H=k unfcsuf
&Sdonf? EdkifiHa&;tod&Sdonf? vlxkaxmufcHr_&onf? TyËdyuQ ESpfzufudk bufajymif;vkyfvdkv#if/
wenf; ol@udk tiftm;enf;atmifvkyfI/ udk,fhbufudk tm;omatmif vkyfvdkv#if/ jy\emudk
*&kwpdu k f avhvm&vdrrhf nf? yËyd uQ. tjcm;buf wzuf (cseaf u&Sw d . f wyfrsm;) ESihf vdu k af vsmo!f/h
ajz&Sif;enf;rsm;udk oHk;&rnf? *syefwyf rsm;udk wdkufo!fh/ ajymufusm;enf;rsm;udk oHk;Ir&?
tiftm;enf;aom ulrifwefwyfrsm;udk omvGef}uD;rm;o!fhtm;jzifh tjyKwfwdkufacsr_ef;ypf&rnf?
ud, k xhf uftm;}u;D aom &efo@l wyf }u;D rsm;udk a&SmifuiG ;f &rnf? 4if;wd@k tm; armyef;aeatmif vky&f rnf?
axmufyHha&; vrf; a=umif;rsm;udk jzwfawmufypf&rnf? twGif;rS v#dK@0SufI zsufqD;ypf&rnf?
pdwf"mwf ysufjym;atmif vkyf&rnf?
yËdyuQrsm;. bufrsm;/ bufajymif;oGm;yHkESifh ywfoufI---
tcsdK@yËdyuQrsm;rSm Todk@ bufajymif;jcif;r&Sd[k/ vltcsdK@u ,lq=uonf? Oyrm
ukev f yk pf rG ;f tm;pkEiS fh ukev
f yk q
f ufqaH &;wd@k . yËyd uQwiG /f ukev f yk pf rG ;f tm;pku t"dujzpfonf [k
vnf;aumif;/ oabmw&m;ESihf vufawG@wd@k . yËyd uQwiG f vufawG@onf t"dujzpfonf [k
vnf;aumif;/ pD;yGm;a&;tkwjf rpfEiS hf txyfxyf taqmufttHw k @kd . yËyd uQwiG f pD;yGm;a&; tkwjf rpfonf
t"du yËdyuQjzpfonf[k vnf;aumif; ,lq=uonf? 4if;wd@k . ae&mrsm;onf tjyeftvSef
ajymif;vJjcif;r&S[ d k qd=k uonf? TonfrmS puf,EW&m; &ky0f g'. ,lqcsuf jzpfonf? tEkyËad vmr
&ky0f g'. ,lqcsuf r[kwaf cs? ukev f yk pf rG ;f tm;pk/ vufawG@/ pD;yGm; a&;tkwjf rpfw@kd onf a,bk,stm;jzif/h
t"duESifh tqH;k tjzwfay;aom tcef;rS yg=uonfrmS trSef jzpfonf? t=uifoo l nf Ttcsufudk
102
todtrSwf rjyKygu/ xkdolonf &kyf0g' orm; rjzpfEdkifacs? odk@&mwGif ukefvkyfqufqHa&;

oabmw&m;/ txyfxyf taqmufttHk po!fh t&mwdk@onf/ wpHkwckaom tajctaetwGif;wGif
t"duESifh tqHk;tjzwf ay;aom tcef;rS yg0if=ujyefonf? Ttcsufudkvnf; todtrSwf
jyK&rnfjzpfonf? ukefvkyfqufqH a&;udk rajymif;vJaoma=umifh/ ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pk r}uD;xGm;
rwdk;wufEdkifo!fhtcgwGif/ ukefvkyfqufqHa&; ajymif;vJa&;onf/ t"duESihf tqHk;tjzwfusaom
tcef;rS yg0if&jyef onf? ‘awmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;w&yf r&SdyJ/ awmfvSefa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ r&SdEkdif’
[k vDeifu ajymouJo h @kd jzpfaeo!ft h cgrsKd ;wGi/f awmfveS af &; oabmw&m; zefw;D a&;ESifh jzef@jzL;a&;
wdk@onf/ t"duESifh tqHk;tjzwfay;aomtcef;rS yg0ifavonf?ordkif;. wdk;wufr_ wckvHk;wGif
&kyfu pdwfudk qHk;jzwfa=umif;/ vlr_a&;wnf&Sdr_u vlr_a&; odjrifr_udk qHk;jzwf a=umif;/
todtrSwfjyKxm;ouJhodk@yif/ pdwfu&kyfudk wkef@jyefEdkifo!fh owWd&Sda=umif;/ vlr_a&; odjrifr_u/
vlr_a&;wnf&Sdr_udk wkef@jyefEdkifo!fh owWd&Sda=umif;/ txyfxyf taqmufttHku pD;yGm;a&;
tajccHtw k jf rpfukd wke@f jyefEikd o
f !fh owW&d adS =umif;udv k nf;/ u|eaf wmfw@kd tod trSwjf yKonf? TonfrmS
&kyf0g'udk zDvmjyK jcif; r[kwf? puf,EW&m; &kyf0g'udk a&SmifuGif;+yD; tEkyËdavmr &kyf0g'udk pGJ+rJpGm
usihfoHk;jcif; jzpfonf? ( “yËdyuQusrf;” vufa&G;pOfusrf;/ twGJ 1)
Ttcsufonf ta&;}uD;onf? r[mypPnf;rJh ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&; jzpfpOf}uD;udk
em;vnfvdkv#if/ Ttcsufudk owdjyK&ef vdkonf? ,Ofaus;r_awmfvSefa&; qdkonfrSm/ tay: xyf
taqmuf t tH k u / awmf v S e f a &;jzpf o nf ? xd k a wmf v S e f a &;u tajccH taqmuf t tH k u d k
awmfveS af jymif;vJa&;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;onf?
,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;onf tawG;tac: ajymif;vJa&; jzpfonf? &kyf0wˆK ajymif;vJa&;
(tajccH taqmufttHk ajymif;vJa&;) twGuf armif;ESifa&;tiftm; jzpfonf?
Tod@k jzifh armfh tawG;tac:Y/ pdw-f &kyf ESihf &ky-f pdwf wd@k tjyeftvSef wnf&rdS _ w&m;onf/
yËdyuQukd ajz&Si;f a&;wGif aomhcsujf zpfaeonf? “avmuY rnfo!fh jzpfay:wd;k wufrr_ # wajy;nDpmG
rjzpf? nDnmpGm jzpfay:a&;/ nDr#r_ oabmw&m;udk u|efawmfwdk@ qef@usif &rnf” [k armfu
ajymcJhonf? armf. tawG;tac:onf +idrfoufr_ oabmw&m;udk acszsufvdkufonf? wmtkd0g'.
nD!w G af ygi;f pyfrw
_ &m;udk acszsuv f ukd of nf? uGejf zL;&Syf &d;k &m0g'udk acszsuu f m w&kw. f awG;ac:r_ukd
qef;opfvu kd o f nf?
,iftef;u ausmif;q&m armfhudk avhvmvdkv#if/ ,iftef;wGif a&;cJho!fh/ t jcm;
ta&;}uD;aom/ usrf;wapmifudkvnf; avhvmoifhonf? ,if;rSm “'Drdkua&pDopfusrf; jzpfonf?”
'Drdkua&pDopfusrf;onf w&kwfawmfvSefa&;/. c&DpOfudk azmfjyo!fh ordkif; vlr_a&; usrf;wapmif
jzpfonf?
armfonf xdu k sr;f udk 1939 ckEpS u f ek w
f iG f a&;onf? uGejf rLepfygw.D tqifu h kd azmfjyonf?
uGefjrLepfygwDonf qGef,ufqif. pefrif;0g'udk rvdkufemo!fh rdp>mygwD[k csefau&Sdwfu
pGyfpGJaeonf? ygwDxJu “vuf0J*kd%f;cGJa&;” orm;rsm;uvnf;/ csefau&SdwfESifh nD!Gwfa&;
wyfaygif;pkzGJ@a&;rludk qef@usifaeonf? 0rfrif;onf ygwDxJwGif wpcef;xvm jyefonf?
0rfrif;tkyfpkonf ygwDxJwGif tcdkiftrm uwkwfusif; wl;xm;onf? odk@jzifh csefau&Sdwf. pGyfpGJr_/
“vuf0”J tacsmiform;rsm;. wdu k cf u kd rf /_ 0rfrif;. acgi;f axmifxvmr_ wd@k udk wdu k &f ef/ Tusr;f udk
103
a&;jcif; jzpfonf?
w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwoD @kd 1935 ckEpS w
f iG f ygw0D if (40000) r# &S&d mrS/ 1940 ck aemufyikd ;f wGif
ygwD0ifaygif; (800000) &Sdvmonf?
ygwD0ifopfrsm;onf ygwDordkif;udkvnf; rod=u? c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJrwdkifcifu ygwD
ta=umif;udk aumif;aumif;rod=u? xdk@a=umifh armf.ta=umif;udkvnf; rod=u? ol@udk OuUX }uD;
armf[k ac:aomfvnf;/ bm OuUXrSef; rod=u? e,fpyfa'o tpdk;&. OuUXvnf; r[kwf? ygwD
A[dkaumfrwD. OuUXvnf; r[kwf? ppfaumfr&Sif. OuUXjzpfI/ ygwDxJwGif aygvpfAsK&dk xdyfoD;wOD;
jzpfaomfvnf;/ taxGaxG twGif;a&;r_; csef0if&Sef.atmufu ae&onf? xdk@a=umifh xdktcsdefu
armfonf ygwDw&yfvHk;tay:wGif =oZmrv$rf;Edkifao;? txl;ojzifh ygwD ynmwwfrsm;ESifh
oabmw&m;a&; q&mrsm;}uD;pdk;&m/ ygwDpme,fZif;rsm; wGif =oZmr&Sd&Hkr#ru/ 4if;wdk@.
qef @ usif j cif ; ud k y if cH a e&ao;onf ? armf o nf usrf ; *ef E S H @ pyf o!f h ynm&S d j zpf I /
Om%f t vG e f x uf j ruf o !f h yk * ~ d K vf jzpf o !f h w d k i f / v,f o rm; trl t usif h r sm; ud k
wrifxdef;odrf;xm;onf[k t*~gpEdk;u rSwfcsuf csbl;onf? armfonf Todk@ v,form;vdk
a[ma[m'dik ;f 'dik ;f ajymjcif;jzif/h b0ifjrihof !fh ynmwwfrsm;udk txdww f vef@jzpfatmif vkycf siyf &kH onf?
armf u Tod k @ [ef y ef a wG / taqmif t a,mif a wG u d k oa&mf + yD q d k v #if / ynmwwf a wG
taecufwwf=uonf? omrefvlxkudk “ajcmufvSef@ ” ae=ur!hf “AvHk;AaxG; pOf;pm;olrsm;”
“*dk%f;cGJa&;orm;” rsm;udk armfu yufyufpufpuf ajymwwfonf? t,ltqa&; t& wae@wGif/
pm&if;&Sif;=u&OD;rnf[k tm;vHk;u &dyfrdcJh=uonf? 1939 ckESpfwkef;u *syefckcHa&; wuUodkvfwGif
ydk@csol q&mrsm;teuf/ vsLa&SmufcsDvnf; ygonf? vsLa&SmufcsDu “yËdyuQ yËdyuQeJ@
odyfajymrae=ueJ@? 'gawGajymaerJhtpm;/ a'ojzLtwGuf tvkyfvkyfzdk@ ta&;}uD;w,f ” [k
oifwef;om;rsm;udk &_H@rJhI ajymzl;onf[k qdkonf? armf. “yËdyuQusrf;” onf ,iftef;wGif
wcgr# yHkESdyfrcHcJh&? 1950 ckESpfrsm; aemufydkif;usrSom/ yHkESdyfjcif;cHcJh& onf? Tonfudkaxmufv#if
ygwD pme,fZif;rsm;udk armf csKyfudkifEdkifjcif;r&Sd[k ,lqzG,f jzpfonf?
“'Drdkua&pDopfusrf;”udk yHkESdyfaomtcg/ “vuf0J”tvGeftu|H orm;rsm;u jyif;jyif;
xefxef 0dkif;I a0zef=uonf? “'Drdkua&pDopf” [laom zGifhqdkcsuf topfawG ygojzifh armfpudk
uvnf; }udKqdkjcif; rjyK?
“'Drdkua&pDopf”Y armfu ,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;. teuft"dy`g,fudk &Sif;vif;pGm
zGiqhf o
kd nf? ,Ofaus;r_ awmfveS af &;wckonf tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;rsm;xJrS acgi;f aqmif opfrsm;udk
arG;xkwfay;vdrfhrnf[k armfu ,lqonf?
1939 ckESpfwGif armfESifh “tjcm;&Jabmf ” rsm;onf/ ygwDoifwef;ausmif;twGuf
ordik ;f pmtkywf tkyu f kd jyKp=k uonf? ,if;rSm “w&kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;ESihf w&kwjf ynf uGejf rL epfygwD
” qdko!fh pmwrf;jzpfonf? w&kwfjynf. ordkif;ESifh w&kwfawmfvSefa&;ordkif;jzpfonf?
'Drdkua&pDopftqifhESifh qdk&S,fvpftqifh ta=umif;udkrl “'Drdkua&pDopf ” usrf;usrS jy!fhpHkpGm
azmfjyxm;onf? “w&kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;ESifh w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD ” [lo!fh pmwrf;udk armfu
ol@tm; ay;zwfzl;onf[k tar&duef pma&;q&mr}uD; tifemvl0Dpxa&mif;u ajymzl;onf?
xkpd mwrf;udk ygwx D wJ iG f (8) ESpaf usmf vS!zhf wfjy+y;D rS yHEk ydS x
f w
k af 0cJjh cif; jzpfonf[k rpP pxa&mif;u
104
qdkonf? w&kwf awmfvSefa&; ta&;edrfhcJhyHkrsm;ESifh ywfoufI armfu a0zef oHk;oyfxm;&m

xdktrSm;rsm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdol acgif;aqmiftcsdK@u rauseyf jzpfcJh=uonf?
“'Drdkua&pDopfusrf;” Y armfu w&kwfjynf 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&;onf (18) &mpk
(19) &mpkrsm;twGif;u Oa&mywdkufwGif ay:aygufcJhaom yHkpHa[mif; 'Drdkua&pDrsdK;udk wnf
axmif&ef r[kwf[k &Sif;vif;cJhonf?
----Todk@aomacwfwGif rnfo!fh udkvdkeD- udkvdkeDwydkif; EdkifiHwGifrqdk tu,fI
e,fcsJ@pepfudk qef@usifaom (0g ) EdkifiHwum "e&Sif vlwef;pm;ESifh EdkifiHwumt&if;&Sif pepfudk
qef@usifaom awmfvSefa&; jzpfay:vmygu/ 4if;awmfvSefa&;onf/ urBmh "e&Sif 'Drdk ua&pD
awmfveS af &;a[mif; t0ef;t0dik ;f wGif t}uKH ;r0ifawmhy/J t0ef;t0dik ;f opfwiG f t}uKH ;0if vmavonf?
4if;awmfvSefa&;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;ESihf t&if;&Sifpepf qdkif&m/ urBmh awmfvSefa&;a[mif;.
tpdwt f ydik ;f wck r[kwaf wmhy/J urBmah wmfveS af &;opf. tpdwt f ydik ;f wck (0g ) ypPn;f rJh qd&k , S vf pf
awmfvSefa&;. tpdwftydkif;wck jzpfvmonf?----,if; awmfvSefa&;onf "e&Sifvlwef;pm;
acgi;f aqmifo!f/h t&if;&Sif vl@tzG@J tpnf;ESihf "e&Sif tm%m&Sipf epf usio hf ;kH aom Edik if x
H al xmif&ef/
&nf&G,faom awmfvSefa&;a[mif; r[kwf awmhyJ/ ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm; acgif;aqmifo!fh
yxrtqifhwGif 'Drdkua&pDopf vl@tzGJtpnf; udka&m awmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;toD;oD;yl;aygif;I/
tm%m&Sifpepf usifhoHk;aom EdkifiHudkyg xlaxmif&ef &nf&G,faom awmfvSefa&;opf jzpfayonf?
(“'Drdk ua&pDopfusrf; vufa&G;pifusrf;/” twGJ 2 )
odk@&mwGif 'Drdkua&pDopf awmfvSefa&;Y ESpfcG vuQ%m &Sdonf? udkvdkeD/ udkvdkeD wydkif;
Ed k i f i H u / trsd K ;om; "e&S i f vl w ef ; pm;onf awmf v S e f a omtcsuf & S d o !f h t avsmuf
nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pkwGif ygEdkifonf? xdk@a=umihf 'Drdkua&pDopf awmfvSefa&;onf/ tajccH tm;jzihf
"e&Sif 'Drdkua&pD awmfvSefa&; jzpf+rJ jzpfaeao;onf? wzufwGif t&if;&Sifpepf xGef;um;a&;udk
vrf;cif;ay;+yD;/ tjcm;wzufwGif qdk&S,fvpfpepftwGuf jyifqifay;onf/ xdkawmfvSefa&;udk
acgif;aqmifo!fh ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;ygwDonf/ Tvkyfief;ESpf&yfudk em;vnf&vdrfhrnf?
'Drdkua&pDopf orwEdkifiHY pD;yGm;a&;onfvnf;/ 'Drdkua&pDopf pD;yGm;a&; jzpfonf?
'Dru kd a&pDopf pD;yGm;a&;Y/ yk*v ~ ud t&if;udk jynfov l x l w
k .
kd toufarG;0rf;a=umif;b0wGif csKyu f ikd cf iG hf
rjyKawmh? b%fwu kd }f u;D rsm;ESihf pufrv
_ yk if ef;}u;D rsm;/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; vkyif ef;}u;D rsm;udk tpd;k &u
odrf;,lonf? tao;pm; yk*~vdu vkyfief;rsm;udk cGihfjyK +rJ jyKonf?
w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDu csrSwfo!fh/ 'Drdkua&pDopf EdkifiHawmfonf/ 1942 ck ulrifwef
yxr uGef*&ufu csrSwfo!fh a'gufwmqGef,ufqif. pefrif;0g' oHk;yg;ESifh udkufnDonf?
qGef,ufqif.rludk y,fzsufolrSm uGefjrLepfygwDr[kwf? csefau&Sdwfjzpfonf?
,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;ESifhywfoufI armfu---
“arv (4) &ufae@ ta&;awmfyHk+yD;o!fhaemuf---w&kwfjynfwGif vHk;0 opfvGifaom
,Ofaus;r_ tiftm;pk ay:aygufvmcJhonf?---vGefcJho!fh tESpf (20) twGif; ,if; ,Ofaus; r_opf
wyfrawmf/ OD;wnfwu kd cf ahJ om ae&mwdik ;f Y/ awG;ac:r_t&a&m/ o¾mef (pmta&; tom; ponfw@kd )
t&yg/ tvGef}uD;us,faom awmfvSefr_rsm; jzpfay:cJhonf?---,Ofaus;r_ awmfvSefa&;w&yfonf/
4if;tusdK;jyKaom EdkifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; awmfvSefr_rsm;. t,ltq a&;&m/ ta&mif&dkufcwfr_
105
jzpfonf?” (“'Drdkua&pDopfusrf; vufa&G;pifusrf;/” twGJ 2)

'Drdkua&pDopf ,Ofaus;r_onf trsdK;om; ,Ofaus;r_jzpf.? xdk ,Ofaus;r_onf
e,fcsJ@pepf. zdESdyfr_udk qef@usif+yD; w&kwftrsdK;om;wdk@. *k%foduQmESifh vGwfvyfr_udk vdkvm;.?
xdk,Ofaus;r_onf u|efawmfwdk@ trsdK;om;ydkifjzpfI/ u|efawmfwdk@ trsdK;om;. xl;jcm;csufrsm;
yg&Sdonf? xdk ,Ofaus;r_onf/ tjcm;trsdK;om; rSefor#./ qdk&S,fvpf ,Ofaus;r_ESifh vnf;aumif;/
'Drdkua&pDopf ,Ofaus;r_ESifhvnf;aumif;/ yl;aygif;vsuf tjyef tvSef twk,lum/ tjyeftvSef
zG@H +zKd ;atmif vky+f y;D / urBm, h Ofaus;r_opf jzpfay:vmatmif twl aqmif&u G =f uonf?---w&kwjf ynfonf
rdrd ,Ofaus;r_twGuf vdktyfor#udk/ EdkifiHjcm; . wdk;wufaom ,Ofaus;r_rS tajrmuftrsm;
cH,l&rnf? ,cifcH,lcJhonfrSm vGefpGmyif enf;aeao;.?---odk@aomf u|efawmfwdk@onf EdkifiHjcm;rS
t&mrSefor#udk cH,l&mwGif tpm; tpm pm;ouJhodk@vkyfrS tusdK;&Sdrnf? tHoGm;jzifh 0g;I/
tpmtdrfjzifhacsI/ tm[m&ESifh tnpfta=u;[lI uGJjym;atmif cGJjcm;&rnf? tpm tm[m&udk
pkyf,lI/ tnpfta=u;udk xkwfypf&rnf?----b,fawmhrS tpdrf;vdkuf rsdKrcs&? vHk;vHk; ra0zefyJ
vufrcH&? ‘tm;vH;k taemufwikd ;f qefa&;’ qdo k !frh o
l nf rSm;onf? Edik if jH cm; t&mrsm;ud/k o¾mef
0g'usus vufcHcJhojzifh w&kwfjynfonf t}uD;tus,f epfemcJhzl;onf? ( “'Drdkua&pDopfusrf; ”
vufa&G; pifusrf;/ twGJ 2 )
armf. “oif=um;csurf sm;” udk vl}uKd urf sm;onf? olpum;ajymv#if y&d\wfu wa0ga0g
yGJuswwfonf? armfonf pum;ajymaumif;ol wa,mufjzpfI/ av;eufo!fh EdkifiHa&; rdef@cGef;rsm;
t=um;wGif yHkwdkywfp uav;rsm; !SyfI ajymwwfonf? aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; wGif armfonf
nvHk;aygufxdkifonf? armyef;EGrf;e,fyHkr&? tpuuJhodk@yif vef;qef;aeonf?
armfonf “w&m;ao rwf0g'D ” rsm;udkrl jyif;jyif;xefxef wdkufonf? olwdk@u armf.
aoe*FAsK[mESifh ywfoufo!fh ydk@cscsufrsm;udk vufrcH=u? armf. tbd"rRm ydk@cscsufrsm;udkvnf;
r}udKuf? awmfvSefa&;ygwDw&yfwGif oabmw&m;a&;t&/ omvGefr_ onf ta&;}uD;qHk; jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umihf w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwDxJY vrf;pOfESpf&yf. wdkufyGJonf &yfpJonf [lIr&Sd? ,iftef;Y
armfonf oabmw&m;a&;t& acgif;aqmifr_&cJhonf? odk@&mwGif vG,fvG,f&cJhonfr[kwf?
jyif;xefo!fh ygwDwGif;wdkufyGJrsm;udk jzwfoef;+yD;rS &jcif;jzpfonf? Tacgif;aqmifr_jzifh armfonf
ygwDESihf wyfrawmfudk wnfaqmufcJhonf/ rwf0g'udk w&kwfjynf. wdusaom tajctaersm;ESihf
tnD usifhoHk;cJhonf? armfonf ,iftef;wGif ygwDwGif;u twdkuftcHrsm;udk xyfI }uHK&jyefonf?
Tjy\emudk armfu vkyf[efjyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_jzifh ajz&Sif;onf?
1938 ck aemufydkif;wGif armfu ygwDwnfaqmufa&; ta&;}uD;a=umif;udk tav;wif;
ajymcJo h nf? ygwu D kd OD;wnfcsuf rSeuf efatmif vky&f rnf? wnf+ird cf ikd rf matmif vky&f rnf? ygw0D if
OD;a&opf rsm;jym;vmo!ft h wGuf jy\emawG ay:vmonf? ,iftef;od@k ynmwwf trsm;tjym;/
a&mufvmo!fhtcgwGif armfu “ygwDtwGuf tvkyform;/ v,form;udk tusdK;jyKo!fh
ynmwwfrsm;vdkonf? ynmwwfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI rSefuef aom ay:vpDudk usifhoHk;Edkifv#if
awmfveS af &; atmifjrif&eftwGuf ta&;}u;D aom tcsuf w&yf jzpfa=umif;/ ygww D &yfv;kH u &Jabmfrsm;
em;vnfxm;&rnf ” [k ajymcJhonf? (“ynm wwf rsm;udk rsm;rsm;odrf;oGif;yg ” vufa&G;pifusrf;/
twGJ 2)
106
od@k &mwGif ynmwwfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmo!ft h wGuf ygww D iG f jy\emopfrsm; ay:vmonf?

wyfom;a[mif;}uD;rsm;u olwdk@udk r,HkouFm jzpf=uonf? ynmwwfawGu tvkyform;rsm;/
ppfom;rsm;ESifh eifvm;/ igvm; ,SOfI/ tvkyf=urf;vkyf&ef aemufcsef=u onf? tacsmiform;0g'ESifh
wufvrf;&Sm0g'rsm; ay:aygufvmonf? ygwDwGif;odk@ ulrifwef olv#dKrsm; 0ifvmonf?
pifppfynmwwf[lonf/ "e&Sifvlwef;pm;rS vmolrsm;jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;&ifhusufr_ enf;onf?
Tt&mrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf armfu ygwDwGif; vkyf[ef jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_w&yf vkdtyfonf[k
,lqonf?
1941 ckESpf ZGefvwGif [pfwvmu/ qdkAD,uf ,leD,Hudk 0ifwdkufonf? xdk@a=umihf
w&kwfuGefjrLepfwdk@. *syefckcHppfonf qdkAD,uf ,leD,Htzdk@ ta&;w}uD; udpPw&yf jzpfvm onf?
cyfapmapmu ygwDwGif;wGif armf. &efolrsm;u/ *syefckcHa&;ppfyGJudk a&S@wef;wifae jcif;onf
EdkifiHwum0g'udk aemufwef;odk@ ydk@onf[k pGyfpGJcJh=uonf? ,ck tjzpftysufrsm;u *syefckcHa&;ppf
rnfr# ta&;}uD;a=umif; jyvdkuf+yD? taemufzufwGif emZDu qdkAD,uf ,leD,Hudk 0ifwdkufae+yD?
w&kwfjynfudk odrf;+yD;aemu/f *syefonf qdkAD,uf ,leD,Hudk wdkuf awmhrnf? armf. edrdwfzwfcsuf
aoG;xGufatmif rSefae+yD? [pfwvmu qdkAD,uf,leD,H udk 0ifwdkufo!fhtcgwGif/ ygwDwGif;u
armf. &efolrsm;onf/ toHwdwfoGm;=uonf? rnfodk@jzpfap [pfwvmu qdkAD,uf,leD,Hudk
wdkufjcif;onf ygwDwGif;u armf. &efolrsm;udk tm;enf;oGm;aponf?
1941 ck 'DZifbmvwGif *syefu ykvq J yd u
f rf;udk wdu k of jzihf tar&duef ppfxyJ g vmonf?
tar&dueftzd@k w&kwjf ynf ppfajrjyifonf ta&;w}u;D jzpfvmonf? tar&duef onf cseaf u&Sw d u
f kd
*syefEiS rhf aygi;f atmif wm;&awmhrnf? TudpYP w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwED iS fh wyfeaD wmfonf ta&;}u;D o!fh
tcef;u ygaeonf? xdk@a=umifh w&kwfuGefjrLepfygwD. tcef;on/f urBmh twdkif;twmt&
ta&;}u;D aomtcef;rS ygaeonf? uGejf rLepf qef@usif a&; vkyif ef;rsm;udk cseaf u&Sw d f qufvyk af ev#i/f
rdrdwdk@tzdk@ 0rf;enf;zG,f tajctaeqdk; rsm;ESifh }uHKawG@&vdrfhrnf[k tar&duefu csefau&Sdwfudk
ta=umif;=um;cJo h nf?
armf. wGufudef; rSefae+yD? urBmhtv,fwGif *syefudk wdkuf&mY t"du tiftm;pk tjzpf
todtrSwjf yKcaH e+yjD zpfaom/ w&kwu f eG jf rLepfygwtD zd@k aemufajcvSr;f vSr;f &awmh rnf? xdak jcvSr;f rSm
tm%modrf;a&; ajcvSrf;jzpfonf? tm%modrf;Edkifa&;twGuf ygwDudk jyefI wnfaqmuf&rnf?
vkyf[efjyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk qifE$J&rnf? xdkv_yf&Sm;r_onf vHk;0atmifyGJcHa&;twGuf
jyifqifjcif;jzpfonf? vlxv k rf;pOfukd csrw S &f rnf? vky[ f efjyif& rnf? ygwaD zmif;yGaejcif;udk pDppf&rnf?
tacsmiform;rsm;/ &efol@ olv#dKrsm;/ rvdkvm;tyfol rsm;udk ygwDwGif;rS oef@pifypf&rnf?
*dk%f;*%rsm;udk &Sif;ypf&rnf? ygwDordkif;udk jyefa&;& rnf? Tvkyfief;onf ygwDudk ynmay;a&;
vkyif ef;}u;D jzpfonf?
armfonf oHk;ESpfjyifqif+yD;aemuf vkyf[ef jyifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk pwifonf? urBmwGif
t}uD;qHk;aom EdkifiHa&;ynmay; v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; jzpfonf? urBmhuGefjrLepfygwDrsm; xJwGif wcgr#
r&SdcJhzl;ao;aom v_yf&Sm;r_}uD; jzpfonf?
jroef;wifh
qufygOD;rnf/
107
tvif;tdrf
rSwfpk
tvif;tdrf (5) eSpjf ynfh txdr;f trSwf 0wˆKwjkd yKd iyf JG qkay;yGJ
tcrf;tem; udk ,ae hnae 5 em&DwGif Otsuka˜ Minami
Hall˜ Room (1) wGif usi;f y&m pmaytzG@J tpnf;rsm; jzpf=uaom
zefrD;tdrf azmifa';&Sif;/ a&$&wkpmapmif/ rdk;aomuf=u,f pm=unfh
wdkufESifh edkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;rSyk*~dKvfrsm;eSifh woD;yk*~v pmay
0goem&Sirf sm; wufa&mufcs;D jriS chf =hJ uygw,f? tcrf;tem;wGif tvif;
tdrf wm0efcH OD;&Jjidrf; rS tzGifhtrSmpum;ajymjum;jyD; tvif;tdrf
r*~Zif; jzpfwnfr_ordkif;tusOf;tm; wifjyajymqdkcJhygw,f?
qufvufjy;D =uaG &mufcs;D jriS jhf uaomtzGt hJ pnf;toD;oD;rS
tvif;tdrftay: t}uHjyKjcif;/ a0befjcif; eSifh trSmpum; rsm;
ajym=um;cJ&h mzefr;D tdrf azmifa';&Si;f rS udo k ef;aqG (ajreDuek ;f )/ a&$&wk
pmapmif r S ud k j rod e f ; / jref r mh r sd K ;cspf ' D r d k u&uf w pf t if t m;
pk(BPDF)rSudkrif;xufaZmf/ jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcskyf (LDB) rS
udkatmifxGef;vif;/ 'rz rS udkudkatmif/ BDArSudkoef;aqG/trsdK;om;
'Drdkua&pDtzGJ hcsKyf vGwfajrmufe,fajr *syefXmecGJrS NLD (La)JB
rSudkvS[ef/ rdk;aomuf=u,fpm=unfhwdkufrS udkpdk;0if;&Sdefwdk hrS a0zef/
t}uHjyKtrSmpum;rsm;ajymjum;cJhygw,f?
tpDtpOft& 0wœkwdkjydkifyGJ usif;y&jcif;&nf&G,fcsufeSifh
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;udk tvif;tdrf tr_aqmift,f'DwmwOD;jzpfol
OD;cifarmifaZmf (av;av;tdk O\majr)rS &Sif;vif;wifjycJhygw,f?
xdk haemuf qkay;yGJtpDtpOfudk udkpwifum tvif;tdrf 0wKˆwkd
jydKifyGJwGifqk&&Sdolrsm;jzpfaom yxrqk&Sif aumom; (rif;rif;odef;)/
'kwd,qk&Sif av;av;-wdkusdK(rav;av;) wdk@rS qkudkvufcH,ljyD;
qk&0wKˆtay:cHpm;r_ tusOf;eSifh aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymjum;cJhjujyD;
wwd,qk&iS f bd=k unf- xdik ;f (udb k =kd unf AAPP) ud, k pf m; udak ZmfaZmf
v_id f u vufc, H jl y;D / ESpo
f rd q
hf &k iS f oDwmatmif (*syef)u qkuv kd ufcH
&,lum qk&0wKt ˆ ay:cHpm;r_ tusO;f ESihf aus;Zl;wif pum; ajym=um;cJh
=uygw,f?

108
xdk haemuf wwd, qk&Sif udkbdkjunf AAPP (xdkif;) rS ay;ydk haom

o0%fv$mudk rcdkifjunf0if;rS zwfjum;ygw,f?
xdk haemuf tvif;tdrf wm0efcH OD;&Jjidrf;rS ed*Hk;csKyf
aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymjum;jyD;aemuf tau|;tarG;jzifh wnfcif;
{nfch cH jhJ uygw,f? tvif;tdrf rD'D,m
qk&&Sdolrsm;ESifh tvif;tdrf&Jabmf / &Jarrsm; trSwfw&

109
22 / 5 /2011 ae hwGif *syefedkifiHwGif xkwfa0aeonfh tvif;tdrf r*~Zif; vywf

tpnf;ta0;odk hjrefrmedkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;wyfrawmf ABSDF rS taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSl;
OD;qefeD rS {nfhonfawmftjzpf wufa&mufcJhygonf??
xdk haemuf ,aehvuf&Sd jrefrmhedkifiHa&;tajctae ? qufvufaqmif&Gufrnfh edkifiHa&;
tajctaewdk hudk tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm; tm;
&Sif;vif; ajymjum;cJhygonf? xdkhtjyif tvif;tdrf
&Jabmf/ &Jarrsm; &J h ar;jref;csufrsm;udk jyefvnf
ajzjum;cJyh gonf?
xdkh aemuf tvif;tdrfrS ABSDF twGuf
tvSlaiG ,ef; ig;aomif;udk ay;tyfvSl'gef;cJhyg
onf??
tvif;tdrf rD'D,m
tvif;tdrf&Jabmf / &Jarrsm;ESifh udkqefeD trSwfw&

110
15 / 5 / 2011 ae hwGif usif;yaom

t}udrf 20 ajrmuf jrefrmh&dk;&m o}uFefyGJ
wGif tvif;tdrf rS &HyHkaiGaps;a&mif;&mY
“0,f , l t m;ay;oH k ; aqmif = uaom
rdwfaqG taygif;tm;” tvif;tdrfrS
txl;aus;Zl; wif&Sd yga=umif;/
tvif;tdrf

111
tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;
tm;
ulnaD xmufyahH y;aom
(1) bdkbdkouf
(2) &Jrif;0if;
(3) ausmfxeG ;f Edik f
(4) cdik Of ;D i,f
(5) 0if;bdb k kd
(6) pdik ;f yef;armif
(7) aevif;atmif / cifcifav;
(8) wifarmifukd
(9) oJ;vGiOf ;D
(10) vJv
h 0hJ if;udk
(11) ELEJAH
wdk htm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;rS

rSww
f rf;wif *k%jf yKtyfygonf//

112
tvif;tdrf wm0efcH yef;cso

D &kyaf zmf
&J+idrf; xDvm
ausmfvif;xGÉfatmifcif
ta0;&muf t,f'w
D m &Hk;tzGJ h
aZmfaZmfatmif (t*Fvef) =unfw;dk / aeatmifausmf
ABFSU (88)rsKd;quf tm;opfreG f / [efaZmf0if;
jrihfudk / r0if;oE Wmatmif
t,f'w
D m
aZmfaZmfEkdif / rif;rif;odef; b¾ma&;
rsKd;jrifhatmif atmifaZ,smndK / xGe;f xGe;f 0if;
rEkEak 0 / atmifrsKd ;rif;
tr_aqmift,f'Dwm jrwfausmfol
cifarmifaZmf /Anm;b&kdif,efuif;
Web Site / owif; ESihf rD',
D m
xGe;f +idr;f / tHah rmf /
at;oku d f / &Jjrifah tmif
ausmfrkd;Ekdif / rcdkif=unf0if;
rsKd ;apm / cdik v
f if;
rsdK;ausmfodef; / ausmfrsdK;xGef;
pmpDpm&du
k f
ausmfxGÉf0if; / pnfoljrifh
aZmfrsK;d / [de;f rif;
tvi
tviff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef
jynf+zdK;&J / L-NOORA POST 169-0075
TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU
TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10
jynfwGif;jynfy jzef hcsda&; 303,HIGARI BLD
TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178
jr0if;pd;k / atmif=unf Japan.
ausmjf rifx h eG ;f / ausmof &l
ausmfcdkif0if; / TEL
080-5070-0080
wifEikd f / jrihOf ;D / wifrif;Edik f 080-3574-9700
090-9954-5070
pmtkyfcsKyfvkyfa&; 090-6528-9292
aX;0if; / at;aZmfjrifh 090-7198-4763
0if;Edkif(vifydk&if)(Ibaraki) e-mail vdyfpm - aalinneain@yahoo.com

web vdyfpm - http://alineain.net/
0if;Edkif (yef;yJwef;) http://luminarymagazine.wordpress.com/
http://alinneain.blogspot.com/

113

Luminary 5of3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Luminary 5of3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

1 Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3

*g&0jyK pmrsuEf mS rsm;

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 2

EdkifiHa&; okw &o

tvif;tdrf 5 ESpfjynfh txdrf;trSwf 0wˆKwd+k ydKifyJG

3 Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3

cJhw,fqdkwm[m ppftkyfpkudk tHwk+yD; EdkifiHa&;vkyfolawGudk EdkifiHawmforRw}uD;qdkol&J@

ajcyke;f ckwvf Œkd *kwaf y:wuf

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 6

7 Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3

arv udjk zwfoef;zd@k

vlom;wdk eh J w h ikd ;f Edik if H

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 10

raemajrrS Ed;k xcJw h hJ {&m0wD

jrifcsif awG hcsif &Sdapcsif

wcgu awG@b;l w,f jrifb;l w,f

wcgu awG@b;l w,f }uHKbl;w,f

e t z udk tHwk pHjyKvdo k rl @kd

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 12

wcsKd @=ujyefawmhvJ ud, k w

'Drukd a&pDEikd if aH &muf usaemfw@kd wawGvkd

ud, k w hf ikd ;f jynf 'Drukd a&pD &&Szd @kd

13 Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3

um;ysurf sm;u wHwm;ysuaf wGukd

aemufusad ewJh a&jyifrmS

rdbeJ@om;orD;awG jyefvnfawG@qckH iG rhf ay;yJ

+zD;zse;f xm;wJh wrmvdck g;cg; pum;vH;k awGu

15 Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3

Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3 16

t rsdK; om; acgif; aqmif

a':atmifqef;pk=unf 66 ESpaf jrmufarG;ae h

tarpk twGuf arG hae hqkrGef

tarpk - aumif;aom use;f rmjcif;ESijhf ynfph ykH gap//

tvif;tdrf &Jabmf / &Jarrsm;

17 Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3

²²² ²²² ²²² ol?

vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wcktwGif;rSm tm%m&Sifpepf }uD;pdk;vm+yDqdk&if tm%mudk OD;;pm;ay;wJ@

udk;uG,frS_awG acwfpm; aejcif;[m tm%m&Sifpepf v$rf;rdk;aewJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf aemufxyf

'kuQay; cJ@yg w,f? aiGpuUL zsufodrf;cJ@wmawG/ tpdk;&&Hk;pdkuf&ma'oudk aejynfawmf trnfwyf+yD;

ewfq&mawGudk udk;uG,f qnf;uyfae=uygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyfjcif;[m jrwfAk'<udk ausmcdkif;+yD; a'0'wfudk

onftpdk;&u b,favmuf qdk;qdk; iHkcHawm@rSm aocsmygw,f? igwdk@tay: raumif;ayr,f@ igwdk@

2007 pufwifbm a&$0ga&mifawmfvSefa&;

tjzpftysufawG+yD;rSodvmcJh&wmu [dk; tpuwnf;up+yD; wavsmufvHk; EdkifiHa&;vdkvm;

pHkprf;zdk@twGuf erlemoabmrsdK;jzpfoGm;rSmudk pdk;wmvnf; yg ygw,f?

tiftm;oHk;+zdKcGJrSKawG vkyfcJht+yD;rSm US eJ@ EU wdk@u tpdk;&eJ@ 4if;wdk@&JŒpD;yGm;zufawG

olŒ&JŒpum;udk em;axmifatmif vkyEf ikd v f ifch =hJ uygw,f? 14

ykef;atmif;ae&wJh olawGeJ@twlwuG yg0ifvmcJhwmygyJ? vGefcJhwJhESpftenf;i,fu jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;cJwJh

vSKyf&Sm;rSKudk jyefvnfazmfaqmifoGm;r,fvdk@ oHEdNÏmefcsxm;=uw,f? tpdk;&zufuvnf;yJ wlnDpGmyJ

Revolution’’ ’˜ Mizzima News˜ 27 Nov, 2007.)

wpf c sd e f w nf ; rS m yJ bk e f ; awmf } uD ; wpf c sd K Œu tvS L ud k v uf c H w mrsd K ;ud k jiif ; qef r S K ud k

ywfoufwJha=ujimcsufudk 2008 azazmf0g&DvrSm xkwfjyefzdk@twGuf vHkavmufwJh pdk;&drfrSKawGudk

a':atmifqef;pk=unftaeeJ@uvnf; enf;pepfydkif;qdkif&m ta=umif;jycsufawGa=umifh

xkwaf jymcJw k yfygw,f?” 25

25 ‘Apocalypse Naypyidaw’˜ Irrawaddy˜ 22 Nov, 2007.)

t&Sif^m%du =uvdrrhf ,fv@dk vnf;rSe;f qrdyg&?hJ

41 Luminary MagazineVolume 5,No.3

OD;0if;wifeJ h ar;cGe;f rsm;

(jrefrmESpfopful;umv q&mOD;0if;wifeJ@ awG@qkkHpum;ajymjzpfwJhqDrSm jrefrmuGefjrLeDwD

azmfaqmifykHjcif; rwlwmawG/ csdwfqufvkyfEdkifzdk@ pOf;pm;wm/ oD;jcm;pD aqmif&Guf=uwJhae&mrSm

jiif;cHk&efESihf jiif;y,f&ef pmzwfjcif; rjyKygavESihf? ,Hk=unf&efESihf olrsm; ajymorSsudk

(tufaq; zcif}uD; wpfOD;jzpfaomFrancis Bacon(1561-1626)) . of Studies [laom

awmifwef;omoemjyK q&mawmf OD;OwWrom&

“OD;A dkvf odef;pdef tpd;k &ua&m

wm&mr~Zif;zcif 'kefwm&m. aus;Zl;ukd txl;atmufarh&awmhonf?

22 / 5 /2011 ae hwGif syefedkifiHwGif xkwfa0aeonfh tvif;tdrf r~Zif; vywf