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The use of dollar for the foreign purchases exceeded the demand.
In December 1971, the Smithsonian agreement took place.
The dollar was devalued by 8 %.
In addition the boundaries for the currency’s value were expanded to within
2.25% above or below the rates initially set by the agreement.
Nevertheless international imbalances continued.
By March1973, most countries governments left away the Smithsonian
agreement.
Advantages of a fixed exchange rates.
1. MNC’s are able to engage in international trade without worrying about
the future exchange rates.
The managerial duties become less difficult. ( Example consult Book)
1. Fixed Exchange rate system.
This exchange rate system lies somewhere between the Fixed system and
freely floating system.
It resembles to freely float system in that exchange rates are allowed to
fluctuate on a daily basis and there are no official boundaries.
It resembles to fixed exchange rate system n that governments at some
time can and do intervene to prevent their currencies from moving too far in
a certain direction.
This type of system is also called “ Dirty Float system”.
For example, at times the governments of various countries including
Brazil, Russia, South Korea, and Venezuela have imposed bands around
their currencies.
Why bounds?????????
To limit their currency.
They removed bands when they found they no longer maintain it.
3. Managed Float Exchange rate system
e = f ( chg INF, chg INT, chg INC, chg GC, chg EXPECTATIONS)
Where e = spot rate of currency.