CHAPTER 4 SERIES CIRCUITS

BASIC PIROiBLEIMS SECTION 41-,' Resistors jin Series

1. See Figure 4-1.
[I

ACE::.
-

R, -B

Figure 4-1 2. The g:rcmps of series resisters are RI, RI, R3, R~ R4; Rn, R1, RI4., R16; See Figure 4-2.

R6, R~, R,,;

Figure 4-.2 RI-8 = RI3+ R7 + RI4 + ~6 = 68 kQ + 33 k~1+ 47 kn + 22 kg,

3.

= no

k.Q.

4.

R2-3=RI1+R8-it-R~=trl]n",

18U",22n",SO,Q

:22

SECTION 4-2 Total. Series Resistance

5. R'T== 82D. + 56 Q == (a) (b) (c)

usn

6.

(d)
7. (a) (b) (c)

RT == 560 Q + LO ill = 1560 f.l RT=47 0: + 33 Q ==son RT == 1.5 kD. + 2.2 k.O, + mill == 13.7 kf.l RT = 1.0 k£!.+ ].8 kn + [00 kQ + l.0 M,o. = 1,102,800 Rr= LIDleO. + 4.7 kn + 2.2 kQ = 7.9 k.Q RT== toO: + 100: + 12 Q+ l.On= 33 0. RT== 1.0 MQ + 560 kn+ t.o MQ + 680kQ

n (round

10

1.10 MQ)

+ 10 MQ= ]3.24 MD

See Figure 4-3.

LOkO

Ion

LOMO

S60kf.!

(aJ

(1))

(c)

Figure 4-3 8. 9. W. RT= 12(5.. ill) = 67.2 k!l 6 RT = 6(47 Q) + 8([00 Q} + 2(22 Q) = 282 Q + 800 n + 44 n = 1[26
RT= R! + R2 + R] + R4 + R, Rj ==RT - {RI + Ri. + 16 + 14)
= 20

kQ- ~4.7kQ + 10 kQ +2.2 kfl+ 3.9kQ.) '" 20 kQ - 118 k!2.

==S.2kn

[1.

(a)

R~-8 == RI3 + R·1 + RI4 + Rio == 68.ill ...33kQ. + 47 kQ ...22 kQ.= 170 kg:
R2-3 = RI2

(b)

= 10,Q + ]80

+ Rg + R6

+ 22 Q", .50n

(c)

R4-1

==RIO + R'II -if. R]) + R,

""2.2 k11 + 8.2 .ill + ] .0 kil + [,0 kn = 12.4 kD

(d) RH=l?1

= 220 Q

+R2.+R3+R,,+R..J + 33,00 + 390 Q -if. 4700 + 560 Q == 1.97 kn

23

12.,

RT

= RI-8 + R2_J +R4-7 + RH = 170 Ml + 5(l QA 1.2.4kD: + 1.97 lH =184.42 kG

SECTIION 4-3 Current in a Serii'es clreujt

14..

1==5 rnA at all points in the circuit.

SECTIONl4-4 Application
15. (a)

of Ohm's law

RT"", 2.2 kQ +5.6kQ

V 5.5V =-=--"

"" Hl kf.! ss 8.8 kD:

RT

as kQ

6">~"A = ,,":',"L~

(b)

RT = l.0 MQ + 2.2 MD: + 560 ill 1= 3.76MQ

]6 V~ 4.26).LA

3.76 Mil

The ammeters are connected in series. See Pigure 4-4,

+ 2,2kQ

5,6k!1 1.0Ul

2,2 Ml.l

ta)

Figare 4-4

16.

(a)

24

(b)

v I ==

(~,
•

RI

J\I:

=(

3.76Mn

to MQ )[6 V == 4.26 V

V~~ - . RI V
3

(,R2, J\I:

= ( 2.2 M.!.1)1,6 V'" 9.36 V 3.76 M.!.1

(R3, J,\I: RI

=(

560kQ )1,6 V= 2.38 V 3.76 Mr.l: 1410Q

il7.

(.i1)

RT=3(470Q)==

1= 48 V

1410Q

= 34.0 rnA

(b) (c)

Vn =JR = (34.0 IlJI.~)(470 n) "" 16 V

Pmin = i 2 R = (34.0 mA)2·470

== 0.543 W

[8.

RT=

__1.

II

IT

SV = _.-

1 mA
=

=.5 kD. 1.25 kn

R.. Dh= 5:k!l

SECTION 4-5 Volta'ge Sources in Series

[9. See PigllJ"e4-5.

Figure 4-5

20.

The total voltage is 6 V + 6 V + 6 V - 6 V == [2 V

SECTIOIN 4-6 Kirchhofm's Voltage Law

21. Vs"" 5.5 V

+ 8.2

12.3 V == 26 V

22.

Vs == VI + V2 + Yo + V4

* Vo
+
V4)
""

Vj, '" Ys - (VI"", V2 -l- V;

20 V -

0.5

+ 5,5

V"'" 3 V + 6 V} '" 20 V - 16 V == 4 V

25

23.

(a)

By Kirchhoff's

voltage law:
= [5

]5 V eo 2 V +- V2 -l- 3.2 V+-] V +- 1.5 V -l- 0.5 V V2 == 15 V - (2 V + 3.2 V + 1 V + ] ..5 V -I- 0,,5 V}
See Figme 4-6(a}.

v-

8...2 V

= 6.8 V

V2R", 16 V;
See Figme 4-6(b).

ov
1.5 V 4R 31<

\~)

{b)

Figure 4-6

SECTIOIN 4-7 Voltage Dividers

24., 120 100 _-_ ( soon

= 4.4 %

25.

(a) (b)

VAil'" VAIl=,

C:~~}2V
(. . 2,2
kfH3,3

=3.S4V ~Q

La Ml+ 2.2 Hl + 3,3 kQ

)\1 v=(.5,Skl1)s V

= 6.77

6.5 k£l:

26

27.

28.

R'T= R + 2R + 3R +4R +5R == 15R VR == (. ~k. V 15R)"

ss

0.6 V

VR es ==(

(.

2R\-, V . 15R)"
kn.

ss

L2 V

. '(3R VR==. -

15R

VR == ( 4R V '" 2.4 VVR . 15RX

29.
V;6k = 10 V (by measurement);

kn

V == L8V

5R V == 3.10V 15Rr . IOV J = -== 1.79 IlliA; 5.6 k!1 Vsoo (t,79 mA)(560 :Q.) = I V;

V1k == 0.79 mAHl kQ)= .1.79 V; V10k

ss

0.79 mA)(lO

kQ) "" 17.9 V

SECTIONI 4-8 Power in Series Circuits

30. Pr

= 5(50

mW)

= 250 m \V

31.

R'T = 5.6 kf.! + l ill + 560 Q + 10 ill = 17J6kQ P == iRT"" (1.79 mA)"(17.16 kD) '" 0.055 W "" SSmW

SECTIONI4-9
32.

Voltage MeasUlrements
VAG =

Voltage from point A to ground (G):

10 V

Resistance between A and G: Resistance between Band! G:

RAG

== 5.6 kQ + 5.,6Iill

+ 1.0 kQ + 1.0 kQ
es

13.2 kf.!:

RUG'"

5.6 kQ +- 1.0 ill -l- 1,.0kil

7.6 kf.!:

Resistance between C and G.: Rco VBG==

to .kf.l.1+- 1.0 kn = 2 kQ

(RJJG
RAG

)10 V = [7.6 k!2 )10 V == 5.76 V 1321d2

=

VeG ==

(RCG}OV = ( 2. kQ )·.10V
RAG

[3.2 kf.!

1.52 V

VDO'"

(.

Roc}OV
RAG

=(

1.0kQ )IOV "" 10.758 V ]3,2 kn

27

33·.

Measure the voltage at point A with respect to ground and the voltage at point B with respect to' ground. The difference of these two voltages is VII2.

34.

RT""R

= 560

~R2~R3 ~1?4+Rj !ill -l- 561]1Q -l- 100 kQ + 1.0 MQ

-l-

l00.ill

ess

2.32 MQ

VT== 15 V

VA'" (RAG)VT=(1.76MKlJlSV RT 2.32l'vm Ve = Vc=

=IUIV

(;;

JuT = (;.:2
T

~~}

SV

7.76 V

(RcG)V RT

=(. U MD.)15V
2.32 MO

=7.11 V

V
35:. 36.

O'"

'[Roc t"j' = ( 2.32Mn )15 V R.U'r 100 kQ

es

647 mV

VAC= VA - Vc = 11.38 V - 7.11 V VCA =Vc -VA =7.11 V-U.38V

= 4.27 V

~-4.27V

SECTION 4-10 Trcubleshootlnq

37. (a)
(liD)

Zero current indicates an O'pen. R4 is open since all the voltage is dropped across. it.

to V == 33.3 mA ----"-=: -HI + R2 + R3 3[10 12

R4 and Rj. have
110 effect Oil

v:~

the current, There is a short front A.

[0

B.

38.

RT= 10 ill + 8.2 W+ [2 kQ + 2.2 kQ + 5.61d.1 ==38 kQ The meter reads about 28 kfl. It. should read 38 :k.Q. The 10 kQ resistor is shorted.

ADV.ANCED PROBLIEMS
39.
es m, '" (10 mA)~680 Q} == 6.8 V V1 es IRJ == (10 mA)(l.O kQ) '" ]0 V V4 == IR~ = (] 0 IlLA)(2.70 Q) = 2.7 V V5 '" IRs = (10 1l1lA)(2:70 Q} = 2.7 V V3 = Vs - (VI + Vi + 1(4 + Vs) VJ= 30 V - (6.8 V + 10 V + 2.7 V + 2.7 V)

VI

= 30 V - 22,.2 V = 7.8 V

R3== V] 1

nOrnA

7.8V

=O.78ill==780Q

28

40.

lh '" 3(5.6 ill.) "" 1.0 k.Q. -l- 2{ lOOn) es 18 k.Q Three 5.6 ill resistors, one I kn resistor, aud two 100n resistors VA
= ]0

41.

V, lh

= 22 kn

lO ill

+ 47

kQ

12 kn.+ 5.6 kQ·=96.6 kQ. 2.. 8 V 2

VB == VA - V~')l = ]0 V - ( 22 ill \,[I V -96.6kQJ

= 10 V-

= 7.72

Vc= Vy- VIO~= 7.72 V - (' W. ill )10 V = 7 ..72 V -1.04 , 96.6kf.! Vo == Vc - V41k= 6.68 V-

V = 6.68 V

( 47,k.!.1 ),10 V = 6,.. 8 V - 4.87 V = l.SI V 6 96.6,ldl

VE= Vo - VIlk == 1.81 V - (' 12 kQ }OV 96.6 kQ

1.81 V -1.24

V = 0.57 V

42.

V2= IR2 ==

Rj= lis = 6.6 V ! lOrnA

em mA)(IOOn)
ss

'" 2 V

330

R", Pr, =
6 /2

1121!llW =2S0n (20 mA)2

V6= fRo = Ofll mA)(280 n) = S.6 V VI= lis - (20 V + II&) = 30 V - (20 V

+ 5.6

V)= 4.4 V

R=
1

VI = 4.4 V = 22.o.Q i 20mA VJ + 114 = 20 V - VJ- Vj = 20 V - 2 V - 6.6 V= 1 ].a V 7 -II -' R'3 _ R4 -- V3 _ 5.. V -"- "'8~ t'1I _ _ ,,~ .. VJ- 4 - 11.4 V _ e. 7''V 2 / 20l!llA

43.

Vs == fRT= (250 uuA.){I,.5 1i::f.!.) == 375 V 100w = 250 mA - O.25{250 mA} = 250 unA - 62.5 mA == 188 InA

R
new

'" Vs
J
tI!J~

1881uA

375 V

== 2000 Q

501])n must. be added to tile existing 1500 g: to reduce

44. f' '" f'R i""",

r by 25%.

[PfD.5W fR = V12fiQ '" 0.0645

A", 64.5 mA

Since all resistors in series have the same current, use the largest current allowable because the largest R has.the greatest power.

to determine

the maximum

Thus, the 121]) : resistor bums out first g

29

45.

(a)

Pr= !W+!W 8 4 !=

+.!W 2 0.875 W 2400 Q.

=0.125 W + 0.25 W + 0.5 W = 11875W

= 19'.1 mA Q)

[fi; = ~R.;
!_
J2

~b) (c)

Vs '" l~T
R""

= (19.lmA)(2400

aa

45.8 V

R!~",,!_= J2 ~ R 114Rw = 46,

..

0.12:5W. =343.0.
([9,]mA)2
~-

0,25 W [1.5 W

~ 686 .....
"",.

09.lmA)-

09,,1mA)-

= 1371 il

See Figure 4-7.

I,J

v:-=-

L.5V,-=LSV,-=..

J_

nov.=.
Re

54kU {m.%)

Figure 4-7 47, See Figure 4-8.

When the potentiometer RI is at minimum setting (0 Q),

Figure 4-8

VOUT =

100V:

+ RJ

= 120 V

IOmA

er

121d}

(~)120
-

RD +Rl 120V

es

10 V

R, == lOV(12 !ill) "" 1.[1 !ill

. R!~ 12ill-I.OkQ.",

11.1\:0

30

Wilell the potentiometer

is lit maximum
=

setting, Vo!]]' == [00 V:

R2 +Rv ( R +R +R 2v
1

J[2[1 V

100 V

1,0 k11+ RI' J12C1V == 100 V ( 121d2+Rv (t,O kf.!+ Rv)120V= (12 kQ + Rv)100 V 120 kQ + 120RI' = 1200 141 + lOORIf 20Ry'" ]oSOkQ Ry""S4 Ul,
48. See Figure 4-9. RI '" (30 V - 24.6 V) ==.5.4 kQ lmA

RF (24.6 V -14.7 V) == 9.9 k!J: ImA R == (14,.7V - 8,18 V) == 6.52 kQ J 1nlliA 8J8V R4 ==-== 8.18 kf.! tmA
A series of standard follows: RI = 4i@0: value resistors must be used to approxi mately achieve each resistance as

+ 6800: -I- 22 0. = 5.4 kG 8201lH:l + 150m n + 220 n '" 9.921dl RJ = 56@n + 820 n -I- ]1}0 D. == (i,.52 kn R4 = 680[1 n + 100m n, + 180 n + ]00 D. -I- 10IlHl= 8.18 kn

Rl

es

The highest power dissipation

P", (I mA)28200

n == 8.2 mW

is in the 8200 Q resistor.

All resistors must be at least 118 W.

Figure 4-9

4'9.

The groups are: RI, R7, Rs., and Rm; See Figure 4-Hl. Rl, R4. Ro, and! RII; R3, R5, R9', and Rn

Rt -:t- R1 + Rs+ Rm == 2.. kQ + 5600 +470n + 1.0 kQ == 4.23 k.Q 2 R2 -:t-R4 + R&+Rn == 4.. kQ + 5.6kQ + 3.3ltQ + W kQ == 23.6kO 7 R3 ... R5 + R'9' + Rn = 1.. kQ + 3.9 kQ + 8.2.ill + 6..8 !ill = 19.9 ill 0 .

I:=~~~tJ~-tl

Problem 56, There us a short between these two I"'"nis.

3 4 .5

Fig ure 4-10' 50.. Position I; R'U'== Rt +- RJ +- Rj == 5]On + 820 Q ~ 6&On= 2.01kn Position 2.: R'U' == Rt +- R2 +- R3 + R4+ Rj
ss

510 n + 910 Q. + 820 n +- 750 Q +- 680 n ""3.67 kn

5] .

Position A.. ' R'U' = Rt + Rl + R) ... R4= 220 Q, + 470 n + 510 n + 1.0 kQ == 2.2 kil. V 12 V _ 1= -=-=:..45 mA Rr 2..2 ill . Position B: R'U' '" Rl +- RJ -+ R4", 470 n +- 510 Q "'1= 1.0 W '" 1.98 W V 12 V I"" -= .",,6.06·mA RT lli.98 kil Position C: R'U'", R3 +-R4 =' 510 Q ~ LOll ss 1.51 kD. 79. Iv -= 12V == '" .·!:I·mA RT l.5110 Position D: RT'==R4= 1.0 W V 12 V 1"",-=--",,12mA RT l.0 kQ

32

52.

Position .4: RT ==R! = 1.0 ldl V 9V 1",,-=-=9mA Rr LO "11 Position. 8: RT = R! +R1;1;- {(5= HI k11 +33 k.!J. ... 22 kn= 56:W V 9'V 1 = - = -_."" 16] IlA R"jf ;,6 kQ Position C' RT = R! + R2 "" RJ + R4 -+ R5 "" l.OW V 9V _ 1= -=-_-- ""~9 .. IlA 6 R"jf 1::11. .!J. k

-+ 33

kQ. +- 68 kQ

+ 27 Ml

+,

22k.!J. "'. illS!. ill

53.

First, find [he value of R5 withthe switch in Position D, ]8 V 6mA=---s, +1.8 kQ Rj

18V
'" --

6mA

1.8 kf.l: es 1.2 kQ

Position A:
RT ~ 5.38 kQ

VI = (3.,35 V2 == (3,,35 V3 = (3.,35 V4 = (3.,35 Vj=4V

1 = 18 V/5.38 tll."" 3.35 mA InA)(L 8 len) == 6..03 V mA)(LO 1<0) == 3.35 V mA)(820 11.)""2.15 V mA)(560 11.) =1.88 V

Position 8:
RT==4.82kQ

1= 18 V/41.82 tll.== 3.73 mA VI = (3.,73 mA)(L8 kO.) == 6..71 V V2 == (3,,13 mA)(LO kQ) == 3.73 V V3 = (3,,73 mA)(821J 11.) = 3.06 V Vi =4.5 V

Position C Ih=4k11 1""18Vt4kf.l:,,,,4.5rnA VI"" (4,,5mA)(1.8 kD.) == 8.1 V V2 = (4..5 mA)(l.O kf.!.) = 4.5 V Vj =5.4 V Position D: RT=3kD. 1=18Vl3kf.l:=6mA. VI = (6 mA)(1.8 kQ) = IRS V Vj =7.2 V Note: The voltage approach can also be used, 54. See Fignre-l-H), The results in the table arecerrect,

33

55.. 56. 57.

Yes, RJ and Rs are each shorted .. Refer to Figure 4-10.. Yes, thereis (a) (b) (c) n short between the points indicated in Figure 4-10.

Rn burned open due to excessive power because it had! the Imge.st value in ohms.
Replace: RII (10 kD,).

RT"" 47.7 kr.!. I

max

(it. Vii;; = .). O.5.. ~Okn

II

·.w.

== 7.07 mA mA)(47.7 ~Q} == 338 V

VrorAL = Jrn",RT =

0.. 07

Multisim Troubleshooting Problems

515.. R:I is open. R6 is shorted.

59..

61

Lamp 4:is opem.

62.
63..

No fault
The 82.Q resistor is shorted,

34