ADYGHAE

CIRCASSIANS

2009



.
,, ,

..

.... ,

.

,
.
) , , , , , ,
, (
.
.

) (


.
) (
. ,

.
:
- ,,
- ,,

- 1952

1977 1973
--- - - - -
-
Omarz52@yahoo.com
Omarz52@hotmail.com


, ,


,

.



: )(
) : (

)( )(
. ) (A
:
-
-
) (

.
)5640
( ) (
.


,





.
.

(((
. .
.

.




)))


12

) (12

-
21 1864 .
.
12
. .
. .

.

10


)
( .
) (





..
.


.


21/5/1864 .

,
.

11

) (

.
150
.
) ( .
.

.


.
)(
)(.

12

900000
2000000
150000
30000
15000
5000
2500
20000
10000



.
.

.
10,000
5,000 . .
.

.

.1811

13



:
.


.
.


.

.
.

14

 "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "
" "

15


:
.1
.2 -
.3 -




%65
-.
- - .
.

16


:

,

.

""
.

.
.
.
,
.
:
.
17

 .
, . , .
.

:


,
,
, .


.
.

.


" ".

, .

" " ,
.


. :
, ,18

 .
,

.
.

19


) (.


.



.


.

.
.

.

.
.


. ) (
20

 .
: ) (

( (



.
.
.
)
).
) (

:
:
.

.


.
:

. : :
:
:
21

:
:
.
. ,
, ,

.

, , .
,
, ,
, : ,
, .

:
, ,
.
: , , ,
, .
,
.
,
, ,
": "
: , . "" , ,
22

 .
.
,
,
, .

.
,
,
.

:
,
, , ,
.
: ,
, ,

.

, .
,
,
,

.
,
,
, ,
, .
,
,
23

 . ""

.

:
,
" " ,
,
.
,
.
,
,

, ,
, .

:
, ,
,
,
, .

:
,
.
,

24

25

 ,
,

.

.
, .
,
,
,

.

26

 ,
, ,

,
.

. 20
, ,
i .
"" .

27


: ,

,
,
28

 ,

,
.
,

,
.

,
.
" "
.

"" .
.

29

) (
HABZA

.
. .




.
.
.
.
.




.
.
,
:

,
,
. ,
.
, .

, .

30




.


.
. .

31


.

.

.
.

.
.
.

.

.



. .
. .

.
.

32

.
) (


) (
) ( ) (

33


) (

) (

.
) (
.
. .

.
.


) .
) 82(
) (

. ) (

.
. .
) (

. .
) ( .
.
. ) (


.
.
.

.
.

34

35


:

,
.
,
,
,
.

.
,

) (
) (.
36


.. )(


.. ":
"
..
:
.. .. ,
.... , .. ..
, .. ..

..
":
"
:
"
, ,


, , ,
)
(
,
.


,
, ,
)

(

, )
, (

..
37




.. ":

..
":
..
..




": ..
":
"
": "
" "


.

"

" , ,, , "

..


..


.
..

38

 :
..



:

,

, ,
.

,

.
,
.

,
.

. .
39

 , ,

:
.

.
.

.



.


. )
( .
. .
.


.
. . .

. .
. .

.

40






.

.

.


.

.



.

. .
.





:
: : )

.
.

.


.
41

 .

.

.


. .

. .
.
.
.

.
.

.



.


.
.
" "

.

.

. ,
. .


. .
.
42

 .

.

.
.

. .
.


.
.
.
. :


.
) (


.
.
.
.

.

.
. .


.....
) ( .



.
43


:
.
,
: ,








..


,
..


,


..

..

, ,

..
: ,,,,
,,

44

: , , ,
:, . , ,
..

..
) (

..

..



..

.

45


:
:

..
















.

5 6




46


.
) ( .

50












)(
)(






) (





47



.








.

48

PART TWO

CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGE

14 2000

49


, ,
,

.

Language in any society is the vessel of its culture and the driving force
behind its civilization. language is an expression of that peoples experience
over centuries, and for that reason it is a true reflection of its cultural identity
as the language lives with the society in which it is born and develops with
its development.
The circassian (adiga) language is one of the oldest languages on earth, but it
is facing extinction in the countries of circassian diaspora today because of
reluctance of circassians to speak the language and teach it to their younger
generation

Langue dans toute socit est le navire de sa culture et de la force motrice de

sa civilisation. la langue est l'expression de ce peuple de l'exprience au fil
des sicles, et c'est pour cette raison, il est un vrai reflet de son identit
culturelle que la langue vit avec la socit dans laquelle il est n et se
dveloppe son dveloppement.
Le Circassian (adiga) la langue est l'une des plus anciennes langues de la
terre, mais il est en voie d'extinction dans les pays de la diaspora Circassian
aujourd'hui en raison de la rticence des Circassiens de parler la langue et
l'enseigner leurs jeunes gnrations

Herhangi bir toplumda Dil ve kltr geminin ve uygarlk arkasndaki itici

gtr. dil bir ifadesi olduunu yzyllardr insanlarn deneyim ve which it
doumlu ve gelitirme ile gelien bir toplum ile dil yayor olarak kltrel
.kimliinin gerek bir yansmas bu nedenle
Bu erkez (adiga) dil bir dnya zerindeki en eski dil, ama erkez
50

diasporasnn lkelerin bugn erkezler bir dil konumaya ve gen nesil iin
retmek isteksizlik nedeniyle yok baktndan
ADYGHE
-

(1)
(2)

//

:

-EVERY DAY
ALPHABET

EXPRESSIONS
- LATINIZED

SITE
/www.sawsrouka.com
/tcherkesse.free.fr

DESCRPTION
IT tools dedicated to make Adygabza
learning easier and available
Language form adyghe with Abkhazia
and Ubykh, a single language family
51

Content: Adgabze
courseEXCELLENT WITH AUDIO
The TITUS server is a joint project of
the Institute of Comparative Linguistics
Adyghe State University
The consonant system of Adyghe
Caucasian Vowel Systems

alphabets.pdf

ONLINE ADYGHE DICTIONARY
The Caucasian materials presented here
were prepared with the help of Mme
Dina
WORLD LANGUAGES
BY AMJED

Learn to read and write in Adigabza
(Circassian language) with the help of a
new site that includes audio

/www.hatqo.nl
titus.fkidg1.uni- m
www.adygnet.ru/indexeng.shtml
-titus.fkidg1.uni
-titus.fkidg1.uni
-languageserver.uni
www.evertype.com/alphabets
www.sawsrouka.com/data/Intro_Arabic.pdf
www.danef.com/web/eng/default.asp
lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/caucase.htm
languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/lang?id=3045
www.geocities.com/Eureka/Enterprises
.www.freewebs.com/asamlabay/index
/www28.brinkster.com/astudents

) (.
) (
.

.
) (



.

52

 ) ( :
:
:
= : .
= =
= = = .
= = = .
= = = .
= / = ..
) ( .



: ) ( :


+ : =
+





: :

:
= =
: :
: : / .

: : .
/ .
=

:
: / .
: / : .
.
: : / .
+ = =
: : /

=
.
.


:







-

= = p

.
: :
.

. :
. : ) (
)
:
(
:
.

)( .
+
: ) ( .

) (

.
) ( )
.
( /

.
= ) (

53

:
:

:
) + ( =
+
.

)



) ( .


.




:

) : (
) (
)
( ) (
) (

)( )
( ..


.

)( . = ) (
. = .
= . = )
(
( )
. =
)(
(
)
.
) ( =
. ) : ( :
) ( . ) : + ( :
) ( . .
: . :
. : /
: . : .
: . : /
: .
- - : /
- : / - . - :
.

54



)(
-

0
:

:

-
0


.



-



.
.



.
.
.
:
: .
-
- :
) (
- .
) (
)
( .
:
55

) (v
:

Aa

Bb

Vv

:
:

:

:
)(
:
:
:

Gg

Gu gu
Gh gh

Ghu ghu
:

:
Dd
:
: +
: +
:

Dj dj

:
)(

)(

) ( )(
) (
) ( )(
) (
)(

)( ) , (
)(
)( ) ,
(
) ,
(

)(

) ,
(
(
)

= " =
= " =
= =
=
= l
=l =
=
=
= =
=
=
56

= =
= =
=
=
= =
= ll =
= l
= /
= =

=
=
=
=

= l =
= =
= =
= /
= ll

 =l =
=

=
= =
=
=
= = /
/
= " = /
/
= =
= l
")(=
l
=)(=
= l
=
= ll =
= /
=
= =
" =
= l

=
=

=
=
= =
= " =
= =
/
= " =
= " =

= =
= l
=
= l"
)"(=
=
=
= l =
= l =
)(
=
= l
= l =
= =
= l =
/
=
= "
= ll =
= " =
57

= =
= =
= l = /
= =
= l =
=
=
=
= l
=
= l
= =
= l =
/
= = / /

= l =

= =
= =
= =
=/
= "

= ll = /
/
= =
/
= l
)(=
= =
=
= "
= "" =

= 1 =
= =

=
=
/
= =

= =
/
= l =

=

=
/
= l
= /
=
=
=
=

=
= ll
/
= l = /
=
= l
= "
= /
=
=
"

"
= ll
= /
= l =
/
= l =
= =
/
= = /

= =
/
= /
=
= l =
/
= " =
= l =
/
=
= "

=
=
/
= " = /

= =
= =
/
= =
= = /

=


" =
/
=
=

=
=
= =
= =
= lo =
= =
= =

 /
=
)( = /
= /
=

=
=

=
=
= l
= =
= l =

= =
= I =
=ll=

= = /
= =
= =
/ /
= l =

= =

= =
=
=
=
=
= =

= =
= l =
= = /
= =
= =
= " =
= = /

= l =

=
/
= =
= = =

=
= l

=
=
"
= l =
= l =

= l =

= =
= I =
=ll=
= ll
" =
= = /

= l =

= = /
= =
= =
/ /
= l =

= =

= l :
= l :
= l :
= :
= :
= )
l

l

58

1 11

l
l
l

(
l


= =
= =
= =

= =
= =
= =
= =
= l =
= =
= =

= =
= =

= l =
= =

= =
=

= =
= ) (
==
= ) l (chep
=
==
=i=
=i=
=ii=
==
==
. =
.=
. =
. =
.=

I ...
...
= " =
= l =
...
...
=
= =
...
= l = ...
= = /

...

)
=




...
= =
( =

...
= =
= =

= =
=
...
= =
"=
...
= =
=
=
(

) :
= = = =

..
= =
= =
- :

= =

..

= =

..
= = ) ==




:
=
=
(
..

= = l
=
.

..
...

...

..

= =
... ..

...
= =
) .( XY
:
...
...
) ()
) (corn

...

...
(

59

= l =
= =
= =
)

...
...
I ...
...
... ...
- ...

...

...

...

...


...
....
...

..

:

..

..

..

= =
= =
= = l
= = ll
= =
= =
=
= =

= = l =
l

= ) ( =
) ( = =
)
( = (p
) ( =

) (

= ) ( napa =

= ) ( lle =
=
) ( zaz =

= ) = bgha =
= ) ( le =
= ) ( sha = (

= ) ( bgheh = l

= ) = ( ) tsa


( =
= ) ( neba =

= ) ( jse =

= ) (gha =


= ) ( psa =

()

= ) =

=
/
( tsal =
= ) / ( bzaog = ) ( =

=
/
= ) = nata


( l

) ( g =

= ) ( na =

60

=
/
=
/ l
/ =

)
/
( =
=
/
=

/

/ l =


/ l =
=
/ l

= ..
/
""

 = ) / ( napwa = l =
=
/
/ =
/ l =
=
/
/ =

=

/
/ =
/ =
H

=
/
/ =
= )(
/ l
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
= =l

= l
= = 1
= 36
= l = 2
= l
= = ) 3
= 37
(
= l = ) 4 = l =
38
(
= l
= = 5
= 39
= 6
=
= lll = 40
= = 7

= = 8
= = 40
= = 9
= lll
= l = 10
=41
=lI=11
= lllI
=lII=12
= 42
=lI=13
= lll
=lI=14
= lI = 15 = 43
= llll
= lI = 16
= 44
= lI = 17
= lll
= lI = 18
= 45
= lI =
= lll
19
= 46
= ll = 20
= lll
= = 21
= 22 = 47
= lll
= = lll
= ll
= 48
23
= lll
= lll
= 49
= 24
= ll = l = 50

61

= = 6outcheesh = 60
-70
-80
-90

-100

-101
-1000

...............
...........
..............
................
................
...............
.................
..............
...................
....................

...........
................
......................

= llll
50 =
= llll
51 =
= = 50
.shaneku =
=
shnekura zira = 51 =
= I
shnekura 6ura = 52 =
=
shn8ura shira=53 =
= l
shn8ura plth2era = =
54
=
shn8ura tfra = 55 =
=
shn8ura khera = 56 =
=
shn8ura blera = 57 =
=
shn8ura yyra = 58 =
=
shn8ura bghura = =
59
khech = 60 =
= l

25 =
= = ll
26
= ll
27 =
= = ll
28
= ll
29 =
30 = = l
31 = =
= = lI
32
= = l
33
= ll
34 =
= = l
35

)(
= = = = = = = =
=
) (
) (

62


= l: = nch
= l: = nch maz
= srasha
= :
= : = 2mdaz
= : = nmaz
= aah : = azan
= : = traw
= qifadja/qadja
= :
= A : = 2khsham
= := pshadjedh
= : = sba7
)
,(
= : = naphshagho
= shdjaghw
=:
= := ychad
=:= ychad
= : = yatsa
= l : = x2adjen

/ = :
, = : = t7a

, = I :
= :
= :
= :
= : = tchatishx
= : = wris
= l- :

= :
= ll : =
biram tsikower
= ll :
= l -:
= : = nmaz chegh
= : = nmaz
lek
)(l = nmaz:
sh2altha
2mdaz = l :

l

) (


)(

63

= =

/ = )

=
= =

= =
= = l
= l )( =

= l =


l T- Shirt

= =
-:
= = l.

= =
)(= =(
/ =) /(=
= =
= =
= =
= =
/= =
= =
= =
aH = =

l = =
= =
l
-
)
(
) (

tac)(mug

)(

*** ***

*** ***

= :
= :

:
= :

=
= :
:
:
=
=l
:

= \l ll :
\
=

= :
= :
:

=

= :

= :
= :
:

= l

= :
) ( :3 :
=

= :

= :
64

*** ***

*** **

= :

= l :

= :

= :
:
=

= :
= :

=
=

= :

= :

= l :

= :

= =

= =
= l =
= l
=
= l
=
= =
= l =

==

 :
=

= :

= :
= :

:
=
= :
= :

)
(:
=

:

=
ghmapam y
pche7axar
:
=

= =
=

///
65

= =
=
=

==
==

=
==

LETTER

ADIGECE

ENGLISH

TRKESi

ANE

MOTHER

ANNE

BABI

DUCK

rdek

CEDU

CAT

KEDi

BARREL

FII

EXCEPT
KABARDE
I

KABARDEY
CE HAR

APSE

ROPE

iP

DE

WALNUT

CEVZ

DZ

DZEL

WILLOW

ST
AACI

66

EGU

PALM

AVU.

DIRTY

PiS

FE

LEATHER

DER

FI

GOOD&FI
NE

iYi

ADIGE

ADIGE

ADIGE

UENEC

PANTOLON

KPEK

TROUSER
S

HE

DOG

67

XI

SEA

DENZ

XH

XHICEBZ

GIRL

KIZ

I-

JEM

COW

iNEK

JJ

JJI

OLD

ESKi

EXCEPT
KABARDE
I

KABARDEY
CE HAR

LEG

BACAK

J-JA

KUE

68

KUEN

TO GO

GiTMEK

KH

KHABERD
Y

KABARDE
I

KABARDEY

LI

MEAT

ET

LH

LHI

BLOOD

KAN

LEN

TO DIE

LMEK

MAZE

MOON

AY

NE

EYE

GZ

69

EXCEPT
KABARDE
I

KABARDEY
CE HAR

O-1O

PE

NOSE

BURUN

PE

BED

YATAK

SE

KNIFE

BIAK

MILK

ST

(THREE(3

((3

70

WORLD

DNYA

EXCEPT
KABARDE
I

KABARDEY
CE HAR

EXCEPT
KABARDE
I

KABARDEY
CE HAR

TO TAKE

EKMEK(fot
(oraf

TXIN

TU

(TWO(2

(iKi(2

TS

TSI

WOOL

YN,KIL

TZ

TZIXU

HUMAN
BEING

iNSAN

1-

71

EXCEPT
KABARDE
I

KABARDEY
CE HAR

VAUE

STAR

YILDIZ

WUNE

HOUSE

EV

YETIN

TO GIVE

VERMEK

ZI

(ONE(1

(BiR(1

((1

72

THE CIRCASSIAN LANGUAGE

West Adyghe (Circassian)
Adyghe is spoken by approximately 300.000 people. 125.000 live in southern
Russia, chiefly in the Adygea Republic. Significant numbers of Adyghe
speakers reside in Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and Israel.
Adyghe together with Kabardian is a member of the Circassian subgroup of
the Northwest Caucasian language family.
Adyghe is also called Lower Circassian or Western Circassian.
Main dialects are Temirgoj (or Chemgui), Bezhedukh, Abadzex, Shapsug.
The written standard of Adyghe was created after the October revolution in
1923. First it was written with Latin script. Since 1936 a Cyrillic based
alphabet is in use. The literary language is derived from the Temirgoj dialect.
Adyghe and Kabardian have a very long oral literary tradition. The so called
'Nart' sagas are well known.
The Adyghe sound system is characterised by a great number of consonant
distinctions (but fewer than in Abkhaz-Abazin and Ubykh!) and a small
number of vowel distinctions: Adyghe has about 50 consonant phonemes and
two vowel phonemes, that are distinguished by the opposition 'open-closed'.
This opposition however is restricted in position. Some scholars tried to
prove that Kabardian and Adyghe don't have phonemic vowels at all. But
more recent analyses have shown that there are at least two vowel phonemes.
Lexical accent is dynamic and free.
Adyghe has two cases: The ergative case is marked by -n, while the
absolutive case is unmarked. The ergative case is used with the subject of
transitive ('agentive') verbs. The absolutive case is used with subjects of

73

intransitive ('factitive') verbs and with objects of transitive ('agentive') verbs.

The Adyghe verb is polysynthetic and has an intricate morphology. The verb
is the absolute center of the sentence and mirrors the syntactic structure of
the sentence by means of incorporation. The conjugation is characterised by
a split into transitive ('agentive') and intransitive ('factitive') verbs. The
grammatical categories person, number, tense, mood, version, potentiality,
comitativity, sociativity, reciprocity, and inferenciality are expressed on the
verb. Agreement is marked by cross-referencing pronominal affixes. The
verb can agree with subject, direct object, and indirect object at the same
time.
Adyghe is an ergative language: intransitive subjects and direct objects are
marked in the same way on the participants of the verb and on the verb,
transitive subjects are treated differently.
Word-order is predominantly SOV, the possessor precedes the possessed, the
adjective usually follows the head noun, relative sentences precede the head,
the language has postpositions rather than prepositions.
Possession is marked by prefixed pronouns on the possessed noun. The
prefix pronouns agree with the possessor in person. Adyghe distinguishes
between organic possession (body parts, relatives etc.) and non-organic
possession.

Circassian Alphabet - how do we read this?!

In Circassian language there are 7 vowels and 57 phonemes:
74

The following sounds have the corresponding in English.

= A (in the word 'after')
= b (in the word 'bear')
= v ('voice')
= g ('gain')
= d ('dear')
= j ('job')
= ye ('yellow')
= z ('zero')
= ee ('bee')
= y (today)
= c ('cat')
= l ('leg')
= m ('man')
= n ('new')
= o ('box')
= p ('pen')
= s ('seven')
= t ('ten')
= oo ('cool')
= f ('fast')
= h ('help')
= ch ('cheese')
= sh ('shop')
= a ('glass')
= you ('you')
= you ('young')
is pronounced as { j } in new {nju:}. It makes the consonant milder;
is pronounced similarly, but firmer than . It separates sounds one
from the other.

Vowels
The Vowel sounds - , , , e, , , , , .
75

The Vowel has not the analogy in English. It is close to 'ee' ('beep')
but more locked and has not the articulations in the manner of sprained
lips.
From these vowels are formed an abruptives: I, I, I, I, I.
At abruptive pronunciation speech organs execute the same function as
at corresponding vowel pronunciation, but herewith occurs lump
forced surge of air (as at moan), with no vocal cordses vibration. The
difference between vowel and it's abruptive should be confirmed since
it influences upon the sense.
Example: I - Tables, and - their eyes, II - meet and
I to kill. For forming abruptive pronouncing - more sharp,
staccato sound, at pronouncing which in larynxes between vocal
cordses is formed the joining, which at the end of sound noisily tears.

Phonemes

Is a bit similar to the English 'r' ('ring') but the tongue should
touch the salient under the teethes and make a vibration. Is
similar to Russian "" or Arabian "r"

Close to with labialization i.e. is accompanied with lips
truncation , as under 'oo' (look) in English. Is Read closely to
'go..' in English but sounds are pronounced simultaneously and
'' does not serve here for forming the slab. For example: in the
words '' and '' - one slab (heard "", "", but
with lips truncation at the end of the word).
Example: - heart; - princess / mother-in-law; wedding.

Close to but more long, deep and pronounced with the
vibration of the larynx lug. A bit similar to the French and to the
German 'r'.
76

Example: - road; - sun; - summer; high; - boiled.

Close to but labializated i.e. is accompanied with additional
lips truncation, as under 'oo' ('look'). The lips are extended and
rounded.
Example: - friend; - see.

Close to , but the sounds meets in united sound
Example: - army, - throw.

Close to 'sh' ('shop') but pronounced with voice.

Example: - mouth, I - beard

Average between '' and '. The narrow slot is formed between
language and the tubercle on upper teeths. Air passing through
this slot produces something average between whistle and hum.
Example: - old; I - goby.

Close to but with labialization i.e. is accompanied with lips
truncation . The Air gets through slot of round lips.
Example: I - thick;, - boiled.

Is Pronounced as , but more long and softly.
Example: - white, - red, I - young,

Labialized . Close to combination 'coo..' ('cool'), but is
pronounced together.
Example: - cart; I - jacket; - deep.
77


Close to , but is pronounced deeply in larynxes, "by the larynx
top". The joining occurs at pronunciation and joining in larynxes
between vocal cordses.
Example: I - guess; - difficult.

The labialized .
Example: - footwear;, - aul, village.
I I
Hard laryngeal sound. Close to but accompanied with
additional vocal cordses articulation, which is at the beginning
of sound closed, and at the end are opened, publishing noise.
Average between 'k' ('key') and 'ch' ('child') but more deep and
forced.
Example: I-boy; I - empty; I - kill; II - meet;
I - young.
I I (Io Io)
Labializated I

/////

Example: I - go;

More soft than English l.

Example: - meat, - plate.

Long, deaf, with no voice. A bit close to . The air passes
through lateral slots between tongue and cheek inner face
forming the intensive sound reminiscent hissing. Average
between l('long') and sh ('shop').
Example: - leg, I - love, I - expensive,
- see, - red, - high
I I

78

Lateral, noisy, without aspiration. Close to + vocal cordses

additional articulation, which at the end of the sound are opened
with noise.
Example: I - husband, I - four
I I
Close to + vocal cordses additional articulation forming
joining, which at the end of the sound is opened with noise. The
Lips under its pronunciation close tightly and tear the air,
pronunciation its is accompanied the aspiration.
Example: I - expensive; II - place; I - school.
I I
It Is Pronounced as I but with presence an labialization .
Example: II - fluid.
I I
Close to + vocal cordses additional articulation forming
joining, which at the end of the sound is opened with noise.
Example: I - blue; I - to sit.
I I
Close to I but with labialization.
Example: I- two; I - let go.

Has certain resemblance with English 'h' (heart), but more
locked. The air blast is directed little skyward, and makes the
lurinx lug to vibrate. Or as but deaf, without voice.
Example: - hard; - shivering.

Labialized
Example: -sister; - become; I - blue,

79

Close to English 'h' (heart), but pronounced softly, with lips

articulation, which corresponds to pronunciation vowel and in
English.
Example: I - ear; - mountain; - hour.

Close to combination 'ts' ('bats'), but should be pronounced

together.
Example: - muscle, -teeth

Labialized . Close to English 'ts' ('tso').
Example: - plowshare; - footwear.

I I
Close to + vocal cordses additional articulation, which
herewith do not publish any sound and occurs the unswitching
of speech organs with noise at the end of the sound.
Example: I -person; I - defraud.

Close to . At breaking point of close organs larynxes is got
sharp, staccato snapping sound.
Example: - tree; - run.
I I
Close to + additional joining of vocal cordses, which are
opened at the end of sound, publishing typical noise.
Example: I - land; I - ask.

Close to but with no voice and more tense exhalation with
aspiration.
Reminds 'sh' ('shop'). The Lips mildly ajar, tip of language
mildly elated to the tubercle above the teeths. Air passes
between tip of language and larynxes upper wall.
Example: - head; - girl.

80


Labialized .
Example: - wife; ~green.
I I
Close to + the additional joining of vocal cordses, which at
the end of sound are opened adding special tone.
Example: I - guess; I - do, build; I - ten.
I I
Labialized I. At sound termination lip accepting position as
during prononcing 'oo' ('look'), form the slots betwen the lips air
passes creating the additional noise reminiscent deaf whistle.
Example: I - like; II - sweet, tasty; I - dirty.
I
Laryngeal abruptive. The unswitching of close vocal cordses is
formed with voice.
Example: I -hand; I - have; II - sweet, tasty.
I
Labialized I
Example: I - say; II - meet; I - thick.
Before to start reading the sections make sure that you correcttly
understand this chapter and may correctly read the Circassian
sounds
Nouns
Nouns in Circassian are different by their relation to the human:
1. Relating to the human (the people, surnames, name, professions,
nationalities) are answering to the question '?' ("who?").
2. Not Relating to human (animals, fish, plants, inanimate subjects)
are answering to question "?" ("what?").
Nouns in Circassian language are different with their quantity:
1. The Single form.
2. The Plural form. Noune gets the suffix '~' in plural form.

81

Example: I - boy, I - boys; - woman,

- women ; - eye, - eyes; etc.
Noun is being changed on four cases, there it receives the corresponding
suffix:
1. Nominitive Case. Has the suffix - : I - boy; I - boys,
- woman. Under intransitive verbs expresses the subject,
implementing main action. Example: I I I - the boy
goes to the school. Under connecting verbs expresses the object to which
the main action is directed: I - woman a
shirt wipes. (the woman is washing the shirt)
2. Ergative Case. Has the suffix -m: I - boy, I - boys,
- girls, and etc..
It is Used:
- for connecting verbs, as feature of subject, realising main action:
I - woman wipes a shirt.
- Under intransitive verbs, as object of the main action: I
- boy reads a book.
As circumstance of action i.e. feature of place, time of action and etc:
I - man entered the house.
- At night it was raining.
I - Yesterday I was in the village.
3. Instrumental Case. Has the suffix -I or -I:
I - pencil, I - axe, I - leg and etc..
Expresses:
The Instrument of action:
- I I - his name is written in pencil.
- I I - We can not pass this way.
The Direction of action:
I I - the wind blows from sea.
4. Invertive. Has the suffix - :
I - boy, I - boys.
Expresses:
The Reception of another quality by the subject:
- he became richer.
People belonging to some professions:
82

I I I - He works as a teacher.
The nouns in Circassian are different by their accessory sign:
There are natural attribute and property attribute.
Natural attribute: Part of body, such words as 'son', 'daughter', 'brother',
'sister'. All other words are belonging to the property attribute.
The Natural attribute is expressed with prefix:
Single form:
1. For the 1-st person, ~or - (my): - heart, - my heart;
- my sister.
2. For the 2-nd person, ~ or - (your): - your leg; - your
heart; - your sister.
3. For the 3-rd person, -: - his (her)leg; - his
(her) sister.
Plural form:
1. For the 1-st person prefix - or - : I - our hands; - our
legs;
2. For the 2-nd person prefix - or - : - your legs;
- your sister.
3. For the 3-rd prefix a- : - their legs; - their heart.
The Property attribute is expressed the prefix:
Single form:
For the 1-st person prefix -: - book, - my book;
For the 2-nd person prefix -: - your book;
For the 3-rd person prefix -: - his book; I - her husband;
- his wife.
Plural form:
For the 1-st person prefix -: - our book; - our daughterin-law;
For the 2-nd person prefix -: - your book; your house.
For the 3-rd person prefix -: - their daughter-in-law; - their
mother, yat - their father.
83

Verbs
The Verb in Circassian is most complex and mutated part of speech. Usually
it is posited at the end of sentence. The Verbs are different in tense, person,
number and etc.
Below considered the main categories and rules of using the verbs in
Circassian.

Infinitive
The Infinitive in Circassian has the ending - . For example: I - go.
(here root I). The Suffix - here- completion of infinitive.
I We must do there (There we-go must).
I - I want to tell you (I you-tell I-want).
I You have to know the
language of the people, among which you live (Folk you-among-live
its-language you-know must).
Root Change
The Analogy to English prepositions in, on, under, around, for and etc
expressing location of one subject to other in Circassian often can be
denominated by changing the root of verb.
Example: stands;
- stands (as body position );
- stands (behind);
I - stands (under) and etc.

The most frequently used verbs root changing are at the table below:
84

stands

sits

lies

condition / body
position

On

Under

Among

Within some area

behind

yc

Example:
I I The cat sits under the table (Cat table under
under + sits).
The car stands in the rain (Car rain among + stands).
The car stands in the yard (Car yard within + stands).
Connecting and intransitive verbs
The Connecting verbs characterising action of the main subject in offer,
require use of this subject in Ergative Case.
Example: I to tell. From this is made the form I - he (she) said.
Prefix ~of the 3-rd person single count , ~ - Past Time Suffix).
I The girl said.
As we see, subject (the girl) here inheres in Ergative Case.
At the same time :
I The girl has come.
The Form I is formed from intransitive verb (I - go), and subject
inheres in Nominitive Case.
Dynamic and steady-state verbs
The Dynamic verbs express the action, motion, (I to go, I to tell,
to run).
Steady-state verbs express the condition ( - stand, - sit,
I - be, inhere).

85

Discrete prefix
For dynamic verbs: ~, and for steady-state verbs : ~.
Discrete prefix means that process is terminated to some moment of
time (or is made one-shot).
Example:
I - went.
I - came.
I I will make
1 I will be making (for continuous tense)
Personality prefix
It is posited before or after the Discrete prefix . Characterisation
change the verb in persons.
In the single form for the 1-st person: the prefix ~(for dynamic
verbs), ~(for steady-state verbs ).
For example: : I I go; I sit; - I bring.
In the last example a Personality prefix stands after Discrete prefix .
For 2-nd person, single form: ~, ~.
For example: I you go; you sit; - you bring,
I - you has said.
For the 3-rd person, single form, present tense: ~ (dynamic) or ~
(steady-state verbs ).
For example: I - goes; I - went, - sits; brings.
For the 3-rd person, single form, past or future tense Personality prefix
is absent:
For example: I - went; 1 - said; etc.
1st person, plural form: -.
Example: I - we go; - we sit.
2-nd person , plural form: ~or -.
Example: I You go; You sit, You
write.
3-rd person, plural form, present tense, connecting verbs:
Example: I they say; - they eat
3-rd person, plural form, present tense, intransitive verbs: suffix -
(refer to Number Suffix ).
Example: - they sit; I - they come.
86

Impetus Prefix It is posited after personality prefix . Means the action by which objects
make subject to proceed some other action. The Verb with prefix - always
is connecting:
II II. - The Grandmother has fed [made
to eat] the girl
I . - Mother made the boy to stand at the
corner
I I - Father sent [made to go] the boy to the
shop

Negative Prefix (~)

It is posited most often before root of verb, after all other prefixes.
I! - Do not do this;
I - Do not say him anything (Nothing him dont-say);
I? - Why do not you go?
I - Do not hurry!
Can not be used simultaneously both Negative Prefix (~) and Negative
Suffix (-).
The Negative Suffix (~).
The Negation Suffix ~ usually follows all other suffixes:
I - I will not go;
I - They did not come.
a aI - Today h (she) will not come.
Tense Suffixes
Future and past tense in Circassian formed at suffixes ~ (future tense) and
~ (past tense):
C I - I said.
C I Ill say.
O I - You have come.
O I - You will go.
Number Suffix
Complies with Number Suffix for nouns. Follows the Tense Suffix,
precedes the Negative Suffix
Example:
I he (she) has come.
87

I - they have come.

Is used for intransitive verbs only, otherwise Number Suffix is absent
Example:
I I - people say
I - we go.
Imperative mood
Complies with root base:
I! - Go!
! - Sit!
! - Stand up!
! Wake up!
When addressing to several people, imperative mood gains the prefix
~ (~):
I! - Go!
! - Sit!
! - Wake up!
! Awake!
Adverbs
The Adverbs can be formed from different speech elements by gaining
suffix ~:
From verbs:
I - beware
I - unflappable
- Play
- playing
- sits
- sitting
From adjectives:
- correct
! - write correctly
- calm
- calmly
I - quick
I - quickly

88

From other speech elements:

- itself
- I He (she) has finished his (her)
work by himself (herself).
The following adverbs are not formed from another words:
Place adverbs:
Such as:
, mode, , (here, here);
, , - (there, there) different with comparative
vicinity degree:
I - Here goes our neighbour
Tense Adverbs
- today
- yesterday
- tomorrow
- presently
- after
I afterwards
early
ap I - Today he will not come.
I I? Do You remember,
what we talked about yesterday?
I - Tomorrow we will go there.
I got up early in the morning

Number Adverbs:
I - few,
- much, a lot
- often/long,
- long ago
I I, I Talk less, do a more.
89

 , I had been looking for

him for a long time, but I did not find him.
II - I want you to smile more
often.
l - I have not seen you for a long time
Pronouns
The Pronouns in Circassian can be personal, possessive, qualifying and
interrogative.
Personal pronouns
I -
you -
it, it -
we -
you -
they -
The Personal pronouns are classified as: Nominitive, Ergative,
Instrumental and Invertive
- I
I - me, for me, by me
- for me, by me
o - you
I for you, by you
- for you, by you
ap he (she)
I, I - for him (her), by him (her)
- for him (her), by him (her)
- we
I us,
- us
You (plural form)
I you, for you, by you
- for you, by you
- they
I by them
- by them

90

Examples:
o I - I said to you.
ap I - I asked him (her).
O I? Did you say to your father? [You your-father
once-you- say-did]
I Ask him.
I I I All he says, is not important for me.
I I People say they are very tasty.
Possessive pronouns
Significies the attribute of subject
- mine
- yours
his, hers
- ours
- yours
- theirs
Varied on the same principle, as noun, verbs, adjectives and etc:
- this axe is mine.
- this house is ours.
- this dagger is Yours.
- these plates are Yours
The Indefinite pronoun.
In Circassian whole one - . Serves for indication of all notions
corresponding to English words "someone", "something", "someone",
"something", "sometime", "somewhere", and etc.

Changes either as noun in number and in cases:

Single form Plural form:
Nominative

Ergative

91

Instrumental I I
Invertive

Write something.
I Someone has come.
I You need to ask somebody. [Somebody
you-him-ask need]
I - I will come someday.
I, I Come on, well go somewhere [Letsgo, somewhere we-go-will].
ap I. - Today he (she) will come to us. [Today he
we-to once-go-will]
Generalization pronouns
- each (about human)
(Shapsygu. Bzhadygu: ) each (not about
human)
I - all
- itself
- Each one chooses his fate by
himself.
I I I - About each
person its possible to say as bad as goo
Adjectives
Adjectives are different in their quantity: either as noun, in plural form
adjectives gain suffix ~.
beautiful
- beautiful (in plural form)
- good
- good (in plural form)
- bad
- bad (in plural form)
Adjectives are different as qualitative and relative.
The Qualitative adjectives are those which can have comparative and
superlative degrees. The Qualitative adjectives are always posited after
the defined word:

92

I - good boy [boy good]

- beautiful girl [girl beautiful]
I I - wise man [person wise]
The Relative adjectives are those which can not have the comparative
degrees. They are posited before the defined word:
I - railway [iron road]
I - wooden table
In both events when we change the form and number of structure
"none + quality adjective" or "relative adjectives + none" this leads to
changing of the suffix of the last word in structure:
- Beautiful girl
- beautiful girls
I I - wise person.
I I - wise people.
I - railway
I - railways
Qualitative adjectives can have comparative and superlative degrees:
The Comparative degree is formed by auxiliary word / (more).
he is higher than you
He became bigger [More big became]
I - You must be braver [more brave you-become
must]

For superlative degrees the structure I (more then all...) is used:

I She is the most beautiful [She than-all more
beautiful]
I - It is the highest [It than-all more high]
I I She feeds him with the tastiest
meal [then-all more good meal-with she-him-feeded]
He is the strongest [He than-all more strong]

93

Numbers
Circassian Language Numberings are formed from the names of the
numbers:

one

two

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

10

ten

20

twenty

30

thirty

100

one hundred

1000

thousand

From these are formed:

II II eleven
I2 III twelve
I3 II thirteen
I4 III fourteen
I5 II fifteen
I6 II sixteen
I7 II seventeen
I8 II eighteen

94

I9 II nineteen
2I II twenty-one
22 II I twenty two
23 II twenty three
24 II I twenty four
3I I thirty one
32 I I thirty two
33 I thirty three
34 I I thirty four
40 III fourty
4I III fourty one
42 III I fourty two
43 III fourty three
44 III I fourty four....
50 fifty [hundred- half]
5I fifty one
52 I fifty two
60 I sixty [three twenties]
6I II sixty one
62 II I sixty two
70 II I seventy [sixty ten]
7I II II seventy one [sixty eleven]
72 II III
80 II eighty [four twenties]
8I II eighty one
82 II I eighty two
90 II I ninety [eighty ten]
9I II II ninety one [eighty eleven]
92 II III ninety two [eighty twelve]
I0I one hundred one
I02 I one hundred two
..
200 I two hundred [two hundreds]
20I I two hundred one
202 I I two hundred two and etc.
300 three hundred [three hundreds] and etc.
400 I four hundred [four hundreds] and etc.
500 five hundred [five ] and etc.
2000 I two thousand
3000 three thousand and etc.
95

At indication of number all the numbers except (one) are posited after the
defined noun:
I - One boy
II - two boys
- one day
I - two days
() - three days
Ordinal Numbers:
Exept (first) are formed by prefix - and suffix
- First day
I - second day
I - second shoe
~I have been smoking
since the sixth class
Discrete numbers:
Are formed by changing the last vowel ~ of number to ~:
I II - I told you four times already. [You for-times
once-you-I-told-already]
Number can also define measure of a share:
Numbers "one" and "two" are formed by words (whole, whole),
(whole, whole about length of time), (the half).
I I He did not work the whole
week.
I - He did not give us to sleep whole night.
For all other events, by suffix - :
three
- one third;
I - four,
I - quarter
I - third part of vegetable
garden we used for the tomatoes.
I The quarter of the
money he received, he lend. [Money once-him-give-was it-quarter indebt him-gave]
96

Servicing words
These are the words:
before first
() - to, beside
I - under
I behind for
These words execute the function corresponding to prepositions of
English, but are usually posited after defined object.
- At first you thought the car was
good.
I - I did not remember him at first.
I he came to Zaira.
I I The cat sits under the table.
If the object is denominated the personal pronoun, these words can
unite with it and form the independent structure:
- To me, beside me.
- To us,beside us
I ? Will You come to me today? [Me-to
you-come-will today ]
I! Come to us!

Conjunction:
I, and, else
, - but
e - or.
I? - What else will You say?

97

 , I was looking for him for

a long time, but I did not find.
E I, e I Die or be the man! (Circassian proverb).
The Particles affirmative and negative:
yes
no
I? Do You understand?
. I. - Yes. I understand.
. I. - - No. I dont understand.
Circassian sentence structure
In Circassian sentence the free order of words is allowed. However all
preferred that predicate will be positioned at the end of sentence.
. - I got up at seven
oclock in the early morning.
I - I gave up smoking. [I
tobacco I-drinking away-I-threw]
Interrogative sentence
The Interrogative sentence in principle saves the sequence of words
narrative. The word in sentence to which is posited the question, gains
the suffix ~, or ~ (Nominitive Case), ~ (Ergative Case).
. The teapot has simmered.
? Has the teapot simmered? [Teapot simmered+
~]
- Deaf
? Are they deaf, this house masters?
If question is posited to word having Negative Suffix ~, it is
converted to suffix ~.
? Has not the teapot simmered? [Teapot
simmered]
I? Dont You know?
, ? They call You, dont you hear [that]?
98

If question is posited by auxiliary interrogative words, (who),

(what), (where), (which) these word are positioned in the
sentence in that place, where the word is supposed to be positioned,
being answer to supplied question:
1? Who came?
1? What did he say?
1? Where you will be today?

99


THIRD PART

WEB SITES

SUBJECT AND LANGUAGE CODES

100

SUBJECT
HISTORY&CULTURE
LANGUAGE
ART
ASSOCIATIONS
MEDIA
MUSIC
DANCE
EDUCATION
NEWS&INFORMATION
FUN
PERSONAL
REASEARCH
ALL SUBJECTS

CODE
HC
LC
AR
AS
MD
MS
DN
ED
NI
FN
PR
RD
ALL

LANGUAGE
ENGLISH
ARABIC
CIRCASSIAN
GERMAN
FRINSH
HEBRON
TURKISH
RUSSIAN
DANISH
CHECHEN
OTHERS

CODE
E
A
C
G
F
H
T
R
D
S
O

**
( Table ( 1
SITE
Adigha Story on Tripod
Kolhida.ru
Adygi.ru
Amjad Jamouqa's Page
Adigam.com

SUBJECT
ALL
ALL
ALL
HC ,LC
ALL

LANGUAGE
E-EXCELLANT
R ,C
R ,C
E
R ,C

101

Yachar Saillet
Metin Somez
Mahmud Karataban
Adiga4U, personal site
Jurt Hasan's Circassian Site
Circassians by Sohu Murat
/http://www.abyzshwa.narod.ru
Heritage Institute
www.kebzeh.org/index.htm
www.heku.ru
www.kavkazweb.net
www.adyga.org
/http://www.paukaf.com
http://www.adiga.org/foru
Family Mailinglist
/www.geocities.com/circari
Shemiakin Mikhail
Shemiakin Mikhail
- Muhadin Kishev
Circassian World by Metin Somez
/www.farukkutlu.com/
Meretukov Davlet, Artist of Adyghea
Cherkess Fund Organisation
Circassian Association, Netherland
Caucasus Foundation
Al Jeel Al Jadeed Club
,Adigha Xasa in Koeln
,Adiga Educational Association
www.adygaunion.com/rus
Circassians in Israel
Circassian Benevolent
www.adiga4ever.com
/www.circassiancanada.com
/http://www.elbruz.org.tr
Nalmes Dance Group
Adyghe State University
Kabardino-Balkaria
Karachai-Cherkess State
Circassian Educational
Adigha.com
hi5.com
Kashen.com Dating Service
Heku.ru
Ecotus.maykop.ru
Go-Elbrus

HC ,RT
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
LC
LC
HC
HC
ALL
ALL
ALL
MS

HC
RT
RT
RT
RT
HC
RT
RT
RD
ALL
ALL
AS
ALL
AS-ALL
AS-ALL
AS-ALL
AS-ALL
-AS
ALL
ALL
DN
ED
ED
ED
ED
ALL
ALL
NI
ALL
NI
NI

F
E
E ,A ,C ,T ,R
E,T
E ,C
E ,T
(E ,T(ABKHAZ
E
E
E ,R ,C
R ,C
R ,C
E,C
A
E
E
E
E
E ,T ,R ,C
E
E
R ,C
E
T
E ,A ,T , R , C
E ,A
G
E,H
E ,T ,G ,R ,C
H
E
A
E,T,G,H,A,C
T
T
R,C
R,C
R,C
E-USA
E - EXCELLANT
E
E,T
E,R,C
R,C E
E,G,R.C

102

Elbrus.org
Cerkes.org
Adigha yahoo group
Vollblut Design
Radio Freedom
Radio Nafna
/nart.narttv.com
http://www.adigeyaislam.c
http://www.adigeyaislam.com/ru
/tanzil.info
Radio Kafkazia
Youtube
Psna
/geocities.com/yenal_bako
geocities.com/yenal_bako/in
/www.circassianworld.com
Dudar.ru
Music collection on Adigam.com
Nobarey.com
Euaz Zuber
adygaunion.com 1
adygaunion.com 2
adygaunion.com/ 3
.profile.myspace.com/index
?http://www.youtube.com/watch
www.heval.org/legerin/circassian/
Adygabook.com
/www.danef.com
!Hej Marja
/www.elot.ru/main/
/www.adigafriends.com/
/www.abazashta.com/
/circassiangenocide.org
Zihia
/www.sawsrouka.com/
Nartajans.net
Almanyada-cerkezler.de
E-caucasia.com
/www.sov-adyg.ru
/www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru
Caucasus Times" eMagazine"
Circassian News Network
www.circassiancommunity.com/
Kavkazya.net
Kabardino Balkaria Portal

NI
NI
NI
RT
NI
NI
NI - TV
NI
NI audio
-NI
NI
NI
MS
MS
MS
MS
NI
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
ALL
LN
ALL
NI
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
LN
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
NI-ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL

E
R,C
E,C -communication
E ,G
E
E,A,T,C
E
R,C
R,C,E

E
Type adygha-search
R,C
E,R,C
E-Excellant
E
E
R ,C
E,R,C
R,C
EXCELLENT
EXCELLANT
National anthem
EXCELLANT
ABIDA
E
E,C
E,A,T excellant
R,C
R,C
E-EXCELLANT
R,C
R,C
R,C
E- EXCELLANT
T,C
T
Web hosting free
R,C
E,R,C
E,R,C
CNN
E,A,H,G,T,R,C
E,R,C
E,R,C

103

Republic of Adyghea Official Site

Republic of Adigeya's Info Portal
Parlament
Nalchik -Official Web Site
/http://www.adigamagazine.co.il
Djeguako
Syria Circassians by Adnan Kabartay
ar.wikipedia.org/
/www.culture.gov.jo/
%/ar.wikipedia.org/wiki
/www.adiga.org/forum/adiga64
Archaeology on N. Caucasus
/www.caucasus.dk/
North Caucasus Research
circassian.narod.ru/circass/index.html
/www.elbruz.org.tr
=forum.adiga.com/viewtopic.php?t
/http://www.elbruz.org.tr
http://www.adigam.com/ru/music
/http://www.adygvoice.ru
/http://www.euroxase.com
/http://www.nahitserbes.com
/http://www.kafkasfederasyonu.org
/http://www.kafsam.org
http://www.nartajans.net/nuke
/http://www.almanyada-cerkezler.de
/http://www.kapba.de
/http://www.apsny.ru
/http://www.kafkasonline.com
/http://www.wuppertal-xase.de
/http://www.chechen.org
/http://www.kavkazweb.net
/http://tr.tc
/http://www.adigewored.net
/http://www.ridade.com
/http://www.adigeforum.com
/http://www.alanvakfi.org.tr
/http://www.kafkasya.ch
/http://www.wotey.narod.ru
/http://www.kaledes.com
/http://www.hamamozu.com.tr.tc
/http://www.petsiye.net
/http://www.uzunyayla.com
/http://www.asagikaragoz.net
www.euroxase.com/video/index.php

ALL
ALL
NI
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
PR
PR
PR
PR
ALL
ALL-RD
RD
ALL
ALL
ALL
MS
MS
MS
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
DN
MS-LN
DN
ALL
ALL
MS
PR
ALL
ALL
MS
ALL
ALL
MS

R,C
R,C
R,C PARLAMENT
R,C
E,A,H,R.C
R,C
A,R,C
A
A
A
A
E,R,C
E,D,R,C
E
E,A,T,R,C
T,C
E
T
R,C
R,C
E,T-EXCELLANT
T
T -EXCELLANT
E ,T
T,R,C
T,G,R,C
R,C
R,C
R,C
T,R,C
R,C,S
R,C
T,C
ALL-EXCELLANT
R,C
T,C,R
T,C,R
ALL
R,C
T,C,R
T,C,R
T,C, -EXCELLAN
T,C
T,C
E,C

104

3arabchannel.com/clips/sipse.html//
/http://www.euroxase.com/en
/http://tcherkesse.free.fr
/http://sana.adiga.googlepages.com
/lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/
/lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/languages
./http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage
.http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage
%http://iccs.synthasite.com/ ardian
/http://www.kafiad.com
/http://www.kafder.org.tr
/http://www.abhazdernegi.org
/http://www.abhazya.org
/http://circassianmuseum.com
/http://www.sharakes.net
/http://cakhasa.com
/http://nart-france.com
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oA2
http://www.heval.org/legerin/kabarday
http://www.myspace.com/circassianmu
/http://www.hatqo.nl
-http://titus.fkidg1.uni
http://www.adygnet.ru/indexeng.shtml
/http://www.circassianfoundation.org
/http://iccs.synthasite.com
www.audio.adyga.org/index_eng.html
/http://adigebze.new-forum.net
/http://siadigebze.com/sibze
/http://dairov.spaces.live.com
http://www.freewebs.com/asamlabay/in
/http://www.circassiatv.net
http://www.iraqfilm.net/:%20circassian
http://www.myspace.com/circassianmu
http://tiklanet.net/circassians.videolari
http://www.perumega.net/youtube/inde
News & Information Portals
Non-Governmental Organizations
Culture & Research
Circassian Republics
Language
Art

MS DN
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
PR
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
MS
MS
MS
LN
LN
LN
ALL
RD-ALL
ALL
ALL
LN
ALL-PR
LN
TV
MS
MS
MS
MS
SITES 20
SITES 20
SITES 17
SITES 18
SITES 7
SITES 17

A,E EXCELLANT
E,T-EXCELLANT
E,F,C-EXCELLAN

T
C,T,--ABAZA
C,T- ABAZA
H
A
A
F,T-EXCELLANT
E,C
E,C
E,C ABIDA
E,C
E,C,T
E,C
E
E.C EXCELLANT
E-C EXCELLANT
,E,C
R,C
E,T,C,A
A.E.H best audio
E,A,C
E,C
E,C
E,C

Table ( 2
105

/http://www.ecotus.maykop.ru/eng
/http://www.adygaunion.com/eng
/http://www.euroxase.com/en
/http://www.circassianworld.com/new
/http://www.circassiandiaspora.com
/http://www.dindardibi.com
.http://www.muslumancerkes
/http://www.ahakuytra.com
/http://www.cerkezya.com
/http://www.kuzeykafkasya.net
/http://www.kafkasonline.com
/http://www.waynakh.com/eng
/http://www.kafkas.gen.tr
/http://www.kafkasrehberi.com
?http://www.elbruz.net/index.php
/http://www.kafkasfederasyonu.org
/http://www.caucasustimes.com
/http://abrektr.tr.gg
http://translate.google.com/translate
/http://apsni.com
/http://www.ridade.com
/http://www.paukaf.com/linkler
/http://www.6kesek.com
/http://www.kashenim.com
/http://adygaabaza.ru
/http://www.kafder.org.tr
/http://www.kavkazcenter.com
/http://www.kuzeykafkasya.net
/http://www.kafkasya.net/site
http://www.kafkas.gen.tr/english
http://www.kafdav.org.tr/site/index
/httwp:// ww.samsunkafder.org
/http://www.kafkasfederasyonu.org
/http://www.sinopkafder.org
/http://www.uzunyaylakafkas.com
http://www.kafkaskultur.org/news.php

O
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
MS
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
MS,ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
translation
ALL
MAGASIN
ALL
ALL
LN
MS
LINKS
ALL
O
LN
ALL
****ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL

R,E
E,R,T,C
E,T.C
E
E
T,C
T,C
T,C
T,C
T,C
T,C
E
T,C,E
T,C
T to C
E,T,C
E
E,T,G,F,C
E,T,G
T
T
E
E,T.C
T,C
R,C
T,C
A,E,T,C
T,C
T,C
E,T
T
T
T
T
T
T
106

/http://www.gopkafkas.org
http://www.izmirkafkas.org/site/news.php
http://www.dkkkd.org
/http://www.altintaskoyu.com
?hhttp://www.orensehir.com/Default.asp
/http://www.yapagli.com
/http://arikbasi.wordpress.com
http://www.cerkes.com
http://www.kapakli.org/v3/index.php
/http://www.kojege.net/new
/http://www.yenisigirci.com
/http://www.yesilyayla.net
/http://www.cecenkazancik.com
/http://www.cerkezyenice.com
/http://www.adygvoice.ru
/http://legioncavalerie.free.fr/fr
/http://geocities.com/ketaw_sinan
/http://www.adigamagazine.co.il/english
/http://www.gshra.ru
/http://www.adigeya.com
/http://www.apsny.net
_http://www.temirkanov.com/mission
/http://www.philharmonia.spb.ru/eng
/http://www.kck.ru/shemyakin
/http://karaart.com/kishev
http://eutykh.com/index.php
/http://www.muratdyshek.com
/http://www.zaurtutov.ru
/http://www.dudar.ru
/http://www.bkd.org.tr
/http://www.birkaffed.org.tr
/http://www.kafkasrehberi.com
/http://www.narttube.com
/http://www.nartsozluk.com
http://www.asagidemirci.com/uyes
/http://www.derekoy.org
/http://www.kahvetepe.com
/http://www.savastepekoyu.com
/http://www.idriskoru.com

ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALLabaza
ALL
ALL
ALL-MS
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
MS
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
NEWS
ALL
ALL
MS
MS
AR
AR
AR
AR
AR
AR
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL MS
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL

T
T
T
T MAPS
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T,C
T,C
T,C
R,C
F
DENMK
E
C,R
C,R,good
R,C
E,R
E
E
E
E-jwllary
E,R,O
R
R
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
107

T
T
T
T
T-EXCELLENT
E,A,T,C
T
T
T
T

ALL
ALL
ALL
ALL
DN
ALL
MS
MS
ALL
ALL

/http://www.hacikoy.com
/http://www.kahvetepe.com
/http://www.dostlukkulubu.com
/http://kafkasmersin.tripod.com
/http://www.nartajans.net/nuke/ritsa
/http://www.radioadiga.com/eng
/http://www.mynart.com
/http://www.kafkasmarket.com
/http://www.poyrazli.com
/http://www.derekoy.org

SANA ADIGA

108

""

"

*
*

** -
**
**
**
**
** FRANCE CATHERINE

109

)
(

** _
Amjad M. **Jaimoukha
**
**
**.Aneta Takhtamish

110