The Top 8 Medicinal Plants of Thailand

Surapote Wongyai Faculty of Oriental Medicine Rangsit University, 52/347 Paholyotin Road Muang Aek Patumtani 12000 Thailand Tel.(0662)9972200-30 extn.1479 Fax.(0662)7915677 e-mail: surapote@rangsit.rsu.ac.th

1. Adrographis paniculata (Burmann filius) Nees 2. Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker 3. Curcuma comosa Roxb. 4. Curcuma longa Linn. 5. Solanum trilobatum Linn. 6. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. 7. Cassia alata Linn. 8. Pueraria candollei Grah. ex Benth var mirifica (Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham

Table: Value of traditional drugs in Thai market during 1987-2001 (in million US Dollars, m$)
Year 1987 1990 1995 2000 2001 Total Human drug Local Import 4.84 1.06 6.85 1.86 7.06 3.20 15.70 2.90 18.42* 3.66** 52.87 12.68 Veterinary drug Total Local Import 0.01 5.91 0.01 8.72 0.02 10.28 0.03 18.63 0.04 22.12 0.11 65.66 -

* compared with modern drug 577.20 m$ ** compared with modern drug 998.38 m$

1. Adrographis paniculata (Burmann filius) Nees Family: Acanthaceae Common name: KARIYAT, THE CREAT, FA HALAAI, FA-THA-LAI-CHON, NAM-LAIPONGPON, SAM SIP DEE Parts use: aerial part, leaves and whole plant Use: Anti-inflammation of sore throat, relieve of cold, antidiarrhaeal, treatment of abscesses

Description of the plant: Annual herb, up to 1 m high, erect, stem acutely quadrangular. Leaves simple, opposite, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, antire-slightly undulate, 2 to 12 cm long and 1 to 3 cm wide, upper ones often bracteiform; petiole short. Inflorescence patent, in panicle, 10 to 30 long; terminal and axillary, bract small, pedicel short. Calyx 5-partite, small, linear. Corolla tube narraw about 6 mm long;

limb not shorter than the tube, bilabiate; upper lip oblong, white with a yellowish top; lower lip broadly cuneate, trifid white with violet marking. Stamens 2, inserted in the throad and far exserted. Capsule erect, linear-oblong, 1 to 2 cm long and 2 to 5 mm wide, compressed, longitudinally furrowed on the broad faces, thinly glandular-hairy. Seed small, subquadrate.

Volume of production in the country Volume of domestic consumption Volume of export Average price: 200 Thai Bahts/kg Trade points and contact addresses in the country: Chao Grom Pur Co., Ltd., 229-31 Chakrawat Road, Sampaantawong, Bangkok 10100, Tel. (662) 221-3272

Nature of plant material: cultivated, organic Areas of production in the country The plant is indigenious all parts of Thailand. The areas under cultivation are in the western part provinces including Raatchaburi, Kanchanaburi; the middle part provinces including Nakornpathom, Supaanburi; the northern part provinces including Kampaengpet,

Pitsanulok, Lampang; the eastern part provinces including Chantaburi; the northeastern provinces including Ubonraatchathani. Nature of plant products: crude, semi-processed and processed Any special regulations pertaining to trade and web links to enforcing agencies: Thai Food and Drug Administration, http://www.fda.moph.go.th/eng/index.stm

Available sources of technologies in the country for: Cultivation including organic farming: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Pre- and post-harvest treatment: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/

Conservation: Royal Forest Department of Thailand, http://www.forest.go.th/ Production of extracts: Thai-China Flavours & Fragrances Industry Co., Ltd., 175/6-7 Soi Amorn, Nang Linjee Rd., Chongnonsee, Yannawa, Bangkok 10120, Thailand. Tel. (662)2867681(662)213-1080

 Production of phyto-pharmaceuticals: Production of herbal drugs: Khao-La-Or Laboratories Ltd., Part., 146/22 Suksawad Road, Pakklong-Bangplakod, Phrasamutchedi, Samutprakarn 10290,Thailand, Tel.(0662)4259972, e-mail: info@khaolaor.com Thai Herbal Products Co., Ltd. 75/1 Rama Rd., Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400,Thailand, ( 662)246-1179-85 Fax : (662)246-2134

Scientific information:
Ethno-botanical information Pharmacological studies Antispasmodic activity Antidiarrhaeal activity Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity Antibacterial activity

Immunostimulatory activity Hepatoprotective effect Antioxidant actyivity Antidiabetic activity Quality control including chromatographic finger-print profiling

Identification

HPLC Chromatographic profiles

Figure HPLC-Chromatographic profiles of crude powder of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees contains andrographolide 4.23%(w/w) . Peak 1 = andrographolide. Chromatographic conditions, column: Inertsil ODS-3, 5 mm, 4.6 mmI.D. x 15 cm, mobile phase: methanol/water (60:40,v/v), flow-rate: 1 ml/min, detector: 254 nm, injection volume: 20 ml.

Chemical information including known chemo-type Major Active compounds Andrographolide Neoandrographolide Deoxandrographolide Deoxy-didehydroandrographolide Minor Active Compounds Deoxy-oxo-andrographolide Dideoxy-andrographolide Deoxy-methoxy-andrographolide Andrographiside deoxyandrographiside

 DNA finger-printing: Safety data Contraindications: Andrographis paniculata Wall. Ex Nees should not be used during pregnancy or lactation. It is contraindicated in cases of known allergy to plants of the Acanthaceae family. Interactions with other drugs: Extracts of Herba Andrographidis may have a synergistic effect with isoniazid.

Dosage: 1. Anti-inflammation of sore throat, relieve of cold. Pills, capsules or tablets are made and taken 3.0-6.0 g four times a day after meals and at bedtime. 2. Antidiarrhaeal - The leaves or whole plant are dried and powdered. Pills, capsules or tablets are made and taken 0.5-2.0 g four times a day after meals and at bedtime. 3. Treatment of abscesses - The fresh leaves are pounded with water and use as a poultice for abscesses.

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 Clinical trials: The common cold with effective d ose 6gm of crude drug/day Registration status: As Thai traditional medicine People and projects and contact addresses: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Monographs: Department of Medical Sciences. Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia Vol.I,1998, Prachachon Co., Ltd., Bangkok, p.24-31 Patents: -

2. Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker Family: Zingiberaceae Common name: Krachai Dhum Part use: tuber Use: Tonic, herb for men

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Photographs

Figure Aerial and underground parts of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker

Description of the plant: Perennial herbs with one to few leaves rising from rhizome, filiform to very broad blades, short petioles, keeled sheaths, headlike inflorescence with ten or more spirally arranged flowers, tubular calyx, long corolla-tube, petaloid

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staminode, bilobed or emarginated labellum, short or sessile filament, longitudinally dehising anther with large, entire or lobed anther-crest, triocular with axile placentation ovary.

Volume of production in the country: Volume of domestic consumption: Volume of export: Average price: 280 Thai Bahts/kg Trade points and contact addresses in the country: Chao Grom Pur Co., Ltd., 229-31 Chakrawat Road, Sampaantawong, Bangkok 10100, Tel. (662) 221-3272

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Nature of plant material: cultivated, organic Areas of production in the country The plant is indigenious in the north-eastern part of Thailand. The areas under cultivation are in the north-eastern part provinces including Loei and Petchaboon. The other northern provinces including Taak and Lumpang. Nature of plant products: crude, semiprocessed and processed

Any special regulations pertaining to trade and web links to enforcing agencies: Thai Food and Drug Administration, http://www.fda.moph.go.th/eng/index.stm Available sources of technologies in the country for: Cultivation including organic farming: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Pre- and post-harvest treatment: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/

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 Conservation: Royal Forest Department of Thailand, http://www.forest.go.th/ Production of extracts: Thai-China Flavours & Fragrances Industry Co., Ltd., 175/6-7 Soi Amorn, Nang Linjee Rd., Chongnonsee, Yannawa, Bangkok 10120, Thailand. Tel. (662)286-7681(662)213-1080

Production of phyto-pharmaceuticals: Production of herbal drugs: Khao-La-Or Laboratories Ltd., Part., 146/22 Suksawad Road, Pakklong-Bangplakod, Phrasamutchedi, Samutprakarn 10290,Thailand, Tel.(0662)4259972, www.khaolaor.com, e-mail: info@khaolaor.com

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Scientific information: Ethno-botanical information Pharmacological studies Antimicrobial activity Antioxidant actyivity Antiinflammatory activity Quality control including chromatographic finger-print profiling

HPLC Chromatographic profiles

Barspec Data System Date : 6/ 8/1996 Operator Name....: Sample Code.......: Column...............: Comment............: Comment............: Wave = 264 nm 0.4 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.3 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.2 0.18 AU 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 File : C:\BDS\DATA\GREM4326.RAW Time : 6:29 Name of Run.......: Injection volume..: Flow rate.............:

10 RETENTION TIME (Min )

20

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Figure HPLC-Chromatogram of crude Kaempferia plaviflora contained 175-hydroxy -3,7dimethoxyflavone. Chromatographic conditions, column: Inertsil ODS-3, 5 mm, 4.6 mmI.D. x 15 cm,
mobile phase; A: 2%(v/v) acetic acid in water, B: acetonitrile; gradient condition, 0-60%B in 20 min, 6080%B in 10 min., flow-rate: 1 ml/min, detector: 264 nm, injection volume: 20 ml.

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 Chemical information including known chemotypes Active compounds: 3,7-dimethoxy-5hydroxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3,7,4- trimethoxyflavone, 7,4dimethoxy-5-hydroxyflavone, 5-hydroxy3,7,3,4-tetramethoxyflavone

OCH3

O OCH3 OH O

OCH3

OH

OCH3 OCH3 O OCH3 OH O

OCH3 OCH3 O

OH

OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 O OCH3 OH O

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DNA finger-printing: Safety data : Contraindications:

Interactions with other drugs: Dosage: Pills, capsules or tablets are made and taken 3.0-6.0 g four times a day after meals and at bedtime. Clinical trials Registration status: As Thai traditional medicine

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People and projects and contact addresses: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Monographs: Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nontaburi, Thailand Patents: -

3. Curcuma comosa Roxb. Family: Zingiberaceae Common name: Waanchakmodlook Part use: tuber Use: phytoestrogen, herb for women, treat irregular mense

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Photographs

Figure Aerial and underground parts of Curcuma comosa Roxb.

Description of the plant: Perennial herbs height up to 1 meter with big tuber, up to 10 centimeter diameter.

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Volume of production in the country: Volume of domestic consumption: Volume of export: Average price: Trade points and contact addresses in the country: Chao Grom Pur Co., Ltd., 229-31 Chakrawat Road, Sampaantawong, Bangkok 10100, Tel. (662) 221-3272

Nature of plant material: cultivated, organic Areas of production in the country The plant is indigenious all parts of Thailand. The areas under cultivation are in the northern part province including Petchaboon; the northeastern province including Loei. Nature of plant products: crude, semi-processed and processed

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Any special regulations pertaining to trade and web links to enforcing agencies: Thai Food and Drug Administration, http://www.fda.moph.go.th/eng/index.stm Available sources of technologies in the country for: Cultivation including organic farming: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Pre- and post-harvest treatment: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/

Conservation: Royal Forest Department of Thailand, http://www.forest.go.th/ Production of extracts: Production of phyto-pharmaceuticals: Production of herbal drugs: Khao-La-Or Laboratories Ltd., Part., 146/22 Suksawad Road, Pakklong-Bangplakod, Phrasamutchedi, Samutprakarn 10290,Thailand, Tel.(0662)4259972, www.khaolaor.com, e-mail: info@khaolaor.com

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Scientific information: Ethno-botanical information: Traditional used in Thai medicine for the treatment of irregular mense. Pharmacological studies Quality control including chromatographic finger-print : profiling: Chemical information including known chemo-types: DNA finger-printing: -

Safety data: Contraindications: Interactions with other drugs: Dosage: Clinical trials: Registration statustraditional medicine: As Thai traditional medicine

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 People and projects and contact addresses: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Monographs: Patents: -

4. Curcuma longa Linn. Family: Zingiberaceae Common name: TURMERIC, KHAMIN (THAI) Part use: tuber Use: Antiflatulence and for the treatment of peptic ulcers

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Photographs

Figure Aerial and underground parts of Curcuma longa Linn.

Description of the plant: A perennial herb with a thick, ellipsoid-ovate rhizome, orange inside, giving rise to shot blunt daughter rhizomes called fingers, leafy shoots to 1 m tall bearing 6 to 10 leaves. Leaves: simple, glabouse, lamina, elliptic, oblong-elliptic or lanceolate; 30 to 45 cm long and 10 to 15 cm wide; base narrow; ape acuminate; petiole as long as lamina(rather abruptly broadned to leaf sheath,

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forming a pseudostem). Infloresence: scape from the apex of the rhizome; peduncle 15 cm long or more, spike 10 to 15 cm long and 5 to 7 cm in diameter; bract, white or white with green, 5 to 6 cm long, each subtending flower; bracteoles thin, pale green and tinged with pink, elliptic to ovate, up to 3.5 cm long; flower as long as the bracts; upper half cup-shaped with 3 unequal lobes

inserted on edge of cup lip. Lateral staminode petaloid, oblong, folder under the another about the middle of the pollen sac, spurred at base; ovary trilocular. Fruit: globose to ellipsoid capsule; seed arillate.

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Volume of production in the country: Volume of domestic consumption: Volume of export: Average price: 30 Thai Bahts/kg of fresh tuber. Trade points and contact addresses in the country: Chao Grom Pur Co., Ltd., 229-31 Chakrawat Road, Sampaantawong, Bangkok 10100, Tel. (662) 221-3272

Nature of plant material: cultivated, organic Areas of production in the country The plant is indigenious all parts of Thailand. The areas under cultivation are in the southern part provinces including Suraadthani and Chumporn Nature of plant products: crude, semi-processed and processed

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Any special regulations pertaining to trade and web links to enforcing agencies: Thai Food and Drug Administration, http://www.fda.moph.go.th/eng/index.stm Available sources of technologies in the country for: Cultivation including organic farming: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/

Pre- and post-harvest treatment: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Conservation: Royal Forest Department of Thailand, http://www.forest.go.th/ Production of extracts: Thai-China Flavours & Fragrances Industry Co., Ltd.,175/6-7 Soi Amorn, Nang Linjee Rd., Chongnonsee, Yannawa, Bangkok 10120, Thailand. Tel. (662)286-681 (662)213-1080

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 Production of phyto-pharmaceuticals: Production of herbal drugs: Khao-La-Or Laboratories Ltd., Part., 146/22 Suksawad Road, Pakklong-Bangplakod, Phrasamutchedi, Samutprakarn 10290,Thailand,Tel. (0662)4259972, e-mail: info@khaolaor.com Thai Herbal Products Co., Ltd. 75/1 Rama Rd., Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, 662)246-1179-85 Fax : (662)246-2134

Scientific information: Ethno-botanical information Pharmacological studies Antiflatulance Antispasmodic activity Antimicrobial activity Anti-inflammatory activity

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Hepatoprotective effect Antioxidant activity Antimutagenic activity Mosquito repellant Quality control including chromatographic finger-print profiling

Identification

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HPLC Chromatographic profiles

Barspec Data System Date : 13/ 8/1996 Method :, Inj# : GREE4696 Sample Type : Analysis Min. Y : -0.0132 Max. Y : 0.1012 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 A.U. 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 10 20 Time(Min.) 30 40 1desmethoxycurcum in 2... .demethoxycurcumin 3curcumin 4tumerone 5ar-merone 6merone Time : 20: 2 Sample Description :

Wave = 254 nm

6 3

5 2 1 4

HPLC-Chromatogram of Tumeric. Chromatographic conditions; column: Inertsil ODS-3, 5 mm, 4.6 mmI.D. x 15 cm, mobile phase: (A) 2%(v/v) acetic acid in water, (B) acetonitrile, gradient condition: 40% B for 15 min, 100%B in 25 min, flow-rate: 1 ml/min, detector: 254 nm, injection volume: 20 ml

Chemical information including known chemo-types Curcumenoids include curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin DNA finger-printing: Safety data: Acute and subchronic toxicity of Tumeric were studied in mice and wistar rats, respectively. Tumeric powder produced no acute toxicity in mice when given at the dose of 10/kg body weight. LD50 of ethanolic extract in mice was more than 15g/kg either by p.o., s.c. or i.p. administration.

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Contraindications : Curcuma longa Linn. should not be used during pregnancy. Interactions with other drugs: Dosage: Deflatulance: Capsules are made and taken 0.5-1.0 g four times a day after meals and at bedtime.

Clinical trials: Curcuma longa Linn. were very effective in 1. Deflatulance: Crude drugs were very effective for deflatulane in clinically tested in Thailand. 2. Diarrhaea 3. Decrease oxidative stress in Thallassemia patients 4. Acne 5. Wound healing after operation

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Registration status : As Thai traditional medicine People and projects and contact addresses: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Monographs : Department of Medical Sciences. Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia Vol.I,1998, Prachachon Co., Ltd., Bangkok, p.38-44. Patents: -

5. Solanum trilobatum Linn. Family: Solanaceae Common name: MAWAENG KRUE (THAI) Part use: Fruits Use: Antitussive and expectorant

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Photographs

Figure Aerial parts of Solanum trilobatum Linn.

Description of the plant: A slender scrambling shrub up to 3.6 m long; prickles hooked, broad-based, yellowish and numerous along the stems, otherwise almost glabous; branches long divaricate, the yong ones sometimes with a few stellate hairs, the older glabrous. Leaves, simple alternate, 2 to 7 cm long, 1 to 4 cm wide, ovate or rotund-ovate, obtuse, irregularly sinuate or 3-to

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5-lobed,sparsely stellately hair or glabrous, with or without a few prickles along the petiole, 1.3 to 3.8 cm long, and midrib; broadly cuneate-truncate, sometime unequal base. Inflorescences extraaxillaly racemose cymes, peduncles shot, 3-to 9flowered; flowers showy, violet-purple;pedicels 1 to 2 cm long, widely divergent, often prickly.

Calyx cyathiform, 3 to 4 nm long with narrow teeth, sparsely stellately hair. Corolla 1.2 to .6 cm long, tube 2 nm long, deepy lobed, stellate-pubescent outside, usually reflexed; stamens protruding, anthers 7 nm long, style scarlet when ripe. Berries globose about 1 cm in diameter, mature berries green with white mottling,

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scarlet when rip. Seeds numberous, compressed, 3 mm in diameter, slightly pitted. Fruit globose berry; unripe fruit green with longitudinal lines, red when ripe. Season: Throughout the year

Volume of production in the country: Volume of domestic consumption: Volume of export: Average price: 100 Thai Bahts/kg Trade points and contact addresses in the country: Chao Grom Pur Co., Ltd., 229-31 Chakrawat Road, Sampaantawong, Bangkok 10100, Tel. (662) 221-3272

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Nature of plant material: cultivated, organic Areas of production in the country The plant is indigenious all parts of Thailand. The areas under cultivation are in the northern part provinces including Chiangmai, Petchaboon and Lampang. Nature of plant products: crude

Any special regulations pertaining to trade and web links to enforcing agencies: Thai Food andDrug Administration, http://www.fda.moph.go.th/eng/index.s tm the Available sources of technologies in country for: Cultivation including organic farming: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/

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 Pre- and post-harvest treatment: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Conservation: Royal Forest Department of Thailand, http://www.forest.go.th/ Production of extracts: Production of phyto-pharmaceuticals: -

Production of herbal drugs: Khao-La-Or Laboratories Ltd., Part., 146/22 Suksawad Road, Pakklong-Bangplakod, Phrasamutchedi, Samutprakarn 10290,Thailand, Tel.(0662)4259972, e-mail: info@khaolaor.com Thai Herbal Products Co., Ltd. 75/1 Rama Rd., Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, 662)246-1179-85 Fax : (662)2462134

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Scientific information: Ethno-botanical information Pharmacological studies Quality control including chromatographic fingerprint profiling

Identification

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 Chemical information including known chemotypes Major Active compounds: solasodine DNA finger-printing: Safety data: It is in the Thai National List of Essential Drugs A.D. 1999 (Liast of Herbal Medicinal Products) Contraindications: -

Interactions with other drugs: Dosage:Lozenges, syrup: 0.2-0.25 g/dose as required. Clinical trials: Registration status: As Thai traditional medicine People and projects and contact addresses: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/

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 Monographs: Department of Medical Sciences. Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia Vol.I,1998, Prachachon Co., Ltd., Bangkok, p.45-56. Patents: -

6. Zingiber cassumunar Roxburgh Family: Zingiberaceae Common name: PLAI (THAI) Parts use: rhizome Use: Anti-inflammatory; counter-irritant; mosquito repellent

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Photographs

Figure Aerial part and rhizome of Zingiber cassumunar Roxburgh.

Description of the plant Herb: Rhizome fleshy thick, greenish yellow to yellow inside, horizontal with many sessile tubers. Leafy stems 1 to 1.5 m tall. Leaves distichous, oblong-lanceolate, 20 to 30 cm long and 2 to 8 cm wide, pubescent below; liguly very short, bilobed, pubescent; sheath glabrous or hairy. Infloresences scapose; peduncle 8 to 30 cm long,

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clothed with pubescent sheaths. Spike ovoid-ellipsoid; bracts greenish esg, narrowly obovate or rhomboid, 2.5 to 3.5 cm long; bracteole shorter than bract, ovate, 3-dentate. Calyx truncate, glabouse. Corolla pale yellow, tube about 2.5 cm long, dorsal lobe cymbiform, lateral lobe linear-lanceolate. Labellum pale yellow, suborbicular, apex emarginated,

lateral lobe ovate-oblong, appendage slightly longer than anther; stamen pale yellow. Ovary 3-celled, inferior. fruit, small globose capsule. Description Odour, pleasant aromatic; taste, pungent.

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Volume of production in the country: Volume of domestic consumption: Volume of export: Average price: 30 Thai Bahts/kg of fresh rhizome Trade points and contact addresses in the country: Chao Grom Pur Co., Ltd., 229-31 Chakrawat Road, Sampaantawong, Bangkok 10100, Tel. (662) 2213272

Nature of plant material: cultivated, organic

Areas of production in the country The plant is indigenious all parts of Thailand. The areas under cultivation are in the estern part provinces including Chantaburi, Cholburi Nature of plant products: crude, semi-processed and processed Any special regulations pertaining to trade and web links to enforcing agencies: Thai Food and Drug Administration, http://www.fda.moph.go.th/eng/index.stm

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Available sources of technologies in the country for: Cultivation including organic farming: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Pre- and post-harvest treatment: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Conservation: Royal Forest Department of Thailand, http://www.forest.go.th/

Production of extracts: Thai-China Flavours & Fragrances Industry Co., Ltd.,175/6-7 Soi Amorn, Nang Linjee Rd., Chongnonsee, Yannawa, Bangkok 10120, Thailand. Tel. (662)286-7681(662)213-1080 Production of phyto-pharmaceuticals: Plaitanoids, contact www.kovic.com, essential oils contact Thai-China Flavours & Fragrances Industry Co., Ltd.,175/6-7 Soi Amorn, Nang Linjee Rd., Chongnonsee, Yannawa, Bangkok 10120, Thailand. Tel. (662)2867681(662)213-1080

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 Production of herbal drugs: Khao-La-Or Laboratories Ltd., Part., 146/22 Suksawad Road, Pakklong-Bangplakod, Phrasamutchedi, Samutprakarn 10290,Thailand, Tel.(0662)4259972, e-mail: info@khaolaor.com Thai Herbal Products Co., Ltd. 75/1 Rama Rd., Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, 662)246-1179-85 Fax : (662)246-2134

Scientific information: Ethno-botanical information: It was traditional use as deflatulance and anti-inflammatory for sprain. Pharmacological studies Anti-inflammatory activity Antiasthmaatic activity Hypotensive activity Smooth muscle relaxant Antiarrythmic activity

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Spermicide Local anesthetic Antibacterial activity Mosquitos repellent Quality control including chromatographic fingerprint profiling: The quality control in Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia Vol.I

Identification

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 Chemical information including known chemo-types Active compounds: It contains cyclohexane derivative, viz., cis-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)3,4-dimethoxystyryl]cyclohexane-1-ene, cis-3(2,4,5trimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-2,4,5trimethoxystyryl]cyclohexane-1-ene and cis-3(3,4dimethoxyphenyl)-4-[(E)-2,4,5-trimethoxystyryl] cyclohexane-1-ene;naphthoquinone derivatives, viz., 8-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methoxynaphtho-1,4quinone; phenylbutanoids,

viz.,(E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)but-3-ene-1-ly acetate and [(E)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)]but-3-en-1ol;vanillin; vanillin acid; curcumin; -sitosterol; volatile oil consisting of -pinene, -pinene,sabinene, myrcene,

-terpinene,limonene, -terpinene, -cymene,

terpinolene, and terpinen-4-ol. Essential oil: sabinene 31-48%, terpineol-4 30%.

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 DNA finger-printing: Safety data: Acute toxicity test of Zingiber cassumunar Roxburgh in mice and wistar rats, respectivly. Revealed no evidence of toxicity in mice when given 10gm/kg body weight. LD 50 of 50% alcoholic extract administered per o.s. and subcutaneous are more than 20gm/kg and intraperitoneal is 14.8 gm/kg. Subchronic and chronic toxicity test showed no evidence of abnormalities of rats organs.

Contraindications: It should not be used during pregnancy and lactation. Interactions with other drugs: Dosage: - Cream contained 14% of essential oil, apply external the affected area 3-5 times a day - Fresh rhizomes are pounded and then add slight water, squeeze and apply over the affected area.

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- Freshed rhizomes are pounded and add slight salt. The drug is wrapped with muslin then warmed before pressing over the affected area 2 times a day Clinical trials: 1. Antiinflammatory: treatment of sprain 2. Antihistamine: in asthmatic patients Registration status: As Thai traditional medicine

People and projects and contact addresses: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Monographs: Department of Medical Sciences. Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia Vol.I,1998, Prachachon Co., Ltd., Bangkok, p.51-56. Patents: -

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7. Cassia alata Linn. Family: Leguminosae Common name: CANDELABRA BUSH, RING WORM BUSH, SEVEN - GOLDEN - CANDLE STICKS, CHUMHET THET (THAI). Parts use: dried leaflets Use: laxative, antifungal

Photographs

Figure Aerial part of. Cassia alata Linn.

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Description of the plant: Shurb, 1 to 5 m high with pubescent, horizontally spred branches. Leaf with 8 to 20 pairs of leaflets. Petiole robust 2 cm; rachis 30 to 60 cm. Stipule auriculate, persistent, deltoid, 6 to 8 mm long. Leaflet oblong-elliptic, rounded at both ends, 5 to 15 long, 3 to 7 cm wide, glabrous; petiole robust, 2 to 3 mm. Raceme axillary, dense. Robust, 20 to 50 cm long,

3 to 4 cm wide. Bract caduceus, 2 to 3 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide. Pedicel very shaot, 2 to 4 mm. Sepal unqual, oblong, 10 to 20 mm long, 6 to 7 mm wide. Petal bright yellow, ovate-orbicular to spathulate, short clawed, 2 cm long, 1 to 1.5 com wide. Stamens 9 to 10, 2 largest with thivk filaments, 4 mm long and anthers 12 to 13 mm long opening opening by

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apical pores; 4 with filaments 2 mm long and anthers 4 to 5 mm long opening by apical pores; 3 to 4 stamens reduced. Ovary and stryle glabrous; stigma small. Pod thick, flattened, winged, glabrous, septate, 10 to 15 cm long, 1.5 to 2 cm wide; wing 5 mm. Seed about 50, flattened, slightly quadrangular, 7 to 10 mm long, 5 to 8 mm wide.

Volume of production in the country: Volume of domestic consumption: Volume of export: Average price: 70 Thai Bahts/kg Trade points and contact addresses in the country: Chao Grom Pur Co., Ltd., 229-31 Chakrawat Road, Sampaantawong, Bangkok 10100, Tel. (662) 221-3272

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Nature of plant material: cultivated, organic Areas of production in the country The plant is indigenious all parts of Thailand. Nature of plant products: crude, semiprocessed and processed Any special regulations pertaining to trade and web links to enforcing agencies: Thai Food and Drug Administration, http://www.fda.moph.go.th/eng/index.stm

Available sources of technologies in the country for: Cultivation including organic farming: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Pre- and post-harvest treatment: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Conservation: Royal Forest Department of Thailand, http://www.forest.go.th/

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 Production of extracts: Production of phyto-pharmaceuticals: Production of herbal drugs: Khao-La-Or Laboratories Ltd., Part., 146/22 Suksawad Road, Pakklong-Bangplakod, Phrasamutchedi, Samutprakarn 10290,Thailand, Tel.(0662)4259972, e-mail: info@khaolaor.com Thai Herbal Products Co., Ltd. 75/1 Rama Rd., Rajthevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, 662)246-1179-85 Fax : (662)246-2134

Scientific information: Ethno-botanical information: It was traditionally used as Laxative and antifungal (ringworm). Pharmacological studies Analgesic activity Antifungal activity Antibacterial activity Laxative

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 Quality control including chromatographic finger-print profiling: The quality control in Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia Vol.I

Identification

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 Chemical information including known chemotypes Active compounds: Cassia Alata Leaf contains free agylcones(rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, crysophanol, and isochrysophanol), glycosides rhein, of aloe-emodin and physcione. It also contains kaempferol, -sitosterol and sennoside A, B, C and D. DNA finger-printing: -

Safety data: Acute toxicity test of 50% alcoholic extract of . Cassia alata Linn. revealed no evidence of toxicity in mice when given orally at the dose 15gm/kg body weight. LD 50 of the extract administered per o.s. and subcutaneous are more t han 15gm/kg and intraperitoneal is 8.3 gm/kg. Chronic toxicity test. No evidence of abnormalities has been shown in organs.

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Contraindications:

1. It should be used with caution in young children; or in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. 2. It may cause mild abdominal discomfort such as colic or cramps. Large doses may produce nephritis. 3. Prolonged use should be avoided since it may result in diarrhoea with excessive loss of water and electrolytes, particularly potassium.

Interactions with other drugs: Dosage: For laxative - Twelve to fifteen leaves are dried and roasted. They are boiled with water, the water extract is taken in the early morning before breakfast or at bedtime. Sache, 3g dried and roasted leaves,: 1-2 saches are boiled with water, the water extract is taken in the early morning before breakfast or at bedtime

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-For treatment of wound - Leaves are boiled with water and simmered to be left with one third of the extract. It is then applied over the infected area 2 times a day. Clinical trials: Anti-constipation Antifungal: Trichophyton rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum

Registration status: As Thai traditional medicine People and projects and contact addresses: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Monographs: Department of Medical Sciences. Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia Vol.I,1998, Prachachon Co., Ltd., Bangkok, p.17-23. Patents: -

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8. Pueraria candollei Grah. Ex Benth var mirifica (Shaw & Suvat.) Niyomdham Family: Liguminoceae Common name: KWAW KHRUA Parts use: tuber Use: rejuvenator, anti-aging

Photographs

Figure Aerial part and tuber of Pueraria candollei.

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Description of the plant Volume of production in the country: Volume of domestic consumption: Volume of export: Average price: 200 Thai Bahts/kg of dried tuber

Trade points and contact addresses in the country: Chao Grom Pur Co., Ltd., 229-31 Chakrawat Road, Sampaantawong, Bangkok 10100, Tel. (662) 221-3272 Nature of plant material: cultivated, organic Areas of production in the country The plant is indigenious all parts of Thailand. The areas under cultivation are in the northern and middle part provinces including Chiangrai, Chiangmai, Saraburi and Kanchanaburi.

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Nature of plant products: crude, semi-processed and processed Any special regulations pertaining to trade and web links to enforcing agencies: Thai Food and Drug Administration, http://www.fda.moph.go.th/eng/index.stm Available sources of technologies in the country for:

Cultivation including organic farming: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Pre- and post-harvest treatment: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Conservation: Royal Forest Department of Thailand, http://www.forest.go.th/

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 Production of extracts: contact www.kovic.com, Thai-China Flavours & Fragrances Industry Co., Ltd.,175/6-7 Soi Amorn, Nang Linjee Rd., Chongnonsee, Yannawa, Bangkok 10120, Thailand. Tel. (662)286-7681(662)213-1080 Production of phyto-pharmaceuticals: Production of herbal drugs

Scientific information: Ethno-botanical information It was traditional use as rejuvenator and anti-aging. Pharmacological studies Phytoestrogenic activity Inhibition of spermgenesis Birth control in animals Quality control including chromatographic fingerprint profiling: -

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Identification

4 3

5 6

Figure Chromatogram of Pueraria codollei crude powder contains 1compound D (unknown), 2puerarin, 3daidzin, 4genistin, 5daidzein and 6genistein. Chromatographic conditions; column: Partisil ODS, 10 m, 4.6 mmI.D. x 25 cm, mobile phase: (A) water, (B) acetonitrile, gradient condition: 20% B in 20 min, 40%B in 10 min, 80%B in 10 min, flow-rate: 1 ml/min, detector: 254 nm, injection volume: 20 l

Chemical information including known chemotypes Active compounds: deoxymiroestrol, puerarin, daidzein, genistein, daizin, genistin, mirificin, kwawkhurin, DNA finger-printing: Safety data: Subchronic toxicity test of Pueraria codollei in wistar rats revealed no evidence of toxicity in low dose 10mg/kg body weight/day showed no evidence of abnormalities of rats organs.

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 Contraindications: It should not be used during pregnancy and lactation. Interactions with other drugs: Dosage: - Pills, tablets or capsules: 50-100 mg/day. Clinical trials: Phytoestrogen for menopause Antiwrinkle

Registration status: As Thai traditional medicine People and projects and contact addresses: Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.doa.go.th/ Monographs: Patents: US 6,352,685, US 6,673,377, German Patent WO83/00433

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