Limba engleza

TABELE MORFOLOGICE
CUPRINS

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX.

Pag. Substantivul ........................................................................ 2 Articolul.............................................................................. 4 Adjectivul ........................................................................... 6 Pronumele ........................................................................... 8 Numeralul ................................ .......................................... 12 Verbul ................................................................................. 13 Adverbul ............................................................................. 26 Prepozioa ............................................................................ 28 Conjunclia........................................................................... 28

1. SUBSTANTIVUL / The Noun 1. Genul

In limba englezta exisai genurile: iiiasculin, feniinin, comun (pentru ambele sexe) si neutru. a) Genul masculin pentru persoane si animale de sex masculin: man / barbat; buck / tap etc. b) Genul feminin pentru persoane si animale de sex feminin: woman / femeie; doe / caprioara etc. Feminine sunt si substantivele: ship / corabie; motorcar / automobile. Feminine formate de la masculin + -ess: lion - lioness / leu - leoaica, prince - princess / print - printesa. c) Genul comun pentru ambele sexe: parent / parinte; teacher / profesor, profesoara etc. d) Genul neutru pentru lucruri, pentru substantive neinsufletite: earth / pamant; barrel / butoi. Animalele mici, precum si copiii mici, sunt de genul neutru. Substantivele neutre devin prin personificare: - de gen masculin: elementele naturale, raurile, muntii, tunetul, soarele, vara, toamna, iarna, timpul, ziua, sonmul, moartea etc. - de gen feminin: fortele naturii mai putin violente, luna, marea, natura, patria, nurnele de tari, orase, universitali, primavara, artele si stiintele,

noaptea, dimineata, seara.

2. Numarul
Formarea pluralului: singular + s: birds, rivers Fonne vechi de plural - Raman neschimbate subst.: sheep, swine, deer neregulat: Singular Plural - Majoritatea speciilor de pesti: cod / cod; carp / crap; turbot / calcan; pike / stiuca, salmon / somon; trout / plistrav child children man men Nu uita! Substantive compuse cu - man: Englishman woman women Englishmen; gentleman - gentlemen foot feet dar: Roman, -s; German, -s; Norman, -s tooth teeth goose geese mouse mice louse lice ox oxen Substantive terminate in -s, -x, -z, -ch, -sh -es: Ex.: bus - buses-, fox - foxes; class - classes, beach - beaches; bush bushes Substantive terminate in consoanii + -y -ies: Ex.: sky - skies- baby - babies, story - stories; dar: penny - pence -ys: Substantive terminate in vocala + -y Ex.: boy - boys-, play - plays; key - keys Substantive terminate in -fe, -f -ves: Ex.: knife - knives; life - lives-, wife - wives; self - selves-, calf - calves; dar: scarf - scarfs, scarves; staff - staffs, staves, chief - chiefs, roof - roofs, dwarf - dwarfs, cliff - cliffs Substantive terminate in -o -oes: Ex.: echo - echoes-, mosquito - mosquitoes, negro negroes; volcano volcanoes, tomato - tomatoes; potato potatoes dar: radios, bamboos, cuckoos, pianos, photos Unele substantive au doar singular: information/informatie money/bani luggage/bagaj strength/forta income/venit news/veste progress/progres knowledge/cunoastere merchandise/marfa work/munca salt/sare furniture/mobile Ex : salt is a mineral / sarea e un mineral

 Specificarea sg.-pl. prin cuvintele a piece - pieces Ex.: a piece of furniture / o piesii de mobilier pieces of furniture / piese de mobilier Nu uita! Obiectele fonnate din douaa parti au numai plural: goggles / ochelari de protectie scissors / foarfece pliers / patent glasses / ochelari scales / cantar tongs / cleste Ex.: a pair of scissors / o foarfeca / o pereche de foarfece these trousers are long / acesti pantaloni sunt lungi

3. Cazul
Nominativ (the, a) Genitiv of (the, a) - genitiv prepositional Dativ to (the, a) - dativ prepositional Acuzativ (the, a) singular 's Engleza mai are si genitivul sintetic: plural 's Genitivul sintetic se foloseste: a) cu subst.care numesc persoane, fiinte:Ex.: Mark's red car; the teachers' books b) cu subst. care indica timpul, distanta, masura: Ex.: a month's holiday; a mile's distance; a day's journiey c) in constructii fixe: Ex.: art for art's sake; to one's heart's content Nu uita! in cazul genitivului sintetic, cuvintul de baza se omite daca este: shop, house, office: at the baker's (shop); at my sister's (house); to the lawyer's (office); St. 'Thomas's (hospital); St.Paul's (Cathedral) Dativul: a) fara prepozitie: dativul neaccentuat fara to asezat inaintea acuzativului: Subiect Predicat Dat.fara prep.to Acuzativ He sent me a letter They showed Mary an album b) cu prepozitie: dativul accentual cu to dupa acuzativ: Subiect I We Predicat gave offer Acuzativ a present some flowers Dat.cu prep. to him (and not to Jack) to her (and not to her sister)

 Dativul cu to apare dupli verbe, adjective, substantive, pronuine: to belong to / a-i apartine to seem to / a-i parea to fall to / a i se intampla to explain to / a-i explica Verbe to write to / a-i scrie to happen to / a i se intampla to read to / a-i citi (ceva) to say to / a-i spune Adjective He is cruel to animals. / El este crud cu animalele. Substantive He told a story to the children. / Le-a spus copiilor o poveste. Pronume What is he to you? / Ce fel de ruda-ti este? Atentie! Vezi: Verbele intransitive Dativul fara prepozitie apare dupa verbele care au un complement direct in acuzativ. Cele mai frecvente verbe sunt: to lend / a da cu impnimut to offer / a oferi to bring / a aduce to take / a lua to send / a trimite to forgive / a ierta to write / a scrie to fetch / a se duce si a aduce to permit / a perniite to tell / a povesti to show / a arata to owe / a datora to promise / a promite to pay / a plati

II. ARTICOLLTL / The Article 1. Articolul botirit = the

the: - inaintea cuvintelor care incep cu un sunet consonantic sau semiconsonantic (w, y) se pronunia : Ex.: the map, the windows, the year, the one (we like), the university the: - inaintea cuvintelor care lncep cu un sunet vocalic se pronunip i.. Ex: the eyes - inaintea lui h surd se pronunta i . Ex.: hors d'oeuvre, heiress, honesty Cu articol: Punctele Cardinale: from the South, dar: from east to west Tari si insule la plural: the United States of America, the West Indies, the Hebrides

 Rauri, mari, munti: the Danube, the Black Sea, the Carpathians

Nu uita! Articolul hotardt the se poate folosi dupa: both, half, quite, all, double, round Ex.: all the people / toata lumea; half the price / jumatate din pret; round the moon /in jurut lunii Expresii cu articol hotartit: on the whole / in general for the time being / pentru moment on the one hand / pe de o pafte at the latest / cel mai tarziu in the counry / la tara by the way / apropo to pass the time / a-si (pe)trece vremea Faira articol: Nume de persoane (si cu little, old, holy, young): little Richard, Hloly Father, old John Titluri si nume de rudenie: Colonel Ryan, Queen Mary, Aunt Bett, dar: the Prince of Wales Tari si orase: Greece, Germany, Paris, dar: the Paris of today, Nume de munti (la sing.), lacunri, golfuri, capuri, porturi: mount - cape - lake harbour - bay + nume propriu: Mount Saint Michele, Lake Geneva, dar: the Cape de Verde Islands. Strazi, piete, poduri, cladiri + nume propriu: Regent Street, Times Square, Tower Bridge. Notiuni generate: love, hate, wisdom, dar: "the wisdom of some people". Substantivele: prison - school - college - bed - church - cand sunt folosite abstract: school (ore de curs) finishes in June, we go to bed (la culcare), he escaped from prison (arest); dar in sens concret sunt folosite cu articol: the college is opposite the church (cladire). Nume de materie: oil, salt, sugar; oil is lighter than water, dar: the salt of life. Substantive comune la plural: horses, mice, ants; horses are domestic animals, dar: the horses of this country. Luni, zile, anotimpuri, mesele zilei: July, Monday, breakfast: on Monday, dar: the second Monday in June Nu uita! Titlurile care nu sunt de origine engleza au articol: archduke, czar, emperor: the Czar Peter I Daca dupa substantiv urmeaza o deteminare atributiva (deseori cu of), atunci articolul se va folosi in toate aceste cazuri. Expresii farfi articol: at random / la intamplare by mistake / din greseala at danwn / in zori by chance/ din fericire at last / in sfarsit to lose courage / a-si pierde curajul

at night / noaptea at noon / la pr&m

to shake hands / a da mana to go by train / a merge cu trenul

2. Articolul nehotirfit = a, an
a - inaintea unui cuvant care incepe cu un sunet consonantic sau semiconsonantic se pronuno : a blackboard, a vear, a watch, a one - legged (table), a uniform an - inaintea unui cuvant care incepe cu un sunet vocalic se pronunta n: an important question, an eye - pentru o meserie, nalionalitate, religie: my uncle is a doctor; he is an Irishman, he is a Catholic dar fara articol nehotarat dupa: the title of (doctor), the rank of (colonel) - masura, greutati, indicarea tunpului: five dollars an ounce, twice a month, three times a day, half a kilo Expresii cu articol nehotdrdt: to be in a rage / a fi infuriat to be at a loss / a fi in incurcatura to have a toothache / a avea o durere de dinti to be in a hurry / a fi grabit

in a low voice / cu voce joasa it's a shame / e o rusine it's a pleasure / e o placere on an averace / in medie

Nu uita! a sta intotdeauna dupa: what, such, half, quite, rather, without a sta intotdeauna dupa adjectivul care este legat de: as, so, too, how, however: as fast a ninner as he is, too long a day, too difficult a problem

III. ADJECTIVUL / The Adjective

Adjectivul este invariabil si are o singurd forma: the beautiful roses of Scotland

1. Comparatia
Pozitiv - monosilabice saxona - bisilabice in -y, -ble, -er, - ow, -some franceza - plurisilabice si participii good bad, evil, ill many, much neregulata near late old Comoarativ Superlativ

-er (than / decdt more (than / decdt) better worse more nearer later, latter older elder

-est the most the best the worst the most the nearest, the next the latest, the last the oldest the eldest

Comparatia:

a)saxond large - larger - the largest big - bigger - the biggest gay - gayer - the gayest easy - easier - the easiest

b) franceza interesting - more interesting the most interesting

Forme duble de comparatie si superlativ: farther - farthest (spatial): the farthest school far / departe further - futhest (enumerare, temporal, moral si spatial): many further questions smaller - smallest (marime): the smallest book little / mic (putin) less - least (cantitate): I like less salt in my soup nearest (spatial): the nearest hospital near - nearer /aproape next (temporal, ordine): the next week, the next house later - latest (temporal): he came later; his latest poems late /tarziu latter - last (ordine): the latter sentence, (the) last time older - oldest: we are older than you, the oldest of all old / batran

elder - eldest: his elder brother, her eldest daughter Comparative duble prin repetare: faster and faster / din ce in ce mai repede; more and more interesting / din ce in ce mai interesant

2. Gradul comparativ
- de egalitate: as - as: She is as old as I am. - de superioritate: better, bigger, more interesting - de inegalitate si de inferioritate: not so - as (sau not as - as): It's not so large as I thought, sau adjectiv cu sens contrar: smaller than - de inferioritate pentru adjective lungi: less important than - cu cat..... cu atat (mai mult): the longer the nights, the shorter the days - cu cat..... cu atat (mai putin): the less you know, the less you forget Nu uita! the former / primul din doi; the latter / ultimul din doi Ex.: Mary and Alice are sisters; the former is younger than the latter

3. Gradul superiativ
- absolut: very tall / foarte inalt; very interesting / foarte interesant - relativ: the tallest / cel mai inalt; the most interesting / cel mai interesant - de inferioritate: the least tall / cel mai putin inalt; the least interesting / cel mai putin interesant Cand se compara doua lucruri sau fiinte se foloseste comparativul precedat de articol hotarat: Ex.: John is the taller of the two brothers. Superlativul absolut se consftuieste, de obicei, cu adverbele: very / foarte, not very / nu prea; too / prea. Mai sunt un numar mare de adverbe echivalente: extremely / extrem de, terribly / teribil de; mighty / grozav de

4. Substantivarea adjectivului
Adjectivele folosite ca substantive exprima, in general, un grup. La plural raman invariabile: the deaf / surzii-, the wise / inteleptii. Pentru exprimarea singularului este necesar un cuvant de intarrire: the poor man / saracul-, the wise woman / inteleapta. Nume de popoare terminate in sh si ch fac referire la intregul popor, fara forma de plural: the Irish, the Chinese, the Dutch. Reprezentantii singulari ai acestor popoare sunt exprimati cu ajutorul lui man si lady sau woman sau girl: a Scotchman two Scotchmen an hish lady two Irish ladies

5. Cuvint de inlocuire
inlocuieste un substantiv mentionat anterior: This soup is too cold. Give me some warmer one, please! Nu uita! Cuvantul de inlocuire se omite dupa: 1. cifre: five kilos or six 2. comparative, precedate de articolul hotarat: a smaller house is cosier than a bigger 3. superlative: he is the best 4. own: this is not my house, it is your own 5. raport de opozitie exprimat prin doua elemente: the old and the young one, ones

IV. PRONUMELE / The Pronoun 1. Pronumele personal, posesiv si reflexiv

Adjectiv Nom. I you he she it Von they Pronume Pronwue Gen. mine yours his hers ours yours theirs Dat. (to)me (to) you (to) him (to) her (to) it (to) us (to) you (to) them personal posesiv Acuz. me you him her it us you them mine yours his hers its (own) ours yours theirs posesiv my your his her its our your their Pronume reflexiv myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves

M F. N.

Nu uita! - La persoana I si ngular, I se scrie intotdeauna cu majuscule. - La persoana a III-a singular, pronuincle personal, posesiv si reflexiv au gen. - Pronumele posesiv e fortna de genitiv a pronumelui personal. - Pronumele de intlirire are aceeasi forma cu pronumele reflexiv si se pune imediat dupa cuvantul pe care il intareste sau la sfarsit: Ex.: I myself saw everything. / En insumi am vazut totut. sau I saw Marv myself. / Chiar eu am vamt-o pe Mary. Atentie! In contrast cu limba romana, in care pronumele reflexiv precede verbul, in limba engleza acesta se pune dupa verb: Ex.: I cut myself / m-am taiat; We washed ourselves / ne-am spalat Protiumele reflexiv este cerut obligatoriu de urmatoarele verbe: to absent

oneself (from), to avail oneself (of), to behave oneself, to busy oneself (with).

2. Pronumele demonstrativ,
Singular Plural De apropiere De depdrtare this / acesta that / acela these / acestia those / aceia

Referitor la singular: cu valoare de substantiv dupa this, that - la persoane urmeaza one Ex.: He saw this one / that one Referitor la plural: cu valoare de substantiv si adjectiv, pentru persoane sau obiecte: Ex.: Which do you like, these or those? Atentie! Prontime demonstrative sunt si urmatoarele: the former, the latter, the first, the last, the other (the others), same, such, so, one (ones): Ex.: Mary and Alice are sisters. The former is vounger than the latter. The others have already left! "Happy New Year!" - The same to you! He is a fine man and known as such.

3. Pronumele interogativ
Pentru persoane Pentru locuri Pentru persoane si locuri cu sens selectiv which? / care dintre, ce? (pron si adj. interog.) Which of them is here? of which? (pron si adj. interog.) Do you ask me the description of a landscape? of which? (to)which? (pron. interog.) To which do you belong ? which.? (pron. interog.) Which do you like better?

who? / cine? (pron. interog.) Who came here? whose?

what? / ce? (pron. si adj. interog.) . What is that? of what? (pron. inter. si adj. interog.) Do you ask me the description? of what? (to) what? (pron.si adj. interog.) To what does it refer? what(proti.i adj.) What is she like?

whose? / al. a. ai, ale cui? (pron. si adj. interog.) G. Whose house is this?

D. A.

(to) whom? / cui? (pron. interog.) To whom did you write? whom? / pe cine? (pron. Interog.) Whom did you see?

Nu uita! Prepozitiile ce insotesc pronumele interogativ stau, de regula, dupa verb: Ex.: What are you talking about? Who(m) are you writing to?

In prop. interogative dupa who si what, la nominativ, verbele nu se construiesc cu to do. Expresii: What's the matter with him? What time is it? What about you?

4. Pronumele relativ
N Persoane G D A. who whose to whom whom

The man who spoke yesterday. I don't know whose this book is. The boy to whom he spoke. The man whom we met.

N G Obiecte D A N Persoane G si obiecte D A

which (of) which (to) which which that (that - of) (that - to) that

The train which left. The house, the windows of which. (sta dupa cuvantul la care face referire). The monkey to which ,ve throw nuts. The things which we need.

Na uita! In constructiile cu proninne relative prepozitiile stau dupa verb: Ex: The teacher whom I am waiting for. That apare doar in propozitii relative restrictive: a) in loc de who, which: Ex.: The man that I was talking of b) dupa pronumele nehotarate si notiunile numerice: all, nothing, little, something, anvthing, the same. Ex.: everything that you do c) dupa it is ... sau it was, that se foloseste pentru emfaza: Ex.: It was he that told me the truth. d) cand pronurnele se refera la persoane si obiecte: Ex: We talked about things and persons that wve thought interesting. Nu ulta! lnainte de that nu se afla niciodata o prepozitie: Ex.: The painting that I am looking at is impressive. Atentie! Whom, which sau that se pot omite: Ex.: the house (that) I live in, the man (that) I told vou about

5. Pronumele nehotarat
some / vreun, vreo, un (o), ceva, niste (inainte de numeral)

- are sens restrictiv - denumeste ceva existent - apare in propozitii enuntiative: Ex.: We had some bread and butter. any / oricare, orice,vreun, ceva, unii - generalizeaza - se foloseste in propozitii: a) interogative b) negative c) condilionale d) afirmative cu sens de oricare, once

Are there any flowers? No, there are not any flowers ... if you meet any... Send me any book.

- denumeste ceva total, la intamplare; inlocuieste pe some in propozitii interogative. Ex.: Come and see me any time. Pronukmele nehotarate pot fi si adjective nehotartite. Exceptii: none / nici unul, nici una, nici unele - e nuniai pronume nehotardt. Pronumele compuse nehotarate cu some, any, no, every (+ body, one, thing, si adverbul where): someone, somebody /cineva somrting / ceva somewhere / undeva something / ceva anyting / orice anywhere / orunde, pretutindeni somewhere / undeva nothing / nimic nowhere / nicaieri

each / fiecare (in parte) - adjectival: each boy tried to help - substantival: each of them helped every / fiecare (toti); este urmat totdeauna de verb la singular - doar adjectival: every car is expensive Expresii: every other day / din doua in doua zile every fortnight / din doua in doua sapthmani evry now and then / din cand in cand all / toti, toate, totul - adjectival: all girls - substantival: all of the girls, all of them - adverbial: he is all thtunbs

whole / intreg (total indivizibil, mai tare ca all): the whole of U. S. A Expresii: all the day / toata ziua all of us / noi toti first of all / mai intai not at all / deloc on the whole / in total once foe all / o data pentru totdeauna after all / in sfarsit

either - neither - adjectival: either (of) / oricare din doi, amandoi Ex.: on either side of the river neither (of) / nici un, nici o Ex.: Neither story is funny. - substantival: either Ex.: Either of them has to help me. neither Ex.: Neither of us can do it. Nu uita! either - or /fie ... fie sunt conjuncoi: Either Betty or Tom will call you up. neither - nor / nici ... nici Neither Betty nor Tom will call you up. other - others - adjectival: celalalt, cealalta Ex.: the other boy, the other room - substantival (pl.): ceilalti, celelalte Ex.: The others have gone. Expresii: the other day / de curind, recent on the other hand / pe de alta parte every other day / din doua in doua zile another one / un altul some day or other / intr-o zi Singular much / mult much noise Singular little / putin little hope Plural many / multi many people Plural, few / putini few people Nu uita! many a / nenumdrati, multi many a man / (cu verb la singular) multi Nu uita! a little / putin (ceva); a few / niste, catva sens pozitiv ... little si few (fara a = sens negativ) a little / putin, ceva little or nothing /aproape quite a few / o gramada the few / cei putini

Expresii: many thanks /multumesc mult a great many / o multime nimic many times / de inulte ori one too many / unul in plus

twice as many / de doua ori mai multi

V. NUMERALUL / The Numeral

Intre cifra zecilor si cea a unitdtilor se afla liniuta de unire: fifty-seven La cifrele peste 100, iaintea cifrei zecilor sau a unitatilor se pune and: two hundred and fifty-seven Miile se despart prin virgula: 4,000 Anii: 1961 se citesc: nineteen sixty-one Nu uita! 100 a hundred (one hundred); 1000 a thousand (one thousand)

1. Numerale cardinale

Numeralul cardinal + th = numeralul ordinal: Ex.: the sixth Data: John was bom on February 27th sau on the 1 st of March Nume de sefi de stat, domnitori: George IV se citeste: George the Fourth Exceptii: first, second, third (1st, 2 nd, 3 rd) Atentic! La ortografie: numeral cardinal -five -nine -twelve -twenty numeral ordinal -fifth -ninth -twelfth -twentieth etc

2. Numerale ordinale

3. Numerale multiplicative
Ex.: double / dublu, three times / intreit; four times / impatrit etc.

4. Numerale distributive
Ex.: (one) by one / (unul) cate unul

5. Numerale adverbiale
Ordinea: first / mai intai: Ex.: I first lived here, in Scotland. Enumerari: secondly / in al doilea rand; thirdly / in al treilea rand Repetitii: once / o data; twice / de doud ori; thrice (three times) / de trei ori; a

hundred times / de o suta de ori ; how many times? / de cate ori?; once more / inch odata.

VI. VERBUL / The Verb

Infinitivul = particula to + verb. Formele de baza ale verbului: infinitiv: tinipul Past Tense; participiul trecut; participiul prezent (in ing)

1. Verbe predicative
Conjugarea verbului predicativ cu forme regulate: to invite / a invita
Timpul * Prezent *Perfect compus Past Tense M.m.c.p. * Viitorul intai * Viitorul anterior * Viitorul trecut si *Conditionalul prezent * Conditionalul trecut Diateza activa Diateza pasiva Conjugarea Conjugarea continua Conjugarea Conjugarea nedefinita nedefinita continua I invite I am inviting I am invited I am being invited I have invited I have been inviting I have been invited I invited *I was inviting I was invited I was being invited I had invited I had been inviting I had been invited I shal(will) invite I shall be inviting I shall be invited I shall (will) have I shall have been I shall have been invited inviting invited I should invite I should be inviting I should be invited sau sau sau I would have invited I would be inviting I would be invited I should have I should have been invited sau inviting sau I would have invited I would have been inviting I invite I be inviting I should invite I should be inviting invite to invite to be inviting to have invited to have been inviting inviting having invited invited I should have been invited sau I would have been invited I be invited to be invited to have been invited being invited having been invited invited -

* Conjunctiv Imperativ Infinitiv Infinitiv perfect Participiu (si gerund preaz.) Participiu (si gerund perfect) Participiu trecut

*Atentie! La conjugarea pentru persoanele a II-a si a III-a singular si plural, la anumite timpuri si diateze se modifica formele verbelor. In varianta americana a limbii engleze, auxiliarul will poate fi folosit pentru toate persoanele (valabil si pentru tabelul urmator). Conjugarea verbului predicativ cu forme neregulate: to teach - taught - taught / a invdta**

Timpul Prezent Perfect compus Past Tense M.m.c.p. Viitorul intai Viitorul anterior Viitorul trecut si Conditionalul prezent Conditionalul trecut

Diateza activa Diateza pasiva Conjugarea Conjugarea continua Conjugarea Conjugarea nedefinita nedefinita continua I teach I am teaching I am taught I am being taught I have taught I have been teaching I have been taught I taught I was teaching I was taught I was being Taught I had taught I had been teaching I had been taught I shal(will) teach I shall be teaching I shall be taught I shall have I shall have been I shall have been taught teaching taught I should teach I should be teaching I should be taught sau sau sau I would have teach I would be teaching I would be taught I should have taught sau I would have taught I teach I should teach teach to teach to have taught teaching having taught taught I should have been teaching sau I would have been teaching I be teaching I should be teaching to be teaching to have been teaching I should have been taught sau I would have been taught I be taught to be taught to have been taught being taught having been taught taught -

Conjunctiv Imperativ Infinitiv Infinitiv perfect Participiu (si gerund preaz.) Participiu (si gerund perfect) Participiu trecut

** Reprodus dupd Leon Levilchi - Gramatica limbii engleze, E.S.D.P., 1961

Verbul copulativ tipic este to be - was - been / a fi, care poate fi si verb notional (a fi, a exista), modal, cand este urmat de un infinitiv si verb auxiliar. Ex.: She is to come next Sunday. They are absent. John is an architect.

2. Verbe copulative

3. Verbe auxiliare si modale

Verbul

Daca este urmat de to inaintea unui infinitiv +

Daci este Ca auxiliar, la auxiliar construirea acelor sau forme verbale unde modal este necesar Perfectul compus, m.m.c.p.,viit. II, cond. II, infin. pcrf., gerund perfect conjugarea continua, diateza pasiva viitorul I, II, cond. I, II idem _ _ _ imperativul (conj.) prop.?, - , ? -

Ca modal, ce idee exprima

Ca modal, prin ce se poate inlocui

to have had, had to be, was, been I shall, should I will, would I must I ought (to) I can, could I may, might to let, let, let to do, did, done I need

A/M

necesitatea

must

+ _ _ _ + _ _ _

A/M A/M A/M M M M M A A/M

necesitatea necesitatea. vointa pronusiunea rugamintea, necesitatea obligatia morala posibilitatea (fizica, morala) permisiunea

must must (to) want (uneori) to have (to), to be obliged (to) to be able (to) to be allowed (to) to be permitted (to)

insistenta

_ _ M _ necesitatea

to insist by all means, don't fail (to) etc. must

Verbe auxiliare depline

to have - had - had / a avea 1. to have ajuta la construirea formelor verbale compuse: Ex.: She has left. 2. to have + complement + participiu trecut: Ex.: I have my shoes cleaned. 3. to have + acuzativ + infinitiv: Ex.: I will have her come back. 4. to have + infinitivul cu to / a trebui: Ex.: He has a lot to work. 5. to have este si verb predicativ(intarit cu ajutorul lui get)ExHave you got a flat? Intrebarea si negatia pot fi exprimate cu ajutorul lui to do: Ex.: Do you have a flat? to be - was - been / a fi 1 . to be ajuta la formarea pasivului: Ex.: The letter was written by him. 2. to be ajuta la formarea aspectului continuu: Ex.: It is snowing. 3. to be + intmitivul cu to / urma sa (dupa dorinta unui al treilea, conform unei planificari): Ex.: They were to leave at seven o'clock. 4. to be + infinitivul pasiv: Ex.: There is nothing to be done. 5. to be este verb predicativ: Ex.: To be or not to be

to do - did - done / a face 1. to do / serveste la fortnarea interogativului: Ex.: Do you love me? Atentie! 1. Interogativul nu se construieqte cu to do: a) cand predicatal este format cu un verb auxiliar: will you open the door? b) cand intrebarea se refera la subject: who (which of you) comes first? dar cand intrebarea contine o negatie se foimeaza cu to do: who does not like music? 2. to do serveste la negarea verbului predicativ: Ex.: He does not forget it. 3. Negativul iiu se fonneaza cu to do: a) pentru un verb auxiliar: she cannot drive b) o alta negatie in afara de not (nothing, nobody, none, never): you may never know, they know nothing; nobody was there c) cand not nu neaga verbul, ci intreaga intrebare: Is she at home? - No, I think not. Nu uita! Imperativul negativ se fonneaza intotd.eauna cu to do chiar si la verbele auxiliare to have si to be: Ex.:Don't write it! Don't be stupid! 4. to do serveste ca inlocuitor al unui verb predicativ mentionat anterior: a) in propozitia comparativa pentru a evita repetarea verbului predicativ: Ex.: I love him more than you do. b) pentru a intari yes sau no:Ex:Do you like cakes? Yes, I do. No, I don't. c) la traducerea din limba romana a lui si eu sau nici eu: Ex.: "He works hard." - "So do I." d) la traducerea din limba romana a lui nu-i asa?: - in propozitie afirmativa / intrebare negativa: Ex.: He comes early, doesn't he? - in propozitie negativa / intrebare afinnativa: Ex.: He doesn't come early, does he? e) dar daca in prima propozitie exista un verb auxiliar, acesta se repeta: Ex.: You are at home, aren't you? 5. to do serveste si ca verb predicativ(insotit de to do la interogativ si negativ) Ex.: How do vou do? Do your best! Nu uita! Verbe predicative cat si modale sunt: need / a avea nevoie si dare / a indrazni Ex. We don't need to leave. We need not leave. Does he dare to leave? Dare he leave?

Verbe modale

Prezent

Trecut si cond.

Inteles

Verbe inlocuitoare Forme compose to be able to, to be unable to to know (how to)

I can! / eu pot

I may / eu am voie / eu pot

I may / eu am voie / eu pot

1. capacitate fizica: I can ride. 2. capacitate spirituala; He can speak English. I could / eu puteam / 3. posibilitate: as putea I can help you. 4. inlocuieste verbul may: Could I come in? 1. posibilitate: I might / eu as dori He may come. /eu as avea voie 2. permisiune: You may smoke. 3.posibilitate negata: You cannot go in. 4. pertnisiune negata may not (bland, interdictie singulara): You may not have this cake. I might / eu as dori 5. permisiune negata / eu as avea must not (interdictie voie generala, de durata): You must not drink alcohol. 6. dorinta la negativ may not: May you never have trouble! I had to / eu trebuia 1. necesitate, impuneri: Children must obey. 2.negativ, interdictie generala must not - need not: You must not say that again. 3. necesitate negata :You need not wear this coat. 4. obligatie rnorala: I ought to apologize.

to be allowed to to be pennitted(permisiune) I've not been allowed to drink.

it is possible

I must / eu trebuie

to have to: I had to stay here long. to be obliged to: George is obliged to work hard. to be compelled to: She was compelled to leave quickly. to he forced to:. We were forced to argue

I ought to / eu ar trebui

4. Diateza verbului

Diateza actiiva - Diateza pasiva

Diateza pasiva se construieste cu to be + participiul trecut (in limba vorbita in loc de to be se foloseste to get).
She is helped by him. (este aj utata) Prezent: He helps her Was she helped by him? (a lost ajutata) Trccut: Did he help her? Viitor: He will not help her She will not be helped by him. (nu va fi ajutata) Fomia continua: He is She Is being helped by him. (tocmai este helping her ajutat) Constructtie dubla(verb activ cu dous coinplemente): Mother gives Mary a book. I Mary is given a book by mother.

Nu uita! 1. Forma impersonala din limba romana se spune, se face este redata adeseori in limba engleza prin acelasi verb la diateza pasiva: Ex.: He is said to be a good teacher. / Se spune ca este un bun profesor. 2. Forme uzuale de pasiv: I am (sau was) told ... / Mi s-a spus ... Do as you're told. / Fa ce ti se spune. I was kept waiting./ Am fost facut sa astept. What is to be done? / Ce este de facut?

5. Modurile verbului
In limba engleza exista patru moduri: indicative, conditional, conjunctive, imperative Modul indicativ arata ca vorbitorul priveste actiunea ca pe un fapt real (in trecut, prezent sau viitor). Este modul certitudinilor. Modul conditonal arata ca vorbitorul priveste actiunea ea pe un fapt conditional sau a carui realizare o doreste. Modul conjunctiv arata ca vorbitorul priveste actiunea ea pe un fapt ireal. Este modul inchipuirii, al parerii subjective. In lirnba vorbita este preferat indicativul. Modul imperativ exprima un ordin, un indemn, o rugate. Folosirea modurilor: 1. Presupunere - Aprobare - Dezaprobare

- cu should, may, might, dupa urmatoarele expresii impersonale: it is right, it is necessary, it is impossible, it is time etc., - cu may - might: it is possible, it is probable; Ex.: It is probable that he may come. 2. Restrictiv cu conjunctii ca: although, whatever, however, Ex.: Whatever he may do he will do it well. 3. Conditii: Prop. conditionala Prezent Trecut Mai mult ea perf. (If clause) Prop. principala Viitor Cond. I Cond. II a) cand realizarea conditiei este probabila sau sigura - folosim modul indicativ: Ex.: If I am here, I shall help you. b) cand realizarea nu este posibila sau este improbabila - folosim modul conjunctiv: Prop. conditionala (If clause) subj. prez. - If I were you subj. perfect - If I had been you helped 4. Stiri de spirit: a) Groaza - viitor sau conditional - cand temerile se refera la viitor: Ex.: They think they will miss the train. sau se folose@e may - might: Ex: They thought they might miss the train. b) Durere - Regret - Bucurie - Uimire - se foloseste should (conjunctiv): Ex.: It is painful they should be so. c) Dorinta - daca indeplinirea dorintei este imposibila (conj. prez. sau trecut): Ex.: If mum were here, she would see to everything. I wish I were here, too!: I wished he might be right. c) Intentia - in propozitii care exprima scopul cu so that si in order that se va folosi may - might: Ex.: Come earlier so that vou may be in time ! Prop. principala cond. I - I should help cond. II - I should have

6. Timpurile verbului

Present Tense / prezent - arata actiunea, starea sau existenta exprimata de verb ca sigura, reala. Present Perfect / Prezentul Perfect - denumeste o actiune care a inceput in trecut si care (sau ale carei efecte) dureaza st in prezent. Se foloseste cu adverbele: today, this week-, this year, already, just, never, yet etc. since Ex.: I have not seen him since July. Past Tense / Trecutul simplu - denumeste o actiune incheiata in trecut dupa cuvinte ca: last, yesterdays, ago, last week, last year, formerly: Ex.: We left Paris yesterdays; I met Peter two days ago. Past Perfect / Mai mult ca perfectul - exprima o actiune trecuta, anterioara altei actiuni trecute sau a unui moment trecut., Ex.: We had found out the truth before they came to dinner. Future Tense / Viitorul - denumeste o actiune din viitor si se asociaza cu: soon, next week-, tomorrow sau verbele: to hope, to expect, to suppose: Ex.: I hope we shall see you soon. Near Future / Viitorul apropiat - exprima o actiune care va avea loc intr-un viitor apropiat si se formeaza cu to be going to, to be about to + Infintiv: Ex.: It is going to rain. Conditional / Conditionalul - denumeste o actiune ireala sau posibila in anumite conditii. Ex.: What would you have done if you had been there? Nu uita ! Daca se exprima ceva nerealizat in trecut, dupa if trebuie sa urmeze subj. perfect, forma asemanatoare cu past perfect-indicativ, iar in propozitia principala, conditionalul trecut. Ex.: If I had had time, I should have helped you.

7. Concordants timpurilor

A. In vorbirea indirecta
Propozitie principala Prezent: He says Prezentul perfect: He has said Viitor: He will say that she Propozitie secundara Prezent: knows Trecut sixnplu: knew M.m.c.p.: had known Viitor: will know Conditional: would know

Propozitie principala Trecut: He said M.m.c.p.: He had said Conditional: He would say

Propozitie secundara Trecut: knew that she M.m.c.p.: had known Conditional: would know

Dar cand se exprima un lucru cert sau un adevar general valabil, in propozitia secundara se foloseste prezentul: Ex.: He told us that -water boils at 100 'C.

B. In propozitiie cu if
Ex.: I shall buy this book if I find it. / Voi curnpara aceasta carte daca o voi gasi. I should buy this book if I found it. / As cumpara aceasta carte daca as glsio. I should have bought this book if I had found it. / As fi cumparat aceasta daca as fi ghsit-o. 8. Forma progresiva (continua) Se refera la desfasurarea unei actiuni ne neincheiate si se fomeaza cu to be + participiu prezent: Ex.: I am writing a letter (now) / En scriu acum o scrisoare: It was snowing (then) / Ningea. (atunci) Atentie! Daca se desfasoara doua actiuni in acelasi timp atunci, in ambele propozitii, se foloseste forma continua: Ex.: While she was cooking, I was watching TV. Aceasta regula nu este obligatorie.

9. Forma frecventativa

Are doud timpuri: prezent si trecut. Se construieste cu auxiliarul will la prezent (pentru toate persoanele) si would la trecut (pentru toate persoanele) urinate de infinitivul fara to: Ex.: In the evening, He will often walk along the beach. / Seara, el se plimba adesea pe malul marii. When they were young, they would play chess every day / Cand erau tineri, jucau sah in fiecare zi . sau: When young, they used to play chess. / Cand erau tineri, obisnuiau sa joace sah.

10. Inrinitivul fara to

(Infinitivul scurt) Apare: 1. Dupa verbe auxiliare si dupa to do: Ex.: I shall go home. We do not drink. 2. Dupa expresiile: - I had better / as face mai bine - I'd rather / mai degraba, as prefera - I cannot but ... /nu pot sa nu ..- I had as good / la fel de bine as putea - Rather than suffer ... / decat sa sufar ... 3. Dupa vb. to help - He helps them understand / El ii ajuta sa inteleaga.

11. Infinitivul cu to
(Infinitivul lung) Apare: 1. Ca subiect: a) inaintea verbului To run away is cowardice. b) dupe expresii impersonate It is strange to do such a thing, 2. Ca nume predicativ He seemd to be angry. 3. Ca un complement direct We wanted to watch that match. 4. Ca o completare: a) la verb We promised him to come early. b) la adjectiv Be slow to promise. c) la substantiv I had the pleasure to meet her. d) la numeral He was the third to come. 5. La anumite constiructii: I hurried to fetch the doctor. He was too tired to learn. 6. how to / cum dupa verbele care arata invatare, predare, intelegere: I don't know how to / sing this tune / sa cant aceasta melodie Nu stiu cum ride a horse / sa calaresc dance waltz / sa dansez vals 7. what to / ce; where to / unde: He didn't know what to say / ce sa spuna

El nu stia where to go / unde sa mearga 8. as to / sa: I am such a fool as to believe him. / Sunt atat de prost sa-l cred. 9. in order to / ca sa: I came here in order to meet you. / Am venit aici ca sa te intalnesc. 10. element introductiv intr-un numar de expresii: - to tell the truth / la drept vorbind - to say nothing of ... / ca sa nu mai amintim de - to begin with / in primul rdnd - to be fair / ea sa fiu sincer

12. Inrinitivul cu adverb intercalat / The Split Inrinitive

Uneori, intre particula to si inflnitivul propriu-zis se pot intercala anumite adverbe (mai ales de mod) He decided / to promptly reply / sa raspunda imediat S-a hotarat to wholly agree /sa fie intru totul de acord Alte exemple in care acest lucra este posibil: - to cautiously inquire / a se interesa cu prudenta - to gladly consent / a consimti bucuros - to clearly understand / a intelege clar - to fully realize / a-si da pe deplin seama - to fully appreciate / a aprecia intru totul - to stoutly defend / a apdra cu fermitate - to flatly refuse / a refuza net

13. Acuzativul + inrinitiv

Este o constructie specifica limbii engleze. 1. Se foloseste fara to: a) dupa verbe de perceptie (senzoriale): to see, to hear, to feel, to perceive: Ex.: I saw him come. He heard her sing. b) dupa verbe exprimand determinarea, obligatia: to make (a face, a sili): Ex.: He made me laugh. 2. Se foloseste cu to: dupa verbe exprimdnd activitatea mintala a omului: to think/ a considera, to suppose / a presupune, to imagine / a imagina, to consider / a considera, to expect / a se astepta la, to know / a sti , to understand /a intelege: Ex.: I expect him to ring me up. We consider her to be the best.

b) dupa verbe exprimand dorinta: to want / a dori, to like / a placea si to hate / a uri, a nu putea suferi: Ex.: I want him to work better. I like her to be more friendly. We order them to leave. "England expects every man to do his duty" (Nelson)

14. Nominativul cu infinitiv

Nominativul cu infinitiv se foloseste: 1. Cu urmatoarele verbe la diateza pasiva: to know, to say, to consider, to believe, to think, to suppose, to expect, to see, to hear: Ex.: Shakespeare is considered to be a great playwright. Shakespeare este considerat a fi un mare drainaturg. He is known to paint portraits. / Se stie ca picteaza portrete. Nu uita! Infinitivul perfect, folosit in astfel de constructii, arata ca actunea a avut loc intr-un moment din trecut: Ex.: They are reported to have left earlier. / Se anunta ea ei au plecat mai devreme. 2. Cu verbele la diateza activa to seem, to appear, to happen, to prove, to turn out: Ex.: He proved to be a coward. / S-a dovedit a fi las. Mary seems to know him. / Se pare ca Mary il cunoaste. 3. Cu verbul to be + unul din adjectivele: sure, certain, likely, unlikely: Ex.: She is likely to arrive in time. / Probabil ca va ajunge la timp. They are sure to come. / Ei vin cu siguranta.

15. Participiul in "ing" / The "ing" Participle

A. Participiul in ing este o forma impersonala a verbului englez, care arata o actiune in desfasurare sau o stare: Ex.: coming / venind; writing / scriind Avad o natura pur verbala, participiul alcatuieste timpurile conjugirii continui: Ex.: I am working. / En lucrez. She was going. / Ea mergea. Poate fi: 1. Circumstantial de mod: Ex.: The girls went out laughing. / Fetele iesira razand. 2. Circumstantial de cauza: Ex.: Being late, he decided to leave. / Fiind tarziu, a hotarat sa plece.

3. Atribut: Ex.: The American visiting our town is my friend. / Americanul, care ne viziteaza orasul, este prietenul men. Nu vita! Participial poate fi precedat de conjunctii ca: while,(temporal), though (concesiv) etc. Ex.: While climbing, he hurt his knee. B. Participiul pasiv (Passive Participle) - este format din participiul verbului to be + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat: Ex.: being sent / fiind trimis being written / fiind scris Poate fi: 1. Complement circumstantial de timp: Ex.: The work being done, we left the house. 2. Complement circumstantial de cauza: Ex.: Being written in a hurry, your homework was full of mistakes. C. Participiul perfect ( Perfect "ing" Participle) - se formeaza din participiul verbului to have + participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat: Ex.: having written / scriind, deoarece a scris Exprima actiuni anterioare celor exprimate de predicat: Ex.: Having done their work, they. went home. D. Participiul perfect pasiv (Perfect Participle Passive) - se formeaza din participiul perfect al verbului to be (having been) + participiul trecut al verbului notional: Ex.: having been read / flind citit, deoarece a fost citit Exprima actiuni anterioare celor exprimate de predicat: Ex.:Having been criticized by his friends, he tried to improve his work. Expresii ale participiului prezent: considering / luand in consideratie, tinand cont de including / incluzand supposing / presupunhnd ca strictly speaking / vorbind despre generally speaking / vorbind in general excepting / cu exceptia

16. Gerundul

Gerundul - specific limbii engleze - are o natura dubla de forma verbala substantivala. 1. Ca subiect: Ex.: Her being young was an asset. / Faptul ca era tanara, era o calitate. 2. Ca nume predicativ: Ex.: Seeing is believing. / Daca vad, cred. 3. Ca un complement direct, in special dupa verbe ale unui raport temporal sau verbe care exprima preferinta sau aversiune. Gerundul trebuie sa stea dupa urmatoarele verbe si expresii: to go on to keep to put off to stop to finish to have done with to give up to risk I do not mind I cannot help

He stopped smoking.

Gerundul poate sa stea dupa verbele: to like to mind to love to enjoy to start to prefer to excuse to hate to regret to remember

I like walking.

4. Gerundul este folosit dupa cuvintele urmate de prepozitii obligatorii: a) Verbe:

to complain of to depend on to delight in to despair of to insist (up) on to prevent from to object to to succeed in to quarrel about to think of

Ex.: We think of informing her about it. He succeded in running his own business. b) Substantive:
the wav of reason of disappointment at importance of a plan for surprise at experience in way of habit of

to be in the habit of to be in danger of to be on the point of

Ex.: His surprise at seeing me.

Her experience in teaching.

c) Adjective:

capable of proud of

keen on far from accustomed to

He is capable of doing annthing. He is keen on drawing.

5. Ca locutiune adverbiala inlocuind o propozitie secundara: a) Temporala dupa: before - after - on - upon Ex.: Before leaving Paris ... / Inainte de a parasi Parisul ... b) Cauzala dupa: for - for the sake of - on account of Ex.: He was blamed for doing it. c) Modala dupa: by - with - without - instead of Ex.: By doing it, he became famous. d) Instrumentala dupa: by Ex.: By inventing this machine, the whole world moves forward. c) Concesivfa dupa: in spite of In spite of being awake he fell asleep. Nu uita! Cele doua fotrme identice ca sens: having finished - after finishing having stolen - for stealing

17. Verbe transitive si intranzitive

A. Verbele transitive (au complement direct):
to advise / a sfatui to allow / a permite to answer / a raspunde to approach / a aborda to believe / a crede to enter / a intra to flatter / a flata to follow / a urma to forgive / a ierta to help / a ajuta to meet / a intalni to obey / a asculta to oppose / a se opune to order / a comanda to serve / a servi to succeed / a reusi to thank / a multumi to trust / a avea incredere

B. Verbe tranzitive si intranzitive cu prepozitii obligatorii:

to remind somebody of sau about (something) / a aminti cuiva despre to accustom somebody to (something) / a deprinde pe cineva cu to prevent somebody from (+ forma in -ing) / a impiedica pe cineva de a to deprive somebody of (something) / a lipsi pe cineva de to laugh at / a (si) rade de, a-si bate joc de to care for / a-i placa (ceva); a iubi to hear from / a primi vesti de la to listen to / a asculta la, a asculta de

18. Verbe neregulate

1. Cu o singura forma:
bet, bet, bet / a paria burst, burst, burst / a izbucni, a exploda cast, cast, cast / a arunca cost, cost, cost / a costa hit, hit, hit / a lovi hurt, hurt,hurt / a rani let, let, let / a lasa put, put, put / a pune set, set, set / a apune shed, shed, shed / a raspandi shut, shut, shut / a inchide spread, spread, spread / a intinde

2. Terminatia -t:
bend, bent, bent / a indoi build, built, built / a construi bum, bumt, bumt / a arde dwell, dwelt, dwelt / a locui lend, lent, lent / a imprumuta send, sent, sent / a trimite spend, spent, spent / a cheltui learn, learnt, learnt / a invilta smell, smelt, smelt / a mirosi spell, spelt, spelt / a pronunta spoil, spoilt, spoilt / a strica

3. Prescurtarea vocalei din radacina:

bleed, bled, bled / a sangera breed, bred, bred / a creste animale creep, crept, crept / a se strecura deal, dealt, dealt / a se ocupa dream, dreamt, dreamt / a visa feed, fed, fed / a hrani, a da de mancare flee, fled, fled / a fugi keep, kept, kept / a pastra kneel, knelt, knelt / a ingenunchia lead, led, led / a conduce lean, leant, leant / a se apleca leave, left, left / a pleca, a parasi lights, lit, lit / a aprinde mean, meant, meant / a insemna sleep, slept, slept / a dormi sweep, swept, swept / a matura weep, wept, wept / a plange

4. Alte schimbari:
sell, sold, sold / a vinde tell, told, told / a spune lose, lost, lost / a pierde hear, heard, heard / a auzi bring, brought, brought / a aduce buy, bought, bought / a cumpara seek, sought, sought / a cauta think, thought, thought / a se gandi catch, caught, caught / a prinde teach, taught, taught / a preda have, had, had / a avea make, made, made / a face

5. Verbe cu 3 vocale diferite:

drive, drove, driven / a conduce masina ride, rode, ridden / a calari rinse, rose, risen / a rasari arise, arose, arisen / a se ridica, a aparea write, wrote, written / a scrie fly, flew, flown / a zbura begin, began, begun / a incepe ring, rang, rung / a suna sing, sang, sung / a cinta spring, spradg, sprung / a sari dritk, drank, drunk,/ a bea swim, swam, swum / a inota

6. Prezent + Participiul trecut cu aceeasi vocala:

see, saw, seen / a vedea forgiive, forgave, forgiven / a ierta bid, bade, bidden / a porunci, a pofti forbid, forbide, forbiden / a interzice mistake, mistook, mistaken / a se insela sly, slew, slain / a ucide, a asasina become, became, become / a deveni take, took, taken / a lua shake, shoot shaken / a scutura blow, blew, blown / a sufla grow, grew, grown / a creste know, knew, known / a sti throw, threw, thrown / a arunca draw, drew, drawn / a desena come, came, come / a veni run, ran, run / a alerga fall, fell, fallen / a cadea beat, beat, beaten / a bate eat, ate, eaten / a manca give, gave, given / a da

7. Trecutul simplu + Participiul trecut cu aceeasi vocala:

hang, hung, hung / a atarna, a spanzura bear, bore, borne / a purta, a duce speak, spoke, spoken / a vorbi wear, wore, worn / a purta sit, sat, sat / a gta jos spit, spat, spat / a scuipa

swing, swung, swung / a se legana tear, tore, torn / a rupe, a sfasia strike, struck, struck / a lovi cling, clung, clung / a se agata spin, spun, spun / a toarce, a rasuci awake, awoke (awaked), awoke / a se trezi wring, wrung, wrung / a rasuci, a stoarce swear, swore, swom / a jura, a injura forget, forgot, forgotten / a uita stand, stood, stood / a sta in picioare

bind, bound, bound /a lega find, found, found / a gasi sting, stung, stung / a intepa hide, hid, hidden / a ascunde shine, shone, shone / a straluci shoot, shot, shot / a impusca lie, lay, lain / a sta intins, culeat fight, fought, fought / a lupta break, broke, broken / a sparge choose, chose, chosen / a alege freeze, froze, frozen / a ingheta

get, got, got / a capata hold, held, held / a tine understand, understood, understood / a intelege steal, stole, stolen / a fura bite, bit, bitten / a musca dig, dug, dug / a scapa stick, stuck, stuck / a lipi win, won, won / a castiga

8. Trecutul simplu - forina regulata:

mow, mowed, mown / a cosi, a secera show, showed, shown / a arata sow, sowed, sown / a semana sew, sewed, sewn / a coase strew, strewed, strewn / a raspandi, a imprastia saw, sawed, sawn / a taia cu fierastraul

9. Forme speciale ale ridficinii:

do, did, done / a face go, went, gone / a merge be, was, been / a fi

VII. ADVERBUL / The Adverb

1. Formarea adverbelor
Adjectiv + -ly Adverb: careful carefully Exceptii ortografice: a) La adverbele provenite din adjective bi- si plurisilabice, -y devine -i dupa consoane: Ex.: merry - merrily; pretty - prettily b) Adverbele provenite din adjective monosilabice pot pastra -y Ex.: shy shyly dar gay gaily c) Se omite -e la sfarsit de cuvant la: due - duly, true - truly, whole wholly d) full - fully, dull - dully Atentie! Nu toate cuvintele terminate in -ly sunt adverbe, uncle sunt adjective: Ex.: a tonely man, a friendly person

Unele au forme identice, insa sens diferit ca adjectiv si adverb: Adjectiv Adverb very - adevarat - foarte

only - unic preity - drzigut Nu uita!

- doar, niunai - cam

very - inaintea adjectivelor si adverbelor: very good, very well, very much: I thank you very much!

Nu uita! Adjectiv in loc de adverb in expresii ca: to talk loud, to spell wrong, to feel happy, to sleep tight, to travel light. Atentie! Forme in -ly care difera cu totul ca sens de cele simple: directly / imediat fairly / destul de prettily / destul de lately / recent likely / probabil presently / numaidecat hardly / abia, deloc highly / foarte shortly / in scurt timp

2. Comparatia adverbelor
a) Daca adverbul este monosilabic, el piimeste: -la comparativ -er - la superlativ -est (fara articol hotarat) Ex.: soon - sooner - soonest b) Toate adverbele plurisilabice si cele terminate in -ly, formeaza comparativul prin adaugarea adverbelor more si most: Ex.: nicely - more nicely - most nicely c) Comparatia neregulata: well - better - best bine badly (ill) - worse - worst rau far - farther (further) - farthest (furthest) departe near - nearer - next (nearest) aproape little - less - least putin late - later - latest (last) tarziu

3. Pozitia adverbelor
Regula de baza: adverbele stau langa cuvantul pe care il modifica sau il deterrnina si nu stau de obicei intre verb si complement.

Reguli speciale: a) Adverbele accentuate - adverbe de loc, de timp definit si adverbe de mod accentuate intens - stau la inceputul sau la sfarsitul propozitiei: - de loc We used to meet here. - de timp definit He came here a day before, yesterday. - de mod accentuat She can sing beautifully. b) Adverbele neaccentuate - adverbe de timp nedefinite, adverbe de mod neaccentuate la timpri simple stau inaintea verbului, in urma vb. to be si a vb.modale, iar la timpuri compuse, intre verbul auxiliar si verbul de conjugat: Ex. She often goes swimming in summer. She is often a champion. She has often got medals.

c) Daca sunt mai multe adverbe, ordinea este adesea: mod, loc, timp.

VIll. PREPOZITIA / The Preposition

Prepozitiile pot exprima una sau mai multe relatii: a) spatiale, temporale si alte relatii: about, after, against, around, before, behind, ahead of etc. b) spatiale si alte relati: above, across, beside, below, down, off, without etc. c) temporale: during, for, in, on etc.

IX. CONJUNCTIA /The Conjunction 1. Coordonatoare (ca functie)

a) b) c) d) Copulative: and, as well as, not only ... but also... Disjunctive: or, either ... or etc. Adversative: but, only, while, and etc. Conclusive: so, therefore etc.

2. Subordonatoare (ca functie)

a) Relative (atributive): where, when, how, why etc. b) Obiective: how, that, if etc. c) Adverbiale: - de loc where, wherever, as far as etc. - de timp when, after, before, while, till, until, whenever,

as soon as, no sooner ... than, scarcely ... when etc. de mod as, so, so far as subjective that de cauza as, because,since, for etc. conditionale if, unless, in case, on condition (that), provided (that) etc. concesive though, although, in spite of etc. finale so that, in order that, lest etc. consecutive that, so that etc. comparative as, than, as if (though) etc.