.

2010

2010


,

,

, /

.

.

.
Neuroscan
.
.

.
.
.


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(..
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4

Abstract

One of the greatest human mysteries is the phenomenon of sleep. The use of computing
methods and algorithms in the analysis and processing of electroencephalogram can boost the
research of brain activity. The present work presents the graphical program that was developed
and used at the Neurophysiology Unit of the University of Patras Medical School for the
support of EEG studies. The program detects specific rythms and waves during the sleep EEG
(online). The tool connects with the Neuroscan Systems that the lab uses for the sleep
experiments. The program supports several algorithms for the automatic signal analysis and the
specific rythms and waves detection. The target of the tool is to send sound stimulus in the
case of rhythm or wave detection. The user-friendly graphical interface of the tool includes all
the parameters for the experiments. The program was developed originally from scratch,
aiming to make signal processing as fast as possible. The final goal of the program is to explore
the nature of specific brain states i.e. in sleep, by probing brain reactivity at precise times after
EEG signs characterizing this brain state.

Subject Area: Electroengephalogram processing

Keywords: EEG, automatic detection, signal processing, wave, rythm, real time


............................................................................................................................. 4
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................. 5
1: ....................................................................................................... 12
1.1 ........................................................................................ 12
1.2 ................................................................................................................................................... 13
1.3 ............................................................................................................................................... 13

2: EEG ...................................................................................... 15
2.1 ............................................................................................ 15
2.2 ............................................................................................................... 19
2.2 .................................................................................................................................. 20
2.3 ...................................................................................................... 23
2.4 ...................................................................................................................................... 27
2.5 ............................................................................................................................................. 31
2.6 ......................................................................................................... 35

3: ......................................................... 42
3.1 ............................................................................................ 43
3.2 (ON-LINE) ........................................................................................................................... 45
3.3 .......................................................................................................................................... 45
3.4 ............................................................................................................... 45
3.5 ....................................................................................................................................... 46
3.6 ................................................................................................................. 46
3.7 .............................................................................................................................................. 46
3.8 ............................................................................................................................................. 46
3.8 ...................................................................................................................... 47

4 ................................................................................................... 48
4.1 ................................................................................................................................. 48
4.2 ............................................................................................................................................ 49
4.2.1 .......................................................................................... 49
4.2.2 ......................................................................... 51
4.3 .................................................................................................................................... 55
4.4 ........................................................................................................................................................... 59
4.5 TTL ............................................................................................ 60
4.5.1 ................................................................................................... 60
4.5.2 bit .................................................................................................................. 61
4.5.3 Scan PC ................................................................................. 62
4.6 .................................................................................................. 64
4.7 ......................................................................................................................................... 66

5: ....................................................................... 68
5.1 ................................................................................................................................. 68
5.2 ............................................................................................................................ 69
5.2.1 (Acquire Settings) .................................................................................................. 70

5.2.2 Stimuli Settings .......................................................................................................................................... 76

5.3 (OFFLINE MODE) .............................................................................................................. 78
5.4 (ONLINE MODE) ...................................................................................... 82
5.4.1 ...................................................................................................... 84
5.5 ....................................................................................................................................... 88
5.6 / ACQUIRE ................................................................................................. 89
5.7 ......................................................................................................................................... 90
5.8 ........................................................................................................................ 91

6: ....................................................................................................... 94
6.1 ................................................................................................................................... 94
6.2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 96

7: .................................................................................................... 108
7.1 ............................................................................................................................................ 108
7.2 ......................................................................................................................... 112
7.3 .................................................................................................................................... 114

................................................................................................................... 115


1: . , ,
. ............................................................................................16
2: .
, (Kandel. 2000). ........17
3: (Kandel. 2000). ....................................................................................................18
4:
.
,
.
,
.

() (Kandel. 2000). ...............................................................................................................18
5: .......................................................................................21
6:) ) 10-20.

. C) To 10-20 (extended International 10-20 System) (Levin K.H. 2000). .24
7: averaging
(1-100) .
........................................................................................................27
8: () , ..............................27
9: . ........................................28
10: . EOG = electro-oculogram; EMG = electromyogram;
EEG = electroengephalographym. (Kandel. 2000) ........................................................................................28
11: (
) ................................................................................................................................................................29
12: .
0.2 sec. .........................................................................................................................................................31
13: . ..............................................33
14: Client - Server . 2
. ......................................44
15: ................................................................................48
16: .............................................................................51
17:
. ......................................................................................................................................58
18: ............................................................................................................................61
19: Scan-PC ...............................................................................63
20: .............................................................................................................69
21: Acquire Settings - ............................................................................................71
22: . .........................................................................................................72
23: EEG .........73
24: -3mV 200msec. ........................73
25: ................................74
26: fSpindle: 4 (
1.2sec ) ..................................................75
27: 26 ( 5
)........................................................................................................................................................76

 28: . .......................................................77
29: fani03_marked.cnt ...................................................................79
30: . ............................................................................80
31: . ...........................................................81
32: Server Acquire. .......................................................................................82
33: Server Acquire.........................................................................................................83
34: NeuroPez Acquire. ...........................................83
35: .............................................................................84
36: (
0) .................................................................................................................................................................85
37: . .....................................................87
38: . .........................................................92
39: Acquire Neuroscan ...............................................................................................93
40: (11/06/2010, 17.00) ................................95
41: Acquire Trigger..........................................................96
42: Acquire Settings
. Stimuli Settings
. .......................................................................................................................................97
43: . .......................................................................................98
44: Acquire Settings .
Stimuli Settings .
....................................................................................................................................................................99
45: . ..........................................................................................................100
46: (fSpindles) .........................................................101
47: 2 K-Complex . ....................102
48: K-Complex . ..............................103
49: 3 ..................................................................................104
50: 4 ..................................................................................105
51: K-Complexes. ......................................................................................106
52: K-Complex 2. ..........................................................................................107
53: ( ) .............................................109
54: 53 ...............................................110
55: ( ) ' .......................110
56: 55 ...............................................111


1: . ..........................................................30
2: ..................................................................................................................36
3: .....................................................................................................41
4: client server. ..................................54
5: 1 D5 .........................................................62
6: 0 D5 .........................................................62
7: . .................................................................................67
8: ......................................91

CNT

CNT

EDF

European Data Format:

EEG

Electroencephalogram

EMG

Electromyography

EOG

Electrooculography

EPs

Evoked Potentials

EPSPs

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials ()

FIR

Finite Impulse Response

ICA

Independent Component Analysis

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IPSPs

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials ()

PSP

Post-Synaptic Potential ()

qEEG

quantitative EEG

REM

Rapid Eye Movements

RN

reticular nucleus

STFT

Short Time Fourier Transform

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Program/Internet Protocol =

Internet
10

TTL

Transistor Transistor Logic

Binary,

11

 1:

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12

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(Post Synaptic Potential PSP). (Excitatory Post
Synaptic Potentials EPSPs) (Inhibitatory Post Synaptic Potentials IPSPs).

.
,
16

 .

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V V, (Eshel Y. 1995).

( ( 2))
( ).

2: .
, (Kandel. 2000).

(
3)
,
,

(Kandel E.R. 2000), (Law 1993), (Sun,
et al. 1996).

17

 3: (Kandel. 2000).

4
.

4:
.
,
.
,

18

.
() (Kandel. 2000).

. Hans Berger
(Berger 1929) 1929
. ,
.



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2.2
(Hobson, 2009;
Horne 1988; Siegel, 2009). ,
.
. 1945,
.
,
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) ( )
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Moruzzi Magoun (Moruzzi, 1949)

.

19

 ,
.
1950 Nathaniel Kleitman , Eygene
Aserinsky William Dement
,
(Aserinsky and Kleitman 1953).
(REM sleep: Rapid Eye Movements)
(Non REM sleep).
.

.

,
.

NREM R
(Steriade and McCarley, 2005; Hobson, 2009; Zu and Zee, 2010).

( NREM REM, Ioannides et al., 2009)
(Kokkinos and Kostopoulos, 2010),
(Born, 2010)
(Kostopoulos, 2009) (Kyung and Douglass,
2010).
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( )
( ) ( 5).


20

 .

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(1-4 NREM),

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5:

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(ERP).
,


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21

 ( NREM)
(EMG)
(EOG)
(Rechtschaffen and Kales. 1968).
,
( ) .

22

2.3

.
, 0,1V
200V, .

(volume conduction)
( 2)
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).

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(Ag) (AgCl) .


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International System 10-20
( 6). 20%
10%
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central, temporal, occipital auricular.
.
z .
23

 6:) ) 10-20.
. C) To
10-20 (extended International 10-20 System) (Levin K.H. 2000).

.

( 10-20 ) (.. ).
.

24


.
.

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: , ().

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100

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,
(de Munck et al., 1988)
(Papadelis et al., 2009;
Ioannides and Kostopoulos, 2008).

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( Faraday),
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(.. ). .

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25

.

.
msec msec sec.
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( )
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()
(averaging)
.
.

.

(single trial EP) (Zouridakis G. 1997; Ioannides and
Kostopoulos, 2008).

26

 7: averaging
(1-100) .

2.4


(Ogilvie 2001).

.
,
( )
( 8).

8: () ,

: (1-3Hz 200V), (4-7 Hz
100V), (8-11Hz 30V) (18-25 Hz 30V) ( 9).

5 (Niedermeyer,
2004).
27

 9: .

Loomis
1930 (Loomis, Harvey and Hobart 1935).
Aserinsky Kleitman 1950
(Aserinsky and Kleitman 1953). o REM non-REM .
REM
,
. Non REM
,
. Non-REM
.
.
Non REM
. ( 10).
.

10: . EOG = electro-oculogram; EMG = electromyogram; EEG

= electroengephalographym. (Kandel. 2000)

1.
. ,
28

 ,
(20-40 V 10 Hz)
.
2. .
.
(K complexes) (spindles)
11.
.
(12-17 Hz) ,
500ms.
.

11: ( )

3. 3 30% (75V).
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REM
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29

 REM Non REM .

1 4.
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5-10 .
Non REM REM 90-110
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.
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.
1.

5-10%

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20-30%

1: .

30

2.5
1935 Loomis
(Loomis, Harvey and Hobart 1935) 13 Hz
,

(Cote K.A. 2000). Non REM
2. 500 ms
(Rechtschaffen A 1968).
.

.
. , (Dijk 1995). 12

.

12: .
0.2 sec.

31

 .

.

4 -
.
(Ficca G. 2000).
1,5 3 (Louis J. 1992).

3 . 3

(Louis J. 1992).

.
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.
(Nicolas A. 2001) (Pivik R.T. 1999).

. .
.
,
(Halasz 2005).
.
. '
.

. (Steriade M. 1988; Steriade and
McCarley, 2005)).
32


.

( 13).

12-14 Hz

.
.
,
. (Steriade and Deschene,
1984) (Steriade M. 1988).

13: .

.

33

 2 . ,
.
(F. M.
De Gennaro L. 2000). .
.
,
. ,
.
.
(Diekelmann and Born
2010


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,
.
14 Hz,
12 Hz.
.

. 12 Hz
14
Hz .

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(sigma power)
11.5-16.0 Hz
10-16 Hz (O. Erogul, et al. 1999, Zeithofer, et al. 1997, Zygierewiscz 2000, Zygierewicz J. 1999).

34

 ,
, .

(LORETA).
13 Hz,
(precuneus), 13 Hz (Zeitlhofer J 2001).

(F. M. De Gennaro L. 2000).

12-14 Hz
.

. ,

( , , ,
, ).

2.6


(data reduction)
.

.
.
( 2)
.
.


.
35

/
1.

2.

(artifacts)

3.

REM Non - REM

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

(
)

14.

2:

. (Agrawal R. 2001),
(Himanen 2000), (Roberts S. 1992), (artifacts) (Schlogl A.
1999), REM Non - REM
36

(Kokkinos V 2009 ) (Roth C. 1999) (Tagaya H. 2000),

(Hazarika N. 1997) ,
(Sun, . 1996),
(D. R. Ogilvie 2001)
(Akin A. 1998), (Caspary O.
1996), (Contreras D. 2000), (Finelli L.A. 2001 ), (Gath I. 1996), (Gorur D. 2002).
.

. ,


.
.
:

. ,
.

Kohonen
(Roberts and Tarassenko 1992).
Kalman 10.
(epochs)
.
( feedforward
backpropagation networks)
wavelet (Oropesa E. 1999). ,
70-80% .
.
(supervised learning) (Agrawal R. 2001).
k-means clustering
.
37


.
, ,
( Auto regressive ),
, ,
. 80%
.
,
,
(F. M. De Gennaro L. 2000), (Tagaya H. 2000)+, (Sun M. 1996),
(Nicolas A.
2001)*41+, * (Akgul T. 2000), (Caspary O. 1996), (O.
Erogul, et al. 1999), (Zygierewiscz 2000), (Zygierewicz J. 1999),

.

.

.

. ( Kruskal Wallis)

,
.
(Nicolas A. 2001).
2 (Akgul T. 2000)

.


.
38

 FFT

(idiopathic epilepsy, cryptogenic epilepsy symptomatic partial epilepsy)
(Clemens B. 2000).

.
.
.

.
,
(Zygierewiscz 2000).
90%
(Zygierewicz J. 1999).
. (Woertz M. 1999)
3 1 Chebyscheff
. , (Akin A. 1998)
wavelet. wavelets
Teager Energy (O. Erogul, et al. 1999).

. 1980 Campbell
72%
(Campbell K. 1980).
( 99%) 2
,
.
, 3,
.
.
( 80% ).

39

 .

. ,

(2500 samples/sec)
(.. 300 samples/sec)
/

(period
amplitude analysis). .

(matched filtering).

, -
.

(demodulation)

(phase-locked loop).
4

,
Fourier .
(wavelet transform) matching
pursuit,
. , ,
Gabor, Dirac
Fourier,

,
Fourier .
.
5

(clustering) - .
(bandpass filter)

40

 ,
.
6

(artificial neural networks).

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41

 3:



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( Faraday).
.
Acquire Neuroscan1,

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.


.
, :
1.
, .
2. .

www.neuroscan.com

42

3. .
4.
.
5.
event.
6.
SCAN.
7. .
8. .

3.1

Neuroscan.
.
(SCAN) .
.
.
:
a. SCAN
. SCAN
client server. (
14) SCAN
(server)
(client).
TCP
.
(header)
(
client)
43

 . client

.

14: Client - Server . 2

.

b. (on line).
.


.


flickering. ,
,
zoom in zoom out .
c.
.

.
d. (offline).
Neuroscan .CNT.
format
.BIN (
binary).
2 . T
44

 (offline)
()
.

3.2 (on-line)


.
(, , )
( K- , ) .
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)


. ( FFT)
.

.

3.3

. ,
(
)
.

3.4

.
CNT
45

 .

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3.5

.


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3.6
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(, , )


.

3.8

.
46


. ,
( msec)
.
.

3.8

.
MATLAB C++. MATLAB
,
,
,
. C++
.
C++

. C++
MATLAB .
Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0
.

47

 4


.

15. NeuroPez SCAN.
EEG
STIM Pc .

15:

4.1
,
.

48

 .
.
.

.
.
C++
Windows 32-bit.
Windows 2000, Windows XP (32-bit), Windows Vista (32-bit)
Windows 7 (32-bit).

C++ .

2.

4.2


.
.

4.2.1

. .CNT .BIN.

( dll)
(www.mitov.com). PlotLab.

49

 Neuroscan Acquire

.CNT. CNT . (header)
.
(..
, ,...)

( , ,..) 3.
CNT
. CNT
(event table) .
.

CNT EDF
.4


.
data.bin.
CNT

. BIN .
(28 bytes) ,
(event channels), ,
block ( bits)
5. (blocks)

Neuroscan . manual Data File Header

Information Appendix C
4
http://www.edfplus.info
5

BIN
NetReaderDlg.h

50

 , .
.
.
.
( )
.

4.2.2

.
Neuroscan,

Neuroscan ( 16).

1. EEG data

NeuroPez

Neuroscan

2. TTL
pulse
2.sound
d
Sleeping
Subject

16:

Neuroscan NeuroPez
TCP/IP client server. NeuroPez
(client) Neuroscan (server).
NeuroPez
51

 Neuroscan,
NeuroPez
ScanPC .
.
10Base T 10Mbps.
( ) 62
2 byte (=2 * 8 bits)
:
10*1024*1024/2*8*62 =10570Hz
2500Hz
.
, NeuroPez
Status .

. (
) :
( ) * * (2 bytes)
2 bytes 16bit .
62 2500Hz
Status :
62 * 2500 * 2 = 310.000 bytes / sec = 302 Kbps
TCP/IP Internet (IP Address)
4 , 0 255.
192.168.72.4.
.
( port)
.
NeuroPez Neuroscan
IP:Port.
.
52

 Acquire NeuroPez
Neuroscan.
:
1. ( control codes)
2. ( AST setup files)
3. (EEG event codes, EDF)
,

(impedance measurement) .
. .
. To Packet ID string 4

CTRL

- control code

FILE

- file packet

DATA

- data packet

Packet ID Code

Request

Body size

string

CTRL

Value

Meaning

Value

Description

General

Request for Version

Closing Up Connection

Start Acquisition

Stop Acquisition

Start Impedance

Change Setup

Control Code

Server Control 1
Code

53

5
3

DC Correction

Request for EDF Header

Request for AST Setup File

Request to Start Sending Data

Request to Stop Sending Data

Client Control 1
Code

FILE

Setup file

Neuroscan AST Format

DATA

Information

Version Information

Standard EDF Header

Basic Header

Neuroscan 16-bit Raw Data

Neuroscan 32-bit Raw Data

EEG data

4: client server.

,
(general and server control codes), .

(general and client control codes).
.

.
:
1. ACQUIRE server TCP socket ( Server Name
Port).
2. Request for EDF Header.
3. DATA packet EDF Header
.
54

4. Request to Start Sending Data.

5. DATA packets 16 32bit EEG data. ,
.
6. Request to Stop Sending Data.
7. Closing Up Connection.
8. ACQUIRE server TCP socket.

. .
.
TTL
.
ACQUIRE . ,
Offline.
ACQUIRE G .CNT

4.3


.
(FIR Finite Impulse Respond)
( Filter Taps)6.

.
.
The Scientist and Engineers Guide to Digital Signal Processing
(http://www.dspguide.com/) Steven W. Smith.
,
.
rippling attenuation .
. ,

55

 ,
.
( rippling attenuation
). (N - 1) / (2 * Fs), N
Taps Fs .
2500Hz 1024 Filter Taps
20ms. 512 Filter Taps
. FFT
Hamming Window .
:
1. Band Pass ():

.
2. Band Stop:
.
3. High Pass ():
.
4. Low Pass ():
.
5. No Filter: .
.

.

.
.

56


, .
Baseline removal
.
.
.
.
,
( 5 ).

.

.
.
( )
.
.

,
.
.
(shifting) 17.

57

 17:
.

,
zero phase digital filtering7.
.
,
.

.

.
online

.

Matlab
filtfilt.m

58

4.4
.
,
.
, .
,
.
( )
. :
1. : .
. Y
(negative up) .
-70mV
( <-70mV).
Vertex.
2. :
.

.
.
.

( ).
- .
3. :
.

59

 (zero crossing) .

.
.
.
4. :
.
,

.

4.5 TTL
Neuroscan
(TTL Signal)
Scan .
Acquire triggers
. Acquire
triggers .

4.5.1
PC 40 ,
,
USB. ,
/ .
, Centronics, IEEE 1284, D female 25 :

60

 18:

8 ( 2 9) 2,4 5,5 Volt 1

-0,5 0,4 Volt 0.
2 9,
0 1.
0 (00000000) 255 (11111111).
byte bit
, bit .

4.5.2 bit
, ,
bit,
1 true 0 false.
, 157 OR 23 = 159 : 10011101 OR 00010111 =
10011111. , 157 AND 23 = 21 : 10011101 AND 00010111 =
00010101. , 8
data. 1 D5:
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
OR 0

D7 D6 1

D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

61

 5: 1 D5

, data 8 ,
1 Dn ( 0n7) : data OR
2n.
0 D5:
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
AND 1

D7 D6 0

D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

6: 0 D5

, 0 Dn ( 0n7)
: data AND (255 - 2n).
byte bit.

4.5.3 Scan PC 8
TTL Scan PC
(Stim device). Scan PC
19.

Neuroscan . manual
Overview Info Appendix B, 67

62

 19: Scan-PC

Trigger Bits D0-D7

Acquire event
.
TTL 1-10msec.
0Volt 0, 5Volt bit 1.
bit 0 2, bit 1 3,
bit 2 4 . bit 0
Acquire 1. bit 1 2.
bit 0 bit 1 3.
bits event 255.
18-21
Response bits. Response bits
,
.

Scan PC.
.

byte:

63

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
(
Windows) 32 (=25).
bit 7
5 Volt Scan
.
TTL .
.

.
.
TTL
.

. (
WAV) , ,
.

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