M U

Ng c thc phm l mt tnh trng bnh l xy ra do n hay ung phi cc thc n b nhim cc cht c hi i vi sc kho con ngi.Theo thng k ca t chc y t th gii, mi nm Vit Nam c 8 triu ngi (chim xp x 1/10 tng dn s) b ng c thc phm hoc ng c do lin quan n thc phm. Ng dc thc phm do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau gy ra, nhng trong s vi sinh vt l l do trn 50% cc v ng dc thc phm. Cng chnh v vy m vi sinh vt l i tng ca nhiu chng trnh v sinh an ton thc phm. Triu chng ng c thng gp l cc ri lon tiu ho (au bng, tiu chy phn c mu) hoc nhng triu chng nghim trng hn nh nn ma, st, c th mt nhiu nc. Bnh thng xy ra c tnh cht t ngt, nhiu ngi cng mc phi do n cng mt loi thc n. cng tc phng nga ng c do vi sinh vt c hu hiu, chng ta cn nm vng tnh cht ca vi sinh vt l i tng gy ng c. V khi nm vng c tnh cht ca cc loi vi sinh vt ta c c ci nhn khoa hc v nguyn nhn, triu chng gy bnh v cch phng nga i vi tng loi vi sinh vt. Bn cnh vi sinh vt c kch thc rt nh mt thng khng th nhn thy c, v vy cn phi c k thut tin tin gip ta nhn bit s tn ti ca chng trong thc phm, t c nhng kin thc nht nh trong vic la chn thc phm an ton cho bn thn v gia nh. X hi ngy cng pht trin, nhu cu thc phm ngy cng tng. Chnh v l vai tr ca cc nh khoa hc, cc nh sn xut rt quan trng, phi lun tm ti, nghin cu cho ra i cc sn phm an ton, bo m sc kho ngi tiu dng, la tiu ch hng u trong cc ngnh kinh doanh thc phm.

NI DUNG
Ng c thc phm do vi sinh vt lun l nguyn nhn ph bin nht. Trc khi trnh by chi tit hn v tng loi vi sinh vt, chng ta cn tm hiu mt s c im chung cn lu cc loi vi sinh vt.

A/ c im chung:
- Kch thc ca vi sinh vt rt nh, khng th nhn thy bng mt thng. Trong thc t sn xut, iu ny c ngha l khi mt chng ta nhn thy sch s cha ng ngha vi v sinh tt. - Tc sinh sn ca vi sinh vt ni chung rt nhanh, v d nh mt s loi vi khun c kh nng t nhn i sau 20 pht. Nh vy t 1 t bo vi khun ban u sau 4h thnh hn 4000 vi khun, tc nhanh chng t s lng c kh nng gy ng c thc phm, mc d cha c th to ra nhng thay i v mt cm quan thc phm n mc con ngi cm nhn c. - Vi sinh vt phn b rng ri trong thin nhin, c bit c c trn c th con ngi, do vn v sinh c nhn l cc k quan trng trong vic phng nga ng c thc phm do vi sinh vt gy ra. - C nhiu loi vi sinh vt c kh nng gy ng c thc phm vi nhiu mc nguy him khc nhau. Hn na, c th xut hin nhng tc nhn gy bnh mi hoc bin th ca tc nhn gy bnh c nn khng th xem nh bt k tc nhn no. - kim sot s pht trin ca vi sinh vt cn hiu r cc yu t nh hng ln chng nh: dinh dng, pH, hot ncTrong nhit v thi gian lu tr thc phm l nhng yu t rt quan trng.

B/ Cc loi vi sinh vt gy ng c thc phm thng gp:

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Vi sinh vt c chia lm 3 loi sau:

1/ Vi khun:
* Ng c do Samonella:

- C trn 2000 chng Samonella. - Samonella l trc khun Gram (-), khng c nha bo, hiu kh hoc k kh tu tin, t o pht trin trong vng 5 450C, t0 ti u 370C; pH thch hp pH= 7,6 song n c th pht trin vng pH 6-9. Kh nng nng chu nhit ca vi khun km: 500C trong 1h; 700C trong 15 pht v 1000c trong vng 5 pht. Cc phng php ch bin thng thng u dit c vi khun d dng. - Samonella thng ph tng (gan, l lch, hch lm ba) nn t l vi khun trong ph tng ng vt cao hn trong tht. N cn c c trong tht gia cm, tht xay bm nh to iu kin rt thun li cho vi khun pht trin - Kh nng ng c Samonella cb c 2 iu kin: + Thc n phi b nhim mt lng vi khun ln + Vi khun vo c th phi phng ra mt lng c t ln - Cc v ng c thng gp nht ch yu do Samonella typhimurium, S. shottmulleri, S. paratyphi + Samonella typhimurium gy vim rut. Thi k bnh khong 12-24h, c khi ngn hn hoc ko sau vi ngy. Cc du hiu u tin l bnh nhn thy bun nn, nhc u, chong vng kh chu, thn nhit tng ln t (37-380C) sau xut hin nn ma, tiu chy nhiu ln, phn ton nc, i khi c mu, l triu chng ca vim rut cp tnh do ni c t c thot ra khi vi khun b phn hu trong mu cng nh trong rut, nhng ch sau 1-2 ngy bnh nhn nhanh chng tr li bnh thng khng li di chng. + S. paratyphi, S.shottmulleri gy st thng hn. Sau 10-14 ngy bnh, nhit c th tng (39-400C), ngi cm thy lnh. Bnh nhn n khng ngon, mt mi ton thn, au
3

vng tht lng v c bp. Sau 3 tun, bnh mi gim nh. Cc triu chng ri lon tiu ho biu hin rt t hoc khng c nn chn on d nhm ln. - Bin php chnh phng chng ng c do Samonella l: + Bo m thi hn ct gi thc n ch bin v cc nguyn liu + p lnh bo qun thc n v nguyn liu + un si thc n trc khi n l bin php phng bnh tch cc v hiu qu nht. * Ng c do Staphylococus (t cu khun):

- T cu c ri rc khp ni trong t nhin: khng kh, t, nc, trn da, trong hng, miv ch gy ng c khi hnh thnh c t rut (enterotoxin). Tiu biu trong s chng l S. aureus ( t cu vng). - c t rut do t cu sinh ra l c t mnh. Ch cn 25g c t s khi61n mt ngi b i ma. Tc pht trin v sinh c t t cu tu thuc vo mi trng. T cu pht trin chm 4-60C, pht trin nhanh 20-220C v nhanh nht 25-350C. T cu tng i bn vng nng cao (33-35%) - T cu km bn vi nhit, cc phng php ch bin thng thng u dit c vi khun d dng. Tuy nhin c t ca t cu li chu c t0 rt cao, cao hn tt c c t ca vi khun khc. Mun kh c c t ca t cu phi un si thc n t nht l 2h. - Thi k bnh ngn, khong 3h. Thi k pht bnh, bnh nhn cm thy chng mt, bun nn, ri nn ma d di, au bng qun v i tiu chy, au u, mch nhanh, t0 vn bnh thng hoc hi st do mt nc. Bnh s khi hon ton sau 1-2 ngy, t t vong. - T cu nhim vo thc phm do ngi c mn nht hoc vt thng mang vi khun. T cu thng c rt nhiu trong sa ti (14,6%), vng sa v kem (6,8%). Trong qu trnh sn xut hp, cc nguyn liu nh c c th b nhim t cu khun v sinh c t, khi v hp t cu bi tiu dit nhng c t ca n vn cn nguyn.
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- Bin php phng nga s lan nhim ca t cu vo thc phm: + Cng nhn ngi c bnh v mi hng khng c tip xc trc tip vi thc phm, nht l thc n c nu chn. + Phi thng xuyn c bin php kim tra, bo v sc kho, phng nga bnh vim da c m, bnh vim ng h hp v rng ming. *Ng c do Clostridium botulinum (ng botulism)

- Ng c Clostridim botulinum cn c gi l ng c botulism, l ng c mang tnh cht cp tnh nng, n ph hu h thn kinh trung ng v gy t vong cao. - N l trc khun k kh tuyt i, tn ti trong t, phn ng vt, rut c, t vi khun hnh thnh cc bo t rt bn vng. Vi khun pht trin thun li t 0 26-280C, vi khun chu nhit km nhng bo t rt bn vng t0 cao: 1200C chu c 5pht, 1000C chu c n 6h. Cc phng php ch bin thng thng khng c tc dng i vi vi khun. - Thi gian bnh t 6-24h, i khi rt ngn hoc ko di tu vo lng c t a vo c th. Du hiu lm sn ch yu l lit thn kinh do tn thng thn kinh trung ng v hnh tu, sm nht l lit mt. Bnh ko di t 4-8 ngy,nu khng c cha tr kp thi c th cht ngay do lit h hp v tim mch. Thuc iu tr duy nht l huyt thanhkhng c t nhng cn c chn on v iu tr sm. Ngoi ra bt buc phi ra d dy v rut ngay loi tr c t cng sm cng tt c t khng thm vo mu. - phng ng c, cn hn ch s pht trin ca vi khun v s to ra c t. Trong sn xut ch bin phi dng nguyn liu cn ti, cht lng tt, sch, vi thnh phm cn ni kh ro thong mt, trnh t0 cao, m. Thc phm kh nghi phi un li lin tc 100 0C trong 1h. * Ng c do E. coli (Escherichia coli):

-E.coli l trc khun Gram (-), khng c nha bo, hiu kh hoc k kh tu tin, t0 pht trin t 5-500C, ti u 370C; pH= 7,4 song n c th pht trin pH 6-9 - Hin nay c 5 nhm E.coli khc nhau: 1. Enteroaggreative; 2. Enterohemorrhagic; 3. Enteroinrasire; 4. Enteropathogenic v 5. Enterotoxigeni.Chng c kh nng to nhiu loi c t gy bnh rt a dng. Trong trng hp sc khng yu E.coli c th gy ra bnh vim mng no (khong 40% vim mng no tr s sinh). Phn ln cc v tiu chy l do E.coli - Triu chng ng c l au bng d di, tiu chy v sau la tiu chy ra mu. i khi bnh nhn c th nn ma, khng st hoc hi st. Bnh c th t khi nhng trung bnh ko di n 8 ngy. Mt s loi thc phm d b nhim l bnh nhn tht cha chn k, nc tri cy cha qua thanh trng, phomai, gi * Ng c do Balicillus cereus:

- Balicillus cereus thuc loi vi khun d chuyn thnh nha bo, h hp tu tin. Nha bo thng gp trong ng cc, sa v cc sn phm ch bin, trong cc loi gia v. Chu c t 0 (5-460C) pht trin tt pH 4,2-9,3. Tit c t gy ng c ging nh St. aureus v Cl. perfrigens.

* Dch t do Vibrio cholerae:

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- Vibrio cholerae l loi vi khun ph bin rng ri trong thin nhin. Chng gy ra bnh dch t, bnh do nc bn v thc phm b nhim trng. - Bnh xm nhp qua ng tiu ho, vt qua hng ro axit dch v v kt dnh vo mng nhy m rut. Thi gian bnh t 4-5 ngy. Bnh thng pht rt t ngt, bnh hn tir6u chy nhiu, co tht c bng, mt nc nhanh chng. * Ng c do Shigella:

- Sigella lthuc h Enterobacteriaceae. Chng l nhng vi khun Gram (-), khng di ng, khng sinh bo t, k kh tu tin. Nhit pht trin nm trong khong 10-400C, pH 6-8 - Sigella nhim vo thc phm t nc hoc phn ngi. Khi vo c th, ch cn lng nh 10-100 t bo cng gy bnh. Chng tn cng lp biu m nim mc rut gi, to nhng p xe nh li ti, gy hoi t, lm ung th l lot v xut huyt. Khi rut gi b tn thng gy au bng d di, tiu chy nhiu ln, phn nhy nht v c mu (kit l). Ngoi ra, Sigella cn to ra c t tc ng ln thnh rut v ngoi c t c kh nng tc ng ln h thn kinh gy t vong. * Siu vi khun vim gan A (HAV) v Norwalk: y l nhng loi siu vi khun gy bnh cho ngi, khng pht trin trong thc phm, thc phm ch l vt trung gian truyn bnh. Siu vi khun vim gan A (HAV): ng hng th hai trong nhng bnh ng c thc phm do thc n mang vo...Virus hpatite A c th tn ti trong nc t 3 n 10 thng. Virus
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b hy dit bng chiu x v bng nhit 56 C trong 30 pht hay 85 o C trong vng 1 pht. Triu chng thng thy l st nng, nn ma, mt cm gic i bng, mt mi, nc tiu vng, vng da v trng hp nng s nh hng n cc chc nng ca gan. Vim gan A ly trc tip t ngi bnh sang ngi lnh qua thc n v nc ung b nhim virus. Khc vi cc loi siu vi khun, siu vi khun HAV nhim v k sinh nhuyn th rt kh lm sch v loi ra khi nhuyn th. Thi gian bnh t 2 n 6 tun. Nm 1988 Trung Quc thng k c 292000 trng hp b ng c HAV do n s v c 32 ngi cht (Christian,1990). Siu vi khun Norwalk: triu chng chung khi b ng c do nhim siu vi khun Norwalk i vi ngi ln l tiu chy v i vi tr em thng b nn. Vt trung gian truyn bnh thng l ngi dch v thc phm, s hn sng vng nhim nc bn. Thi gian bnh 1-2 ngy v triu chng nhim c nng thng tip sau 1-2 ngy. Tnh chu nhit ca siu vi khun Norwalk cn t c nghin cu, nhng nhng nghin cu gn y cho thy siu vi khn Norwalk c sc khng cao i vi nhit.

2/ Virus:
*Nhm virus Adeno: Mt s virus nh Corona,Adena,Pircobirma,Herpes thuong gp trong phn,mc d t gp nhng cng c kh nng gy ng c thc phm.c bit l mt s loi virus gy bnh chm (slow virus) gy bnh cho ngi n tht,sa v mu ng vt.Dch bnh b in gn y Anh (SBE,Bovine Spongiform Encephalophany) l do s ly truyn bnh thn kinh ca cu sang b v rt cn cnh gic phng bnh ly lan cho ngi qua ng thc phm. *Cm gia cm H5N1(Avian influenza): - L 1 trong nhng bnh truyn nhim cp tnh gia cm, ly lan rt nhanh, t l cht cao (100% s g b bnh), ly nhim cho nhiu loi gia cm v chim tri, tng gy thit hi rt ln cho ngnh chn nui g ni ring v chn nui gia cm ni chung nhiu nc trn th gii trong th k XX.Vi ngi, nhng virus tng gy bnh l t H1 n H3 (tt c c 15 virus H) v N1 v N2. - H5N1 l 1 phn nhm c kh nng gy nhim cao ca virus cm gia cm.Tn gi phn nhm H5N1 l lin quan n loi protein khng nguyn trn v virus: protein hemagglutinin nhm 5(H5) v neuraminidase nhm 1(N1).
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- Tnh n 25/10/2005,trn th gii c 121 trng hp nhim virus H5N1v 61 ngi trong s t vong.Trong quc gia chu tn tht v ngi nng n nht l Viet Nam 41ngi t vong 91ngi mc bnh.a s cc trng hp l do n gia cm b bnh. c 13 quc gia chu v chu u pht hin thy virus H5N1.Ngoi ra hn 120 triu con chim ( gia cm) b cht do nhim virus hoc b tiu hy. - Thng thng nhng virus cm ny lan truyn trn th gii bng cch k sinh t bo rut non ca cc loi chim di c,khi chng l nhng chng H5N1 khng gy cht. Tuy nhin nhng chng virus ny c th b t bin v tr thnh chng cm gia cm c c tnh cao nht t trc n gi. iu ny cng tng t nh c ch ca chng virus H1N1 gy ra i dch cm Ty Ban Nha vo nm 1918. - Bnh cm g lan truyn qua khng kh v phn, nhng cng c th gy nhim trn thc n, nc, dng c v qun o.Thi k bnh t 3 n 5 ngy. Triu chng mc bnh cc ng vt l khc nhau, nhng mt s bin th virus c th dn n t vong trong vi ngy. - i vi ngi,cm g gy ra cc triu chng:st,ho,au hng,au nhc c bp,vim mng kt. Nghim trng gy ra suy gim h hp v vim phi, c th dn n t vong. Mc nghim trng ca bnh ph thuc phn ln th trng sc khe,kh nng min dch,tin s tip xc virus ca ngi b nhim.
* Cm heo H1N1:

-Cm H1N1 (trc y tng c gi l cm ln) l loi virus mi gy bnh ngi. Loi virus ny lan rng t ngi sang ngi theo cch ca virus cm ma. -Theo nghin cu th nhiu thnh phn gen ca loi virus cm H1N1 ny ging vi virus gy bnh cho ln Bc M. Nhng tht ra, loi virus H1N1 ny rt khc vi loi cm ln Bc M. Virus cm H1N1 c c gen cm ca virus cm ln c chu u v chu , v c gen virus cm ngi. - Vi cm ma, chng ta bit rng thi tit thay i s lm thay i lun thi gian b cm v c tnh d di ca cm. Triu chng cm H1N1 ngi ging nh triu chng cm ma thng thng, bao gm: st, ho, au hng, s mi hoc nght mi, au ngi, au u, n lnh v mt mi. C mt s ngi c thm tri chng tiu chy v nn ma. V ging nh cm ma, cm H1N1 cng c th gy ra t vong. - Cm ma c th gy nn t vong. Mi nm, trung bnh c 36,000 ngi M cht do cm v c 200,000 ngi nhp vin do cm. Trong s nhp vin ny, c 20,000 tr em di 5
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tui. Vi ngi gi hn 65 tui, th c hn 90% t vong v khong 60% ngi nhp vin. n thng 04/2009, chng virus mi c pht hin ti Canada, Ty Ban Nha v Anh. Ngi ta nghi ng virus H1N1 cng lan sang nhiu quc gia khc, bao gm c New Zealand vi 2.400 ca c th b nhim virus ny.

3/ Nm men nm mc:
Nm men -Nm men c dng c th n bo. Chng phn b rng, hin din nhiu t trng nho v hoa qu. -Nhiu loi nm men lm h hng thc phm. Nhng cng c nhiu loi ng dng trong cng ngh ln men v sn xut ph gia trong thc phm. - Hnh thi phn loi nm men: Thut ng nm men ( yeast, levure ) ch l tn chung ch nhm vi nm thng c cu to n bo v thng sinh si ny n bng phng php ny chi (budding). Nm men khng thuc v mt nhm phn (taxon) loi nht nh, chng c th thuc nm ti (Ascomycetes), lp nm m (Basidiomycota) v nm bt ton (Deuteromycetes). Nm mc v c t ca nm mc Nm mc l vi sinh vt c th c cu to hnh si, phn nhnh a bo. Chng c phn b rng v pht trin trn thc phm v trn cc ngun dinh dng hu c khc k c g. Nhiu loi c tm thy trong thc phm gy hng thc phm v cng c nhiu loi to ra mytoxin gy ng c thc phm. Nm mc c vch ngn: Khun ty c cu to t mt chui t bo ni tip nhau. Ngn cch hai t bo l mt vch ngn. Mi t bo c cu trc tng t nm men (vch, cht nguyn sinh, nhn v cc bo quan). * Aspergillus l nm mc c vch ngn (septae), sinh bo t trn nh bo t (conodia), bo t c mu en. Nhiu loi c th sng trong iu kin kh hn (xerophilic) c th pht trin trn cc ht ng cc, nn thng lm h hng ng cc trong qu trnh bo qun. Chng cng lm h hng cc loi thc phm nh: mt (jams), gim bng (hams), ht iu.. rau v qu.

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+ Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus & A.moninus c kh nng to c t aflatoxin trong cc loi ht v thc phm c du ( u phng, u nnh, m, cm a sy kh). Bn chng gc Aflatoxins c tha nhn l AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 v AFG2. D9c t ny tn cng trc tip ln gan. + Aspergillus fumigatus. N c nhn thy di do trong phn hy cht hu c, nh t si m ng phn, v n d dng pht trin nhit ln n 550C. *Geotrichum: Nm mc c vch ngn, to bo t t (arthrospore) hnh ch nht. Chng pht trin to khun lc bng hay khun lc kem trn mi trng thch ging nh nm men. Thng nhim vo trong cc sn phm sa, c gi l mc sa (dairy mold).

*Penicilium: Nm mc c vch ngn, to nh bo t c mu xanh l ( blue-green). Chng phn b rng v c nhiu loi c ng dng trong sn xut trong thc phm. Nhng cng c nhiu loi lm thi rau qu, lm h hng ng cc, bnh m, tht v to c tt mytoxin vd: ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin c mt trong khp cc loi nng sn thc phm: ng cc, tho dc, bia, c ph... v c trong cc sn phm c ngun gc ng vt do b ly nhim trc. Chng gy c trn gan, thn, h min dch ca mt s loi ng vt v gy ung th gan, thn trn chut. V vy quc t c quy nh gii hn nghim ngt v Ochratoxin t 1 -50g/kg (quy nh ca Vit Nam l ch 35g/kg).

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+ Penicillium roquefortii ln men ph mai c vn xanh + Penicillium chrysogenum to mt s c t c c tnh va phi N cng c th ly nhim gy d ng v min dch, bnh nhn b tn hi. + P. marneffei thng lin kt vi cc nhim trng c hi. + P. italicum v P. digitatum l nguyn nhn ph bin ca thi ca tri cy Nm mc khng c vch ngn: y l nhng loi nm mc a nhn. Khun ty khng c vch ngn gia cc nhn *Alternaria: Chng l nhng loi nm mc khng c vch ngn, to bo t trn nh bo t. Chng gy thi tri c chua v lm i thiu cc sn phm t sa. Mt s loi to ra mycotoxin (ph bin l sn xut axit tenuazonic) Vd: Alternaria alternata

* Fusarium: Chng l nhng loi nm mc khng c vch ngn, to bo t hnh li lim (sickle) trn nh bo t. Nhiu loi lm thi tri h cam qut, khoai ty v ng cc. Chng to ra c t mycotoxin nh : fumonisins, zearalenone, tricothecenes, deoxynivalenol.

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Vd:

+ Fusarium solani, Fus. culmorum, Fus. graminearum, Fus. sporotrichioides, Fus.

poae, Fus. moniliforme, Fus. Proliferatum

* Mucor: Nm mc khng c vch ngn v to bo t ti (sporangiospore). Chng to khun lc bng trn mi trng thch. Thng tm thy trong t, cy trng, mc nt tri cy v rau ci

Vd:

+ Mucor indicus, M. ramosissimus, M. Circinelloides, M. Amphibiorum * Rhizopus: Nm mc khng c vch ngn v to bo t ti trong ti bo t

(sporangium). Chng thng gy h hng nhiu loi rau qu.

Vd:

+ Rhizopus stolonifer thng lm h hng bnh m nn gi l mc bnh m en. +Rhizopus arrhizus, Rhizopus azygosporus, Rhizopus microsporus, Rhizopus schipperae
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Bng thng k nguyn nhn gy ng c thc phm ti Vit Nam t nm 2000 n nm 2004

T l cc v ng c do cc nguyn nhn Nm 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Vi sinh vt 62,90 73,30 65,90 57,90 55,60 Ho hc 11,30 10,00 24,40 21,10 13,10 Cht c trong thc phm 2,90 6,70 2,40 10,5 22,76 Cha xc nh 22,90 10,00 7,30 10,50 8,54

Cc s liu phn tch nguyn nhn ca cc v ng c thc phm ti Vit Nam cho bit, c trn 50% s v do vi sinh vt gy ra, 10-25% s v ng c do thc phm b nhim. V nguyn nhn ny c th do khu chun b khng m bo v sinh an ton v thc n c ch bin xong qu lu nn b nhim khun. Theo thng k 4/2009 ca bnh vin a khoa tnh Bnh nh Nguyn nhn dn n ng c thc phm do thc phm nhim vi sinh vt, trong 30 - 50% s ca nhp vin do vi khun Ecoli, 70% do vi khun Salmonella c trong nhiu loi thc phm nh tht ngui, nghu s, g cha nu chn C nhiu loi thc phm nhim c t cc ha cht bo qun thc phm, ha cht bo v thc vt. Mt khc, ngay chnh bn thn cc thc phm vn cng cha nhiu cht c t nhin, v nh trong c m, mng c cht Xyanua gy ng c, Histamin trong thc n i thiu, c t Tetradotoxin trong nm c, c nc, tht cc. iu cho thy tnh hnh thc t ng c thc phm hin nay nc ta ngy cng gia tng, v vi sinh vt l nguyn nhn chim t l cao nht. Chnh v vy, thng 3/2005, Chnh ph c quyt nh thnh lp Ban kim tra v sinh an ton thc phm v thng 4/2005, B trng B y t-Trng ban v sinh an ton thc phm ch thn pht ng phong tro V
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sinh an ton thc phm. Bo m v sinh trong ch bin v s dng thc phm l ta bo v sc kho ca chnh bn thn, gia nh v x hi.

KT LUN

Trong xu th ton cu ho th trng, cc sn phm thc phm tr thnh mt b phn quan trng trong thng mi ca cc quc gia nn c nhiu vn v v sinh an ton thc phm ch c th gii quyt c cp chnh ph. V vy, cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm cn nh hng ti li ch kinh t v chnh tr ca quc gia. Ngy nay, m bo v sinh an ton thc phm, phng chm phng hn chng c nhn mnh hn bao gi ht. phng nga ng c thc phm hoc rng hn l m bo cht lng ca thc phm, chng ta cn hiu r cc mi nguy, tc cc tc nhn sinh hc, ho hc, hay vt l c trong thc phm hoc mi trng ch bin thc phm, c kh nng gy hi cho sc kho ca ngi tiu dng (Codex). Bi vy, gii quyt tn gc vn v sinh an ton thc phm , rt cn s hiu bit v phi hp ng b ca ton x hi (cc c quan qun l nh nc, cc doanh nghip sn xut v ch bin thc phm v ngi tiu dng) v s tch cc hp tc ca cc nc trn ton cu. a s cc v ng c thc phm thng do cc tc nhn lm cho thc phm b nhim. Trong tc nhn vi sinh vt chim t l cao nht. phng trnh c tc nhn ny ta cn hiu r c im ca cc loi vi sinh vt v c bit nn n chn ung si, v a s cc loi vi sinh vt s b hn ch cc c t nu qua qu trnh ch bin k. Bo v tt sc kh cho bn thn l ta gip ch cho gia nh v x hi.

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MC LC
M u......................................................................................................................1 Ni dung....................................................................................................................2 A/ c im chung...............................................................................................2 B/ Cc loi vi sinh vt gy ng c thc phm thng gp..................................3 Vi khun............................................................................................................3 Virus..................................................................................................................8 Nm men-nm mc...........................................................................................10 Kt lun.....................................................................................................................15

TI LIU THAM KHO: 1/ Lng c Phm, Vi sinh vt hc v an ton v sinh an ton thc phm, NXB Nng nghip, 2000 2/ Nguyn c Lng, V sinh v an ton thc phm, NXB HQG Tp.HCM,2005. 3/ c cht hc - Dng Thanh Lim - nm 2004 4/ web: www.vfa.gov.vn

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