TRUYN THNG S DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

30 tit, 2 tn ch

Mc tiu: Hc phn ny, tip theo hc phn Cc h thng truyn thng, c mc tiu cung cp c s cho cc hc phn Truyn thng khng dy, Truyn thng di ng. nh gi kt qu hc tp: Bi tp nh np cho ging vin: 30% tng im Thi ht mn hc: 70% Ti liu tham kho:
Bi ging (Da trn bi ging ca Uppsala University v cun 1) 1. Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications, Bernard Sklar 2. Digital Communications, Jonh G. Proakis, McGraw-Hill, 2001 Internet
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What is Digital Communication?

Digital Communication is any message passed through digital devices Digital Communication can be easy and quick to use E.g. of digital communication are:
E-mailing - Computers Texting - Cell Phones

A basic digital communication system

Transmitter Data Source Source Encoder Channel Encoder Modulator

Bit Error Rate (BER) / Symbol Error Rate (SER) Receiver Data Sink Source Decoder Channel Decoder Demodulator

channel

Ni dung mn hc Contents of the course

1. Source coding / M ha ngun 2. Channel coding / M ha knh 3. Modulation (Baseband and passband signaling) / iu bin

Week 1:
Need to know before studying a DCS
Classification of signals Random process Autocorrelation Power and energy spectral densities Noise in communication systems Signal transmission through linear systems Bandwidth of signal

Key blocks:
Formatting: transforms the source information into bits. Modulation: the process by which message symbols or channel symbols are converted to waveforms that are compatible with the requirements imposed by the transmission channel. Pulse modulation: transform each symbol from a binary representation to a baseband waveform.

Key blocks:
Bandpass modulation: basepand waveform gi(t) is frequency translated by a carrier wave to a frequency that is much larger than gi(t), called bandpass waveform si(t), i = 1, , M. (Mary pulse waveform types). Source coding: converts A/D (for analog souces) and removes redundant information formatting transformation (for digizing). Channel coding, for a given data rate, can deduce the probability of error, PE, at the expense of transmission BW or decoder complexity.
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Classification of signals
Deterministic and random signals
Deterministic signals: whose values are completely specified for any given time. Thus, a deterministic signal can be modeled by a known function of time.
E.g. x(t) = 5.cos10t

Random signals: also called non deterministic signals are those signals that take random values at any given time and must be characterized statistically .
E.g. Noise in electronic circuits
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Deterministic signals

Random signal

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Classification of signals
Periodic and non-periodic signals

A periodic signal

A non-periodic signal

Analog and discrete signals

A discrete signal Analog signals

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Classification of signals ..

Energy and power signals: as ways to measure a signal.

A signal is an energy signal (tn hiu nng lng) if, and only if, it has nonzero but finite energy for all time: A signal is a power signal (tn hiu cng sut) if, and only if, it has finite but nonzero power for all time:

General rule: Periodic and random signals are power signals. Signals that are both deterministic and non-periodic are energy signals.

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The energy of this signal is the shaded region

A simple, common signal with infinite energy

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Bi tp
Phn loi tn hiu: energy signals hay power signals

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Autocorrelation
Correlation = a matching process. Autocorrelation = matching of a signal with a delayed version of itself Autocorrelation function of a real-valued energy signal x(t):

The autocorrelation function provides a measure of how closely the signal matches a copy of itself as the copy is shifted units in time.
Autocorrelation of a power signal
For a periodic signal:

Autocorrelation of a random signal For a WSS process:

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Remind: Cross-correlation
The cross-correlation function describes the general dependency of x(t) with another random process y(t+ ), delayed by a time delay,

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Random process
1. The collection of random signals is called a random process. 2. Each signal in this collection is referred to a realization or sample function of the process.
Random variables

Real number

Sample functions or realizations (deterministic function) time (t)

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Random process
Wide sense stationary (WSS): If the mean and autocorrelation
function do not change with a shift in the origin time. autocorrelation, if

Ergodic process: A random process is ergodic in mean and

and

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Spectral density
Energy signals:
Energy spectral density (ESD):

Power signals: T0 1 2 2 Px = T0 x(t) dt = n =- cn T0 - 2

Power spectral density (PSD):

Random process:
Power spectral density (PSD):
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Fig. Autocorrelation and Power Spectral Density

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Bi tp
Tm Ex hay Px tng ng

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Thermal noise is described by a zero-mean Gaussian random process, n(t). Its PSD is flat, hence, it is called white noise.
[w/Hz]

Noise in communication systems

Power spectral density of white noise

Probability density function Autocorrelation function of white noise

Thermal noise is present in all comm. systems The thermal noise characteristics additive white Gaussian noise AWGN are most often used to model the noise in 23 comm. systems.

 Input - output relationships :

Input x(t) Linear system

Signal transmission through linear systems

Output y(t)

Relation between spectral density of output and spectral density of input :

S y (f) = A . H(f) .Sx (f)

|H(f)|2 is a transfer function, frequency response function

Sx(f) frequency, f

A.|H(f)|2

Sy(f)

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 Ideal filters:
Low-pass Non-causal!

Band-pass

High-pass

Realizable filters:
RC filters Butterworth filter

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Bandwidth
Recall: In Fourier Analysis, signals cannot be limited both time and frequency(band) For real-world (time-limited) signals this means BW can be difficult to define

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Baseband and Bandpass

Baseband
X(f)

fm

Bandpass
Xc(f) fc 2fm Double sided bandwidth

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Bandwidth of signal
Baseband vs. bandpass:
Baseband signal Local oscillator Bandpass signal

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Bandwidth of signal
Different definition of bandwidth:
(a) Half-power bandwidth (d) Fractional power containment bandwidth (b) Noise equivalent bandwidth (e) Bounded power spectral density (c) Null-to-null bandwidth (f) Absolute bandwidth

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 50dB

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 Half-power BW: Gx(f) drop to half-power or -3 dB Noise equivalent BW: Wn = Px/Gx(fc); Px is total signal power over all freq. Null-to-null BW: the most popular measure of BW for digital communications is the width of the main spectral lobe, where most of the power is contained. Fractional power containment BW: the band leaves 0.5% of the signal power above the upper band limit and 0.5% of the signal power below the lower band limit. Bounded power spectral density: the band leaves a certain stated level. Typical attenuation levels = 35 or 50 dB. Absolute bandwidth = infinite.

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Conclusion
Important features of digital communication systems Some basic concepts and definitions as signal classification, spectral density, random process, linear systems and signal bandwidth.
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