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Addressing Race and Genetics
Health Disparities in the Age o Personalized Medicine
Michael J. Rugnetta and Khusboo Desai March 2011
www.SCIENCEprogrESS.org
i     s  t   o c k  p  h  ot   o /    d a n i    e  l   s   c h  oe  n e  n 
 
Addressing Race and Genetics
Health Disparities in the Age o Personalized Medicine
Michael J. Rugnetta and Khusboo Desai March 2011
 
1
Science Progress • www.scienceprogress.org |
 aressng Re n Genes
Introduction and summary
Te human genome sequence has been ully compleed or a decade now and he priceo ull genome sequencing is dropping precipiously. Many believe ha wih hese devel-opmens, a new era o personalized medicine is abou o hi ull speed. Personalizedmedicine is essenially “he use o geneic suscepibiliy or pharmacogeneic esing oailor an individual’s prevenive care or drug herapy,” alhough some deniions alsoinclude he developmen o paien oucomes research, healh inormaion echnology,and care delivery models.
1
Pu more simply, i means he developmen o medicines andherapies ailored o paiens’ unique geneic rais and risks.Te eld is evolving rapidly bu many hurdles sill remain. Individually ailored drugs based on a paien’s geneic makeup are ar o, and he cos o developing drugs orgeneic subpopulaions wih largely similar geneic rais or one or more diseaseshinders developmens in his arena. Similarly, he lack o sandards surrounding direc-o-consumer geneic ess and he lack o robus, large-scale genomic daa or many diseases and condiions are addiional hurdles.Neverheless, personalized medicine is making is way ino he mainsream. Esimaes by PricewaerhouseCoopers indicae ha he marke or personalized medicine, currenly a$232 billion indusry, will grow a a rae o 11 percen annually.
2
Personalized medicineis also making serious srides in he pharmaceuical indusry wih drugs like he coloncancer drug Erbiux, which is mos eecive in paiens wih a cerain geneic muaion.Personalized medicine also has he poenial o rein in rising healh care coss. Forinsance, physicians can beter preven adverse drug reacions by using geneic inorma-ion o calibrae he ideal dosage o he blood-hinning drug Wararin or an individualpaien. Tis alone could preven 85,000 serious bleeding cases and 17,000 srokes, andsave he healh care sysem $1.1 billion annually.
3
Bu he healh care and scienic communiies will sill have o answer imporan ques-ions abou who will have access o hese new medical advancemens as hey develop.Healh dispariies persis beween dieren groups or various reasons including accesso care, liesyle acors, socioeconomic saus, and geneics. Sudies indicae ha minor-iies have less access o healh care and generally receive a lower qualiy o care. Sudiesshow ha Arican Americans have lower incidence o breas cancer han whie women,or example, bu suer greaer moraliy.
4
Hear disease is widespread among minoriiesand a leading killer in he Arican-American communiy.
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