Soil stabilization

Cement stabilization Lime stabilization

 Cement stabilization is done by mixing pulverized soil and

cement with water and compacting the mix to attain a strong material .

Soil cement
It becomes a hard and durable structural material as the

cement hydrates and develops strength

Types of soil cement

y Mitchell and Freitag (1959) have divided the soil

cement into 3 categories

1. normal soil cement

y it consists of 5 to 14 % of cement by volume y the normal soil-cement is quite weather resistant and

strong . It s commonly used for stabilizing sandy and other low plasticity soils

Contd
2. Plastic soil cement
y it also contains cement 5-14% by volume y it can be placed on steep or irregular slopes where it is

difficult to use normal road making equipment y it also used water proof lining of canals and reservoirs.
y The plastic soil cement can be used for protection of

steep slopes against erosive action of water

Contd
3. Cement modified soil
y contains less than 5 % of cement by volume y it is a semi hardened product of soil and cement y it is quite inferior to the other two types y the use of cement modified soils is limited

Normal and Plastic soil c ment

y Factors affecting cement stabilization

1. Type of soil
y Granular soils with sufficient fines are ideally suited

for cement stabilisation y silt and clayey with a high clay content are difficult to pulverise y more over the quantity of cement increase with an increase in clay
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2. Quantity of cement
y A well graded soil requires 5% cement where as a poorly graded uniform sand may require about 9% cement.

3. Quantity of water
y The quantity of water used must be sufficient for

hydration of cement and for making the mix workable.

y Water used should be clean
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4. Mixing Compaction and curing 5. Admixture

Construction Methods
The construction of soil cement bases and sub-bases is done using the following methods y Mix in place method y Plant-mix method there are two types of plants used in the plant-mix of construction  Stationary plant and Travelling plant
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Lime stabilisation
y It is done by adding lime to a soil . It is useful for

stabilisation of clayey soils

y when lime reacts with soil there is exchange of cations

in the adsorbed water layer and a decrease in plasticity of soil occur.

y The resulting material is more friable than the original

clay and is there fore more suitable as subgrade.

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Lime stone is produced by burning of limestone in kilns

y The quantity of lime obtained depends upon the parent material and the production process y There are 5 types of limes

1. high calcium , quick lime ( CaO) 2. hydrated , high calcium lime Ca(OH) 2 3. Dolomite lime ( CaO + MgO) 4. Normal , hydrated dolomite lime ( Ca(OH)2 +MgO) 5. Pressure , hydrated dolomite lime (Ca(OH) 2 + MgO)
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y Quick lime is more effective as stabilizer than the hydrated lime but the latter is more safe and convenient to handle . y The amount of lime required for stabilization varies between 2 to 10% of the soil . y If the lime is used only to modify some of the physico chemical characteristics of the soil , the amount of lime is about 1 to 3 %.

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The following amount may be used as rough guide

2 to 5% for clay gravel material having less than 50% of silt clay fraction. 2. 5 to 10% for soils with more than 50%of silt clay fraction . 3. For soils having particle size intermediate between 1 and 2 above, the quantity of lime required is between 3 to 7 % 4. About 10% for heavy clays used as base and subbase
1.

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Chemical and physical changes in lime stabilization

y when lime reacts with wet soil it alters the nature of

the adsorbed layer by base exchange. y lime reacts chemically with available silica and alumina in soils

construction methods
y Similar to those used in cement stabilisation

However the following differences should be carefully noted .

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1. As the reaction in the case of lime is slow , there is no maximum time limit between the addition of lime to the soil and the completion of compaction 2. Lime may be added in the form of slurry instead of dry powder 3. A rest period of 1 to 4 days is generally required after spreading lime over a heavy clay before final mixing is done

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THANK YOU!

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