Professional Documents
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SKOLIAD
No. 122
27
. If you write all integers from 1 to 100, how many even digits will be
written? (When you write the number 42, two even digits are written.)
(A) 50
(B) 71
(C) 80
(D) 89
(E) 91
. In a farm there are hens (no hump, two legs),
amels (two humps, four
legs) and dromedaries (one hump, four legs). If the number of legs is four
times the number of humps, then the number of hens divided by the number
of
amels will be?
(A) 12
(B) 1
(C) 32
(D) 2
(E) Not enough
information
2
. A
ubi
box of side 1 m is pla
ed on the
oor. A se
ond
ubi
box of side
m is pla
ed on top of the rst box so that the
entre of the se
ond box is
dire
tly above the
entre of the rst box. A painter paints all of the surfa
e
area of the two boxes that
an be rea
hed without moving the boxes. What
is the total area of surfa
e that is painted?
2
3
(A)
4
49
9
m2
(B)
57
9
m2
(C)
61
9
m2
(D)
72
9
(D) 6
m2
2
. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are to be arranged in a row. In how
many ways
an this be done if 2 is always to the left of 4, and 4 is always to
the left of 6? (For example 2, 5, 3, 4, 6, 1 is an arrangement with 2 to the
left of 4 and 4 to the left of 6.)
(A) 20
(B) 36
(C) 60
(D) 120
(E) 240
5
(A) 4 4
(D) 1
2
(B)
(C)
4
(E) Not enough
information
e
27
1
2
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A ........................................................................................ B
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.
D ..................................................... C
annee,
Partie C
Duree
: environ 30 minutes
. Si vous e
rivez
tous les entiers de 1 a 100,
ombien de
hires pairs seront
e
rits
? (Quand vous e
rivez
le nombre 42, vous e
rivez
deux
hires pairs.)
(B) 71
(C) 80
(D) 89
(E) 91
(A) 50
. Dans une ferme il y a des poules (pas de bosse, deux pattes), des
hameaux
(deux bosses, quatre pattes) et des dromadaires (une bosse, quatre pattes).
Si le nombre de pattes est quatre fois le nombre de bosses, alors le nombre
de poules, divise par le nombre de
hameaux sera de ?
2
(A)
1
2
(B) 1
(C)
3
2
(D) 2
(E) Information
insusante
(A)
4
49
9
m2
(B)
57
9
m2
(C)
61
9
m2
(D)
72
9
(D) 6
m2
(E) Au
une de
es
reponses
(E) 8
3
5. Les nombres 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 et 6 sont pla
es
en ligne. De
ombien de fa
ons
ela peut-il e^ tre fait si 2 est toujours a la gau
he de 4 et 4 est toujours a la
gau
he de 6 ? (2, 5, 3, 4, 6, 1 est un tel pla
ement ave
2 a la gau
he de 4 et
4 a la gau
he de 6).
(B) 36
(C) 60
(D) 120
(E) 240
(A) 20
(A) 4 4
(D) 1
2
(B)
(C)
4
(E) Information
insusante
1
2
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In the gure on the right above are four
ir
les and, thus, thirteen regions.
Find the number in the middle if the sum of all thirteen numbers is 294.
Solution by Alison Tam, student, Burnaby South Se
ondary S
hool, Burnaby,
BC.
Assign the values a, b, c, and d to the four
ir
les, as shown in the
diagram on the following page. Then the overlapping regions get the values
shown. The sum of the thirteen regions is 7a + 7b + 7c + 7d. Sin
e this
b+
a+d
c+
b+
a+b+
c+d
c+
b+c
. This is the 20th edition of the Swedish Junior High S
hool Mathemati
s Contest. The
rst quali
ation round was held in the fall of
1988, and this year's nal is held in2008. That
is twenty-one
alendar years, 1988{2008, but
the table at right has room for only eighteen
of them. Whi
h three must be omitted if the
digit sum in every row and every
olumn must
be divisible by 9? (Two solutions exist.)
2
a+b
b+
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c+d
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......1............9.............9............6...... ......2............0.............0............0......
.. 1 ..... 9 ..... 9 ..... 5 .. ... 2 ..... 0 ..... 0 ..... 1 ..
.............................................. ..............................................
... 1 .... 9 .... 9 .... 4 . ... 2 .... 0 .... 0 .... 2 .
.................................................. ..................................................
......1...........9............9...........3..... ......2...........0............0...........3.....
......1.............9..............9.............2....... ......2.............0..............0.............4.......
... .... .... .... .. ... .... .... .... ..
......1...........9............9...........1...... ......2...........0............0...........5......
... 1 .... 9 .... 9 .... x. ... 2 .... 0 .... 0 .... 6 .
............................................... ...............................................
......1...........9............9...........8..... ......2...........0............0...........7.....
......1............9.............9............7....... ......2............0.............0............8.......
Here x is either 0 or 9
The third olumn in the 1900's part of the hart ontains 8's and 9's.
5
Sin
e there are at most two 8's and the
olumn sum is divisible by 9, the
olumn must
onsist of only 9's. Thus the years 1988 and 1989 must be
ex
luded from the
hart. Using that the row sums are divisible by 9, it is
now easy to ll in the
hart as in the right-hand diagram.
Hen
e the ex
luded years are either 1988, 1989, and 1990; or 1988,
1989 and 1999.
Also solved by LENA CHOI, student, E
ole
Banting Middle S
hool, Coquitlam, BC.
B ................................................................................................................................................... C
E
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35
Solution by Lena Choi, student, E
ole
Banting Middle S
hool, Coquitlam,
BC.
Sin
e the base of BCF is |BC|
and its height is |CD|, the area of
B
C
BCF is half the area of re
tana
gle ABCD. But then ABF and
9
CDF take up the other half of
E
x
b
the re
tangle. Similarly, the area of
CDE equals half the area of the
d
re
tangle as does the
ombined area of
35
c
BCE and ADE .
6
Assign letters to the areas of the
A
D
F
four unshaded regions as in the gure.
Then the paragraph above amounts to
saying that a+x+c, 9+b+35+d+6, b+x+d, and 9+a+35+c+6 are all
equal. In parti
ular, a + x + c = 9 + a + 35 + c + 6, so x = 9 + 35 + 6 = 50.
...............................................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................................................
Also solved by ALISON TAM, student, Burnaby South Se
ondary S
hool, Burnaby,
BC; CINDY CHEN, student, Burnaby North Se
ondary S
hool, Burnaby, BC; JIXUAN WANG,
student, Don Mills Collegiate Institute, Toronto, ON; and NATALIA DESY, student, SMA
Xaverius 1, Palembang, Indonesia.
4. A goody bag
ontains a two-digit number of goodies. Lisa adds the two
digits and then removes as many goodies as the sum yields. Lisa repeats
this pro
edure until the number of goodies left is a single digit number larger
than zero. Find this single digit number.
6
least on
e, then the number of goodies left is divisible by nine. Thus, when
the number of goodies left rea
hes a single-digit number, that number must
be nine.
Several solvers found that Lisa is left with nine goodies with several
hoi
es of the initial
number of goodies. However, that does not prove that Lisa always ends up with nine goodies.
. The digits of a ve-digit number are abcde. Prove that abcde is divisible
by 7 if and only if the number abcd 2 e is divisible by 7.
6
MATHEMATICAL MAYHEM
Mathemati
al Mayhem began in 1988 as a Mathemati
al Journal for and by
. It
ontinues, with the same emphasis,
as an integral part of Crux Mathemati
orum with Mathemati
al Mayhem.
The Mayhem Editor is Ian VanderBurgh (University of Waterloo). The
other sta members are Monika Khbeis (Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Se
ondary
S
hool, Mississauga, ON) and Eri
Robert (Leo Hayes High S
hool, Frederi
ton, NB).
High S
hool and University Students
Mayhem Problems
Please send your solutions to the problems in this edition by 1 May 2010.
Solutions re
eived after this date will only be
onsidered if there is time before publi
ation of the solutions. The Mayhem Sta ask that ea
h solution be submitted on
a separate page and that the solver's name and
onta
t information be in
luded with
ea
h solution.
Ea
h problem is given in English and Fren
h, the o
ial languages of Canada.
In issues 1, 3, 5, and 7, English will pre
ede Fren
h, and in issues 2, 4, 6, and 8,
Fren
h will pre
ede English.
The editor thanks Jean-Mar
Terrier of the University of Montreal for translations of the problems.
= 4.
M422.
Proposed by Adnan Arapovi
, student, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, ON.
Prove that
n
X
k(k + 1)
k=1
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
6
8
M423. Proposed by John Grant M
Loughlin, University of New Brunswi
k, Frederi
ton, NB.
The tens digit of a perfe
t square S is three greater than the ones digit
of S . Determine all possible remainders when S is divided by 100.
.................................................................
. Propose par l'Equipe
de Mayhem.
Ri
hard est un etudiant
pauvre et aame,
mais mathematiquement
doue.
Il a remarque qu'a la residen
e,
inq soupers
outent
^
le m^eme prix
que sept lun
hs. Apres
avoir saute les soupers presque tous les soirs pen48 au
dant une semaine, il
onstate que
inq lun
hs et un souper
outent
^
total. Combien
outent
^
16 soupers ?
M420
. Propose par Ne
ulai Stan
iu, E
ole
se
ondaire George Emil Palade,
Buzau, Roumanie.
Soit x le plus grand entier plus petit ou egal
au nombre reel
x. Trouver tous les nombres reels
tels que
M421
1
3
+
x
x
= 4.
M422
n
X
k(k + 1)
k=1
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
6
9
M423. Propose
par John Grant M
Loughlin, Universite du NouveauBrunswi
k, Frederi
ton, NB.
La dieren
e
entre le
hire des dizaines et
elui des unites
d'un
arre
parfait S est de trois. Trouver tous les restes de la division de S par 100.
. Propose par Margo Kondratieva, Universite Memorial de TerreNeuve, St. John's, NL.
Dans la gure
i-
ontre, les segments
de droite AB , CDE , et F GH sont pa- A .................................................................B
...
.... ......
...
ralleles.
De plus, les segments ACF et
...
... ......
..
...
...
BDG sont perpendi
ulaires a AB . Suppo...
....
...
...
.
...
.. E
sons que les aires respe
tives des re
tangles C .................................................D
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.................
...
.
.
...
...
.
ABDC , CDGF , et BDE sont x, y et z .
.
...
.
..
Trouver l'aire de DEHG en fon
tion de x, F ................................................................................................. H
G
y et z .
M424
Mayhem Solutions
Last year we re
eived some late solutions that did not appear in the
De
ember issue. We therefore a
knowledge a
orre
t solution to M383 by
Mridul Singh, student, Kendriya Vidyalaya S
hool, Shillong, India, and
orre
t solutions to problems M383, M384, and M386 by Hugo Luyo San
hez,
Ponti
ia Universidad Catoli
a
del Peru, Lima, Peru.
. Proposed by Kyle Sampson, St. John's, NL.
A sequen
e is generated by listing (from smallest to largest) for ea
h positive integer n the multiples of n up to and in
luding n2 . Thus, the
sequen
e begins 1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 9, 4, 8, 12, 16, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 6, 12, . . . .
Determine the 2009th term in the sequen
e.
M388
Solution by Kristof
Huszar,
Valeria
Ko
h Grammar S
hool, Pe
s,
Hungary.
First, we noti
e that there are k positive integral multiples of k less
than or equal to k2 . If we group the terms of the sequen
e as the multiples
of 1, then the multiples of 2, then the multiples 3, and so on, we noti
e that
the groups have 1 term, then 2 terms, then 3 terms, and so on.
10
If n is a positive integer, then the sum of the rst n positive
integersis
th
Also solved by EDIN AJANOVIC, student, First Bosniak High S
hool, Sarajevo, Bosnia
and Herzegovina ; JACLYN CHANG, student, Western Canada High S
hool, Calgary, AB ;
NATALIA DESY, student, SMA Xaverius 1, Palembang, Indonesia ; ANTONIO GODOY
TOHARIA, Madrid, Spain ; RICHARD I. HESS, Ran
ho Palos Verdes, CA, USA ; RICARD PEIRO,
IES \Abastos", Valen
ia, Spain ; EDWARD T.H. WANG, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo,
ON ; and JIXUAN WANG, student, Don Mills Collegiate Institute, Toronto, ON. One in
orre
t
solution was submitted.
= a + (a + 1) + (a + 2) + + (a + 2008)
= 2009a +
1
(2008)(2009) = 2009a + 2017036 .
2
11
Also solved by NATALIA DESY, student, SMA Xaverius 1, Palembang, Indonesia ;
IES \Abastos",
RICHARD I. HESS, Ran
ho Palos Verdes, CA, USA ; RICARD PEIRO,
Valen
ia, Spain ; and EDWARD T.H. WANG, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON. There
was one in
orre
t solution submitted.
1
a
1
b
1
h
= 1.
1
1
1
bh + ah + ab
ah + bh + ch
+ +
=
=
a
b
h
abh
abh
(a + b + c)h
a+b+c
=
,
abh
ab
hen e ab = a + b + c.
12
University, Waterloo, ON ; and KONSTANTINE ZELATOR, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
PA, USA.
a+1
b
and
2
y1+3
3
. Sin
e b and y are
If x = 1, then b = yy +
=
= 1+
1
y1
y1
positive integers, then y = 2 or y = 4 (giving b = 4 and b = 2, respe
tively).
y+2
If x = 2, then b = 2y
. Sin
e b is a positive integer, then we must
1
have y + 2 2y 1 and so y 3. Che
king y = 1, y = 2, and y = 3 shows
that y = 1 and y = 3 give positive integer values for b (namely b = 3 and
b = 1, respe
tively).
y+2
If x = 3, then b = 3y
. Sin
e b is a positive integer, then we must
1
M392
integers and q < 1000, that is losest to, but not equal to,
19
.
72
13
Solution by Jixuan Wang, student, Don Mills Collegiate Institute, Toronto,
ON, modied by the editor.
In order to nd the desired fra
tion, we need to minimize the value of
p
19
|72p 19q|
=
q
72
72q
......................................
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14
Solution by Miguel Amengual Covas, Cala Figuera, Mallor
a, Spain and
Georey A. Kandall, Hamden, CT, USA (independently).
Let O be the
entre of the large
ir
le
of radius r. Let O1 be the
entre of the
smaller
ir
le of radius a tangent to the
large
ir
le at point P , and let O2 be the
entre of the smaller
ir
le of radius b tanO
gent to the large
ir
le at point Q.
T
Sin
e the
ir
les
entred at O1 and
O1
O2 are tangent to the large
ir
le, then O ,
O2
O1 , P are
ollinear, as are O , O2 , Q.
Triangle OP Q is isos
eles with
P
S
Q
OP = OQ, triangle O1 P S is isos
eles
with O1 P = O1 S , and triangle O2 QS is
isos
eles with O2 Q = O2 S (sin
e ea
h of these triangles has two radii of one
of the
ir
les as sides). Therefore, OP Q = OQP , O1 P S = O1 SP ,
and O2 QS = O2 SQ.
Sin
e P , S , and Q are
ollinear, then
...
....................... .................................
..........
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.........
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......
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.
.
.
.
.....
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.
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P SO1 = O1 P S = OP Q = P QO ,
whi
h tells us that O2 S and OP are parallel. Therefore, quadrilateral OO1 SO2
is a parallelogram.
Thus, OO1 = SO2 . But SO2 = b and OO1 = OP O1 P = r a, and
so r a = b, or r = a + b.
Also solved by EDIN AJANOVIC, student, First Bosniak High S
hool, Sarajevo, Bosnia
and Herzegovina ; CAO MINH QUANG, Nguyen Binh Khiem High S
hool, Vinh Long,
HUSZAR,
Vietnam ; ANTONIO GODOY TOHARIA, Madrid, Spain ; KRISTOF
Valeria
Ko
h
IES \Abastos", Valen
ia, Spain ;
Grammar S
hool, Pe
s,
Hungary ; RICARD PEIRO,
D.J. SMEENK, Zaltbommel, the Netherlands ; and JIXUAN WANG, student, Don Mills
Collegiate Institute, Toronto, ON.
To start the new year of Problems of the Month, we'll look at a problem
that relies on a
on
ept that we learn early on { addition { but requires us
to think in some fairly deep ways to
ome up with a
omplete solution and
total understanding of what is going on.
15
Sin
e we've had a short break sin
e the last issue, we should start with
a warm-up problem. Your task is to
ompute the following sum :
2 + 22 + 222 + 2222 + 22222 + 222222 + 2222222 .
But before you start, there are two rules : no
al
ulators are allowed, and
you have to
ompute the sum aloud.
If you're as out of pra
ti
e on this sort of thing as some of us are, this
isn't all that easy. We
an rewrite the sum rst in a form that makes it easier
to
ompute :
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2+22+222+2222+ , has 101 rows and the last term onsists of 101 2's :
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
..
.
+ 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
..
.
16
(a) Determine the value of the ones digit A .
(b) Determine the value of the tens digit B
and the value of the hundreds digit C .
(
) Determine the middle digit of the sum.
This problem looks pretty s
ary at rst glan
e. Despite this, at least (a)
and (b)
an be answered exa
tly as in our warm-up problem. Let's do these
parts and then think a bit about part (
).
We pro
eed exa
tly as we did above. The units'
olumn
onsists of 101
opies of the digit 2. Therefore, the sum in the units'
olumn
is 101 2 = 202. We put down the 2 and
arry 20.
The tens'
olumn
onsists of 100
opies of the digit 2 plus the
arry of
20. Therefore, the sum in the tens'
olumn is 100 2 + 20 = 220. We put
down the 0 and
arry 22.
The hundreds'
olumn
onsists of 99
opies of the digit 2 plus the
arry
of 22. Therefore, the sum in the hundreds'
olumn is 99 2 + 22 = 220. We
put down the 0 and
arry 22.
We
an stop at this point, sin
e we have determined the hundreds, tens,
and units digits of the sum. Therefore, A = 2, B = 0, and C = 0.
Solution to (a) and (b)
Great { that was mu
h less s
ary than it looked like it
ould be. Now
we need to try to ta
kle (
), whi
h a
tually is quite s
ary.
One approa
h would be to pro
eed by \brute for
e" and work our way
systemati
ally
olumn by
olumn from the units'
olumn towards the left. Of
ourse, we don't need to go all of the way to the leftmost
olumn, sin
e we
an stop when we get to the middle digit of the sum. Whi
h digit will this be ?
In order to answer this, we need to know how many digits the nal sum has.
How many digits do you think that it has ? My best guess is 101 digits, sin
e
it seems pretty unlikely that the single 2 in the leftmost
olumn is going to
have enough of a
arry from the
olumn to its right to
reate two-digit sum
in this leftmost
olumn. How do we know for sure that this is
orre
t ?
If we knew this for sure, then the middle digit would be the 51st digit,
sin
e there would be 50 digits to its left and 50 digits to its right. Now, this
51st
olumn
onsists of 51
opies of the digit 2, so its sum is 102 plus whatever
arry
omes from the
olumn to the right. The
olumn to the right
onsists of
52
opies of 2, so its sum is 104 plus the
arry from the
olumn to its right,
whose sum is at least 106 (that is, 106 from the 2's plus the
arry). This is
getting
ompli
ated !
Let's try this again with a bit of agreement on our terminology. We'll
denote the leftmost
olumn C1 and the rightmost
olumn C101 ; we label
the
olumns in between in the logi
al way. We also use sn to represent the
sum in the nth
olumn, in
luding the
arry.
We saw above that the sum of the digits in C51 is 102, in C52 is 104,
and in C53 is 106. Therefore, s53 106. (We haven't in
luded any
arry
here from C54.) Therefore, the
arry from C53 to C52 is at least 10, so
17
s52 104 + 10 = 114. Therefore, the
arry from C52 to C51 is at least 11,
so s51 102 + 11 = 113.
If s51 = 113, then the middle digit is 3, and we're done. But is it
a
tually the
ase that s51 = 113 ? Could it be bigger ?
If s51 was at least 114, then the
arry from C52 to C51 would be at
least 114 102 = 12, whi
h would mean that s52 120. If s52 120, then
the
arry from C53 to C52 would be at least 120 104 = 16, so s53 160.
If s53 160, then
arry from C54 to C53 would be at least 160 106 = 54,
so s54 540. If s54 540, then the
arry from C55 to C54 would be at
least 540 108 = 432, whi
h is getting just plain silly, given that in parts
(a) and (b) the
arries that we got from the \largest
olumns" were 22 only.
So it seems pretty
lear that s51 should be 113, so the middle digit
should be 3.
Now, I don't know about you, but I'm just about
onvin
ed. However,
I'm not sure if \the middle digit should be 3" is all that rigorous and \just
plain silly"
ounts as a solid mathemati
al proof. So we should prove some
restri
tion on the
arries. Let's do this, and also write out a
ohesive solution
to part (
). We'll use a bit of algebrai
notation to simplify things.
We label the
olumns as above and let sn be the sum in the nth
olumn, in
luding the
arry from the (n + 1)th
olumn ; we denote this
arry
by cn+1 . Column n
onsists of n
opies of the digit 2, so sn = 2n + cn+1 .
From our solution to (a) and (b), we know that c101 = 20 and that
c100 = c99 = 22. Let's argue that cn 22 for all n with 1 n 101.
We use an informal ba
kwards indu
tion. Suppose that cn+1 22. (We
know that this is true for n = 98, 99, 100.) Then sn = 2n + cn+1 is at most
2(101) + 22 = 224 and so cn 22. Thus, if cn+1 22, then cn 22. Sin
e
c101 22, then we
an
arry this
hain along to show that cn 22 for all n
with 1 n 101.
We
an use this to show that the sum has exa
tly 101 digits. For the
sum to have more than 101 digits, we would need to have s1 10. But
s1 = 2+ c2 , so this would mean that c2 8 and so s2 80. But s2 = 4+ c3 ,
so this would mean that c3 76, whi
h is not possible. Therefore, the sum
has exa
tly 101 digits.
Finally, we
an determine the 51st digit. We know that s51 = 102 + c52
and s52 = 104 + c53 and s53 = 106 + c54 . Sin
e 0 c54 22, then
106 s53 128. Thus, 10 c53 12.
Sin
e 10 c53 12, then 114 s52 116. Thus, c52 = 11, whi
h
means that s51 = 113, and so the 51st (that is, the middle) digit of the sum
is 3.
Solution to (
)
18
Another year, and it is time to thank the many people who have
ontributed solutions, problems,
omments, and advi
e during 2009.
Arkady Alt
Pavlos Maragoudakis
Miguel Amengual Covas
Robert Morewood
George Apostolopoulos
Bill Sands
S efket Arslanagi
D.J. Smeenk
Ri
ardo Barroso Campos
Daniel Tsai
Mi
hel Bataille
George Tsapakidis
Jose Luis Daz-Barrero
Edward T.H. Wang
Oliver Geupel
Konstantine Zelator
Jean-David Houle
Titu Zvonaru
John Grant M
Loughlin
Thank you to both Jill Ainsworth, who produ
ed the text for the Corner
for the rst four issues, and to Joanne Canape, who
ontinued the rest of the
issues, for their skilled and tireless eorts to translate my s
ribbles and notes
into a ni
e presentation.
To start the New Year for the Corner, we give the problems proposed but not used at the 2007 IMO in Vietnam. My thanks go to Bill Sands,
Canadian Team Leader, for
olle
ting them for our use.
2007 IMO in VIETNAM
Problems Proposed But Not Used
Contributing Countries. Austria, Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cze
h Republi
, Estonia, Finland, Gree
e, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan,
Korea (North), Korea (South), Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexi
o, Moldova,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, South Afri
a,
Sweden, Thailand, Taiwan, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and the United
States of Ameri
a
Algebra
A1
: N N whi h
f (m + n) f (m) + f f (n) 1
for all m, n N. Find all possible values of f (2007). (Here N denotes the
set of positive integers.)
19
A2. Let n be a positive integer, and let x and y be positive real numbers
su
h that xn + yn = 1. Prove that
n
X
1 + x2k
k=1
1+
x4k
A3
n
X
1 + y 2k
k=1
1+
: R+ R+
f x + f (y)
y 4k
<
1
(1 x)(1 y)
su h that
= f (x + y) + f (y)
(b)
a 2k
1
(k + 1)c
for all k 0.
25
Combinatori s
C1
(a)
(b)
ai {0, 1}
2 +n
all 0 i n2 n.
su
h that
holds for
C2. A unit square is disse
ted into n > 1 re
tangles whose sides are parallel
to the sides of the square. Any line, parallel to a side of the square and
interse
ting its interior, also interse
ts the interior of some re
tangle. Prove
that one of the re
tangles has no point on the boundary of the square.
. Determine all positive integers n for whi
h the numbers in the set
S = {1, 2, . . . , n}
an be
oloured red and blue so that S S S
ontains
exa
tly 2007 ordered triples (x, y, z) with these two properties :
C3
C4
20
(a) Choose a partition {1, 2, . . . , n}
= IJ
su h that
iI
xi
xj
jJ
C5
. Let < 3 2 5 be a positive real number. Prove that there exist positive integers n and p > 2n for whi
h one
an sele
t 2p pairwise distin
t
subsets S1 , . . . , Sp , T1 , . . . , Tp of the set {1, 2, . . . , n} su
h that Si Tj 6=
for all 1 i, j p.
C6
C7. A
onvex n-gon P in the plane is given. For every three verti
es of P ,
the triangle determined by them is good if all its sides are of unit length.
Prove that P has at most 2n
good triangles.
3
Geometry
G2
D1
21
Find the smallest positive real number k su
h that kS1
the
ase.
is always
. Triangle ABC is a
ute with ABC > ACB , in
entre I , and
ir
umradius R. Point D is the foot of the altitude from vertex A, point K lies on
line AD su
h that AK = 2R, and D separates A and K . Finally, lines DI
and KI meet sides AC and BC at E and F , respe
tively.
Prove that if IE = IF , then ABC > 3ACB .
G5
Number Theory
N1
7k 3n | k4 + n2
n
integer ak su
h that k | b ak . Prove that b = An for some integer A.
N2
. Let X be a set of 10, 000 integers, none of them divisible by 47. Prove
that there exists a 2007-element subset Y of X su
h that a b + c d + e
is not divisible by 47 for any a, b, c, d, e Y .
N3
N4
2k+1
2k
2k
2k1
As a nal pair of
ontests for your puzzling pleasure, we give two rounds
of the Bundeswettbewerb Mathematik. Thanks go to Bill Sands, Canadian
Team Leader to the 2007 IMO in Vietnam, for
olle
ting them for our use.
22
BUNDESWETTBEWERB MATHEMATIK 2006
Se
ond Round
. Let Q+ (resp. R+ ) denote the set of positive rational (resp. real) numbers.
Find all fun
tions f : Q+ R+ that satisfy
f (xy)
f (x + y)
for all
x, y Q+ .
. The point P lies inside the a
ute-angled triangle ABC and C , A , B are
the feet of the perpendi
ulars from P to AB , BC , CA. Find all positions
of P su
h that BAC = B A C and CBA = C B A .
3
. Show that one
an distribute the integers from 1 to 4014 on the verti
es
and the midpoints of the sides of a regular 2007-gon so that the sum of the
three numbers along any side is
onstant.
3. In triangle ABC the points E and F lie in the interiors of sides AC and
BC (respe
tively) so that |AE| = |BF |. Furthermore, the
ir
le through A,
C and F and the
ir
le through B , C and E interse
t in a point D 6= C .
Prove that the line CD is the bise
tor of ACB .
j k
j
k
x
x
=
a
a+1
23
Our solutions in the New Year begin with solutions from our readers
to problems of the Bulgarian National Olympiad 2006 given in the Corner at
[2008 : 409{410.
. (Emil Kolev) Let ABC be su
h that BAC = 30 and ABC = 45 .
........
.
...
Sin
e ABC = 45 , it follows
.
.
........
...
........
...
........
that AOC has a right angle at O,
...
........
...
........
hen
e OCA
=
OAC
=
45
and
........
.
.
...
........
.
........
.
AC = 2.
........
Y ....
........
...
.....
...
If X = A, then OX = 1 and
...............................................................................................................................
BY = 1, and hen
e Y = C ; as a
A
C
X
result, the xed point we seek lies on
the perpendi
ular bise
tor of AC .
Let M be the point on the same side of AC as O su
h that AM C is
equilateral. Then OCM = 60 45 = 15 , M CB = 45 , and by the
Law of Cosines in M CB we obtain
5
..............
... .....
......
.......
......................
................ .......... .....
.
................
................
.... .... ....
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
........
.... ....
...
................
...
.
.............................
...
.
.
.
.
.
...
.. ...................
....
..............
..
...
...
....
.
.
..
..............
.
.
...
.
...
.............. .....
.
...
.
................
.
..
.
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.............. .
..
...
...
.
.
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
.................
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
...
. .... .....
..
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
...
.
....
......
...
..
.
.
...
.
.
.
....
..
..
.....
.
...
.
.
.
.
...
.
.
.
....
..
...
... ...
.
.
.
.
..
.
.
.
....
...
..
.. ...
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
....
...
..
.
...
...
.
.
.
.
..
.
..
.
.
.
.
....
.
... .....
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.... .....
..
.. .....
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
....
.... ....
.
..
.
.
...
.
.
.
.
.... ....
.
.
...
.... ..
..
....
..
.... ...
....
..
..
.... ..
..
....
..
.
.
.
.
.... ...
.
.. .....
..
.......
... ....
.
....
......................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
........
........ ........
..........
BM 2
= M C 2 + BC 2 2M C BC cos M CB
1
= 2 + 1 2 2 = 1,
2
M X 2 = M A2 + AX 2 2M A AX cos M AC = 2 + 2 2 ,
(1)
M Y 2 = M B 2 + BY 2 = M B 2 + OX 2 = 2 2 + 2 .
(2)
By (1) and (2) it follows that the point M belongs to the perpendi
ular
bise
tors of the segments XY .
24
We
ontinue with solutions from our readers to problems of the Indian
Mathemati
al Olympiad 2006 (Team Sele
tion Problems) given in the Corner
at [2008 : 410{412.
. Let n be a positive integer divisible by 4. Find the number of permutations
of (1, 2, 3, . . . , n) whi
h satisfy the
ondition (j) + 1 (j) = n + 1 for
all j {1, 2, 3, . . . , n}.
1
=
=
=
=
=
(k) = n + 1 k ,
(j) = n + 1 j ,
(n + 1 k) = n + 1 (n + 1 k) = k .
25
3. (Short list, IMO 2005) There are n markers, ea
h with one side white and
the other side bla
k, aligned in a row with their white sides up. In ea
h step
(if possible) we pi
k a marker with the white side up that is not an outermost
marker, remove it, and turn over the
losest marker to the left and the
losest
marker to the right of it. Prove that one
an rea
h a terminal state of exa
tly
two markers if and only if (n 1) is not divisible by 3.
to the state S . Let B or W denote a marker with the bla
k or white side up,
respe
tively ; then the admissible redu
tion steps are
(i)
(ii)
BW B W W ,
BW W W B ,
(iii)
(iv)
W W B BW ,
W W W BB .
Note that the parity of the number of B 's is invariant, hen
e it is always
even, and also we have T (BB) = 0, T (W W ) = 2, and for the initial state I
with n white markers T (I) = n. It therefore su
es to prove that T (S)
modulo 3 is invariant under the transitions (i)-(iv), be
ause this implies that
if F {BB , W W } is rea
hable from I , then
n = T (I) T (F ) 6 1 (mod 3)
In the
ase of transition (i), if the white marker m that is pi
ked has
value (1)b(m) = v {1, 1} in state S , then the two markers m1 and m2
whi
h are turned over have values (1)b(m ) = (1)b(m ) = v in the new
state S , whereas the values of all other markers remain un
hanged, thus
R
2r
4a2 (b c)2
64a2 b2 c2
4b2 (c a)2
4c2 (a b)2
26
Commentary by Miguel Amengual Covas, Cala Figuera, Mallor
a, Spain.
Solved by George Apostolopoulos, Messolonghi, Gree
e. We give the
omment of Amengual Covas.
This problem appears as Problem 11195 of the Ameri
an Mathemati
al
Monthly, Vol. 113 (January 2006), p. 79.
The solution appears on p. 648 of the August{September 2007 issue of
the Ameri
an Mathemati
al Monthly, Vol. 114, and in
ludes two generalizations of the given inequality.
Next we give the write-up of Apostolopoulos.
abc
2r
(1)
= a2 + a2 + a2 + 4(s b)(s c)
4
= 4a
a2 a2 a2 4(s b)(s c)
4a2 (s b)(s c) .
4a2
4a2
(b
c)2
4b2
4b2
4a2 (s
(c
a)2
4b2 (s c)(s a)
4c2
4c2
(a b)2
b
c
4
4
2
2
b)(s c)
4b (s c)(s a)
4c (s a)(s b)
Finally, we have
4a2 (b c)2
64a2 b2 c2
4b2 (c a)2
!2
4c2 (a b)2
a2 b2 c2
abc
R
=
8(s a)(s b)(s c)
2r
27
8
Suppose it is known that d27 + d215 = d216 . Find all possible values of d17 .
Solution by Titu Zvonaru, Comane
sti, Romania.
It is known (see the
omment at the end of this solution) that if a, b, c
are positive integers su
h that a2 = b2 + c2 , then abc is divisible by 60 and
one of a, b, c is divisible by 4.
Let D = {d1 , . . . , dl } be the set of divisors of n. Sin
e d27 + d215 = d216 ,
it follows that n is divisible by 60, hen
e d1 = 1, d2 = 2, d3 = 3, d4 = 4,
d5 = 5, d6 = 6 and 10 D . We dedu
e that d7 {7, 8, 9, 10}.
2
2
Case 1. Suppose that d7 = 10. Then we have d16 d15 = 100, and fa
toring
yields (d16 d15 )(d16 + d15 ) = 100. Sin
e d16 + d15 and d16 d15 have the
same parity, we must have d16 d15 = 2 and d16 + d15 = 50, and hen
e
d15 = 24, d16 = 26. This means that 8 D ,
ontradi
ting d7 = 10.
Case 2. Suppose that d7 = 9. Then (d16 d15 )(d16 + d15 ) = 81. Sin
e
d15 + d16 15 + 16 = 31, we must have d16 d15 = 1 and d16 + d15 = 81,
and hen
e d15 = 40, d16 = 41. This means that 8 D,
ontradi
ting d7 = 9.
Case 3. Suppose that d7 = 8. Sin
e 7 6 D , we dedu
e d15 > 15, d16 > 16,
hen
e d15 + d16 33. Then (d16 d15 )(d16 + d15 ) = 64 has no solution,
be
ause d15 + d16 33 and d16 + d15 and d16 d15 have the same parity.
Case 4. Suppose d7 = 7. Then ne
essarily d16 d15 = 1 and d16 + d15 = 49,
and hen
e d15 = 24, d16 = 25. If n is divisible by 9, 11, or 13, then d15 < 24,
a
ontradi
tion. As a result, the positive divisors of n are
i
di
1
1
2 3
2 3
4 5
4 5
6 7
6 7
8 9
8 10
10
12
11
14
12
15
13
20
14
21
15
24
16
25
28
Solved by George Apostolopoulos, Messolonghi, Gree
e ; and Edward T.H. Wang,
Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON. We give Wang's version.
1 40
1 12
10 1 and b =
10 1 .
9
9
1
1 and
1012 1 , and we also have
9
1012 1
, then
1 4
10 1 .
9
(1)
10
1 4
10 1 = 1111.
9
both divisible by 104 1, we see that both a and b are divisible by 19 104 1 .
Hen
e,
1 4
10 1 | d .
(2)
9
s(n) =
2(n)+1
: (n)+2
2
if
if
if
(n) = 0, 1 ;
(n) = 2 ;
(n) > 2 .
We rst show that s is a multipli
ative fun
tion. Clearly, s(1) = 1. Suppose
that n = ab where a, b are
oprime positive integers. If x S(n), then
x2 1 (mod ab), hen
e x2 1 (mod a) and x2 1 (mod b) and therefore x y (mod a) and x z (mod b) for some unique pair of integers
(y, z) S(a) S(b). Conversely, if (y, z) S(a) S(b), then the Chinese
Remainder Theorem ensures that the system x y (mod a), x z (mod b)
has a unique solution x with 0 x < ab = n. Then both a, b divide x2 1,
hen
e x2 1 0 (mod ab) (sin
e a, b are
oprime) and so x S(n). Thus,
S(n) and S(a) S(b)
orrespond bije
tively and s(n) = s(a)s(b).
It just remains to determine s(pr ) and s(2r ) where p is an odd prime
and r is a positive integer. If x2 1 0 (mod pr ), then p divides x 1 or
x + 1 but not both, or else it would divide (x + 1) (x 1) = 2. It follows
that either x 1 0 (mod pr ) or x + 1 0 (mod pr ). As a result, we have
S(pr ) = {1, pr 1} and s(pr ) = 2.
29
We readily verify that s(2) = 1, s(22 ) = 2. If r 3, then 2 is the
highest power of 2 that
an possibly divide both x 1 and x + 1 whenever
x2 1 0 (mod 2r ). Hen
e, in addition to the obvious solutions 1, 2r 1
to the latter, we also have 2r1 + 1 and 2r1 1,
orresponding to the
ases
2r1 |(x 1), 2|(x + 1) and 2|(x 1), 2r1 |(x + 1), respe
tively. Thus,
s(2r ) = 4 whenever r 3. The result follows.
Now we turn to the 2006 Vietnamese Mathemati
al Olympiad given at
[2008 : 413{414.
. Find all real solutions of the system of equations
x2 2x + 6 log3 (6 y) = x ,
y 2 2y + 6 log3 (6 z) = y ,
z 2 2z + 6 log3 (6 x) = z .
Let f (t) = 6 3
d
dt
t
t2 2t+6
x
x2 2x+6
y 2 26+6
z
z 2 2z+6
,
,
.
t
(6 t)
=
3/2 > 0 ,
t2 2t + 6
t2 2t + 6
then f is a stri
tly de
reasing fun
tion, when
e f (f (f (t))) is also a de
reasing fun
tion for t (, 6). However, f (x) = y, f (y) = z , f (z) = x ;
and thus f (f (f (x))) = x. We
laim that if f (f (f (x))) = x, then f (x) = x.
Indeed, let f n denote the n-fold
omposition of f , and note that both
f 3 (x) = x and f (x) < x yield f (x) = f (f 3 (x)) = f 3 (f (x)) > f 3 (x) = x,
a
ontradi
tion. The
ase f (x) > x similarly leads to a
ontradi
tion, and
our
laim is established.
x2 2x+6
30
2. Let ABCD be a given
onvex quadrilateral. A point M moves on the
line AB but does not
oin
ide with A or B . Let N be the se
ond point of
interse
tion (distin
t from M ) of the
ir
les (M AC) and (M BD), where
(XY Z) denotes the
ir
le passing through the points X , Y , Z . Prove that
(a)
(N C, N D)
(N C, N M ) + (N M, N D)
(AC, AM ) + (BM, BD)
(AC, BD)
(OC, OD) .
(b) Be
ause of the use of dire
ted angles,
onvexity was not required in
part (a). Likewise in part (b), A, B , C , and D
an be any four points in
the plane, no three
ollinear. Let be the
ir
le (CDO) from part (a). For
any two positions of M on AB , say M1 and M2 , we know that the
ir
les
(AM C) meet at the
orresponding points N , say N1 and N2 . It su
es to
prove that the lines M1 N1 and M2 N2 interse
t at a point of . To this end,
we dene P to be the point where these two lines interse
t, and we apply
Miquel's theorem to triangle M1 M2 P and the points A on M1 M2 , N1 on
M1 P , and N2 on M2 P . By
onstru
tion the
ir
les (AM1 N1 ) and (AM2 N2 )
meet at C . By Miquel's theorem the
ir
le (P N1 N2 ) also passes through C .
Sin
e = (N1 N2 C), we
on
lude that P lies on , as
laimed.
. Consider the fun
tion
f (x) = x +
(x + a)(x + b)
where a and b are distin
t positive real numbers. Prove that for every real
number s in the interval (0, 1), there exists a unique positive real number
su
h that
f () =
as + bs
2
1/s
31
Solution by Mi
hel Bataille, Rouen, Fran
e.
Let v, w lie in (0, ) with w > v. Then
f (w) f (v)
(w + a)(w + b)
(v + a)(v + b) (w v)
(w + a)(w + b) (v + a)(v + b)
(w v)
(w + a)(w + b) +
N
1
D
where N = v + w + a + b and D =
By the AM{GM Inequality,
D <
2w + a + b
2
lim f (x) =
x0+
(w + a)(w + b) +
2v + a + b
2
(w v)
(v + a)(v + b)
ab ,
= N
(v + a)(v + b).
(0, ).
Also,
a+b
2
lim f (x) =
is on-
f (x) =
=
(x + a)(x + b) + x
1 + 1 + (a + b)/x + (ab)/x2
Thus,
= P (x)2 + 2x2 ,
f x2
= f
p1
x2
p1
= f x2
p1
f (x)2
= f (x)2
32
whi
h
ompletes the indu
tion.
Now we
hoose a natural number p su
h that g = 2p > deg f . Let
x0 be any
omplex root of f and let z1 , z2 , . . . , zg be the (distin
t)
omplex
roots of z g = x0 . We then have
f (zi )
= f (zig ) = f (x0 ) = 0 ,
P (x)2 + 2x2 ,
P (x)2 + 2x2 .
4x P (x) + P (x)
P (x) P (x)
P (x) + P (x)
= P (x)2 + 2x2 ,
= P (x)2 2xP (x) + x2 ,
=
P (x) x
Thus, f (x) = P (x) x satises f (x2 ) = f (x)2 , and by the Lemma we have
either f 0 and P (x) = x, or f (x) = xm and P (x) = xm + x.
In the latter
ase, sin
e P (x) + P (x) = 0, we have
xm + x + (x)m x = xm + (x)m = 0 ,
P (x2 ) 2x2
P (x2 ) 2x2
= P (x)2 + 2x2 ,
= P (x)2 4xP (x) + 4x2 ,
=
P (x) 2x
Thus, f (x) = P (x) 2x satises f (x2 ) = f (x)2 , and by similar reasoning as in Case 1, we dedu e that either P (x) = 2x or P (x) = xm + 2x.
33
In the latter
ase, sin
e P (x) P (x) = 4x, we have
xm + 2x (x)m + 2x = 4x ,
P (x) = 2x
and
P (x) =
n = 0 we have x2n+1 + x = 2x, so a omplete list of polynomials P (x) is x, x2n+1 + x, and x2n + 2x, where n is a nonnegative integer.
For
I =
kN:
p+1
2p 1
k
3
3
34
+ 1)
less than n(p
, hen
e not less than n3 . Let T S be the set of labels
3(p 1)
of its respe
tive edges.
We
laim that T has the required properties. Clearly, |T | n3 . Assume that a + b = c for some a, b, c T . Then ka, kb, kc are ea
h
ongruent
modulo p to numbers in I . Moreover, ka + kb = kc, so that ka + kb is
ongruent modulo p to a number in I . On the other hand, it is easy to
he
k
that for all l, l I , the residue modulo p of the number l + l does not
belong to I . This
ontradi
ts the hyothesis a + b = c, and
ompletes our
proof.
A1
a0 , a1 , a2 , . . .
ai+1 = ai {ai } ,
i 0,
= ai ai .
ai0 +k =
n2 + (n nr r)(n)k
n+1
(1)
The equation (1) is immediate if k = 0. For the indu tive step, assuming (1),
35
we obtain
ai0 +k+1
n(ai0 +k) + n)
n + n
n2 + (n nr r)(n)k
n+1
n + (n nr r)(n)k+1
n+1
A4
X
i<j
X
ai aj
n
ai aj .
ai + aj
2(a1 + a2 + + an ) i<j
b+c
c+a
a+b
2
1
1
1
+
+
a
b
c
2
is the harmoni
mean of
Proof : Observe that x +
y
y ). Using the AM{HM Inequality, it follows that
2
b+c
2
c+a
2
a+b
1
x
and
1
y
(1)
(for positive x,
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
b
c
c
a
a
b = 1 + 1 + 1
+
+
ai aj +
i<j
ai aj
i<j
ai + aj
P
i<j
ai aj
ai + aj
n2X
2
i<j
nX
2
P
k6=i,j
ai aj .
ai aj ,
(2)
i<j
ak
P
i<j
ai aj + L.
(3)
36
Note that L =
ai aj ak
i,j,kn
1
1
1
+
+
ai + aj
aj + ak
ak + ai
X
1i<j<kn
ai aj ak
2
ai
a a
i j
1i<j<kn
aj
1
ak
aj ak
ak ai
+
=
2
2
X
1r<sn
(n 2)
ar as
2
A5
b+ca
c+ab
a+bc
3.
b+ c a
c+ a b
a+ b c
Let x = a, y = b, z = c.
By the well-known inequality ( + + )2
obtain :
X
y
li
x2 + y 2 + z 2
x + y + z
3 2 + 2 + 2
X x2 + y 2 + z 2
y
li
(x + y + z)2
we
(x + y + z)2
(x + y +
z)2
X
y
li
x2 + y 2 + z 2
(x + y + z)2
X (x y)(x z)
y
li
(x + y + z)2
0
0.
z)2
= (x y)
(y z)(y x)
(x y + z)2
= (x y)2
(x + y + z)2 (x y + z)2
0,
37
x)(z y)
be
ause x + y 2z . Also, (z
0, sin
e x z and y z .
(z + x + y)2
Therefore, the last of the pre
eding equivalent inequalities is true, hen
e the
original inequality is true.
Equality holds if and only if x = y = z , that is a = b = c.
. Let P be a
onvex polyhedron with no parallel edges and no edge parallel to a fa
e other than the two fa
es it borders. A pair of points on P are
antipodal if there exist two parallel planes ea
h
ontaining one of the points
and su
h that P lies between them. Let A be the number of antipodal pairs
of verti
es and let B be the number of antipodal pairs of midpoints of edges.
Express A B in terms of the numbers of verti
es, edges, and fa
es of P .
C6
38
Solution by Oliver Geupel, Bruhl,
NRW, Germany.
Let F1 , F2 , . . . , Ff be the fa
es of P and n1 , n2 , . . . nf the respe
tive
outward normal unit ve
tors. Consider a graph G on the unit sphere S
entred
at the origin O. The verti
es of G are the end points V1 , V2 , . . . , Vf of the
position ve
tors n1 , n2 , . . . , nf . An edge Vi Vj is drawn as an ar
on a great
ir
le of S if and only if the fa
es Fi and Fj of P have a
ommon edge. The
graph G is dual to P , in that ea
h vertex V , ea
h edge E , and ea
h fa
e F of P
orresponds to a unique fa
e d(V ), edge d(E), and vertex d(F ), respe
tively,
of G . Let P have f fa
es, e edges, and v verti
es, then G has v fa
es, e edges,
and f verti
es.
Let be the re
e
tion of S with respe
t to the point O. Then G is
mapped to another graph (G) = G . Finally we merge G and G into a
new graph, G. The verti
es of G are the verti
es of G G and the points of
interse
tion of edges of G with edges of G . The edges of G are all segments
of edges of G G .
Consider the planes that
ontain an edge E of P bordering fa
es Fi
and Fj . The outward normal unit ve
tors of these planes all lie on the great
ir
le of S
ontaining d(E) in G . The plane does not interse
t the interior
of P if and only if its outward normal unit ve
tor is on the edge (that is,
ar
) d(E). Parallel edges of P
orrespond to ar
s on the same great
ir
le of
S . An edge E is parallel to a fa
e F in P if and only if d(E) and the vertex
d(F ) are on the same great
ir
le of S . By hypothesis, all edges of G are on
distin
t great
ir
les, and no vertex of G lies on the same great
ir
le as a
non-adja
ent edge.
The edges Ei and Ej of P have antipodal midpoints if and only if there
are planes i and j
ontaining Ei and Ej , respe
tively,
and with opposite
normal ve
tors, that is, if d(Ei ) and d(Ej ) interse
t on S . Hen
e, G has
a total of v = 2f + 2B verti
es. Ea
h of the 2B verti
es splits 2 edges ; hen
e
G has e = 2e + 4B verti
es.
Consider a plane
ontaining a vertex V of P if and only if its outward
normal unit ve
tor is in the fa
e of G on S bordered by the edges d(E1 ),
d(E2 ), . . . , d(Ek ). Thus,
Vi and Vj of P are antipodal if and only if
verti
es
= v
+ f e 2 = 2f + 2B + 2A 2e 4B 2
= 2(A B) + 2(f e 1) = 2(A B) + 2(1 v) .
Consequently, A B
verti
es of P .
= v1
That
ompletes the Corner for this issue. Send me your ni
e solutions
and generalizations.
39
BOOK REVIEWS
Amar Sodhi
40
C
I
...
.... ...............
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.........
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....
.
.........
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.........
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.... ....
.........
.
.
...
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.
.
.
.
.........
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.
..
.
.
.........
.
.
.
...
.
.........
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.
.
.
.
..
.........
.
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.
.
.
.........
.
.
..
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.........
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.
.
.
.
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.
.........
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...
..
.
.........
.
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..
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.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
B
a
?
c
a+b
................
.........
41
tell but rather asks and leads students to dis
over the ideas for themselves.
Perhaps the reason for this emphasis is that, in the end, Halmos
onsiders
himself to be primarily an expositor of mathemati
s | his tea
hing and his
textbooks are what he is most proud of.
The te
hni
al aspe
ts of the DVD are good : the lighting,
amera motion,
the speed of the presentation, the Ba
h violin ba
kground musi
make for an
easy to wat
h, easy to follow introdu
tion to Halmos.
The DVD should appeal to two groups of people : 1) those starting their
tea
hing
areer, after having already de
ided to make mathemati
s their subje
t and who are re
e
ting on how best to
onvey mathemati
al
ontent to
their students, and 2) those who are de
iding whether or not to take on mathemati
s as an undergraduate or graduate major.
This se
ond group will not be served solely by the DVD. For this group,
the fun
tion of the DVD will be to provide a short, easy introdu
tion to
Halmos whi
h
an then be followed by reading some or all of the book of
the same title. The transition is made easy by the in
lusion of several long
ex
erpts from the book on the DVD. These
an be read on a Windows or
Ma
intosh based
omputer as DVD-ROM
ontent and will allow a qui
k and
inexpensive look into Halmos' book prior to
ommitting to pur
hasing it. I
would most denitely re
ommend that someone
onsidering mathemati
s as
a
areer buy and read the book. Halmos is honest about himself, his profession, the people around him and he is parti
ularly
areful not to present
himself as a nished, polished pa
kage. This provides the reader with the
opportunity to glimpse a mathemati
ian in the making.
Someone interested in studying in the United States will also benet from dis
ussion that spans the last 70 years of Ameri
an mathemati
al
a
tivity in su
h geographi
al dispersed areas as the Institute for Advan
ed
Study in Prin
eton, Syra
use, Indiana and Santa Clara Universities, and the
Universities of Mi
higan, Hawaii and Illinois.
The well-written book has the added advantage that the mathemati
s
that Halmos produ
ed is dis
ussed in an a
essible way. Furthermore, many
dierent topi
s are tou
hed upon as Halmos
hanged his fo
us from one area
of mathemati
s to another several times throughout his
areer.
So, wat
h the DVD and allow it to lead you to the book.
42
x
y
z
(IMO 2008) Prove that (1
+
+
1 for
x)2
(1 y)2
(1 z)2
all real numbers x, y, z , ea
h dierent from 1, and satisfying xyz = 1.
Problem 2(a)
The aim of this note is to show that this inequality remains true for
three or more variables. More pre
isely, we have the following.
Let n 2 be an integer and let x1 , x2 , . . . , xn be real numbers,
n
P
1
ea
h dierent from 1, and satisfying x1 x2 xn = 1. Let Sn =
.
(1 x )2
Proposition 1
i=1
Copyright
c 2010
43
equivalent to the obvious inequality (ab 1)2 + ab(a b)2
follows immediately :
4
X
i=1
0.
Then ( )
1
1
1
+
= 1.
(1 xi )2
1 + |x1 x2 |
1 + |x3 x4 |
i=1
(1 xi )2
n
X
i=1
1
1 + |x1 x2 |
1
1 + |xi |
n
X
i=3
1 + |xi |
n
X
1
1
2 +
2
1 + |x1 x2 |
i=3 1 + |xi |
i=1
Proof : For
n = 2, by
learing fra
tions, the inequality be
omes x + y > 2,
2
that is, x y > 0. It remains only to note that x = y implies that
x = y = 1.
For n = 3 we know that stri
t inequality holds in Proposition 1(b) when
(x + y + z 3)2 > 0. In the present
ase it then su
es to observe that
Referen es
nik@math.bas.bg
Svilena Hristova
svilenajh@yahoo.com
44
PROBLEMS
Solutions to problems in this issue should arrive no later than 1 August 2010.
An asterisk () after a number indi
ates that a problem was proposed without a
solution.
Ea
h problem is given in English and Fren
h, the o
ial languages of Canada.
In issues 1, 3, 5, and 7, English will pre
ede Fren
h, and in issues 2, 4, 6, and 8,
Fren
h will pre
ede English. In the solutions' se
tion, the problem will be stated in
the language of the primary featured solution.
The editor thanks Jean-Mar
Terrier of the University of Montreal for translations of the problems.
3502
x21 +
x22 +
x2n +
x22 + 21
x23 + 21
x21 + 21
x22 + 77 ,
x23 + 77 ,
x21 + 77 .
3503
(b)
45
. Proposed by Yakub N. Aliyev, Qafqaz University, Khyrdalan,
Azerbaijan.
The
ir
les 1 and 2 have a
ommon
entre O, and 1 lies inside 2 .
The point A 6= O lies inside 1 and a ray through A interse
ts 1 and 2
at the points B and C , respe
tively. Let E be a point on the line BC su
h
that DE is perpendi
ular to BC . Prove that AB = EC if and only if OA is
perpendi
ular to BC .
3505
3507
a(b + c)
+
a2 + bc
b(c + a)
+
b2 + ca
c(a + b)
c2 + ab
1
1
1
2(a + b + c)
+
+
a+b
b+c
c+a
a bc + b cd + c da + d ab 2 1 + abcd .
a2 b + k
b2 c + k
c2 a + k
46
3511. Proposed by Pham Van Thuan, Hanoi University of S
ien
e, Hanoi,
Vietnam.
Let a, b, c, and d be nonnegative real numbers. Prove that
a2 + b2 + c2
y li
1
64
(a + b + c + d)8 .
3512
n
Y
np + ( 1)kp1
lim
k=1
np kp1
m
= r,
n
.................................................................
3501
3502
x21 +
x22 +
x2n +
x22 + 21
x23 + 21
x21 + 21
x22 + 77 ,
x23 + 77 ,
x21 + 77 .
47
. Propose par Bru
e Shawyer, Universite Memorial de Terre-Neuve,
St. John's, NL.
Etant donne un triangle et les points milieux de ses
ot
^ es,
onstruire les
bisse
tri
es de ses trois angles ave
la regle
et trois utilisations du
ompas.
3503
(a)
(b)
S
, l'egalit
e ayant lieu si et seulement si ABC est equilat
eral.
R
S 2
Q
si ABC est non obtus, l'egalit
e ayant lieu si et seulement
R
ABC
si
3507
a(b + c)
a2
+ bc
b(c + a)
b2
+ ca
c(a + b)
2(a + b + c)
c2 + ab
1
1
1
+
+
a+b
b+c
c+a
a bc + b cd + c da + d ab 2 1 + abcd .
48
. Propose par Pham Kim Hung, etudiant,
Universite de Stanford, Palo
Alto, CA, E-U.
Soit a, b et c trois nombres reels
non negatifs
tels que a + b + c = 3.
Pour tout nombre reel
positif k, trouver la valeur maximale de
3509
a2 b + k
b2 c + k
c2 a + k
3510
3511
a2 + b2 + c2
y lique
1
64
(a + b + c + d)8 .
3512
lim
n
Y
np + ( 1)kp1
k=1
np kp1
3513
m
= r,
n
le plus grand entier ne depassant
pas x.
ou x denote
49
SOLUTIONS
No problem is ever permanently
losed. The editor is always pleased
to
onsider for publi
ation new solutions or new insights on past problems.
3401. [2009 : 42, 44 Proposed by Tigran Sloyan, Basi
Gymnasium of
SEUA, Yerevan, Armenia.
Let ABCDE be a
onvex pentagon su
h that BAC = EAD and
BCA = EDA, and let the lines CB and DE interse
t in the point F .
Prove that the midpoints of CD, BE , and AF are
ollinear.
Comment. Lemma 2 is a spe
ial
ase of a
lassi
al theorem : Given two dire
tly similar gures in the plane, the points that divide the line segments
joining
orresponding points of the two gures in the same ratio form a gure that is dire
tly similar to them. See, for example, F. G.-M., Exer
i
es de
50
Geom
etrie|
omprenant
l'expose des methodes
geom
etriques
et 2000 questions resolues,
sixieme
edition,
J. De Gigord, Paris, 1920, Paragraph 1146d,
pages 473-474, whose proof was used above. In the lemma, our given gures
are lines, and the ratio is 1 : 1. Note that as an immediate
onsequen
e of
the general theorem, one
an
ontinuously transform any gure into any dire
tly similar gure in the plane in su
h a way that the shape never
hanges
and
orresponding points move along straight lines.
We turn now to the given oppositely similar triangles ABC and AED.
We assume that the midpoints of CD and BE are distin
t; otherwise there
is nothing to prove. The lines BC and ED play the roles of BC and B C
of Lemma 2 | P will move along BC while P moves along ED in su
h
a way that the triangles ABP and AEP are dire
tly similar; in parti
ular,
AP F = AP F for all positions of P . By Lemma 2, the midpoint of P P
moves along the line joining the midpoints of CD and BE . There will be a
unique position of P on BC where P P
ontains the midpoint of AF . At this
position AP F P is a parallelogram by Lemma 1; there the midpoint of AF
oin
ides with the midpoint of P P , and therefore it lies on the line joining
the midpoints of CD and BE .
Also solved by MICHEL BATAILLE, Rouen, Fran
e; FRANCISCO JAVIER GARC I A
CAPITAN,
IES Alvarez
Cubero, Priego de Cordoba,
Spain; OLIVER GEUPEL, Bruhl,
NRW,
Y,
Big Rapids, MI, USA; ALBERT STADLER, Herrliberg,
Germany; V ACLAV
KONECN
Switzerland; and the proposer. There was one in
orre
t submission.
Most of the submitted solutions used
oordinates. Geupel found the problem in the
2005 Mathlinks internet forum, www.mathlinks.ro/viewtopic.php?t=38041, where there is a
ni
e syntheti
proof from someone who goes by the name of \Armo".
5BC 2 = AC 2 + AB 2 .
CD BE
as desired.
BG2 + CG2 = BC 2
2
mb
3
2
2
mc
3
2
= a2
2 c2 + a2 b2 + 2 a2 + b2 c2 = 9a2
b2 + c2 = 5a2 ,
51
Solution by Joe Howard, Portales, NM, USA.
From Problem 5 of CRUX with MAYHEM [2003 : 375, 377, in quadrilateral BCED the diagonals CD and BE are perpendi
ular if and only if
BC 2 + DE 2 = BD 2 + CE 2 . Sin
e D and E are midpoints of their respe
tive sides, the perpendi
ularity of the two lines is equivalent to
II.
BC 2 +
1
BC
2
2
1
AB
2
2
1
AC
2
2
or 5BC 2 = AC 2 + AB 2 .
Also solved by GEORGE APOSTOLOPOULOS, Messolonghi, Gree
e; SEFKET
University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; MATTHEW BABBITT,
ARSLANAGIC,
home-s
hooled student, Fort Edward, NY, USA; DIONNE BAILEY, ELSIE CAMPBELL, and
CHARLES R. DIMINNIE, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX, USA; ROY BARBARA,
Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon; RICARDO BARROSO CAMPOS, University of Seville,
Seville, Spain; MICHEL BATAILLE, Rouen, Fran
e; CAO MINH QUANG, Nguyen Binh Khiem
High S
hool, Vinh Long, Vietnam; CHIP CURTIS, Missouri Southern State University, Joplin,
MO, USA; OLIVER GEUPEL, Bruhl,
NRW, Germany; RICHARD I. HESS, Ran
ho Palos Verdes,
CA, USA; JOHN G. HEUVER, Grande Prairie, AB; WALTHER JANOUS, Ursulinengymnasium,
Y,
Big Rapids, MI, USA; KEE-WAI LAU, Hong Kong,
Innsbru
k, Austria; V ACLAV
KONECN
China; MADHAV R. MODAK, formerly of Sir Parashurambhau College, Pune, India; CRISTINEL
MORTICI, Valahia University of T^argoviste, Romania (two solutions); JOSE H. NIETO,
Universidad del Zulia, Mara
aibo, Venezuela; JUAN-BOSCO ROMERO MARQUEZ,
Universidad
de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; JOEL SCHLOSBERG, Bayside, NY, USA; BOB SERKEY, Leonia,
NJ, USA; ALBERT STADLER, Herrliberg, Switzerland; VASILE TEODOROVICI, Toronto, ON;
PETER Y. WOO, Biola University, La Mirada, CA, USA; KONSTANTINE ZELATOR, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; TITU ZVONARU, Comane
sti, Romania; and the proposer.
Most of the submitted solutions were similar to one of the featured solutions.
52
Thus, we have (CA, CB)
=
(QA, QB) (mod ),
is the angle of , so
where
that Q is on the
ir
um
ir
le
of ABC . Note that we
ertainly have O 6= O1 , O2 (if
O = O1 , say, then O1 B =
O1 A, hen
e B = P or Q,
whi
h has been ex
luded) and
the lines OO1 and OO2 are the
perpendi
ular bise
tors of QA
and QB , respe
tively. Thus,
(OO1 , OO2 ) = (QA, QB)
= (QO1 , QO2 ) (mod )
..........................................................
.............
..........
.........
........
........
.......
.......
......
.
.
.
.
.
.....
....
.
..... 2
.
.
..
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.
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.....
qO
C
and nally, O, Q, O1 , O2 are
on
y
li
.
Conversely, let O 6= Q, O1 , O2 be any point on the
ir
le (QO1 O2 ).
Let the perpendi
ular to OO1 through Q meet 1 again at A and the perpendi
ular to OO2 through Q meet 2 again at B . Then, (QA, QB) =
(OO1 , OO2 ) (mod ), hen
e (A) = B (sin
e (1 ) = 2 ) and it follows
that A, P , B are
ollinear on a line . The
ir
um
entre of QAB is O (be
ause OO1 and OO2 are the perpendi
ular bise
tors of QA and QB ; note that
O1 A = O1 Q and O2 B = O2 Q). Moreover (CA) = CB (sin
e (AO1 ) =
BO2 and CA AO1 , CB BO2 ), hen
e (QA, QB) = (CA, CB) and
the
ir
le (QAB) passes through C . Thus, O is the
ir
um
entre of ABC .
53
It remains to prove that opposite sides of Q interse
t on a diagonal
of P . Let E , F , G, and H be the verti
es of P su
h that A, B , C , and D
lie on HE , EF , F G, and GH , respe
tively. We show that the lines AD,
BC , and EG are
on
urrent. (The proof that the lines AB , CD , and F H
are
on
urrent is similar.)
Sin
e AHD = BF C and
DAH = 90 CAD = 90 CBD = CBF
AH
CF
BF
Similarly,
AE
BE
=
DG
CG
Let the lines AD and BC meet the line EG at points I and J , respe
tively. Using Menelaus' thereom for EGH and EGF , we obtain
IE
IG
DH AE
DG AH
CF BE
CG BF
JE
JG
3405
54
well as the trigonometri
addition formulas, we obtain
| cos x| + | cos y| + | cos z|
| cos x| + | cos y sin z + sin y cos z|
= | cos x| + | sin(y + z)|
| cos x cos(y + z) sin x sin(y + z)|
= | cos(x + y + z)| = 1
0,
3
,
2 2
Also solved by ALBERT STADLER, Herrliberg, Switzerland; PETER Y. WOO, Biola University, La Mirada, CA, USA; and the proposer
3406
k=1
n
1 Q
k
= ln n
2+ 2
2 k=1
n
An = ln
n
Y
k=1
k
1+
2n2
k
,
2n2
. Then we have
!
n
X
ln 1 +
k=1
x
ln(1 + x) x
1+x
k
2n2
we obtain
k
k
k
2n2
=
ln 1 +
2
k
2n + k
2n2
1+
2
2n
k
2n2
(1)
55
For ea
h k = 1, 2, . . . , n we have
1+
k
2n2
k
2n2
1+
n
2n2
ln 1 +
n
P
2n + 1
k
2n2
k=
k=1
2n
k
2n2
n(n + 1)
2
1 n+1
n+1
An
2(2n + 1)
4
n
yields
1
Finally, by the Squeeze Theorem, we have that n
lim An = .
4
Also solved by ARKADY ALT, San Jose, CA, USA; ROY BARBARA, Lebanese University,
Fanar, Lebanon; CAO MINH QUANG, Nguyen Binh Khiem High S
hool, Vinh Long, Vietnam;
CHIP CURTIS, Missouri Southern State University, Joplin, MO, USA; OLIVER GEUPEL, Bruhl,
NRW, Germany; RICHARD I. HESS, Ran
ho Palos Verdes, CA, USA; JOE HOWARD, Portales,
NM, USA; WALTHER JANOUS, Ursulinengymnasium, Innsbru
k, Austria; KEE-WAI LAU, Hong
Kong, China; DAVID E. MANES, SUNY at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY, USA; MADHAV R. MODAK,
formerly of Sir Parashurambhau College, Pune, India; JOSE H. NIETO, Universidad del Zulia,
Mara
aibo, Venezuela; JOEL SCHLOSBERG, Bayside, NY, USA; ALBERT STADLER, Herrliberg,
Switzerland; and the proposer. There was one in
omplete solution submitted.
Stan Wagon, Ma
alester College, St. Paul, MN, USA, submitted a
omputer generated
solution.
56
[Ed.: Sin
e x1 = 2007, it is obvious that xi+1 > xi > 2007, hen
e xi is an
in
reasing sequen
e of integers.
Now let n be any positive integer. We know that there exists an i su
h
that xi S and xi n. Then, by subtra
ting 1 from xi enough times, we
nd n S .
Also solved by GEORGE APOSTOLOPOULOS, Messolonghi, Gree
e; SEFKET
University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; MATTHEW BABBITT,
ARSLANAGIC,
home-s
hooled student, Fort Edward, NY, USA; MICHEL BATAILLE, Rouen, Fran
e; CHIP
CURTIS, Missouri Southern State University, Joplin, MO, USA; OLIVER GEUPEL, Bruhl,
NRW,
Germany; WALTHER JANOUS, Ursulinengymnasium, Innsbru
k, Austria; KEE-WAI LAU, Hong
Kong, China; KATHLEEN E. LEWIS, SUNY Oswego, Oswego, NY, USA; DAVID E. MANES,
SUNY at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY, USA; MADHAV R. MODAK, formerly of Sir Parashurambhau
College, Pune, India; JOSE H. NIETO, Universidad del Zulia, Mara
aibo, Venezuela; JOEL
SCHLOSBERG, Bayside, NY, USA; DIGBY SMITH, Mount Royal College, Calgary, AB; ALBERT
STADLER, Herrliberg, Switzerland; VASILE TEODOROVICI, Toronto, ON; PETER Y. WOO,
Biola University, La Mirada, CA, USA; and the proposer.
Hess, Smith, and the proposer pointed out that part (b)
ontained a minor error, sin
e
for x = 4, 5, . . . , 30 the
ubi
x3 1007x +3007 takes negative integer
values. This
an be
remedied by rephrasing (b) as: If x S, then x3 1007x + 3007 S.
ci q ci
i=1
1+
q ci
q
1q
i=1
0,
1
2
X
i=1
ci q ci q +
q ci +1 .
(1)
i=1
c
q
,
we
see
it
su
es to prove
i+1
i
i=1
1
(a)
c1 q c1 q
i+1
and
(b)
ci+1 q ci+1 ci q ci +1 q ci +1
(i = 1, 2, . . .) .
57
Now, (a) is equivalent to qc 1 c1 , whi
h holds sin
e qc 1 2c 11 and
1
2n1 n for ea
h positive integer n. As for inequality (b), we rewrite it as
1
q ci+1 ci 1
ci + 1
ci+1
ci+1
2ci+1
ci + 1
, or
ci+1
ci + 1
2ci +1
The latter holds be
ause ci+1 ci + 1 2 > ln12 , and f (x) = 2xx is
h
de
reasing on the interval ln12 , .
Next, suppose 1 < q < 0. Let ci = 2i, for ea
h i = 1, 2, . . .. Observe
that the left-hand side of the original inequality is positive, while the righthand side of the original inequality is negative, a
ontradi
tion. Thus, the
inequality does not hold in this
ase for all admissible sequen
es {ci }
i=1 .
1
Lastly, suppose 2 < q < 1. Let ci = i + 1 for ea
h i = 1, 2, . . .. Then,
c
c1 q = 2q 2 > q . Observing that ci+1 = ci + 1 for ea
h i, we dedu
e that
1
c1 q c1 +
X
i=1
(ci + 1)q ci +1 ,
i=1
ab + bc + ca
ab + bd + da
ac + cd + da
bc + cd + db
+ 3
+ 3
+ 3
a 3 + b3 + c3
a + b3 + d3
a + c3 + d3
b + c3 + d3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a +b
c +d a +c
b + d2 a 2 + d2
b2 + c2
min
+
,
+
,
+
.
(ab)3/2
(cd)3/2 (ac)3/2
(bd)3/2 (ad)3/2
(bc)3/2
58
Solution by Chip Curtis, Missouri Southern State University, Joplin, MO,
USA.
By the AM{GM Inequality, a3 + b3 + c3 3abc, so that
ab + bc + ca
a3 + b3 + c3
1
a
1
b
with analogous inequalities holding for the other three terms on the left side
of the
laimed inequality. Hen
e,
ab + bd + da
ac + cd + da
bc + cd + db
ab + bc + ca
+ 3
+ 3
+ 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
a +b +c
a +b +d
a +c +d
b + c3 + d3
1
a
1
b
1
c
(1)
a+b 2
1/2
(ab)
a 2 + b2
2
and
a 2 + b2
, respe
tively.
2
2
(a + b) a + b
1
1
a+b
a2 + b2
+
=
a
b
ab
(ab)3/2
Analogous inequalities again hold for the other pairs of variables, thus
1
1
1
1
+ + +
a
b
c
d
min
a2 + b2
(ab)3/2
c2 + d2 a2 + c2
b2 + d2 a2 + d2
b2 + c2
,
+
,
+
3/2
3/2
3/2
3/2
(cd)
(ac)
(bd)
(ad)
(bc)3/2
The desired inequality now follows from the above inequality and (1).
Also solved by MICHEL BATAILLE, Rouen, Fran
e; OLIVER GEUPEL, Bruhl,
NRW,
Germany; and the proposer. One in
orre
t solution was submitted.
A
omputer generated solution totaling 228 pages was submitted, whi
h due to its length
and
omplexity
ould not be veried in the available time.
X bc sin2 A/2
y
li
b+c
F
2R
59
Similar solutions by George Apostolopoulos, Messolonghi, Gree
e; Mi
hel
Bataille, Rouen, Fran
e; Kee-Wai Lau, Hong Kong, China; Albert Stadler,
Herrliberg, Switzerland; and Peter Y. Woo, Biola University, La Mirada, CA,
USA.
Let r and s denote the inradius and semiperimeter of ABC , respe
2
c2 a 2
A
tively. By the Law of Cosines, b +2bc
= cos A = 2 cos2
1, hen
e
2
A
A
= s(s a) tan2
2
2
bc sin2
Sin e F
= rs,
b+c
y li
tan2
A
r
2
R
B
C
2 sin sin
2
2
Now, using the last inequality and the well-known and easy to prove identity
C
A
B
r = 4R sin sin sin , we have
2
2
2
b+ca
A
tan2
b+c
2
B
C
A
2 sin sin sin
2
2
2
A
2
A
2
cos
2
sin
A
2
=
2R cos2 A
2
sin
X sin
y
li
sin x
To this end,
onsider f (x) = cos
for x 0, 2 . An easy
al
ulation
2x
yields f (x) = (cos x)4 (sin x) 5 + sin2 x >0, so that f is a
onvex fun
tion on the interval 0, 2 . From Jensen's inequality,
A
2
+f
B
2
that is,
+f
3f
A
sin
2 3
6 = 2 ,
A
2
2
cos
cos
6
2
X sin
y
li
C
2
60
whi
h
ompletes the proof.
Also solved by ARKADY ALT, San Jose, CA, USA; CAO MINH QUANG, Nguyen
Binh Khiem High S
hool, Vinh Long, Vietnam; CHIP CURTIS, Missouri Southern State
University, Joplin, MO, USA; FRANCISCO JAVIER GARC I A CAPITAN,
IES Alvarez
Cubero,
Priego de Cordoba,
Spain; OLIVER GEUPEL, Bruhl,
NRW, Germany; WALTHER JANOUS,
Ursulinengymnasium, Innsbru
k, Austria; THANOS MAGKOS, 3rd High S
hool of Kozani,
Kozani, Gree
e; DUNG NGUYEN MANH, High S
hool of HUS, Hanoi, Vietnam; TITU
ZVONARU, Comane
sti, Romania; and the proposer.
3411
2
32 3
a + b3 + c3 .
33
quadrati
s ax2 + bx + c, bx2 + cx + a,
a6 + b6 + c6 <
cx2 + ax + b has
or
Also solved by MIGUEL AMENGUAL COVAS, Cala Figuera, Mallor
a, Spain; GEORGE
University of Sarajevo,
APOSTOLOPOULOS, Messolonghi, Gree
e; SEFKET
ARSLANAGIC,
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; ROY BARBARA, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon;
MICHEL BATAILLE, Rouen, Fran
e; OLIVER GEUPEL, Bruhl,
NRW, Germany; WALTHER
JANOUS, Ursulinengymnasium, Innsbru
k, Austria; KEE-WAI LAU, Hong Kong, China;
D.J. SMEENK, Zaltbommel, the Netherlands; ALBERT STADLER, Herrliberg, Switzerland;
PETER Y. WOO, Biola University, La Mirada, CA, USA; KONSTANTINE ZELATOR, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; TITU ZVONARU, Comane
sti, Romania; and the proposer.
3412. [2009 :44, 46 Proposed by Cao Minh Quang, Nguyen Binh Khiem
High S
hool, Vinh Long, Vietnam.
Let a, b, and c be positive real numbers su
h that abc = 1. Prove that
y li
1
1.
3
a + 2b3 + 6
a3 + b3 + 1 + b3 + 1 + 1 + 3
3(ab + b + 1) = 3
x
y
3(x + y + z)
+1 =
z
z
61
Hen
e, 3 1 3
a + 2b + 6
of this inequality, we obtain
X
y
li
z
.
3(x + y + z)
x+ y+ z
a3 + 2b3 + 6
3(x + y + z)
(1)
x+ y+ z
3(x + y + z) .
(2)
Also solved by GEORGE APOSTOLOPOULOS, Messolonghi, Gree
e; SEFKET
University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; CHIP CURTIS,
ARSLANAGIC,
Missouri Southern State University, Joplin, MO, USA; OLIVER GEUPEL, Bruhl,
NRW,
Germany; WALTHER JANOUS, Ursulinengymnasium, Innsbru
k, Austria; KEE-WAI LAU, Hong
Kong, China; DAVID E. MANES, SUNY at Oneonta, Oneonta, NY, USA; ALBERT STADLER,
Herrliberg, Switzerland; PETER Y. WOO, Biola University, La Mirada, CA, USA; and the
proposer.
a+b
c+d
c+d
a+b
a+c
b+d
3
2
a b c
c d a
d
b
f (a, b, c, d)
D = {(a, b, c, d) R4 : 1 b d 2
and
b d.
We
d
a, c 2b} .
2
Sin
e the fun
tion f is
ontinuous and the region D is
ompa
t, f attains a
maximum in D.
62
For xed b and d, the fun
tion f has positive partial derivatives
2f
a2
2(c + d)
(a + b)3
2f
c2
2(a + b)
(c + d)3
n
for (a, c)
We have
d d
,
2 2
o
d
d
,
(2b, 2b)
, 2b , 2b,
2
2
and 1 b d 2.
d d
,
= 8b3 2b2 d 11bd2 + 5d3 = (b d)(2b d)(4b + 5d) 0 ,
2 2
d
g
, 2b = 16b3 8b2 d + 4bd2 + 2d3 = 2(d 2b)(2b + d)2 0 ,
2
d
g 2b,
= 72b3 54b2 d 54bd2 + 18d3
2
3414. [2009 : 108, 111 Proposed by D.J. Smeenk, Zaltbommel, the Netherlands.
As triangle ABC varies, its
ir
um
ir
le 1 (O, R) and its in
ir
le 2 (I, r)
are xed, where O and I are the respe
tive
entres and R and r are the
respe
tive radii. Find the lo
us of the ortho
entre H of triangle ABC .
63
(a) Let N be the
entre of the nine-point (or Euler)
ir
le, and F be the
Feuerba
h point (that is, the point where the nine-point
ir
le is tangent to
and
the in
ir
le 2 ). Sin
e the radii N F and IF have respe
tive lengths R
2
zu
is less
1 uz
i
e
= 1 ;
|z| > 1, while
z
|z|
Note that
zj u
1 uzj
2
ei
zj
= 1, 2, 3,
(1)
(2)
1
a ording as
|z| < 1
or
1 uz1
64
are bise
tors of CBA and ACB , respe
tively. Sin
e I is interior to the
ir
um
ir
le 1 of ABC , I must be the in
entre of ABC .
Comment. I
ame a
ross the problem in the referen
es listed below; however, the
onverse, treated above in part (b), was either absent from these
sour
es or very in
omplete.
Referen
es
[1 William Gallatly,
(1913).
[2 Jos.E. Hofmann, Zur elementaren Dreie
ksgeometrie in der komplexen Ebene.
L'Enseignement mathematique
available at
[3 T. Lales
o,
L'Ouvert,
La geometrie
du triangle.
it is
Mathemati al Mayhem