.

: ,

2007

: ,

2007

. ,
.
. ,

COMPASS. COMPASS

. ,


.
Visual Basic .Net XML
.

: .
: , , , ,
.

ABSTRACT
The subject of this dissertation is to create a concept mapping activities authoring tool.
Concept Maps are graphical tools for organizing and representing knowledge. In
addition, they have been used as a didactic approach and educational strategy that
improve the meaningful learning of students. The aim of the system is threesome.
Firstly, the user of the system can create activities on subject matters that the students
can work out in COMPASS educational tool. Secondly, educators can watch the
educative progress of students and finally, the administrator of the system can define
the activity evaluation framework. The authoring tool is developed in Visual Basic Net
2002 and uses the XML language for the representation of the concept maps.

Subject Area: Educational Software

Keywords: concept, link, educational activity, educational tool, concept mapping.

7
7
1 ......................................................................................................... 10
..................................... 10
1.1 .................................................................................................................... 10
1.2 ............................................. 11
1.2.1

1.3
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2

........................................... 14

........................................... 17
................................................................ 20
.................................. 21
............................... 22

1.5 ....................................................................................................................... 23
2 ......................................................................................................... 25
COMPASS .............. 25
2.1 .................................................................................................................... 25
2.2 COMPASS ............................................................................... 27
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3

27
........................... 32
/ ................................ 35

2.3 ....................................................................................................................... 36
3 ......................................................................................................... 38
COMPASS .......................... 38
3.1 .................................................................................................................... 38
3.2 ............................................................................................................. 39
3.3
.................................................................................................................... 42
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4

................................................................... 44
...................................................... 46
.................................... 47
48

3.4 .................................................... 49
3.5 ................................................................................................. 49
3.6 XML ............................................................................................ 49
3.7 ....................................................................... 57
3.8 .................................................................................................... 57
3.9 ....................................................................................................................... 59
..................................................................................................... 60
.1 .................................................................... 60
.2 ........................................................ 62
.2.1
.2.2.

.3

FTP Server ......................................... 62

HTTP: ........................................................................... 64

(Menu ) ........................................................... 66

....................................................................................... 66

.............................................................................................................. 66
............................................................................................................................ 66
............................................................................................. 67

................................................................................................................... 67
............................................................................................................................ 67
............................................................................................................ 68
.
4

............................................................................................................................ 68
...................................................................................................... 69
............................................................................................................................ 69
........................................................................... 71
............................................................................................................................ 71
................................................................... 73
............................................................................................................................ 73
................................................................................. 74
............................................................................................................................ 74
> & ............................ 76
............................................................................................................................ 76
> ........................................................................ 80
> > ................................. 80
............................................................................................................................ 80
> > ................................. 82
............................................................................................................................ 82
.......................................................................................................... 84
............................................................................................................................ 84
/ ................................................................................ 85
............................................................................................................................ 85
........................................................................ 86
................................................................ 86
................................................................. 86
....................................................................... 86
............................................................................................... 86
.................................................................................................... 87
..................................................................................... 87
............................................................................. 88
...................................................................... 88
.................................................................................................. 88
/ .......................................................... 89
............................................................................................................................ 89
/ > ......... 90
............................................................................................................................ 90
/ > ..... 91
............................................................................................................................ 92
/ >
/ ................................................................................................. 93
............................................................................................................................ 93
/ >
............................................................................................................................................. 94
............................................................................................................................ 94
........................................................... 96
............................................................................................................................ 96
> ................. 97
............................................................................................................................ 97
> ........................... 98
> - Log .................. 100
.......................................................................................................................... 100
> ......................... 102
.......................................................................................................................... 102
.

> .. ......................... 103

.......................................................................................................................... 103
............................................................................................................... 104
& ....................................... 105
SCALE 106
........................................................................................................ 120
............................................................................ 121
.................................................................................... 122

, 2007

, .
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
(brainstorming)
(concept mapping).
.

.
,
, Compass.
:
1,

. , 1.1 .
1.2
. 1.3

1.4

.

2,

COMPASS. , 2.1

.

3
. 3.1 . 3.2

. 3.3,
.
. 3.6
XML, .
3.7


.
, :

(server),
.

1.1

,
,
.

(Novak & Gowin, 1984; McAleese, 1998; Fisher et al.,
2000).

(concept mapping)
(Novak & Gowin, 1984; Novak, 1998; Mintzes et al., 2000; Jonassen
et al., 1997) .
(concept map)

(meaningful learning) (Ausubel et al., 1978).
.

,
.
J. Novak (Novak & Gowin, 1984; Novak,
1998)
Ausubel (Ausubel et al., 1978). , Novak
Ausubel,
,
.


.
, , , ,
,
.
10

.

, , /
.

( ) (rote
learning). ,
/
(Caas et al., 2003).
,
(meaningful
learning),
/
. , ,


.

(metacognitive tool)

(Mintzes et al., 2000). ,
,
, (, 2001).
, 1.2
.
1.3
1.4

1.2

(Novak &
Gowin, 1984). (
/)
.

11

, .
. (
).
. ,

. -- (propositions).
,

.
1.,

(central concept)
,

, ,

(propositions)
, ,
, .

1:

(hierarchical
.

12

structure) ( ),
(progressive differentiation) (
)
(integrative reconciliation) (Novak & Gowin, 1984; Novak, 1998) (
).

, (cross-links)
. ,
, ,
/
.
.

, (focus
question) (Caas et al., 2003).
- .

/

13

. 2

2:
Joseph Novak The Theory Underlying Concept
Maps and How to Construct Them

3 (
1) .

1.2.1

:
1 :
. ,
, ,
.
. ,

.

14

.
.

3:

2 : . 1

.

.
.
.
,
.
3 : .

.
.
,
() . ,

. : (i)
.
15

, , (ii)
, (iii) , (iv)
, (v) , (vi)
, .. , ,
..
, .
.

.
,

( ). ,

, , -
.
(cross-links).
4 : .
( ).
(
). .
.
5 : .
.
6 : .
.
,
, /
.
4
Novak (Novak & Gowin, 1984).
. ,
, ,
.
.

16

4: Novak & Gowin (1984)

1.3

Wandersee (1990),
terra incognita terra cognita.

, ,
...

.
Novak
(Learning how to learn, Novak & Gowin, 1984).


(Jonassen et al., 1997)
,
.

17

.
(Wandersee, 1990)

,
, ,
(, 2002).

, .
,
(Novak, 1998): (i)
, / (ii)
, (Gouli et al., 2003a; Gouli et al., 2003b) / (iii)
(Mintzes et al., 2000)

.
, ,

/
,
, ...

(Gouli et al., 2003b; ..,
2003). . ,

, ,
, ,
.
: (i)
/ (ii)
. ,

, , ,
.

(meaningful learning),

18

/
.

, ,
(


)
(, 2001), .


(, 2001; Gouli et al., 2003a).

(Novak, 1981). Heinze-Fly & Novak (1990)


5 ,
. Roth & Roychoudhury (1992)

Hsiao-tseng Keng (1999).


.
,
(i) , (ii)
, / (iii)

(discovery learning). ,

. ,

.
19

.
,
,

.

,

.
.

.

1.4

.


.

: () , ()
(mind mapping tools) (Buzan & Buzan, 1996), ()
(semantic networking tools) (Fisher, 2000), () (decision making
tools group organizers), () (knowledge or
memory management tools) ()
(visualization or browsing tools).
()
, , , ()
, () .

.
,

Post-It .
, Visio, SmartDraw
.

20

Microsoft Word
. , ,

.

.
1.4.1

Inspiration (http://

www.inspiration.com/home.cfm):

Inspiration

.

.

SMART Ideas (Smart Technologies) ( http://www.smarttech.com/products

/smartideas/index.asp

):

-
,
,
(outline views)
.

Hypersoft Knowledge Manager (http://www.concept-maps.com/default-eng.htm):

Axon Idea Processor (http://web.singnet.com.sg/~axon2000/):

.

LifeMap (http://www.robertabrams.net/conceptmap/lifemaphome.html):

Vee, (Novak & Gowin, 1984).

21

1.4.2


. ,

Webster
. ,
. Webster

, -
-
(outline format) .

KSIMapper Cmap Knowledge Science Institute

Calgary (Gaines & Shaw, 1995).
Smart
Ideas.

CmapTools IHMC (Caas, Hill, Carff & Suri, 2003)

/
.
-,

.

.

HTML
. ,
http://cmap.coginst.uwf.edu.

Concept Connector (
) Michigan State University.
,

22

.
Novak & Gowin (1984). ,
.


.

TPL-KATS (Team Performance Lab Knowledge Assessment Tool Suite)

(card sorting).
.


,
.
,
.
. ,


.

Knowledge Mapper Prototype system Chung, Baker

& Cheak (2002).

,
(expert map)
.

1.5
,

. Novak Ausubel
( ),

.

23

. Wandersee
,
,
.

.
. .
.
,
. -

(propositions).

. ,

.
.

.
,
,
. ,
, ,
.

. ,
, .
(-)

,
.

24

2
COMPASS

2.1

,
, ,
( , , )
- ( 2001).


,
/ .
, , /
,


(Jonassen, 2004).
(Novak & Gowin 1984).

, &

COMPASS (COncept MaP
ASSessment & learning environment) (Gouli et al., 2004a; Gouli et al., 2004b ; Gouli et
al., 2006; & , 2006).
/

(i)

, (ii)
.

25

, ,
/, (iii)


(
), (iv)
,
/
, (v) /

.

(i)

, (ii)
, (iii)
/
, .
COMPASS (http://hermes.di.uoa.gr/compass)

(Gouli et al. 2004b).
COMPASS ,
COMPASS
. ,
COMPASS: ()

()

, ()

, () ,

,
.

26

5: COMPASS.
.

5 COMPASS.

.

. ,
,
(
) .

.

2.2 COMPASS
2.2.1

27

.
,
,
, ,
,
,
.
, COMPASS
,
, .
COMPASS,

,
.
COMPASS
,


.
:

(i) (Comprehension level):

, , ,
, , , . (ii)
(Application level): .
(iii) (Checking and Critiquing level):
. (iv) (Creation level):
,
.

(i)

,
,

28

/
,
(ii)

//
, /

, ,
(iii)

,

(i)

(ii)

,
/,

(iii)

(..

,
),
(iv)

,
/ ,

(v)

.. .

COMPASS /

/ (RuizPrimo & Shavelson 1996) /
(..
/
).


,

,
.
29

(Brainstorming) ...

.


.

,
COMPASS (.. ).
6

.

6:

,
,
( PECASSE (http://hermes.di.uoa.gr:8080/pecasse)),
COMPASS.
.

30

, COMPASS
(.. ).

. /
/
. /
( 13 ) (Gouli et
al., 2005).
/ : & , (
, , ,
),
( , , /
, ), - (
), (
), (
/).
/
, .

(..
,
/
,
).

/ .

,

(
). (..
)
.

31

, ,
.
. ,

(
Goldsmith et al. (1991)).

/ .
, 2.2,
( 52/100)

,
, ,
..

2.2.2


,

, /

. COMPASS,
,
.
,
/ ,
/
/ /
. /
/ /
/ . ,
COMPASS, /
.

32

/ . ,
,
, (explanatory level)
(exploratory level),
( , ,
/, , , ).
7,
Byte .

7: Byte.

COMPASS

/
,

.
.
, , ,
.
, .
.
33

, (i)

,

(ii)

/
, /
/ ,
(iii) ,

(Gouli et al., 2006).

,
.
,
,
,

.

8:
.

34

() (Adaptive Feedback Framework, AFF)
(Gouli et al., 2005).

. ,
,
(

)
. ,
/ ,

(Gouli et al. 2006).
,
. 1

/
,
, . 3

/ . 8,

.

2.2.3 /


,

//

/
.

(adaptive feedback) (
) (adaptable feedback) (
.
35

/ ).
COMPASS,

. / ,

( )
COMPASS.



.
,
( ),
(
), .

2.3

COMPASS

.
COMPASS
.
COMPASS ,
.
,

.


. COMPASS ,
/
.

36

.
.
,

,
,
,
.

37

3
COMPASS

3.1


.

.

:
1. .
2. .
3. .

38

3.2

(modules) .
(3 tier architecture),
9.

9: 3 .

3 - (tiers).

.
components.
:

Data Tier
.
.

Business Tier .
.
.

Presentation Tier .
(user interface) x thin clients rich clients. thin clients
, HTML
browser. rich clients
, 32-bit Windows.
, ActiveX components
DHTML .

3 :

Data Tier
Compass. H
Microsoft SQL Server. ,

Compass.
, ,

Compass,

Compass
.
.

Business Tier .

. ADO.NET

. , .

. To ADO.NET


.

Presentation Tier (user interface) rich

clients. Microsoft
Windows.

.
10
.

10:

3.3

.

. ,

.

.
:
1. .
. ,

2. .

.
3. .
.

,
.

.

.

11:

3.3.1

.
.


.
, ,

(,,,),
(
) .
( )
.
,
.

.

.
.
.
, .

. ,
.
, web .


. ,
.

.
.

.
,
.

,
.
,


.
,
, .

.
Compass.
Compass, .

3.3.2

Compass .


.
Compass .
:
1.

.
,
, ,
,
.
2.
.
3. ,
.


.
4.

3.3.3

.
Compass

.

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

. ,

.

.
,
.

.

.

.


.

3.3.4

.

: , /, .
.
,
,
/.
Compass.
Compass,
/
/,
. ,
. (forum)
. ,
,
. , ,
.

3.4

3.5

.
, ,
.

.
(.. , )
.

3.6

XML

,
,
XML. XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
, HTML (HyperText
Markup Language), .
(parser),
,
. , XML (XML
Schema). XML,


.
SM+[subject_matter_index] /
compass/activity+[Activity_index]/activity_[activity_index]_[sub_activity_index].xml.
, ,
xml.

3.2 XML .

/ .
.

, ,
, .
<COMPASS version="1">
<NODESET>
<NODE nodeID="">
<NODE_LOCATION x="" y="" visible=""/>
<NODE_LABEL

label=""

shape=""

backColor=""

textColor=""

fontSize=""

display_label="" parent="" example="" code="" category="" weight="" level=""/>

</NODE>
</NODESET>
<EDGESET>
<EDGE

fromID=""

toID=""

label=""

type=""

length=""

visible=""

color=""

display_label="" typeEdge="" altname1="" altname2="" weight=""/>

</EDGESET>
<SET_OF_CONCEPTS>
<CONCEPT code="" label="" category="" weight="" level="" visible=""/>
</SET_OF_CONCEPTS>
<SET_OF_RELATIONSHIPS>
<RELATION name="" altname1="" altname2="" weight="" visible=""/>
</SET_OF_RELATIONSHIPS>
<SET_OF_PROPOSITIONS>
<PROPOSITION concept1_name="" relationship="" concept2_name="" weight="" type=""/>
</SET_OF_PROPOSITIONS>
<SET_OF_SERIES_PROPOSITIONS>
<SERIES_PROPOSITION concept_name1=relationship1 concept_name2=/>
</SET_OF_SERIES_PROPOSITIONS>
</COMPASS>

12: XML

COMPASS:
XML
o

version: ,
1.

NODESET:

NODE
o

nodeID:

.

NODE_LOCATION

x:

.
o

y:

.

visible:
( true)
(
false).


..

NODE_LABEL
o

label: .

.
o

shape:
.
(1, 2 3)
,

.
o

backColor:
.
, UTF8 8CC3C6.

textColor:

.

000000.
.

UTF8

fontSize:
.
14.

display_label:

.
true
, false
.

( )

.
o

parent: nodeID

.
o

example:
. true
false .

code:
.
.

category:
.

.
C, F,
U
R.

weight:

.

level:
.
0

.

.

EDGESET

EDGE
o

fromID: (
) .

toID:
.

label: .


.

type: .
(type=1)
(type=2).

length:
.
.

visible: true

false .

color: .
: ,
.
,

.

display_label:

. true
,
false .

.
o

typeEdge: S
simple C
crosslink. cross-link



.

altname1:
,
.

altname2:
,
.

weight:

.

SET_OF_CONCEPTS

CONCEPT
o

code:
.
.

label: .

category:
. .
C,
F,
U
R.

weight:

.

level:
.
0 ,

.
o

visible:
( true)
(
false).
.

SET_OF_RELATIONSHIPS

RELATION
o

name: .


.

altname1:
,
.

altname2:
,
.

weight:

.

visible: true
false . ).

SET_OF_PROPOSITIONS

PROPOSITION: /
.
o

concept1_name:
.

relationship:

.

concept2_name:
.

weight:

.
.

type: S
simple C
cross-link.

SET_OF_SERIES_PROPOSITIONS

SERIES_PROPOSITION:

.
o

concept_name1:
.

relationship1:

.
o

concept_name2:
.

relationship2:
.

concept_name3:
.

...(
)

3.7

VB.NET

.NET Framework 1.1 Microsoft.

Flowcharter.net Mindfusion.
XML (ftp,http
clients) XML (XML parsers)
(System.net.*
System.xml.*)
(debug) COMPASS Authoring Tool (CAT)
Visual Studio 2003
Microsoft.

3.8

(undo)

(redo).
(history).
.

.

, (
)
.

(
Visio,

Rational

).

Rose

3.9

COMPASS
.
.. XML
.
(client/server),
.
.


.1
Windows.
.
1.
Microsoft .NET Framework 1.1. To

.Net. Windows XP .
Windows
Microsoft1.
2.
.
CAT_setup.cab .

.
, ,
CAT_setup.cab .

13: (setup.exe)

3. :
i.
1

CAT.exe ( CAT

http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=262D25E3-F589-4842-8157034D1E7CF3A3&displaylang=en

Compass Authoring Tool).

ii.

database.ini.
:

sql server = TEI // SQL ( IP address)

sql username =

// SQL Server

sql password =

// SQL Server

sql database = compassNew //

mail server = localhost // SMTP Server ( IP address)
mail username =

// SMTP Server

mail password =

// SMTP Server

ftp server = localhost

// FTP Server ( IP address)

ftp username =

// FTP Server

ftp password =

// FTP Server

IIS address= localhost\ftp // IIS Server

expert_map = \mapsdb\mapsdb\mapsdb\

//

acivity_map = \mapsdb\mapsdb\mapsdb\ //
feedback_map

\mapsdb\mapsdb\mapsdb\

//

XML

activity_material = \mapsdb\mapsdb\mapsdb\ //
logs directory = \mapsdb\mapsdb\mapsdb\logs\

log
user maps directory = \mapsdb\mapsdb\mapsdb\

.
.

.
.

4. cat.exe
bin.
.

61

5. ,

SCALE.

.2
.2.1

FTP Server

FTP IIS Server

:
1.
.

>

> Windows.
Internet Information Server.
FTP SMTP
2.
.
> > inetmgr
2. Internet Information Services,
14:

62

14: (IIS administration)

3. (+) :
Web
FTP
SMTP

4. FTP
: FTP
tab

xml .
: ,
.

C:\inetbup\ftproot

63

15: FTP Server

5. .


ftp:\\localhost ( ip ) Username =
anonymous password .
FTP .
HTTP GET
. IIS Server
.
.2.2. HTTP:
1. Web
2. >
ftp.
3.
: ftp

64

16: ftp

4. ,
, .

65

.3

(Menu )

17.

17: (login)

.
.
( Users). ,
.

.
,
,
. ,

.
.
.

66

.
.

18: ""

,

.

67

19: ""

,
,
.
,
.

68

20: " "

. :


.
,
.
,

,
.

69

.



Compass.

,
.
,
.
.

70

21:

21: " "

, (focus
question),
.

(,
71

, , ,
), (,
),
(,
) .
.


.
.

( ,
).

.
,


.
,
.

: ,
.

,
.
.

72

22: " "

.

.

.

.

73

23: " "

.
:
1.
2.
3. .

.
.

. ;
.

75

> &

.
( ).

.

()
. 2 .
.
:

tab
(drag and drop)
.

tab
. , +
'
. -

.

tab

. , + '
.
-
.

tab
(.. , ,...)
.

76

24: " - "

( - ).

.
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. ( Central, Basic, Usefull,
Related)

77

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Order
6. (reason)
7. (typeEdge)

,
, , Group
.

25:

78

79

>
.
. ,
.

> >

:

26: " - "

.
.
,
.
, .
.

80

.
,
, , , ,
,
.
: TFU1 TFU2
.
,
.

XML
.

81

> >

/ :

27: " - "

.
( ).
.
, .


.
.

.

82

XML.

. ,

.
.
.
.
,
.
.

83

28: " "

.

.

,
.

84

/
/ :

29: "/ "

> , > ,

> >
.

85

. XML
.

, ,
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Display_edu_material:

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Relationship=

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InComplete-

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InAccurate- Concept = , InAccurate-Superfluous .

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Concept=

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116

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Author..
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119

1: ............................................................................. 12
2:
JOSEPH NOVAK THE THEORY UNDERLYING CONCEPT MAPS AND HOW TO CONSTRUCT THEM
................................................................................................................................................................... 14
3: .................................. 15
4: NOVAK & GOWIN (1984) ........................................ 17
5: COMPASS.
. ..................................................... 27
6: ................................................................ 30
7: BYTE. ................................. 33
8:
. .............................................................................................. 34
9: 3 . ................................................................ 39
11:
.............................................................................................................. 43
13: (SETUP.EXE) ......................................... 60
14: (IIS ADMINISTRATION) .......................................................... 63
15: FTP SERVER ................................................................................................................ 64
16: FTP .................................................................................................................................... 65
17: (LOGIN) ................................................................................................................ 66
18: "" .............................................................................................................................. 67
19: "" ...................................................................................................................... 68
20: " " ........................................................................................... 69
21: " " .................................................................................... 71
22: " " ...................................................................... 73
23: " " ............................................................................................ 74
24: " - " ................................................... 77
25: ................................................................................................. 78
26: " - " .................................................... 80
27: " - - "................ 82
28: " " ......................................................................................... 84
29: "/ " .............................................................................................. 85
30: " " ........................................................................................................ 87
31: " " ............................................................................................................ 87
32: " " .......................................................................................................... 89
33: " " ............................................................................................... 90
34: "/ "................................................................. 92
35: " /"............................................. 93
36: " " .................................................................................. 94
37: " " .................................................................. 96
38: " " ........................................................................................................ 97
39: " " .......................................................................... 98
40: " " ........................................................................................ 99
41: " " ...................................................................................... 100
42: " " ......................................................................................... 101
43 " " ...................................................................................................... 102
44: " " .................................. 103
45 : "..." ............................................................................................................................... 104

120

adaptable feedback .......................................................................................................................................... 37
adaptive feedback ............................................................................................................................................ 37
Adaptive Feedback Framework .................................................................................................................... 37
Application level .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Brainstorming .................................................................................................................................................. 32
browsing tools.................................................................................................................................................. 22
central concept ................................................................................................................................................. 14
Comprehension level ...................................................................................................................................... 30
concept map ..................................................................................................................................................... 12
concept mapping ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Creation level ................................................................................................................................................... 30
Critiquing level ................................................................................................................................................. 30
cross-links ......................................................................................................................................................... 15
decision making tools ..................................................................................................................................... 22
discovery learning ............................................................................................................................................ 21
expert map ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
explanatory level .............................................................................................................................................. 35
focus question .................................................................................................................................................. 15
group organizers .............................................................................................................................................. 22
hierarchical structure ....................................................................................................................................... 15
integrative reconciliation ................................................................................................................................ 15
knowledge or memory management tools................................................................................................... 22
meaningful learning ................................................................................................................................... 12, 13
metacognitive tool ........................................................................................................................................... 13
mind mapping tools ........................................................................................................................................ 22
progressive differentiation ............................................................................................................................. 15
propositions ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
rote learning ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
semantic networking tools ............................................................................................................................. 22
visualization ...................................................................................................................................................... 22

121

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(), , 2006, 131-138.
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124