Dynamics 70 M3 Harmonic

Module 3
Harmonic Analysis
Module 3
Harmonic Analysis
A. Define harmonic analysis and its purpose.
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0
B. Learn basic terminology and concepts underlying harmonic analysis. C. Learn how to do a harmonic analysis in ANSYS. D. Work on a harmonic analysis exercise.
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Harmonic Analysis
A. Definition & Purpose

What is harmonic analysis?
Training Manual
A technique to determine the steady state response of a structure to sinusoidal (harmonic) loads of known frequency. Input:
Harmonic loads (forces, pressures, and imposed displacements) of known magnitude and frequency. May be multiple loads all at the same frequency. Forces and displacements can be in-phase or out-of phase. Surface and body loads can only be specified with a phase angle of zero.
Output:
Harmonic displacements at each DOF, usually out of phase with the applied loads. Other derived quantities, such as stresses and strains.
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Harmonic Analysis
Definition & Purpose

Harmonic analysis is used in the design of:
Training Manual
Supports, fixtures, and components of rotating equipment such as compressors, engines, pumps, and turbomachinery. Structures subjected to vortex shedding (swirling motion of fluids) such as turbine blades, airplane wings, bridges, and towers.
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Harmonic Analysis
Definition & Purpose

Why should you do a harmonic analysis?
Training Manual
To make sure that a given design can withstand sinusoidal loads at different frequencies (e.g, an engine running at different speeds). To detect resonant response and avoid it if necessary (by using dampers, for example).
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Harmonic Analysis
B. Terminology & Concepts

Topics covered: Equation of motion Nature of harmonic loads Complex displacements Solution methods
Training Manual
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Harmonic Analysis - Terminology & Concepts
Equation of Motion
General equation of motion:
Training Manual
[ M ]{u} + [ C]{ u} + [ K ]{ u} = { F}
[F] and {u} are harmonic, with frequency :
{ F} = {Fmax ei }eit = ({ F1} + i{ F2 } )eit { u} = {u max ei}eit = ({ u1} + i{ u 2 } )eit

Equation of motion for harmonic analysis:
(2 [ M ] + i[ C] + [ K ] )({ u1} + i{ u 2 } ) = ({ F1} + i{ F2 } )

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Nature of Harmonic Loads
Imaginary
Training Manual
Sinusoidally varying, at known frequencies. Phase angle allows multiple, out-of-phase loads to be applied. Defaults to zero. All applied loads are assumed to be harmonic, including temperatures and gravity.
Real
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Complex Displacements
Calculated displacements will be complex if:
Damping is specified. Applied load is complex (i.e, imaginary part is non-zero).
Training Manual
Complex displacements lag by phase angle (with respect to the applied force). Results can be viewed in the form of real and imaginary parts or amplitude and phase angle.
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Solution Methods
Three methods of solving the harmonic equation of motion: Full method
Training Manual
Default method, easiest of all. Uses full structure matrices. Unsymmetric matrices (e.g, acoustics) allowed.
are
Reduced method*
Uses reduced matrices, faster than full method. Requires master DOF selection, which results in approximate [M] and [C].
Mode superposition**
Sums factored mode shapes from a preceding modal analysis. Fastest of all methods.
*Not covered in this seminar; see ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide for information. **Discussed in Module 6.
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Solution Methods
Training Manual
* generally not recommended
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Harmonic Analysis
C. Procedure
Four main steps: Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply harmonic loads and solve Review results
Training Manual
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Harmonic Analysis Procedure
Build the Model

Model
Training Manual
Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are ignored. Remember density! Caution: You may inadvertently include harmonic thermal loads if both ALPX (coefficient of thermal expansion) and T are nonzero. To avoid this, set ALPX to zero. See also Modeling Considerations in Module 1.
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Choose Analysis Type & Options

Build the model Choose analysis type and options Enter Solution and choose harmonic analysis. Main analysis option is solution method - discussed next. Specify damping - discussed next.
Training Manual
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Analysis options Solution method - full, reduced, or mode superposition. Defaults to full method. DOF printout format - mainly used in batch mode. Lumped mass matrix
Recommended if the structure is small in one dimension compared to the other two dimensions, e.g, slender beams and thin shells.
Training Manual
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Analysis options (continued) Choose a solver (default is frontal) Option to include pre-stress effects
Training Manual
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Damping
Training Manual
Choose from alpha damping, beta damping, and damping ratio. Damping ratio is most commonly used.
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Apply Harmonic Loads and Solve

Build the model Choose analysis type and options
Training Manual
Apply harmonic loads and solve All applied loads vary harmonically at the specified frequency Loads consist of:
Displacement constraints - zero or non-zero. Forces Pressures
Caution: If gravity and thermal loads are applied, they are also taken as harmonically varying loads!
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Specifying harmonic loads requires: Amplitude and phase angle Frequency Stepped vs. ramped specification
Imaginary
Training Manual
F2mx a
Amplitude and phase angle The load value (magnitude) represents the amplitude Fmax. Phase angle is the phase shift between two or more harmonic loads. Not required if only one load is present. Nonzero only valid for force and displacement harmonic loads.
Real
F1mx a
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Amplitude and phase angle (continued)
ANSYS does not allow direct input of amplitude and phase angle. Instead, you specify the real and imaginary components. For example, given two harmonic forces F1 and F2 that are out of phase by angle :
F1real = F1max (amplitude of F1) F1imag = 0 F2real = F2maxcos F2imag = F2maxsin
Training Manual
Imaginary
F2mx a
Real
F1mx a
You can use APDL for these calculations, but make sure angular units are set to degrees (default is radians).
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Utility Menu > Parameters > Angular Units
Training Manual
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Frequency of harmonic load:
Training Manual
Specified in cycles per second (Hertz) by a frequency range and number of substeps within that range. For example, a range of 0-50 Hz with 10 substeps gives solutions at frequencies of 5, 10, 15, , 45, and 50 Hz. Same range with 1 substep gives one solution at 50 Hz.
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Stepped versus ramped loads:
Training Manual
With multiple substeps, loads can be applied gradually (ramped) or all at once in the first substep (stepped). Harmonic loads are usually stepped since the load value represents maximum amplitude.
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After applying the harmonic loads, the next step is to start the solution. Typically one load step, but you may use multiple substeps within a single load step. The frequency range is defined over the entire load step.
Training Manual
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Review Results
Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply harmonic loads and solve
Training Manual
Review results Three steps:

Plot displacement vs. frequency at specific points in the structure. Identify critical frequencies and corresponding phase angles. Review displacements and stresses over entire structure at the critical frequencies and phase angles. Use POST26, the timehistory postprocessor
Use POST1, the general postprocessor
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Review Results - POST26

Displacement vs. frequency plots First define POST26 variables.
Tables of nodal or element data. Identified by a number 2. Variable 1 contains frequencies and is predefined.
Training Manual
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Define variables (cont'd.)
Pick nodes that might deform the most, then choose the DOF direction. List of defined variables is updated.
Training Manual
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Define variables. Then graph them.
Training Manual
A Graphed Response in the Frequency Domain
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Identify critical frequencies and phase angles Graph shows frequency at which highest amplitude occurs.
Training Manual
Since the displacements are out-of-phase with the applied loads (if damping is present), the phase angle at which the peak amplitude occurs needs to be determined.
To do this, first choose amplitude + phase format ...
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then list the variable(s).
Training Manual
Notice that peak amplitude = 3.7 occurs at 48 Hz, - 85.7. Next step is to review displacements and stresses over the entire model at that frequency and phase angle (using POST1).
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Review results over entire structure
Training Manual
Enter POST1 and list results summary to identify load step and substep number of critical frequency.
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Use the HRCPLX command to read in results at desired frequency and phase angle:
HRCPLX, LOADSTEP, SUBSTEP, PHASE, ... Example: HRCPLX,2,4,-88.2754
Training Manual
Plot deformed shape, stress contours, and other desired results.
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Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply harmonic loads and solve Review results
Training Manual
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Lesson D: Workshop - Harmonic Analysis
Training Manual
In this workshop, you will examine the harmonic response of a fixedfixed beam to harmonic forces caused by rotating machinery mounted on the beam. See your Dynamics Workshop supplement for details Harmonic Analysis Workshop - Fixed-Fixed Beam, Page W-27
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Dynamics 70 M3 Harmonic

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Dynamics 70 M3 Harmonic

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Module 3

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-2

A. Definition & Purpose

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-3

Definition & Purpose

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-4

Definition & Purpose

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-5

B. Terminology & Concepts

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-6

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

Harmonic Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

{ F} = {Fmax ei }eit = ({ F1} + i{ F2 } )eit { u} = {u max ei}eit = ({ u1} + i{ u 2 } )eit

(2 [ M ] + i[ C] + [ K ] )({ u1} + i{ u 2 } ) = ({ F1} + i{ F2 } )

Harmonic Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

Nature of Harmonic Loads

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-8

Harmonic Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-9

Harmonic Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

Harmonic Analysis - Terminology & Concepts

* generally not recommended

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-11

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-12

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

Harmonic Analysis Procedure

Build the Model

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

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Harmonic Analysis Procedure

Choose Analysis Type & Options

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

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Harmonic Analysis Procedure

Choose Analysis Type & Options

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DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

Harmonic Analysis Procedure

Choose Analysis Type & Options

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-16

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

Harmonic Analysis Procedure

Choose Analysis Type & Options

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-17

Harmonic Analysis Procedure

Apply Harmonic Loads and Solve

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-18

Harmonic Analysis Procedure

Apply Harmonic Loads and Solve

DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0 DYNAMICS 7.0

March 14, 2003 Inventory #001809 3-19

Harmonic Analysis Procedure

Apply Harmonic Loads and Solve