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B NNG NGHIP V PHT TRIN NNG THN

GIO TRNH MN HC

KHI QUT V NGH NHN GING V SN XUT NM


NGH NHN GING V SN XUT NM TRNH S CP
(Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s: / Q-BNN-TCCB ngy thng nm 2009 ca B trng B Nng nghip v PTNT)

H Ni - Nm 2009

MC LC Tran Mc lc Li ta Gii thiu v mn hc Bi 1. S lc v nm v c tnh sinh hc ca nm 1. Khi nim v nm 2. Gi tr dinh dng v gi tr dc liu ca nm 2.1. Gi tr dinh dng ca nm 2.2. Gi tr dc liu ca nm 3. Mt s loi nm trng ph bin trong nc v trn th gii 3.1. Nm rm 3.2. Nm s 3.3. Nm mc nh 3.4. Nm hng 3.5. Nm linh chi 3.6. Nm kim chm 3.7. Nm trn chu 3.8. Nm m 3.9. Nm vn chi 3.10. Nm ngn nh 3.11. Nm u kh 4. c tnh sinh hc ca nm 4.1. c tnh sinh hc ca nm s 4.2. c tnh sinh hc ca nm rm 4.3. c tnh sinh hc ca nm mc nh 4.4. c tnh sinh hc ca nm hng 4.5. c tnh sinh hc ca nm m 4.6. c tnh sinh hc ca nm trn chu 4.7. c tnh sinh hc ca nm kim chm 4.8. c tnh sinh hc ca nm linh chi Bi 2. Gii thiu khi qut v ngh nui trng nm 1. c im ca ngh nui trng nm 1.1. Thun li 1.2. Kh khn 2. Ngh nui trng nm Vit Nam v tim nng pht trin Bi 3. Quy trnh nhn ging v nui trng nm 1. Quy trnh nhn ging nm 2. Quy trnh nui trng nm 2.1. Quy trnh nui trng nm s 2.2. Quy trnh nui trng nm rm 2.3. Quy trnh nui trng nm mc nh g 2 4 6 7 7 9 9 10 12 12 14 14 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 23 25 25 26 27 27 29 29 29 29 30 32 32 33 33 34 38

2.4. Quy trnh nui trng nm hng 2.5. Quy trnh nui trng nm m 2.6. Quy trnh nui trng nm trn chu 2.7. Quy trnh nui trng nm kim chm 2.8. Quy trnh nui trng nm linh chi Bi 4. T chc tiu th sn phm v tnh ton hiu qu kinh t trong sn xut nm 1. T chc tiu th sn phm trong c s sn xut nm 2. D ton vt liu, nhn cng 3. Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t trong sn xut nm 3.1. Nm rm 3.2. Nm s 3.3. Nm mc nh 3.4. Nm linh chi 3.5. Nm hng 3.6. Nm m Ti liu tham kho

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LI TA

Thc hin Quyt nh ca Th tng s 11/2006/Q-TTg, ngy 12 thng 01 nm 2006 ph duyt "Chng trnh trng im pht trin v ng dng cng ngh sinh hc trong lnh vc nng nghip v pht trin nng thn n nm 2020"; Quyt nh s 97/2007/Q-TTg ngy 29/6/2007 ph duyt n Pht trin v ng dng Cng ngh sinh hc trong lnh vc Thy sn v Quyt nh s 14/2008/Q-TTg, ngy 22 thng 01 nm 2008 ph duyt K hoch tng th pht trin v ng dng cng ngh sinh hc Vit Nam n nm 2020. B Nng nghip v PTNT xy dng Chng trnh pht trin CNSH Nng nghip vi cc ni dung ch yu thc y pht trin nng nghip v kinh t nng thn. Chng trnh tp trung vo pht trin Cng ngh sinh hc v ging cy trng, vt nui, cng ngh bo qun, cng ngh ch bin nng, lm, thy snnhm a nn nng nghip Vit Nam ln mt tm cao mi, chuyn t mt nn sn xut s lng sang nn sn xut cht lng c sc cnh tranh ngy mt cao trn trng Quc t. o to ngn hn v Nhn ging v sn xut nm l mt phn ni dung ca Chng trnh pht trin CNSH Nng nghip, nhm o to ngun nhn lc chuyn v sn xut nm v ging nm cho cc a phng trong c nc, tng bc hng ti mt nn sn xut nm n, nm dc liu quy m cng nghip. trin khai vic o to, B Nng nghip v PTNT thnh lp Ban ch nhim xy dng chng trnh v Nhn ging v sn xut nm. Thc hin nhim v B giao, Ban ch nhim thc hin cc cng vic sau: - T chc iu tra kho st nhu cu o to ngh ti cc c s sn xut ging nm v trng nm n, nm dc liu, trn c s xc nh c nhng cng vic, nhng kin thc, k nng cn thit i vi ngi sn xut ging nm v trng nm. - T chc Hi tho phn tch ngh v phn tch cng vic theo phng php DACUM. Cc thnh vin ca tiu ban DACUM, l cc cng nhn trc tip sn xut, cn b k thut, cn b qun l trc tip lm vic cc c s sn xut nm v ging nm thnh t, c quy m khc nhau. Hi tho xy dng c mt s phn tch ngh gm cc nhim v v cc cng vic ca ngh gi l s DACUM. T s DACUM Ban ch nhim xy dng chng trnh dy ngh tin hnh phn tch cng vic thnh cc bc, tiu chun thc hin, vt liu, trang thit b, kin thc, k nng cn thit lm c s thit k khung chng trnh dy ngh. - Xy dng chng trnh dy ngh ngn hn, trnh s cp ngh trn c s phn tch ngh. Chng trnh xc nh mc tiu, thi gian v ni dung

o to, t hp nhng kin thc, k nng cn c ca ngh t c s phn tch ngh thnh cc mn hc/m un (1 mn hc, 7 m un). - Bin son b gio trnh cc m un/mn hc ca Chng trnh ngn hn Nhn ging v sn xut nm gm 7 quyn: 1) Gio trnh mn hc Khi qut v ngh nhn ging v sn xut nm 2) Gio trnh m un Chun b nh xng, thit b, dng c, vt t, nguyn liu, ha cht chuyn dng trong nhn ging v nui trng nm 3) Gio trnh m un Nhn ging nm 4) Gio trnh m un Lm gi th nui trng nm 5) Gio trnh m un Cy ging v nui si 6) Gio trnh m un Chm sc v thu hi nm 7) Gio trnh m un Bo qun v ch bin nm hon thin b gio trnh ny chng ti nhn c s ch o, hng dn ca Ban iu hnh Chng trnh cng ngh sinh hc nng nghip, V T chc cn b, V Khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng B Nng nghip v pht trin Nng thn; nhn c s hp tc, gip ca Trung tm cng ngh sinh hc thc vt - Vin Di truyn nng nghip Vit Nam. ng thi chng ti cng nhn c cc kin ng gp ca cc nh khoa hc, cn b k thut ca cc Vin, Trng, c s sn xut nm, Ban Gim Hiu v cc thy c gio Trng Cao ng Lng thc Thc phm. Chng ti xin c gi li cm n n Ban iu hnh Chng trnh cng ngh sinh hc nng nghip B Nng nghip v PTNT, Ban lnh o cc Vin, Trng, cc c s sn xut, cc nh khoa hc, cc cn b k thut, cc thy c gio tham gia ng gp nhiu kin qu bu, to iu kin thun li hon thnh b gio trnh ny. B gio trnh l c s cho cc gio vin son bi ging ging dy, l ti liu nghin cu v hc tp ca hc vin hc ngh Nhn ging v sn xut nm. Cc thng tin trong gio trnh c gi tr hng dn gio vin thit k v t chc ging dy cc mn hc/m un mt cch hp l. Gio vin c th vn dng cho ph hp vi iu kin v bi cnh thc t trong qu trnh dy hc. B gio trnh c bin son ln u, nn cn nhiu hn ch v thiu st, Ban ch nhim v cc tc gi mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca cc nh khoa hc, cc cn b k thut, cc ng nghip gio trnh hon thin hn. Xin chn thnh cm n! BAN CH NHIM XY DNG CHNG TRNH DY NGH

GII THIU V MN HC

V TR, TNH CHT CA MN HC - Khi qut v ngh nhn ging v sn xut nm l mn hc u tin ca ngh Nhn ging v sn xut nm. Mn hc c b tr hc trc cc m un trong chng trnh o to; - Khi qut v ngh nhn ging v sn xut nm l mn hc mang tnh l thuyt c tch hp vi k nng thc hnh tnh ton. Mn hc ny trang b cho ngi hc cc kin thc c bn v nm v ngh trng nm, tnh ton kinh ph thu c t sn xut nm sau khi tr cc khon chi ph. MC TIU CA MN HC Hc xong mn hc ny ngi hc c kh nng: - Nu c khi nim v nm, gi tr dinh dng v gi tr dc liu ca nm; - Trnh by c c tnh sinh hc ca mt s loi nm trng ph bin; - M t c c im ca ngh nui trng nm, quy trnh nhn ging, nui trng nm; - Tnh ton c lng nguyn, nhin, vt liu cn cho sn xut; s tin thu c t sn xut nm sau khi tr cc khon chi ph mua nguyn vt liu, thu nhn cng; - C tinh thn hc tp nghim tc, sing nng. NI DUNG CHNH CA MN HC Bi 1. S lc v nm v c tnh sinh hc ca nm Bi 2. Gii thiu khi qut v ngh nui trng nm Bi 3. Quy trnh nhn ging v nui trng nm Bi 4. T chc tiu th sn phm v tnh ton hiu qu kinh t trong sn xut nm CC HNH THC HC TP CHNH TRONG MN HC 1. Hc trn lp v c tnh sinh hc ca mt s loi nm ph bin, khi qut v ngh nui trng nm, cch thc t chc tiu th sn phm, tnh ton hiu qu kinh t trong sn xut nm. 2. Thc hnh lm bi tp ng dng v tnh ton hiu qu trong sn xut nm ti lp.

BI 1 S LC V NM V C TNH SINH HC CA NM 1. Khi nim v nm Theo quan nim c, nm l thc vt, nhng l thc vt khng c dip lc t. Tuy nhin, nhng nghin cu ngy cng nhiu v sinh l v dinh dng, cho thy nm khc bit vi thc vt. - Nm khng c kh nng quang hp, ngha l khng th t tng hp cc cht hu c cho c th t nc v kh CO2. - Vch t bo ch yu l chitin v glucan. - Nm d tr ng di dng glycogen, thay v tinh bt. C th so snh cc ti nm mo, nm s (hnh 1.1 v hnh 1.2) vi cc cy trng hiu r vn . Cy trng c r, thn, l, hoa v qu (c cy c c). Ci nm m ta thy mc ra trn ti gi th ch l c quan sinh sn, tng t nh qu ca cy nn cn gi l qu th. Nm rm khi gi n ra, pha di m nm c nhng ht bi mu hng (hnh 1.4 v 1.5), l cc bo t tng t nh ht ca cy trng. Nh vy, nm l tri v c ht, khng c r, thn, l, hoa th nm mc ln t u? Nm mc nh (nm mo), nm bo ng (nm s) mc ra t ti nm khi c mu trng (hnh 1.1, 1.2). Hay khi trng nm rm, ta d nhn thy l nhng ch nm mc ra c mng cc si t trng (hnh 1.3). Cc mng ny c c do s kt cht li ca nhiu si t nm nh li ti (ng knh khong 3 n 10 micromet (m), 1 m = 1/1000 m) m mt thng kh nhn thy, phi dng knh hin vi mi d thy c. Cc si t nm ny bt ngun t ging nm mc lan ra, xm nhp vo rm r ca c lung. Cc si t nm bn vi nhau thnh h si t m ta kh thy bng mt thng, cc mng si t trng c xung quanh ch nm mc ch l mt phn rt nh ca h si t nm. Khi mc cc si t nm kt ni vi nhau thnh mi khi lin thng nht. C khi h si t c th coi l thn ca nm tng t nh cy trng gm r, cnh, l. T khi h si t

ci nm (qu th) mc ra. chn ci nm c nhng h si t ging nh r, l r gi ch khng ging nh r ca thc vt.

Hnh 1.2. Cc ti nm s Hnh 1.1. Ti nm mo en v trng

Hnh 1.3. H si t nm rm

Hnh 1.4. Cc tai nm rm

Hnh 1.5. Cc tai nm rm khi lt nga

Do h si t nm ln hn nhiu so vi cc tai nm m mt thng kh thy nn n ging cc vi sinh vt nhiu hn. Tm li, nm l sinh vt c nhn. Cu to ca nm c 2 phn:

- H si t nm tng t nh r, thn, l ca cy trng. - Qu th l tri v c ht gi l bo t. 2. Gi tr dinh dng v gi tr dc liu ca nm 2.1. Gi tr dinh dng ca nm Hu ht nhng loi nm c nui trng v s dng rng ri hin nay c xem l rau sch, tht sch bi ngoi c im n ngon, cn cha nhiu cht m, ng v nht l cc nguyn t khong v vitamin. Nm cha mt hm lng m thp hn tht, c, nhng li cao hn bt k mt loi rau qu no khc. c bit, c s hin din ca gn nh cc loi axit amin, trong c 9 loi axit amin cn thit cho con ngi. Nm rt giu leucin v lysin l 2 loi axit amin t c trong ng cc. Do , xt v cht lng th m nm khng thua g m ng vt. Thng lng m trong nm cng thay i theo loi, thp nht l nm mo (4- 9%) v cao nht l nm m (24 - 44%). Nm cha t cht ng vi hm lng thay i t 03- 28% khi lng ti. nm rm, lng ng tng ln trong giai on pht trin t nt sang ko di, nhng li gim khi trng thnh. c bit, nm c ngun ng d tr di dng glycogen tng t nh ng vt (thay v tinh bt thc vt). Nm cha rt nhiu loi vitamin nh B, C, K, A, D, E,... Trong nhiu nht l vitamin nhm B nh vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5,... Nu rau rt ngho vitamin B12, th ch cn n 3 gam nm ti cung cp lng vitamin B12 cho nhu cu mi ngy. Tng t hu ht cc loi rau, nm l ngun khong rt ln. Nm rm c ghi nhn rt giu K, Na, Ca, P, Mg, chim t 56-70% lng tro tng cng. Photphat v st thng hin din phin v m nm. qu th trng thnh th lng Na v P gim, trong khi K, Ca, Mg gi nguyn. n nm bo m b sung y cho nhu cu v khong mi ngy. Nh vy, ngoi vic cung cp m v ng, nm cn gp phn bi b c th nh vo s di do v khong v vitamin. Thnh phn dinh dng ca mt s loi nm n nh sau:

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Bng 1.1. Thnh phn ha hc cc loi nm (Ngun FAO (1972)

Thnh phn (tnh trn 100g nm kh) Nm rm Nm mo

Loi nm Nm bo ng Nm hng Nm m

m (*) Protein th

90,10 21,2

87,10 7,7

90,80 30,4 57,6 2,2 9,8 9,8 33 1348 15,2 837 3793 4,8 4,7 108,7 0 345

91,80 13,4 78,0 4,9 7,3 3,7 98 476 8,5 61 7,8 4,9 54,9 0 392

88,70 23,9 60,1 8,0 8,0 8,0 71,0 912 8,8 106 2850 8,9 3,7 42,5 26,5 381

(Nx4,38) Cacbohydrate(g) 58,6 87,6 Lipid (g) 10,1 0,8 X (g) 11,1 14,0 Tro (g) 10,1 3,9 Calci (mg) 71,0 239 Phospho (mg) 677 256 St (mg) 17,1 64,5 Natri (mg) 374 72 Kali (mg) 3455 984 Vitamin B1 (mg) 1,2 0,2 Vitamin B2 (mg) 3,3 0,6 Vitamin PP (mg) 91,9 4,7 Vitamin C (mg) 20,2 0 Nng lng (Kcal) 39,6 347 (*): Tnh trn 100g nm ti - : Khng xc nh c 2.2. Gi tr dc liu ca nm

Nm khng ch n ngon, giu cht dinh dng, m cn khng gy x cng ng mch v khng lm tng lng cholesterol trong mu nh nhiu loi tht ng vt. Mt s loi nm nh Linh chi cn c tc dng cha bnh vim gan, rut, cao huyt p, thm ch cn gim au v cha khi cho cc bnh nhn ung th giai on u. Nm cha nhiu axit folic nn c th gip phng nga v iu tr bnh thiu mu. Nhiu nm n c cha lng retine cao, theo A.S. Gyorgyi, cht ny l yu t lm chm s pht trin ca t bo ung th. Nhiu hp cht trch t nm nh glucan (thnh phn cu to vch t bo nm) hoc nh cht leutinan (trch t nm ng c)... c kh nng ngn chn s pht trin ca cc khi u. Do , ngi ta cho rng nm n c th ci thin c

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bnh ung th. Ngoi ra, nm cn cha t mui natri, rt tt cho cho nhng ngi bnh thn v suy tim c bin chng ph. Trung Quc v cc nc phng ng, ngi ta cn dng nm iu tr nhiu bnh nh ri lon tiu ha, ri lon tim mch, cao huyt p, tiu ng, b xng, chng vim nhim...C th ni nm l loi thc phm tt cho sc khe con ngi. 2.2.1. Tng cng kh nng min dch ca c th Cc polysaccharide trong nm c kh nng hot ha min dch t bo, thc y qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca t bo lympho, kch hot t bo lympho T v lympho B. Nm linh chi, nm vn chi, nm u kh v mc nh en cn c tc dng nng cao nng lc hot ng ca i thc bo. 2.2.2. Khng ung th v khng virus Trn thc nghim, hu ht cc loi nm n u c kh nng c ch s pht trin ca t bo ung th. Vi nm hng, nm linh chi v nm tr linh, tc dng ny c kho st v khng nh trn lm sng. Nhiu loi nm n c cng nng kch thch c th sn sinh interferon, nh c ch c qu trnh sinh trng v lu chuyn ca virus. 2.2.3. D phng v tr liu cc bnh tim mch Nm n c tc dng iu tit cng nng tim mch, lm tng lu lng mu ng mch vnh, h thp oxy tiu th v ci thin tnh trng thiu mu c tim. Cc loi nm nh ngn nh (mc nh trng), mc nh en, nm u kh, nm hng, ng trng h tho... u c tc dng iu chnh ri lon lipit mu, lm h lng cholesterol, triglycerid v beta-lipoprotein trong huyt thanh. Ngoi ra, nm linh chi, nm m, nm rm, nm kim chm, ngn nh, mc nh en cn c tc dng lm h huyt p. 2.2.4. Gii c v bo v t bo gan Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, nhiu loi nm n c tc dng gii c v bo v t bo gan rt tt. V nh nm hng v nm linh chi c kh nng lm gim thiu tc hi i vi t bo gan ca cc cht nh carbon tetrachlorid, thioacetamide v prednisone, lm tng hm lng glucogen trong gan v h thp men gan. Nm bch linh v tr linh c tc dng li niu, kin t, an thn, thng

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c dng trong nhng n thuc ng dc iu tr vim gan cp tnh. 2.2.5. Kin t dng v Nm u kh c kh nng li tng ph, tr tiu ha, c tc dng r rt trong tr liu cc chng bnh nh chn n, ri lon tiu ha, vim lot d dy t trng. Nm bnh c tc dng ch kh st trng, phng chng vim gan, vim lot d dy t trng, si mt. Nm kim chm cha nhiu arginine, c cng dng phng chng vim gan v lot d dy. 2.2.6. H ng mu v chng phng x Kh nhiu loi nm n c tc dng lm h ng mu nh ngn nh, ng trng h tho, nm linh chi... Ngoi cng dng iu chnh ng trong mu, cc polysaccharide trong nm linh chi cn c tc dng chng phng x. 2.2.7. Thanh tr cc gc t do v chng lo ha Gc t do l cc sn phm c hi ca qu trnh chuyn ha t bo. Nhiu loi nm n nh nm linh chi, mc nh en, ngn nh... c tc dng thanh tr cc sn phm ny, lm gim cht m trong c th, t c kh nng lm chm qu trnh lo ha v ko di tui th. 3. Mt s loi nm trng ph bin trong nc v trn th gii 3.1. Nm rm Nm rm l mt loi nm hoi sinh, phn b ph bin vng nhit i v cn nhit i. Nm thng mc trn rm r mc nn c tn thng dng l nm rm, tn khoa hc l Volvariella volvaceae (Bull. ex Fr.) Sing, thuc h Pluteaceae, b Agaricales. c im hnh thi:

Hnh 1.6. Nm rm

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- Bao gc: Khi nm cn nh, bao gc di v cao, bao ly m nm. Khi m nm trng thnh gy nt bao, do bao gc ch cn li phn trm ly phn gc chn cung nm. Bao nm l h si t nm cha sc t melanin to ra mu en bao gc. m nht ty thuc vo nh sng, nu nh sng cng nhiu th bao gc cng en. Chc nng ca bao gc: + Chng tia t ngoi ca nh sng mt tri. + Gi nc v ngn s thot hi nc ca cc c quan bn trong. + Ngn cn s ph hoi ca cn trng. - Cung nm: L b h si xp, xp theo kiu vng trn, ng tm. Khi cn non th mm v gin, nhng khi gi th x cng li v kh b gy. Chc nng ca cung nm: + a m nm ln cao pht tn bo t i xa. + Vn chuyn cht dinh dng cung cp cho m nm. Khi bo t chn th vai tr vn chuyn dinh dng khng cn na. - M nm: M nm hnh nn, cha melanin nhng nht dn t trung tm ra ra mp. Bn di c nhiu phin xp theo dng tia kiu vng trn ng tm. Mi phin c khong 2.500.000 bo t. M nm cng l h si t an cho nhau, rt giu dinh dng d tr, gi vai tr sinh sn. 3.2. Nm s Nm s c tn khoa hc chung l Pleurotus sp. thuc chi Pleurotus. Nm s cn c tn gi khc l nm bo ng, nm bo, nm tai lch.

Hnh 1.7. Nm s

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Nm s c khong 39 loi, chng khc nhau v mu sc, hnh dng, kh nng thch nghi vi cc iu kin nhit , chng hn nh: nm s tm, nm s trng, nm s xm, nm s vng,.... . Tuy nhin, chng c c im chung l tai nm dng phu lch, mc thnh cm tp trung, mi cnh nm bao gm 3 phn: m, phin v cung. 3.3. Nm mc nh Mc nh c tn khoa hc chung l Auricularia sp. thuc chi Auricularia. Mc nh cn c tn gi khc l nm mo. Mc nh c nhiu loi khc nhau, phn b khp cc chu lc trn th gii. Vit Nam, ngi ta nui trng ch yu 2 loi: loi cnh mng c mu huyt d (A. auricula) v loi cnh dy c mu en (A. polytricha). Tai nm c dng a dp vi cung rt ngn, mm mi lc cn ti nhng li gin v cng khi phi kh. Mt trn ca tai nm c mt lp lng mn mu xm n nu hoc en, mt di trn lng thng c mu nu en n tm. Mt di tai nm cng l c quan sinh sn nn thng ph mt lp phn trng l cc bo t ca nm. Cnh mc nh l mt khi keo. Tu thuc vo ngm nc m dng kh hoc trng thi trng n. Chng hn nh khi ta l ngm mc nh nhng

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li khng dng ti, ta c th vt ra, em phi kh gi li nh thng, n s tr li trng thi c.

Hnh 1.8. Nm mc nh

3.4. Nm hng Nm hng hay cn gi l nm ng c c tn khoa hc l Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Pegler.

Hnh 1.9. Nm hng

Nm hng l mt trong nhng loi nm hoi sinh mc trn g thch hp vng c kh hu n i, mt m. Qu th nm trng thnh c cu trc hnh tn d. Mu sc bn ngoi khc nhau ty loi: mu nu nht, m bng nh (loi L. edodes) hoc mu xm c nhng vt nt nh da h (loi L. tigrinus). M nm c ng knh 4 - 10cm, lc u m c dng hnh nn nhn gia, sau tri rng ra v bng phng. Vin

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ca m thng cun vo trong. B ngang ca phin tng i rng v c khuynh hng bm vo cung nm. Nm hng khng c vng c v bao gc, cung thon u hoc hi tp gc (Hnh 1.9) 3.5. Nm linh chi Nm linh chi c tn khoa hc l Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss ex. Fr) Karst. Chi Ganoderma trn th gii c trn 50 loi, ring Trung Quc c n 48 loi khc nhau. Vit Nam c khong 37 loi linh chi, phn b cc rng cy l rng, nht l rng g lim nn cn l nm lim. Nm linh chi gm 2 phn: cung nm v m nm. Cung nm di hoc ngn, nh bn c hnh tr ng knh t 0,5-3cm, cung nm t phn nhnh, i khi c un khc cong queo. Lp v cung mu , nu , nu en, bng, khng c lng, ph sut trn mt tn nm.

Hnh 1.10. Nm linh chi

M nm khi non c hnh trng ln dn c hnh qut. Mui nm dng thn gn trn, i khi xo hnh qut hoc t nhiu d dng. Trn mt m nm c vn gn hnh ng tm v c tia rnh phng x, mu sc t vng chanh-vng nghvng nu-vng cam- nu-nu tm-nu en, nhn bng, lng nh verni. Thng sm mu dn khi gi, lp v nhn bng ph trn kn mt trn m, i khi c lp phn nh xanh tm. Kch thc tn bin ng ln t (2-36) cm dy (0,8-3,3) cm. Phn nh cung hoc g ln hoc lm nh l rn. Phn tht nm dy t (0,4-2,2 cm) cht lipe, mu vng kem-nu nht-trng kem, phn chia theo kiu lp trn v lp di (Hnh 1.10) 3.6. Nm kim chm

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Nm kim chm c tn khoa hc l Flammulina velutipes (Fr.) Sing. Nm kim chm cn c tn gi khc l nm gi, nm kim trng, nm kim vng. Nm kim chm mc thnh tng cm u nhau, c hnh gi u, kch thc di t 8 - 15cm. M nm lc cn non c hnh cu hay bn cu vi ng knh m nm khong 0,5 - 1cm, v sau chuyn sang dng (d). Cung nm thng, mu trng hay vng nht (Hnh 1.11)

Hnh 1.11. Nm kim chm

3.6. Nm trn chu Nm trn chu c tn khoa hc l Agrocybe aegeria (Brig.) Sing. Nm trn chu cn c tn gi khc l nm tr tn, nm cy tr, nm cy dng.

Hnh 1.12. Nm trn chu

Ty thuc vo ging, nm trn chu c th mc thnh cm hoc mc ring r tng cy nm. Nm c mu nu vng hoc trng. M nm c mu nu nht hoc trng, ng knh trung bnh t 2 - 4cm. Cung nm c mu trng hoc hi nu, di 6 - 10cm, rt gin v d gy. Tht nm c mu trng (Hnh 1.12). 3.8. Nm m

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Nm m c tn khoa hc l Agaricus bisporus, A. blazei, A. bitorquis. Nm m cn c tn gi khc l nm trng. M nm hnh cu khi non, v sau dng nn, chung, ri dng bn cu, n phng hay lm xung, mp cun vo trong. Ty thuc vo loi m nm c ng knh thay i trong khong 5 - 12 cm, c mu trng, trng sa, hng nht hay nu nu nht vi mp sng mu hn (Hnh 1.13) .

3.9. Nm vn chi thuc h Polyporaceae.

Hnh 1.13. Nm m

Nm vn chi c tn khoa hc l Coriolus versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Quel,

Hnh 1.14. Nm vn chi

M nm khng c cung, dai, phng hay hi qun, hnh bn nguyt. Nm vn chi mc thnh cm, c khch thc 6 10cm, b mt c lng. Ty thuc vo loi nm vn chi c mu sc khc nhau nh vng, tro, nu, lc, en,... tht nm c mu trng (Hnh 1.14). 3.10. Nm ngn nh Nm ngn nh c tn khoa hc l Tremella fuciormis Berk, thuc h

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Tremellaceae. Ngn nh cn c tn gi khc l nm tuyt.

Hnh 1.15. Nm ngn nh

3.11. Nm u kh Nm u kh c tn khoa hc l Hericium erinaceus (Bull. ex Fr.) Pers, thuc h Hericiaceae. Nm u kh cn c tn gi khc l nm hu th, nm lng nhm.

Hnh 1.16. Nm u kh

Qu th ca nm u kh dng u, khng phn nhnh, mu trng, c kch thc 5 20cm, c nhiu si di dng lng, mt nh nhung. Bo t m sinh ra trn b mt cc si lng ny. Bo t mu trng, bn trong cha dinh dng v git du (Hnh 1.16.) 4. c tnh sinh hc ca nm 4.1. c tnh sinh hc ca nm s 4.1.1. Chu trnh sng Chu trnh sng ca nm s bt u t m bo t, chng ny mm to ra

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h si t dinh dng, bao gm si s cp v th cp. Kt thc chu trnh l s hnh thnh c quan sinh sn gi l tai nm. Tai nm sinh ra cc m bo t v chu trnh li tip tc. Ring nm s xm (P. ostreatus), khi nui cy, h si t thng xut hin cc gai nhn mang dch nc mu en. Bn trong dch nc ny l cc bo t v tnh, bo t ny mm cho li t th cp. Qu th nm s pht trin qua cc giai on nh sau: - Dng san h: qu th mi to thnh, dng si mnh hnh chm. - Dng di trng: m xut hin di dng khi trn, cn cung pht trin c v chiu ngang v chiu di nn ng knh cung v m khng sai khc nhau nhiu. - Dng phu: m m rng, cung nm gia. - Dng bn cu lch: cung ln nhanh mt bn v bt u lch so vi v tr trung tm ca m. - Dng l lc bnh: cung ngng tng trng, trong khi m vn tip tc pht trin, ba mp thng n dn sng. 4.1.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm s - Nhit : + Nhit thch hp nht i vi nhm nm chu lnh: 13 - 200C + Nhit thch hp nht i vi nhm nm chu nhit: 24 - 280C Do , nm s c th trng c quanh nm nhng thun li nht t thng 9 nm trc n thng 4 nm sau. - m: + m ca gi th khong 65 - 70% + m tng i ca khng kh 80% - pH: Gi th trng nm v nc ti cn pH = 6,5 7,0 - nh sng: nh sng khng cn thit trong giai on nui si. Khi nm hnh thnh qu th cn nh sng khuch tn (khong 600-800 lux, c sch c trong phng). - thng thong: thng thong cn thit trong giai on nui si. Khi nm ln, thng thong va phi, nng CO2 < 0,03%.

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4.2. c tnh sinh hc ca nm rm 4.2.1. Chu trnh sng Chu trnh sng ca nm rm bt u t m bo t. m bo t c hnh trng, bn ngoi c bao bi lp v dy. Lc cn non c mu trng sau chuyn sang mu hi nu. Khi chn, bo t c tm thm cetin c mu hng tht, v vy tai nm trng thnh phin c mu hng tht.

Hnh 1.17. Chu trnh sng ca nm rm

m bo t khi ny mm to ra t s cp, cc si t s cp c th t kt hp vi nhau to thnh cc si t th cp. T th cp tng trng dn n to thnh qu th. Ngoi ra, t th cp cn c th hnh thnh bo t mng dy hay cn gi l bo t o hay hu bo t. Bo t mng dy gip si nm tn ti, vt qua cc bin i bt li ca mi trng. Khi gp iu kin thun li chng s ny mm theo nhiu hng v to ra nhng si t th cp. Qu trnh to qa th nm rm tri qua 6 giai on: - Giai on inh ghim - Giai on hnh nt nh - Giai on hnh nt

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- Giai on hnh trng - Giai on hnh chung - Giai on trng thnh Chu trnh sng ca nm rm c minh ha hnh 1.17 4.2.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm rm - Nhit : Nhit ti thch cho si nm pht trin l 30-320C v cho s hnh thnh ca qu th l 300C. T 10-200C: si sinh trng yu; 200C: qu th hnh inh ghim s b cht sau 12 gi v s sinh trng ca qu th hnh cu b nh ch. Di 150C v trn 450C: khng bao gi xut hin qu th. - m: + m ca gi th: Si nm rm c th sinh trng trong iu kin nguyn liu c m t 40-90%, nhng tt nht l t 70-75 %. + m tng i ca khng kh: m tng i ca khng kh c tc dng iu ha s bc hi nc t gi th v qu th nm ra khng kh. m t 60-70 % tr xung: gy cht ton b giai on u inh ghim, nh ch s sinh trng ca nm giai on hnh cu, nu tip tc ko di th gy ra hin tng teo u ca qu th. m t 80-85 %: gy cht mt phn giai on u inh ghim, khng nh hng n cc giai on khc. m t 90-100 %: rt tt i vi giai on u inh ghim, nhng s lm gim s sinh trng mt s giai on khc. Nu km theo nhit cao th nm sinh trng rt nhanh, n nhanh v d b nt trong khi vn chuyn, nm giai on hnh nn (d) d b thi ra. - pH: Si nm rm sinh trng pH t 4-11, nhng pH thch hp nht i vi nm rm l 7,0 - 7,5. Trong khong pH t 6-11: si sinh trng mnh. Khi pH ng sang chua (pH < 6): si sinh trng yu - nh sng: Nm khng c dip lc nn khng cn nh sng tng hp cht hu c nh thc vt. Do , trong thi k sinh trng ca si nm khng

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cn nh sng. Cng nh sng cao c th nh ch cc qu trnh sinh trng v gy cht si nm. nh sng ch c tc dng nh mt yu t kch thch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca qu th. Nm rm trng trong ti s khng hnh thnh qu th mc d c y cc yu t khc. Ngun sng l nh sng khuych tn ca mt tri hoc n in (thng dng n neon). S ln chiu sng: mi ngy 2 - 3 ln, mi ln 30 pht - 1 gi 30 pht. - Thi v nui trng: Thi v nui trng nm rm min Bc t 15/4 15/9 hng nm. Cc tnh min Nam c th nui trng nm rm quanh nm. 4.3. c tnh sinh hc ca nm mc nh 4.3.1. Chu trnh sng

Hnh 1.18. Chu trnh sng ca nm mc nh

Chu trnh sng ca nm mc nh bt u t cc m bo t ny mm, n khi hnh thnh tai nm hon chnh mang m bo t mi. Qu th mc nh pht trin qua cc giai on sau: n nm (hay hch nm), hnh tch, hnh chn, hnh a, trng thnh. Mc nh l mt loi nm ph g, do c th trng trn cc loi c cht giu cellulose nh: mn ca, thn cy g, v da, li ng, rm r, Chu trnh sng ca mc nh minh ha hnh 1.18. 4.3.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca mc nh - Nhit :

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Nhit thch hp nht mc nh pht trin l 20- 300C. Khi nhit ln trn 350C hoc xung di 150C th mc nh pht trin km v cho nng sut thp. Nhit khng kh cao hn 320C: nm mc tha v cnh mng, cy nh, mp xon. Nhit thp: nm c cnh dy nhng cy nh v lng rt di. V vy, phi ht sc ch ti vic m bo nhit nui trng mc nh. - m: m ca gi th: nn gi khong 60- 65%. m khng kh ca nh nui trng mc nh m bo 90 - 95%. - thng thong: Trong giai on nui si, cn m bo khng kh thng thong, trnh gi nm trong nhng ni kn, b hi. Giai on ra qu th cn gi cho thong mc va phi. Nu thng kh mnh s lm cho mc nh pht trin chm, cnh mng, thm ch c th cht. - nh sng: Giai on nui si: cn nm trong ti. Giai on hnh thnh qu th: nng dn chiu sng kch thch qu trnh to qu th. Khi nm mc mnh cn gi mc sng ngng trong phng c m ca. Nu cng chiu sng qu mnh th nm s c mu trng nht v mc km. V vy, ta c th nhn mu ca cnh mc nh iu chnh chiu sng cho thch hp. Cnh mc nh c mu hng tht l tt nht. - pH : pH mi trng thch hp cho s sinh trng ca mc nh l t 4 12. giai on nui si cn mi trng axit yu. Ti giai on ra qu th th chng a pH trung tnh hoc kim yu. 4.4. c tnh sinh hc ca nm hng 4.4.1. Chu trnh sng ca nm hng m bo t H si s cp H si th cp

Tai nm trng thnh

Tin qu th

Mng si

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Hnh 1.19. Chu trnh sng ca nm hng

4.4.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm hng - m: m c cht thch hp nht cho s pht trin ca si nm l 65-70%. m khng kh trong giai on nui si khong 80%. giai on to qu th, nm tng trng nhanh v cn nhiu nc, do m khng kh lc ny khong 85- 90%. - Nhit : Si nm hng c th sinh trng, pht trin trong khong nhit 5 - 320C, nhng tt nht l 24- 250C. Qu th hnh thnh phm vi nhit 8 - 210C, tt nht l nhit 10- 120C. Qu th pht trin thch hp 200C (tr cc loi nm hng chu nhit). - pH: pH thch hp cho t nm l 5- 6, sau khi nui cy vi ngy, pH mi trng s gim i rt nhanh do nm hng sn sinh ra mt s axit hu c (nh axitaxetic, axit sucxinic, axit oxalic). Khi hnh thnh qu th th pH thch hp l 3,5- 4,5. Cc axit hu c do h si nm hng sinh ra s iu chnh pH mi trng v ngi nui trng khng cn phi axit ha mi trng. - nh sng: nh sng ch yu cn cho giai on hnh thnh qu th. Cng nh sng ti u cho nm hng khong 10 lux, ng thi s lng tai nm tng ln theo thi gian tip xc vi nh sng. Nu iu kin ti hoc nh sng thp hn 5 lux th m nm mu xm, tai nh, cung tr nn m v di. 4.5. c tnh sinh hc ca nm m 4.5.1. Chu trnh sng Chu trnh sng ca nm m bt u t cc m bo t mu nu sm. Bo t ny mm hnh thnh h si s cp v th cp. H si th cp tch ly dinh dng hnh thnh qu th hon chnh mang m bo t mi.

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Hnh 1.20. Chu trnh sng ca nm m

4.5.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm m - Nhit : Si nm m sinh trng tt trong khong nhit 24 - 25 0C. Giai on hnh thnh qa th cn nhit 15 - 180C. - m: m ca gi th khong 65- 70%. m khng kh ca nh nui trng 80%. - thng thong: Trong giai on nui si, cn m bo khng kh thng thong, trnh gi nm trong nhng ni kn, b hi. Giai on ra qu th cn gi cho thong mc va phi, m bo nng CO2 < 0,1%. - nh sng: Giai on nui si v thu n qu th u khng cn nh sng. - pH: Mi trng thch hp cho s sinh trng ca nm m c pH= 7- 8. 4.6. c tnh sinh hc ca nm trn chu 4.6.1. Chu trnh sng Ging nh cc loi nm ln khc, chu trnh sng ca nm trn chu cng bt u t cc m bo t mu nu m. Bo t ny mm hnh thnh h si s cp v th cp. H si th cp tch ly dinh dng hnh thnh qu th hon chnh mang m bo t mi. 4.6.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm trn chu - Nhit : Giai on nui si, nm trn chu sinh trng tt nhit 250C. Giai on hnh thnh qa th trong khong nhit 15 - 300C, thch hp nht 20 - 250C. - m: m ca gi th 65- 70%. m khng kh ca nh nui trng 85%.

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- nh sng: Giai on nui si khng cn nh sng. Giai on hnh thnh qu th cn nh sng tn x. - thng thong: Trong giai on nui si cn thng thong mnh, trnh gi nm trong nhng ni kn, b hi. Giai on ra qu th cn gi cho thong mc va phi. - pH: Gi th trng nm v nc ti thch hp cho s sinh trng ca nm trn chu c pH trong khong 4,0 8,0 tt nht l 6,0 7,0. 4.7. c tnh sinh hc ca nm kim chm 4.7.1. Chu trnh sng Chu trnh sng ca nm kim chm cng bt u t cc m bo t. Bo t ny mm hnh thnh h si s cp v th cp. H si th cp tch ly dinh dng hnh thnh qu th hon chnh mang m bo t mi. 4.7.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm kim chm - Nhit : Nm kim chm thch hp vi nhit lnh. Giai on nui si, nm kim chm sinh trng tt nhit 15 - 17 0C. Giai on hnh thnh qu th thch hp nhit 8 - 100C. - m: m ca gi th khong 65- 70%. m khng kh ca nh nui trng dao ng trong khong 65 - 70%. - nh sng: Khi nui si cng nh khi ra qu th nm kim chm u khng cn nh sng. - pH: pH thch hp cho si nm kim chm pht trin t 4 - 7. 4.8. c tnh sinh hc ca nm linh chi 4.8.1. Chu trnh sng Chu trnh sng ca nm linh chi cng bt u t cc m bo t. Bo t ny mm hnh thnh h si s cp v th cp. H si th cp tch ly dinh dng hnh thnh qu th hon chnh mang m bo t mi (Hnh 1.20)

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Hnh 1.21. Chu trnh sng ca nm linh chi

4.8.2. Nhng yu t nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca nm linh chi - Nhit : Giai on nui si, nm linh chi sinh trng tt nhit 20 300C. Giai on hnh thnh qu th thch hp nhit 22 - 280C. - m: m ca gi th khong 60 - 65%. m khng kh ca nh nui trng khong 80 - 95%. - nh sng: Giai on nui si, nm linh chi khng cn nh sng. Giai on hnh thnh qa th cn nh sng tn x (nh sng c th c sch c) v cng nh phi cn i t mi pha. - pH: Nm linh chi thch hp trong mi trng c pH t 5,5 - 7. - thng thong: Trong sut qu trnh nui si v pht trin qu th, nm linh chi cn thng thong tt.

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BI 2 GII THIU KHI QUT V NGH NUI TRNG NM

1. c im ca ngh nui trng nm 1.1. Thun li - Ngun nguyn liu r tin, d kim v di do: ph liu ca nng nghip nh c di, rm r, mn ca, thn cy, li bp, thn cy u, b ma, phn g, phn chung - Vn u t khng cao, ty thuc vo m hnh sn xut. - Vng quay vn nhanh do chu k sn xut ngn. Chng hn nh nm rm thu hoch sau 15 ngy nui trng, nm mo v bo ng sau 2 thng c sn phm bn ra th trng. - t tn t, hiu qu s dng t rt cao v c th trng trn gin k nhiu tng, khng chon ch t nng nghip, tn dng c t khng trng trt c, li c tc dng ci to t bng b sau khi thu hoch nm. - Gi tr kinh t cao: nhiu loi nm n c gi tr xut khu nh nm rm, nm mo, nm bo ng, nm m, nm hng. - Lao ng trng nm nh nhng, c th tn dng thi gian nhn ri, tn dng mi ngun lao ng. - t tiu tn nc hn so vi nhiu loi cy trng. - B ph liu sau khi trng nm l phn bn tt cho cy trng hoc dng nui giun cho nui gia cm v c. - Trng nm khng c mi thi, li bin ph thi thnh cht c ch hp quy lut t nhin gp phn tch cc cho nng nghip bn vng. 1.2. Kh khn - Nhiu kh khn ca nng nghip ni chung nh thi tit, cc yu t mi trng, su bnh lm cho sn lng nm khng n nh,Tuy c cng nghip ha mt phn, ch ng hn trong vic khng ch cc yu t mi trng nhng nhiu tnh hung vn kh trnh khi. - Loi hnh sn xut lin quan cht ch vi cc vi sinh vt, khu lm ging

30

phi lm ring trong phng th nghim, i hi k thut cao, do vn sn xut ging nm i vi ngi nui trng cn gp nhiu hn ch. - Ngi trng nm kh tm c nguyn nhn gy bnh nm, do cha c bin php phng tr hoc khc phc. - Nm ti cn phi tiu th nhanh, chnh v vy i hi ngi nui trng nm phi trang b kin thc v cc phng php bo qun v ch bin nm. - Cha ch u t c s vt cht v k thut cho ngh nui trng nm, nc ta vn cn quan nim y l ngh ph, tranh th, tn dng cc ngun ph phm ca nng nghip v lao ng nhn ri. 2. Ngh nui trng nm Vit Nam v tim nng pht trin Tng sn lng cc loi nm n v nm dc liu ca Vit Nam hin nay t khong trn 150.000 tn/nm. Kim ngch xut khu khong 60 triu USD/nm. Hin nay, Vit Nam ang nui trng 6 loi nm ph bin, phn b cc a phng nh sau: - Nm rm trng cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long (ng Thp, Sc Trng, Tr Vinh, Cn Th...) chim 90% sn lng nm rm c nc. - Mc nh trng tp trung cc tnh min ng Nam B chim 50% sn lng mc nh trong ton quc. - Nm m, nm s, nm hng ch yu c trng cc tnh min Bc, sn lng mi nm t khong 30.000 tn. - Nm dc liu: Linh chi, Vn chi, u kh... mi c nui trng mt s tnh, thnh ph, sn lng mi nm t khong 150 tn. - Mt s loi nm khc nh: Trn chu, Kim chm... ang nghin cu v sn xut th nghim, sn lng cha ng k. Ngh trng nm Vit Nam ang pht trin nhng cn quy m nh l h gia nh, trang tri, mi nm s dng vi tn nguyn liu c sn ti vi trm tn mi c s sn xut nm. Tim nng v nhng iu kin thun li ca ngh trng nm n v nm dc liu rt ph hp vi ngi nng dn nc ta v:

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- Nguyn liu trng nm rt sn c nh rm r, mn ca, thn cy g, thn li ng, bng ph loi cc nh my dt, b ma cc nh my ng c tnh c nc c trn 40 triu tn nguyn liu, ch cn s dng khong 10 15% lng nguyn liu ny nui trng nm to ra trn 1 triu tn/nm v hng trm ngn tn phn hu c. - Trong nhng nm gn y, nhiu n v nghin cu cc vin, trng, trung tm chn c mt s loi ging nm n, nm dc liu c kh nng thch ng vi iu kin mi trng Vit Nam cho nng sut kh cao. Cc tin b k thut v nui trng, chm sc, bo qun v ch bin nm ngy cng c hon thin. Trnh v kinh nghim ca ngi nng dn c nng cao. Nng sut trung bnh cc loi nm ang nui trng hin nay cao gp 1,5 3 ln so vi 10 nm v trc. - Vn u t trng nm so vi cc ngnh sn xut khc khng ln v u vo ch yu l cng lao ng. Nu tnh trung bnh gii quyt vic lm cho 1 ngi lao ng chuyn trng nm nng thn hin nay c mc thu nhp 800-900/thng, ch cn mt s vn u t ban u khong 10 triu ng v 100 m2 din tch lm ln tri. - Th trng tiu th nm trong nc v xut khu ngy cng c m rng. Gi bn nm ti cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, Hi Phng, Lng Sn.... kh cao. Nhu cu n nm ca nhn dn trong nc ngy cng tng. Th trng xut khu nm m, nm rm: mui, sy kh, ng hp ca Vit Nam cn cha p ng . - Pht trin ngh sn xut nm n v nm dc liu cn c ngha gp phn gii quyt vn nhim mi trng. Phn ln rm r sau khi thu hoch la mt s a phng u b t b ngoi ng rung hoc nm xung knh rch, sng ngi gy tc nghn dng chy. y l ngun ti nguyn rt ln nhng cha c s dng, nu em trng nm khng nhng to ra loi thc phm c gi tr cao m ph liu sau khi thu hoch nm c chuyn sang lm phn bn hu c, to thm ph cho t.

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BI 3 QUY TRNH NHN GING V NUI TRNG NM 1. Quy trnh nhn ging nm 1.1. S quy trnh Ging gc Cy chuyn

Mi trng cp I La chn

Bo qun

Ging cp 1 Cy chuyn

Mi trng cp II La chn

Bo qun

Ging cp 2 Cy chuyn

Mi trng cp III

Ging cp 3
Hnh 3.1. S quy trnh nhn ging nm

1.2. M t quy trnh Ging nm gc c th c phn lp t m ca cc qu th nm hoc t bo t nm. Ging gc phi n nh v cc c tnh di truyn, m bo nng sut v hiu qu kinh t. Thc hin cy chuyn ging nm gc sang mi trng thch cp I, h si nm s sinh trng to thnh cc ng ging cp I. Ta tin hnh la chn cc ng ging cp I t tiu chun s dng nhn ging cp II hoc a vo bo qun to ngun ging, s dng dn. Mi trng cp II l mi trng rn, c th dng ht (nh ht thc, bo bo, ), hoc dng que (nh thn cy sn,). Cy chuyn ging cp I la chn

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sang mi trng cp II, h si sinh trng v mc lan trn cc ht, que n khi n kn y chai, hnh thnh cc chai ging cp II. Tin hnh la chn cc chai ging t tiu chun s dng nhn ging cp III hoc a vo bo qun to ngun ging, s dng dn. Mi trng cp III c thnh phn hon ton ging nh mi trng cp II, nhng c ng vo cc ti nilon. Cy chuyn ging cp II la chn sang mi trng cp III, h si sinh trng v mc lan trn cc ht, que n khi n kn y ti, hnh thnh cc ti ging cp III. Tin hnh la chn cc chai ging t tiu chun s dng nui trng nm. Mc ch ca vic nhn ging cp III l lm tng s lng ging nm. 2. Quy trnh nui trng nm 2.1. Quy trnh nui trng nm s 2.1.1. S quy trnh Nguyn liu Lm m ng

Phi trn Ph gia ng ti Kh trng

ng ti v cy ging Nui si Chm sc

Cy ging Nui si Chm sc Thu hi

Thu hi

Hnh 3.2. S quy trnh nui trng nm s

34

2.1.2. M t quy trnh Nguyn liu s dng nui trng nm s thng dng l rm r, bng ph thi, mn ca ca cc loi g mm, khng c cha tinh du hoc cht c. Ngoi ra, c th nui trng nm s trn b ma, x da, c,. Nguyn liu c lm m vi nc vi c pH 12 13, sau thnh ng, che y bng bt nilon khong 5 - 6 ngy. Trong qu trnh , khong 3 ngy o mt ln v kim tra m nguyn liu t 65 70%. - Nu s dng nguyn liu l mn ca th sau khi x l, tin hnh phi trn nguyn liu vi cc ph gia khc nh cm go, cm ng, bt nh,. ri ng ti nguyn liu lm c cht trng nm. Cc ti c cht ny phi c kh trng nhit cao nhm tiu dit cc mm bnh trong c cht. ngui cc ti c cht sau 24 gi, tin hnh cy ging nm v chuyn sang nh nui si h si nm tng trng. - Nu s dng nguyn liu l rm r hoc bng ph thi. th c th b qua cng on kh trng c cht, tin hnh ng ti v cy ging ngay sau khi x l. Khi h si nm mc lan kn y ti, to mu trng ng nht th chuyn cc ti nm sang nh trng, rch ti, chm sc cho nm pht trin qu th. Trong thi gian ny phi thng xuyn ti nc v kim tra bnh nm thu c nng sut cao. 2.2. Quy trnh nui trng nm rm 2.2.1. S quy trnh S quy trnh nui trng nm rm c trnh by hnh 3.3. Hin nay xu hng sn xut nm rm thng theo 3 phng php: - Sn xut nm rm trn rm r (Hnh 3.4) - Sn xut nm rm trn bng ph thi (Hnh 3.5) - Sn xut nm rm trn mt ca thi ca nm mo.

35

Ging gc

Chn a im trng

Nguyn liu kh

Meo ging

Chun b t

Nguyn liu x l

Xp m

Nui

Chm sc

Thu hi nm
Hnh 3.3. S quy trnh nui trng nm rm

Rm r

X l rm r Bng thi
Xp m v cy ging

X l bng thi t m v lm Nn khi hoc bao gi o m Chm sc v Nui ti n nm Chm sc Thu hoch
Hnh 3.4. S quy trnh nui trng nm rm trn rm r

Thu hoch

Hnh 3.5. S quy trnh nui trng nm rm trn bng

36

2.2.2. M t quy trnh a) Quy trnh sn xut nm rm trn rm r - X l nguyn liu: + Phi kh + Lm m bng nc hoc vi c pH= 12 - 13 + ng hai hoc ba ngy - Xp m v cy ging: + Rm xp thnh lp, chn st nhau hoc to khi bng khun + Meo cy gn ba t nm h hp, nhng phi nht k khng b ri ra khi ti - t m v lm o m: + Phi kh mt ngoi m (1 hay 2 nng) + Chun b nc ti khi t m + Nn c o m gi bn di o m tht - Chm sc v ti n nm: + Ch yu theo di nhit + Thi gian cng cn ti t nc gi nhit rm khng b kh

37

+ Cui mi giai on (ca mi t nm), ti nc nhiu hn n nm + Ti nc u mi ngy 1 hoc 2 ln gi m cho tai nm ang to thnh, chiu sng va phi kch thch t nm kt n v qu th pht trin bnh thng - Thu hi: + Thu hi nm dng trng + Sau mi t thu hi ngng ti nc mt thi gian t nm phc hi + Thu hi xong x l nn trc khi sn xut t k tip b) Quy trnh sn xut nm rm trn bng ph thi Bng ph thi ca nh my dt hoc ko si l ngun nguyn liu qu sn xut nm rm. Nng sut nm rm sn xut trn bng thng cao hn s dng cc nguyn liu khc (thng gp 2 ln) Tin trnh sn xut nm rm trn bng ph liu thc hin qua cc giai on nh sau : - X l nguyn liu: + Ngm trong nc vi 0.5%. + Vt bng, cht trn cc v tre thot nc. + Gom thnh ng (hoc khi). + Ph vi nha (hoc nylon), nh sng ngoi tri. + n thm tru tng xp. - Nn khi: + Bng vo khun, nn thnh cc lp (10cm/1 lp) + Cy meo ging, ph lp tru (1cm) ln trn. - Nui , chm sc: + t m nm thnh hng song song cch nhau t 20-30cm. + Ph vi nha (Nylon) ln cc m. Mi ngy m ra cho thong v kim tra meo n lan. Nhit thi gian t 30-370C. - Ti n nm v thu hoch: + Ti nc (phun sng) nhiu v u khp b mt m.

38

+ Tip tc y vi nha nhng khng c p st. + Thu hoch khi n nm kt n t 4- 5 ngy. 2.3. Quy trnh nui trng nm mo (mc nh) 2.3.1. S quy trnh G (rng hoc vn ) Ging gc nm mo Mn ca

Khc g x l

Meo ging dng cng, ht, mn ca hoc tru

Mn ca x l

Khc g c t nm

Ti mn ca

Chm sc

Thu hi nm

Hnh 3.6. S quy trnh nui trng nm mo

2.3.2. M t quy trnh Nguyn liu s dng nui trng nm mo thng dng l mn ca ca cc loi g mm, khng c cha tinh du hoc cht c. Ngoi ra, c th nui trng nm mo trn cc thn cy g, b ma,. Nguyn liu c lm m vi nc vi pH: 12 13, sau thnh ng, che y bng bt nilon t nht 5 - 7 ngy. Trong qu trnh , thi gian ng di ngy th khong 10 ngy o mt ln, v kim tra m nguyn liu t 65 70%. Sau khi x l, tin hnh phi trn nguyn liu vi cc ph gia khc nh

39

cm go, cm ng, bt nh,. ri ng ti nguyn liu lm c cht trng nm. Cc ti c cht ny phi c kh trng nhit cao nhm tiu dit cc mm bnh trong c cht. ngui cc ti c cht sau 24 gi, tin hnh cy ging nm v chuyn sang nh nui si h si nm tng trng. Khi h si nm mc lan kn y ti, to mu trng ng nht th chuyn cc ti nm sang nh trng, rch ti, chm sc cho nm pht trin qu th. Trong thi gian ny phi thng xuyn ti nc v kim tra bnh nm thu c qu th nng sut cao. Ngoi quy trnh lm nm mo trong bch mt ca, cn mt quy trnh khc lm nm mo trn g khc. Nguyn liu dng sn xut nm mo l cc loi cy g mm gm cy rng hoc cy vn, sau ca thnh khc di t 0,8 -1,2 mt (loi b cy v x x, b dp nt, nhim mc, x l hai u cy bng cch qut vi hai u khc g, cht ng hoc xp g cho hai u khc g hng ra ngoi c lun gi qua li lm hai u g mau kh. Dng la h hai u g hoc nhng cn thoa u trn mt ct v t. i vi mt s trng hp cy n vo ma ma, cy b ngm lu trong vng cha nhiu nc cn dng cy vi ngy trc khi c l v meo. V meo ging lm bng tru hoc mt ca. a meo ging vo tng khc g mt bng cch to l trn thn cy v nht meo ging vo, cc l cch nhau khong 20cm, do t nm hai l k tip s giao nhau khong ngy th 15. Vic to l ty thuc dng c c c. Nu l c th mc th vt thnh ming, bt ln v cho meo vo, xong y np li. Cn nu khoan th cng to l nh ba c v nht meo vo y li. Khi cho meo vo l, dng kp gp. Trong trng hp dng tay, th phi ra tay cho sch hoc c th ra bng cn 700 Giai on tip l nui t v chm sc: thi k nui t cn nhit thch hp ( 280 20C ), cc khc cy cht thnh ng v trnh gi gi m. Ni nui phi dng kh (oxy), thn kh (CO2), sau thi gian (15 - 20 ngy) cc khc g ri rc xut hin cc n nm, lc ny bt u chuyn sang nh ti chun b n nm. Nh ti cng c nhng quy nh thng thong, v sinh, khng ng

40

nc cho tai nm c c iu kin pht trin. Khong thi gian t 8 -10 ngy sau khi a vo ti c th thu hi nm t 1. Thi gian thu hoch ko di t 10 15 ngy. Sau ngng ti mt tun cho t phc hi (lan tip vo su bn trong) ri ti n t 2. t 2 tin hnh sau 7 10 ngy v cng dng li khi tai nm nh dn. t 3 cng ging nh t 2 v trung bnh t 3- 4 thng mi thu hoch xong 3 t. 2.4. Quy trnh nui trng nm hng 2.4.1. S quy trnh S quy trnh nui trng nm hng (Hnh 3.7) 2.4.2. M t quy trnh Nguyn liu s dng nui trng nm hng thng dng l cc thn cy g mm, khng c cha tinh du hoc cht c. Ngoi ra, c th nui trng nm hng trn mn ca ca cc loi g mm,.. - i vi nguyn liu l mn ca th lm m vi nc vi 0,5 - 1%, sau thnh ng, che y bng bt nilon khong 5 - 6 ngy. Trong qu trnh , khong 3 ngy o mt ln, v kim tra m nguyn liu t 65 70%. Thc hin x l, ng ti v cy ging tng t nh quy trnh nui trng nm mo. - i vi nguyn liu l cc thn cy g th tin hnh ct thnh tng khc 1 1,2m, sau nhng 2 u g vo nc vi c nhm chng nhim khun v s xm nhp ca nm di vo khc g. Sau khi x l xong, ta xp g vo nhng cy c tn hoc mi hin phi g khong 7-15ngy. Qu trnh ny s lm xe nha trong cy, nu cy ging ngay vo g m khng phi th s nh hng n s pht trin ca si nm. Tin hnh c l v cy ging nm, sau , cht cc khc g vo ch thch hp nui . Thi gian ny phi thng xuyn ti nc v kim tra m ca g, cc mm bnh ly lan. Khi v khc g sn si nh da cc v c cc vt rng trng nh chn chim th ta chuyn cc khc g vo nh trng, xp theo hnh gi sng hoc dng ng, tu theo iu kin nh trng m ta xp cho hp l, thun li cho vic chm sc, thu hi.

41

Chn g

Mn ca Lm m ng

Ct khc

X l g khc

o Phi trn ph gia ng ti Kh trng

Xp g, ro nha

c l-cy ging

Xp g, nui si Cy ging o g Nui si Chm sc Thu hi

Ra gin g-chm sc

Thu hi

Hnh 3.7. S quy trnh nui trng nm hng

2.5. Quy trnh nui trng nm m 2.5.1. S quy trnh: S quy trnh nui trng nm m (Hnh 3.8) 2.5.2. M t quy trnh Nguyn liu s dng nui trng nm m thng dng l rm r hoc c th s dng hn hp rm r v b ma. Nguyn liu c lm m vi nc vi sau thnh ng, che y bng bt nilon t nht l 5 - 7 ngy. Trong qu trnh , nu thi gian di ngy khong 10 ngy o mt ln, v kim tra m

42

nguyn liu t 65 70%. Tin hnh phi trn nguyn liu v ph gia nh m ur, bt nh, phn g kh B ma Nc vi c pH=12-13 o trn

Rm kh

Lm t

Phi trn

t i Nc vi Phi trn

Cht ng o trn 4 ln

Ln men ph Ry sng Vo lung Bt nh Focmol t x l

Cy ging Nui si Ph t Ti nc To mm qu th

Chm sc v thu hi Sau thi gian khong 14 ngy gi l giai on ln men chnh, tip tc
Hnh 3.8. S quy trnh nui trng nm m

43

to ng nguyn liu ko di 5 7 ngy na, y l giai on ln men ph lm mn ho nguyn liu. Xp c cht vo lung v cy ging trn b mt, chm sc cho h si nm sinh trng tt. Sau 12 15 ngy, tin hnh ph t trn b mt lung nm, ti nc v gi m nm ra qu th. 2.6. Quy trnh nui trng nm trn chu 2.6.1. S quy trnh Nguyn liu

X l

ng

Phi trn ph gia ng ti Kh trng Cy ging Nui si Chm sc Thu hi


Hnh 3.9. S quy trnh nui trng nm trn chu

2.6.2. M t quy trnh

44

Nguyn liu s dng nui trng nm trn chu thng dng l mn ca ca cc loi g mm, khng c cha tinh du hoc cht c. Ngoi ra, c th nui trng nm trn chu trn b ma, rm r ... Nguyn liu c lm m vi nc vi c pH= 12 13, sau thnh ng, che y bng bt nilon t nht 5 - 7 ngy. Trong qu trnh , nu thi gian ng di ngy th khong 10 ngy o mt ln, v kim tra m nguyn liu t 65 70%. Sau khi x l, tin hnh phi trn nguyn liu vi cc ph gia khc nh cm go, cm ng, bt nh ... ri ng ti nguyn liu lm c cht trng nm. Cc ti c cht ny phi c kh trng nhit cao nhm tiu dit cc mm bnh trong c cht. ngui cc ti c cht sau 24 gi, tin hnh cy ging nm v chuyn sang nh nui si h si nm tng trng. Khi h si nm mc lan kn y ti, to mu trng ng nht, ta tho b c nt v nt bng, co nh lp ging trn b mt b i, buc ming li v chuyn cc ti nm sang nh trng, chm sc cho n khi nm pht trin qu th dng inh ghim th m ming ti ra, ti nc cho qu th pht trin v thu hi. 2.7. Quy trnh nui trng nm kim chm 2.7.1. S quy trnh S qui trnh nui trng nm kim chm (Hnh 3.10) 2.7.2. M t quy trnh Nguyn liu s dng nui trng nm kim chm thng dng l mn ca ca cc loi g mm, khng c cha tinh du hoc cht c. Ngoi ra, c th nui trng nm kim chm trn b ma, v ht bng. Nguyn liu c lm m vi nc vi 0,5 - 1%, sau thnh ng, che y bng bt nilon khong 6 - 7 ngy. Trong qu trnh , khong 3 ngy o mt ln, v kim tra m nguyn liu t 65 70%. Sau khi x l, tin hnh phi trn nguyn liu vi cc ph gia khc nh cm go, cm ng, bt nh,. ri ng ti nguyn liu lm c cht trng nm. Cc ti c cht ny phi c kh trng nhit cao nhm tiu dit cc mm bnh trong c cht. ngui cc ti c cht sau 24 gi, tin hnh cy

45

ging nm v chuyn sang nh nui si h si nm tng trng. Khi h si nm mc lan kn y ti, trn ming ti xut hin lp mm qu th mu trng nh que tm, ta tho b c nt v nt bng, m ming ti v lng vo khun giy hng cho qu th pht trin thng ng. H nhit xung 8 100C thu n qu th. Nguyn liu

X l

ng

Phi trn ph gia

ng ti

Kh trng

Cy ging

Nui si

Chm sc Thu hi
Hnh 3.10. S quy trnh nui trng nm kim chm

2.8. Quy trnh nui trng nm linh chi

46

2.8.1. S quy trnh S quy trnh nui trng nm linh chi c trnh by hnh 3.11 2.8.2. M t quy trnh Nguyn liu s dng nui trng nm linh chi thng dng l mn ca ca cc loi g mm, khng c cha tinh du hoc cht c. Ngoi ra, c th nui trng nm linh chi trn cc thn cy g, b ma,. Nguyn liu c lm m vi nc vi 0,5 - 1%, sau thnh ng, che y bng bt nilon khong 5 - 6 ngy. Trong qu trnh , khong 3 ngy o mt ln, v kim tra m nguyn liu t 65 70%. Nguyn liu Lm m ng

o Phi trn Ph gia ng ti Kh trng

Ging

Cy ging Nui si Chm sc Thu hi

Sau khi x l,Hnh 3.11. S quy trnh nui liu vi cc ph gia khc nh tin hnh phi trn nguyn trng nm linh chi

47

cm go, cm ng, bt nh,. ri ng ti nguyn liu lm c cht trng nm. Cc ti c cht ny phi c kh trng nhit cao nhm tiu dit cc mm bnh trong c cht. ngui cc ti c cht sau 24 gi, tin hnh cy ging nm v chuyn sang nh nui si h si nm tng trng. Khi h si nm mc c khong 1/2 - 2/3 ti gi th th ni b nt bng, ch li khong 1/5 nt bng to iu kin cho qu th mc qua c nt.

48

BI 4 T CHC TIU TH SN PHM V TNH TON HIU QU KINH T TRONG SN XUT NM

1. T chc tiu th sn phm trong c s sn xut nm Nm trn th trng ni a hin nay c tiu th ch yu di dng nm ti nh nm s, nm m, nm rm, nm kim chm,.... vi gi bn dao ng trong khong 15.000 - 40.000/kg. Mt s loi nm khc nh nm hng, mc nh, nm m c tiu th dng nm sy kh, nm mui hoc nm ng hp vi gi bn t 50.000 n 150.000/kg. Nm ti khng th m bo cht lng trong mt thi gian di sau thu hi, do cc c s sn xut phi u t thit b ng gi, bo qun nm ti ko di thi gian s dng v lu thng trn th trng. Chng hn nh cng ngh ng gi ht chn khng hoc ng gi v bo qun bng kh nit. Nm c th c bn trc tip cho ngi tiu dng hoc bn qua i tng trung gian. Tu theo qui m ca tng c s sn xut c th hng n nhng hp ng ln cung cp nm ti hoc xut khu cc sn phm nm mui, nm ng hp thng qua cc phng tin qung co, gii thiu sn phm. Cc c s sn xut phi ch n cc th trng tiu th nm nh: - Cc ch a phng - Siu th - Nh hng - Khch sn - Ti c s sn xut Gi nm thng thay i theo ma, c bit l nhu cu s dng nm vo cc ngy l, ngy cui tun, ngy n king. Do , ngi sn xut nm phi bit tnh ton cho ra sn phm ng thi im thu li li nhun cao nht.
Hnh 4.1. Bn nm ti ch

49

2. D ton vt liu, nhn cng (bng 4.1)


Bng 4.1. D ton vt liu, nhn cng cho sn xut nm

Loi nm trng

Nm rm

Nguyn liu, vt t Rm r kh Vi bt Ging nm Mui Cng lao ng Rm r kh Vi bt Ging nm Ti nilon (35 x 50cm) Bng nt Dy nilon, dy su Cng lao ng Nng lng sy Mn ca Vi bt Ging nm Ti nilon (25 x 35cm) Bng nt Bt nh Cm go, cm ng ng knh Np nha Nng lng sy Cng lao ng Mn ca Vi bt Ging nm Ti nilon (20 x 35cm) Bng nt Bt nh Cm go, cm ng MgSO4 Nng lng sy Cng lao ng

S lng (kg) 1000 10 12 30 15 cng 1.000 10 40 6 6 20 cng 1.000 10 30 chai 8 6 10 50 5 30 cng 1.000 10 25 chai 6 6 10 30 - 50 1 -1,5 20 cng

Ghi ch

S dng lm nm rm mui

Nm s

Nm linh chi

Mc nh

3. Tnh ton hiu qu kinh t trong sn xut nm 3.1. Nm rm

50

3.1.1. Chi ph: Tnh trn 1 tn rm r nguyn liu a vo sn xut (bng 4.2)
Bng 4.2. Chi ph sn xut nm rm, tnh trn 1 tn nguyn liu

Nguyn liu, vt t Rm r kh Vi bt Ging nm Mui Cng lao ng Khu hao nh xng Cng 3.1.2. Doanh thu

S lng (kg) 1.000 10 12 30 15 cng

n gi (/kg) 300 1.000 15.000 1.000 30.000

Thnh tin () 300.000 10.000 180.000 30.000 450.000 30.000 1.000.000

Tnh theo nng sut trung bnh, t l thu hi sn phm so vi nguyn liu khong 12%, nh vy 1 tn nguyn liu sau khi trng nm th thu hoch 120kg nm ti hoc 80kg nm mui. - Nm ti: - Nm mui: 3.1.3. Li nhun - Nm ti: - Nm mui: 3.2. Nm s 3.2.1. Chi ph Tnh trn 1tn nguyn liu kh a vo sn xut (bng 4.3)
Bng 4.3. Chi ph sn xut nm s, tnh trn 1 tn nguyn liu

120kg x 12.000/kg = 1.440.000 80kg x 14.000/kg = 1.120.000 1.440.000 - 1.000.000 = 440.000 1.120.000 - 1.000.000 = 120.000

Nguyn liu, vt t Rm r kh Vi bt Ging nm Ti nilon Bng nt Cng lao ng Khu hao nh xng, dy buc in, nc, nng

S lng (kg) 1.000 10 40 6 6 20 cng

n gi (/kg) 300 1.000 12.000 30.000 15.000 30.000

Thnh tin () 300.000 10.000 480.000 180.000 90.000 600.000 250.000 250.000

51

lng sy Cng 3.2.2. Doanh thu Tnh theo nng sut trung bnh, t l thu hi sn phm so vi nguyn liu khong 50%, nh vy 1 tn nguyn liu sau khi trng nm th thu hoch thu hoch 500kg nm ti hoc 50kg nm sy kh. - Nm ti: - Nm sy kh: 3.2.3. Li nhun - Nm ti: - Nm sy kh: 3.3. Nm mo 3.3.1. Chi ph Tnh trn 1tn nguyn liu kh a vo sn xut (bng 4.4)
Bng 4.4. Chi ph sn xut nm mo, tnh trn 1 tn nguyn liu

2.160.000

500kg x 5.000/kg = 2.500.000 50kg x 50.000/kg = 2.500.000 2.500.000 - 2.160.000 = 340.000 2.500.000 - 2.160.000 = 340.000

Nguyn liu, vt t Mn ca Ging nm Ti nilon Bng nt Cng lao ng Khu hao nh xng in, nc, nng lng sy Cng 3.3.2. Doanh thu

S lng (kg) 1.000 6 6 20 cng

n gi (/que) 500 120 30.000 15.000 30.000

Thnh tin () 500.000 180.000 180.000 90.000 600.000 100.000 100.000 1.750.000

Tnh theo nng sut trung bnh, t l thu hi sn phm so vi nguyn liu khong 70%, nh vy 1 tn nguyn liu sau khi trng nm th thu hoch 700kg nm ti hoc 70kg nm sy kh. Nm sy kh: 70kg x 30.000/kg = 2.100.000 3.3.3. Li nhun Nm sy kh: 2.100.000 - 1.750.000 = 350.000

52

3.4. Nm linh chi 3.4.1. Chi ph Tnh trn 1tn nguyn liu kh a vo sn xut (bng 4.5)
Bng 4.5. Chi ph sn xut nm linh chi, tnh trn 1 tn nguyn liu

Nguyn liu, vt t Mn ca Ging nm Ti nilon Bng nt Ph gia Cng lao ng Khu hao nh xng in, nc, nng lng sy Chi ph khc Cng 3.4.2. Doanh thu

S lng (kg) 1.000 30 chai 8 6 30 cng

n gi (/kg) 500 15.000 30.000 15.000 30.000

Thnh tin () 500.000 450.000 240.000 90.000 360.000 900.000 150.000 150.000 200.000 3.040.000

Tnh theo nng sut trung bnh, t l thu hi sn phm so vi nguyn liu khong 12%, nh vy 1 tn nguyn liu sau khi trng nm th thu hoch 120kg nm ti hoc 30kg nm sy kh. Nm sy kh: 30kg x 120.000/kg = 3.600.000 3.4.3. Li nhun Nm sy kh: 3.600.000 - 3.040.000 = 560.000 3.5. Nm hng 3.5.1. Chi ph Tnh trn 1tn nguyn liu kh a vo sn xut (bng 4.6)
Bng 4.6. Chi ph sn xut nm hng, tnh trn 1 tn nguyn liu

Nguyn liu, vt t Mn ca Ging nm Ti nilon Bng nt Cng lao ng Khu hao nh xng in, nc, nng lng sy Cng

S lng (kg) 1.000 5 6 6 40 cng

n gi (/kg) 500 30.000 30.000 15.000 20.000

Thnh tin () 500.000 150.000 180.000 90.000 800.000 200.000 200.000 2.120.000

53

3.5.2. Doanh thu Tnh theo nng sut trung bnh, t l thu hi sn phm so vi nguyn liu khong 30%, nh vy 1 tn nguyn liu sau khi trng nm th thu hoch 300kg nm ti hoc 30kg nm sy kh. Nm sy kh: 40kg x 70.000/kg = 2.800.000 3.5.3. Li nhun Nm sy kh: 2.800.000 - 2.120.000 = 680.000 3.6. Nm m 3.6.1. Chi ph Tnh trn 1tn nguyn liu kh a vo sn xut (bng 4.7)
Bng 4.7. Chi ph sn xut nm m, tnh trn 1 tn nguyn liu

Nguyn liu, vt t Rm r kh Ging nm m ur m Sulfatamoni Bt nh Ln Cng lao ng Chi ph khc Cng 3.6.2. Doanh thu

S lng (kg) 1.000 15 5 20 30 30 20 cng

n gi (/kg) 300 18.000 5.000 4.500 2.500 2.000 30.000

Thnh tin () 300.000 270.000 25.000 90.000 75.000 60.000 600.000 70.000 1.490.000

Tnh theo nng sut trung bnh, t l thu hi sn phm so vi nguyn liu khong 30%, nh vy 1 tn nguyn liu sau khi trng nm th thu hoch 300kg nm ti hoc 30kg nm sy kh. Nm ti: 250kg x 6.500/kg = 1.650.000 3.6.3. Li nhun Nm ti: 1.625.000 - 1.490.000 = 135.000

54

TI LIU THAM KHO [1]. inh Xun Linh, Thn c Nh, Nguyn Hu ng, Nguyn Th Sn (2008), K thut trng, ch bin nm n v nm dc liu, Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni. [2]. L Duy Thng (2001), K thut trng nm tp 1, Nh xut bn Nng nghip, TP. H Ch Minh. [3]. L Duy Thng, Trn Vn Minh (2005), S tay hng dn trng nm, Nh xut bn Nng nghip, TP H Ch Minh. [4]. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand (2001), Mushroom cultivation for people with disabilities, Food and agriculture orangization of the United Nations. [5]. Elaine Marshall and N. G. (Tan) Nair (2009), Make money by growing mushrooms, Rural Infrastructure and Agro Industries Divison Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

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