1. Make a silicate classification and discuss its importance to rock-forming minerals.

BOWEN'S REACTION SERIES AND THE IGNEOUS ROCK FORMING MINERALS

Ferro-Magnesium (Mafic) Minerals
light green, glassy, often as small grains

Olivine isolated Si0

Ca Plagioclase Ca/Na Na Plagioclase

Non-Ferro-Magnesium (Feldspar) Minerals

dark, almost black to light gray; 90o cleavage; striations and/or irridesence

dark green/black; dull blocky; 90o cleavage

Pyroxene single chain Amphibole double chain Biotite Sheet

white; 90o cleavage; striations sometimes; appears translucent

black, shiny, elongate, crystals; 60-120o cleavage

black, very shiny, in thin very smooth sheets

white; 90o cleavage; striations sometimes; appears translucent

pink, white, greenish; two cleavages 90o; opaque

Orthoclase Muscovite
white to brassy thin sheets; clear; very smooth

glassy, clear, often appears gray in rocks; no cleavage

Quartz

2. What are basic or ferromagnesian igneous rocks?

SiO2 content 45- 55 %, high in Fe, Mg, Ca, low in K, Na Mineral composition is rich in ferromagnetic minerals, such as olivine, pyroxene, and amphibole More commonly to observe volcanic rocks formed by magma ow, i.e. basalt.

3. What are the most common minerals in igneous rocks? Why is it so abundant?

Feldspar groups comprises

several individual chemical species in aluminosilicates framework which are the most abundant elements in the earth.

Orthoclase

Feldspars exhibit various

solid solution that allow to form in various chemical compositional conditions.

Albite

plagioclas

Anorthite

4. What minerals can be used to estimate if this rock is formed from (1) silica-oversaturated (2) silica-saturated and (3) silica-undersaturated magmas?

Silica-oversaturated: silica minerals such as quartz, cristobalite,

tridymite, coesite.

Silica-saturated: rocks contain neither silica nor silica-decient

minerals like nepheline [(Na, K) AlSiO4] or olivine [(Mg, Fe)SiO4].

Silica-undersaturated:
Nepheline- NaAlSiO4, Leucite - KAlSi2O6 Forsteritic Olivine - Mg2SiO4 Sodalite - 3NaAlSiO4 .NaCl Nosean - 6NaAlSiO4 .Na2SiO4 Hayne - 6NaAlSiO4.)Na2,Ca(SiO4 Perovskite - CaTiO3 Melanite - Ca2Fe+3Si3O12

1. According to IUGS classification, please identify the corresponding rocks according to their mineral composition: (a) For a pluton rock: 20%

alkali-feldspar + 40% quartz + 20% plagioclase + 20% mafic minerals

NORMALIZED BY MAFIC MINERALS:

-alkali-feldspar: 25% -quartz: 50% -plagioclase: 25%

GRANITE

(b)

For a volcanic rock: 30% alkali-feldspar + 30% plagioclase + 30% feldspathoid +

10% mafic minerals

NORMALIZED BY MAFIC MINERALS:

-alkali-feldspar: 33% -plagioclase: 33% -feldspathoid: 33%

tephritic phonolite or phonolitic tephrite are possible

(c) For a mafic pluton rock: 30% Hornblende + 20% plagioclase + 30% pyroxene +20% olivine:

Hornblende > Olivine normalized by olivine

-Hornblende: 37.5 % -plagioclase: 25% -pyroxene: 37.5%

pyroxene-hornblende gabbro or pyroxene-hornblende norite

gabbro: clinopyroxene norite: orthopyroxene gabbronorite: both

1. Describe the definition of the texture of igneous rocks: A. Shape !uhedral: E ! nhedral A !ubhedral S
pyrite zircon

apatite

Euhedral (): Crystals in an igneous rocks have ideal shapes and completely bounded by well developed crystal faces. Mostly occurs when the magma is still largely liquid. It is commonly the earliest phenocryst mineral.

Subhedral(): When crystals grow in forms similar to their ideal forms but are only partly bounded by crystal faces.

Anhedral

():Highly irregular grains that give no indication of ideal

crystal form.

B.

Relationships among the grains

!orphyritic (diabasic) P ! philic O !oikilitic P

Porphyritic

(): An inequigranular rock in which larger crystals

(phenocrysts) are set in a ne-grained matrix (groundmass).

Ophitic

(): in ne to medium-

grained mac rocks and refers to the enclosure of plagioclase laths by larger, subhedral augite grains. When augite grains are not large enough to enclose plagioclase lath, the texture is called subophitic. augite plagioclase

Poikilitic

(): A late

crystallized mineral completely encloses numerous small grains of other minerals. The most common enclosed mineral is mica which is typically the latest crystallized minerals from most magmas.
http://z.about.com/d/geology/1/0/n/J/1/poikilitictexture.jpg

B. Orientation !rachytic T ! raphic texture G !erthite P

Trachytic (): Commonly found in

volcanic rocks. The texture has a strong parallel alignment of plagioclase laths that reects compaction or ow of the magma during crystallization.
http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/180_SR/176/plates/2_5.jpg

Graphic

texture: relatively common in granites and

pegmatite and involves an intergrown of quartz and alkali fe l d s p a r i n w h ic h t h i n b le b o f q u a r t z li e i n crystallographically controlled orientation with large alkali feldspar. It occurs when two minerals crystallize simultaneously.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/f/fd/Graphic-texture.jpg

Exsolution

texture (): chemical

d e co m p o s it i o n o f a n o r i g i n a l ly homogeneous solid solution mineral into two more nearly end member minerals during cooling. ex. perthite ()
http://www.answers.com/topic/perthite

2. Please exemplify at least three texture elements which are directly related to cooling rate.

Euhedral

(): Crystals in an igneous rocks have ideal shapes and completely bounded by

well developed crystal faces. Mostly occurs when the magma is still largely liquid. It is commonly the earliest phenocryst mineral.

Equigranular Vesicles

(): Grain size in a rock is more or less uniform.

(): open cavities in volcanic and some very shallow plutonic rocks. Vesicles

reect the presence of gas bubbles trapped in the magma as it was completely consolidated.

Which textures are independent of cooling?

Amygdules

(): The cavities are lled with minerals of postmagmatic activities or of

groundwater-deposits.

Trachytic (): Commonly found in volcanic rocks. The texture has a strong parallel

alignment of plagioclase laths that reects compaction or ow of the magma during crystallization.

Ophitic

(): in ne to medium-grained mac rocks and refers to the enclosure of

plagioclase laths by larger, subhedral augite grains. When augite grains are not large enough to enclose plagioclase lath, the texture is called subophitic. (Crystallization simultaneously)

Graphic

texture: relatively common in granites and pegmatite and involves an intergrown of

quartz and alkali feldspar in which thin bleb of quartz lie in crystallographically controlled orientation with large alkali feldspar. It occurs when two minerals crystallize simultaneously.

How to distinguish the following minerals? ! feldspar vs. quartz ! feldspar vs. plagioclase !ornblende vs. pyroxene h

quartz vs. feldspar quartz: irregular fracture feldspar: two cleavages

feldspar vs. plagioclase plagioclase: presence of parallel striations

pyroxene dark to black color righ-angle cleavage

4. Lineations are parallel linear textures that are important because they commonly reveal the direction of magma flow. List the number of different textures and structures of igneous rocks that might produce lineations.

Trachytic (): Commonly found in volcanic rocks. The texture has a strong

parallel alignment of plagioclase laths that reects compaction or ow of the magma during crystallization.

Graphic

texture: relatively common in granites and pegmatite and involves an intergrown of

quartz and alkali feldspar in which thin bleb of quartz lie in crystallographically controlled orientation with large alkali feldspar. It occurs when two minerals crystallize simultaneously.

Exsolution

texture (): chemical decomposition of an

originally homogeneous solid solution mineral into two more nearly end member minerals during cooling. ex. perthite ( )

http://www.answers.com/topic/perthite

1.

(a)(b)(c)

BOWEN'S REACTION SERIES AND THE IGNEOUS ROCK FORMING MINERALS

Ferro-Magnesium (Mafic) Minerals
light green, glassy, often as small grains

Olivine isolated Si0

Ca Plagioclase Ca/Na Na Plagioclase

Non-Ferro-Magnesium (Feldspar) Minerals

dark, almost black to light gray; 90o cleavage; striations and/or irridesence

dark green/black; dull blocky; 90o cleavage

Pyroxene single chain Amphibole double chain Biotite Sheet

white; 90o cleavage; striations sometimes; appears translucent

black, shiny, elongate, crystals; 60-120o cleavage

black, very shiny, in thin very smooth sheets

white; 90o cleavage; striations sometimes; appears translucent

pink, white, greenish; two cleavages 90o; opaque

Orthoclase Muscovite
white to brassy thin sheets; clear; very smooth

glassy, clear, often appears gray in rocks; no cleavage

Quartz

2. (a)(b)

Na-K K-richNa-rich

3. (a)Granite(b)Diorite(c) (d) (Basalt) P. 88-95 (a) : : (b) : :

(c) : : Oscillatory Zoning

(d) :

4. P.120-125

 1. Phase ruleF=C-P+2FCPFCP 12 3p7-9 F, C, P 1: C=1; P=1, F=2, Divariant areaP-T 2. C=1, P=2, F=1Univariant lineP-T 3. C=1, P=3, F=0invariant pointP-T

4. : (a) [60%An + 40%] 1300C 1. 1320C 2. 87%13%An45-Di55 (b) [ 30%An + 70%] 1300C (c) 1360C (d) 66%34%An45-Di55

5. p.134-135 4. p.138-140

1.

Anorthite (Ca-feldspar)Albite (Na-Feldspar) 60% An + 40% Ab: (a) 1480C1380C (b) 1400C Plagioclase70%30% An32-Ab68

2.

Albite (Na-Feldspar)Orthoclase (K-Feldpsar) (a) Eutectic point) 600C (b) 30% Ab+ 70% Or700C 700COr-rich feldspar 40%+60%Ab30-Or70 (c) 600C perthiteOr-richAb-rich feldspar (d) 50% Ab+ 50% Or 500C Or77-Ab23Or7-Ab93 42%58%

3.

ForsteriteSilica : (a) 20% Fo+ 80% Si1700C Fo20-Si80 (b)70% Fo+ 30% Si1557C 1500C ForsteriteEnstatite1500CForsterite Enstatite (c) 55% Fo+ 45% Si x1500C 1500CEnstatite75% 25%Si70-Fo30

: 1. pH CO2

2. 3.

(pp. 211-215) (pp. 152-153)

: 1. Whats the different between roundness and sphericity? - Roundness()

Sphericity : ()/()[()/ )]1/3

Ex. Va 4/3(a/2)3 =a3/6 a3/6 [(d3/6)/ a3/6]1/3 (d/a)

2. Please describe the maturing of a sedimentary rock from viewpoint of (a) mineral composition (b) grain shape (c) grain size (a) ionic potential K+,Na+, Ca2+ ionic potentialAl3+ , Si4+ (b)-(c)

3. Suppose you wanted to determine the relative amounts of sandstone, mudrock and carbonate rock in earth crust, what sedimentary factor would you have to consider? (a) Sandstones: composed of fragmental sediment around 2.0 mm to 0.06 mm in diameter. It indicates an sedimental environment of relatively high kinetic energies shallow marine, river channel or desert (rare). (b) Mudrocks: composed of fragmental sediment < 62 m in diameter. It indicates a quite-water environment of relatively deep sea or quite lakes. (c) Carbonate rock: originates from hard parts of marine organism. It is significant of very shallow marine within 10m below sea level.

4. Explain why grain size is an important factor in the textural analysis of sandstones. What information can it provides about the origin of the rocks? Please describe in terms of settling velocity and movement of grains. (pp.141pp.147)

1. Explain how and why the texture and the structure of metamorphic rocks are different from those of igneous and sedimentary rocks? (preferred orientation)

2. Please describe the metamorphic rocks formed via contact metamorphism and regional metamorphism, respectively. (pp. 275-277) 3. Please describe the major characteristics of (a) greenschist facies, (b) granulite facies and (c) Eclogite facies (pp.350-363) 4. How is the distribution of the metamorphic facies in Taiwan? (pp.294300)