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B[p-\nItemI-ns DZbw
Cymkap{ZtemIw
{]mNo-\I
- m-epw a[y-Im-epw hmWn-Pyhpw kmwkvIm-cnI hn\n-ab
- hpw
\S-n-cp-Xv Cymkap{Zw tI{o-I-cn-m-bn-cp-p. ssN\-bn\nv
at[yjyhgn ]Sn-m-tdmp-t]m-bn-cp "]p-Xp-Wn-mX'bpw (Silk Route)
sXpIng--t\-jy-bn\np XpSn IShgn ]Sn-mtdm-p-t]mb
kap-{Z-]-Y-hpw Bbn-cpp Cu hmWn-Py-am-.
s{Ktm--tdma kwkvIm-c--fpsS Imepw ^yqU Ime-L--nepw
ay-[-c-Wymgn (Mediterranean sea) {]tZ-is P\-m-h-iy-amb
]uckvXy DXv]-- Fn-n-cp-Xv Cu cv am--fn-eq-sS-bmbn-cp-p.
Cmw aX-ns hym]-\-n-\p-tijw Cymkap-{Z-hm-WnPyw PqXcpw
Ad-_n-Ifpw Xpn-Ifpw \nb-{n-p. sN-Shgnbpw t]jy
DShgn-bpap hym]m-c-ns \nb-{-W-am-bn-cpp Chp-mbn-cp--Xv. ay-[-c-Wym-gnsb Icn--S-ep-ambn _n-n-p Xpd-ap-J-
`q]Sw 1 hmWn-Py-]-Y
mkv X -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I
`q]Sw 2 Cymkap-{Z-temIw
ss_kss- km{amPyw
ay-[-c-Wym-gn-bpw Icn--Sepw Xn knp t_mkvt^m-dkv (Bosphorus) IS-en-Spnse X{-{]-[m-\-amb m\-v {Kop-Im
m]n Hcp sNdp\K-c-am-bn-cp-p
ss_kmnbw (Byzantium). {]mNo-\-Im-ev
{Kovt]jy kwkvIm-c--fpsS kwK-am-\-am-bn-cpp ChnSw. ]nm-ev Cu
\K- c hpw Ing- p- ` m- K s Gjym- s sa- \ dpw
tdmam- k m- { am- P y- ns `mK- a m- b nop.
Ingpw- ]Snmdpw Xn at[yjyhgn \Sn-cp hym]m-c-ns tI{-am-bn-cpp Cu
]-Ww. CXns hmWnPy{]m[m\yw IW-nse-Spv {InkvXphjw \memw \qm-n
tdmam N{I-hn-bm-bn-cp tImss-
Cu \Kcs Xs km{am-Py-ns cmw
Xem- \ - a m- n. At- l - ns kv a c- W bvmbn \K-c-ns t]cv tImmn-t\mn Fmn amn. \memw \qm-ns Ahkm-\-tmsS tdmam-km-{amPyw hn`-Pn--s-tm Ing- tdmam-km-{amPy-ns Xem\w tImmn- t \m- n Bbn. Cu
km{amPyw ss_k-ss- F t]cnepw Adnb-s-p.
B[p-\n-I-tem-I-ns DZbw
ay-[-c-Wym-gn tem-I-n-tev
ay-[-c-Wym-gn-bn-tev Dn\np aqv D]Zzo-]p-I-fn ay-n-ep--XmWv Cm-en-b D]Zzo- ] v . hSv B]v k v ]- X hpw AXn\v
sXmpsXv hnim-ehpw ^e-`q-bnjvS-hp-amb
semw_mUn kaX- e hpw C- e nsb av D]`qJfi--fn \nv hyXy-kvX-am-p-p. C-enbnse Hcp {][m-\-\-K-c-amb tdmw Bm-\-ambn
Hcp km{amPyw hfp-h
- Xpw {]mNo-\I
- m-es
k-n-tbpw kwkvIm-c-n-tbpw tI{-ambn
AXv hnI-kn-Xpw apm-kn \n a\-nem-n-b-Xm-W-tm. Cu km{amPyw XI-cp-Ibpw
Xm-\v \nc-h[n ^yqU \mSp-hm-gn-I
A[n- I m- c - t ap- I bpw sNbv X p. GXm\pw
\qmpI Ign--tm Cm-en-b D]-Zzo-]n
\nc-h[n I-h-S-\-K-c- Dbp-h-p.
Ad-_nIfn\nv ]uc-kvXy-tZ-is DXv]- hmn ]nabqtdm- nse `q{]- ` p- mpw \mSp- h m- g n- I pw Ah ssIamw
sNbvX I-h-S-m-cm-bn-cpp Cu \K-c--fn
h-kn-n-cp--Xv. I-h-S-n-\p-]p-dta ]W-an-S-]mSpw
Cm-en-b \K-c-
sh\o-kv, anem, ]nk, ^vtfmdkv, Pt\m-h,
s_mtfm-W, t\nkv XpS-nb I-hS\K-c-fmWv ay[-c-Wymgn hym]m-cs B{i-bnv
hfphXv. anem- \ nse hnkvtIm- n,
^v t fmdknse saZoNn XpS- nb k
Cm-en-b \K-c-
11
mkv X -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I
\thm-m\w
(Renaissance)
B[p-\n-I-tem-I-ns DZbw
DXv]m-Z\hyh-b
- n h amw GsXmw Xc-n-emWv \thm-m\Imes
a\pjy Pohn-X-n {]Xn-^-en-Xv?
\thm-m\w C-en-bn
Cmenb \thm-m-\-ns XpSw ]Xnmemw \qm-n Pohn-n-cp s]{Smns
(13041374) kmln- X y- k w- ` m- h - \ - t bm- S p- I q- S n- b msWv ]d-bmw. {]mNo\ {Kov kmln-Xy-Im-cm-cpsS ssien-bn a\p-jy-kvt\lkw_-nbmb \nc- h [n KoX- I - Atlw cNn- p.
kzK--\mb ssZh-n-tbpw ]pWym-f-m-cptSbpw amemJ- a m- c p- t Sbpw A]- Z m- \ - sf
hmgvp ay-Imekmln-Xy-ssi-en-bn \nv
hyXy-kvX-ambn shdpw a\p-jy-cpsS hnNmc-hn-Imc- sf
{]Xn- ^ - e n- n- p- - X m- b n- c pp
s]{Smns KoX-I-. ^yqU {]`p--mcpsS Akm-mKnI Pohn-Xs \nin-X-ambn
]cn-l-kn-p--XmWv s_mm-ntbm (13131371)
bpsS "Zm-a-d.' \qdp IY-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-amb
Cu IrXn-bn Ad-_n--Y-I-fpsS ( Arabian
Zms
\thm-m-\-Ie
s]{Smv
s]{Smns\
am\-hn-I-X-bpsS ]nXmhv
Fv hnfn-Xv
Fp-sIm-mhmw?
mkv X -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I
Am-g'-n-epw (Last Supper), aIs th]m-Spm-nb ZpxJw apgp-h apJp {]Xn-^-en-np "I\ym- a - d nb' (Virgin Mary) nepw
UmhnnbpsS am\-hn-IX
- {]I-Sa
- mWv. Iem-Im-c-
s\--Xn-\p-]p-dta c-Nw-{I-a-W-s-p-dnpw
b{--d--en-s\-p-dnpw hnh-cn-p imkv{X-\m-bn-cpp Umhnn Fv At-l
- ns
Ipdn-p-I sXfn-bn-p-p.
Ah-km-\s Amgw
\thm-m\w CX-c-bq-tdm-]y
cmPy--fn
C-en-bn \mn \thm-m\{]m\w Ih-S-m-cn-eq-sSbpw ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Im-cn-eq-sSbpw
CXc bqtdm- ] y cmPy- - f nepw hym]np.
kv]m\njv, {^v, Cwo-j,v Uv, Pa XpSnb
{]mtZ-inI`mj-I \thm-m\ Ime-L--n
hf-cm XpS-n.
kv]m\njv `mj-bn skhmt (Cervantes)
cNn IrXn-bmWv "tUm Intlmtm' (Don
Quixote) bp-sm-Xn-b-m-cmb ayIme-{]-`p-m-cpsS at\m-hn-{`m-nsb X-b-Xz-tmsS AhX- c n- n- p IrXn- b m- W n- X v . ]S- - - b - W nv
IpXnc-p-d-p-I-bdn CS-h-gn-I-fn-eqsS ]mp-t]mIp Intlmtm {]`p hgn-h-p I sNSn-Isfbpw ac-sfbpw Imm-Sn-b-{--sfbpw apw
i{Xp-`-S-m-cm-sW `mhn hmfp-sImv
Acnp hogvp {`am-fl-I-Xsb Cu IrXn
Ah-X-cn-n-p-p.
Itm- e n- m- k - ` - b psS Ime- l - c - W - s
hnizmk{]am- W - sf Ifn- b m- p- - X mWv
Up`mj- b n Cdm- k v a kv cNn "hnUv V ns hmgv' (In Praise of Folly) F
IrXn.
Cwojv \thm-m\kmln-Xy-n\v XpSw Ipdnp-Xv sP{^n -tNm-k-dpsS "Im_dn IY-'
14
samWm-enk
hneyw tjIvkv]n-b
cmjv{SobNn
\thmm\Imes cmjv { SobNn- I - c n
{]apJ-\m-bn-cpp C-en-m-c-\mb \ntm-tfmamyshn. At- l - ns "cmPmhv ' (The
Prince) F IrXn B[p- \ nIcmjv{Sob
Nnbvv XpSw Ipdn-p-p. Acm-P-IXzw
\nd ^yqU \mSp-hmgn`c-W-n \nv
thdnv {]Pm-h
- e\pw P\-ln-X]
- m-eI
- \
- p-amb Hcp
`c- W m- [ n- I m- c n- s b- b mWv "cmPm- h n- ' eqsS
amyshn AhXcn-n-p--Xv.
B[p-\n-I-tem-I-ns DZbw
Zmcn-{Zyw, Zpcn-Xw, A{Iaw Fn-h-I-sfm-p-an-mXpw nXn- k - a - X zhpw ktm- j hpw \ne\np--Xp-amb Hcp km-ev]nItemIs
hn`m-h\w sNp--XmWv Cwojv aX-]-fin-X-
\thm-m-\I
- m-es Ie-bn-epw- km-ln-Xy-nepw {]Xn-^e
- n am\-hn-IX
- , bpnNn-, hnai\_pn Ch Am-es cmjv{Sob Nn-bn {]Xn-^-entm?
N sNp.
aX\-ho-I-cWw (Reformation)
bqtdm-n kmaq-ly--km--nI cwK--fn
Dmb am- aX-Po-hn-X-nepw {]Xn-^-en-p.
]Xn-\mdmw \qm-n bqtdm-nse Itm-enm
k`-bn-ep-mb \ho-I-c-W-{i-a- aX\ho-IcWw AYhm s{]m- v \ho-I-c-Ww Fv Adnb- s - p. CXn\papv Xs k`bv pt\sc
FXnp-I Dbphn-cp-p. DZm-l-c-W-n\v
HmIvkv^Unse tPm sshn^v (13241384),
{]ml-bnse tPm lv (13691415) Fn-h
k`-bn \ne-\n-n-cp Agn-a-Xn-tbbpw sFlnI-X-tbbpw tNmZyw sNbvXp. Ah-scmw inn-s-p. Ah-cpsS DZ-y-a-smpw-Xs
Imcy-amb Ne-\- Dm-p-hm km[n-n-.
h hym-]mcnhw k`m-m-]-\--sf-m
cmPm--msc ]nm-n.
]Xn-\mdmw \qm-n Itm-enmk` Hcp
km- nI {]Xn- k - nsb t\cn- p. sk v ]otgv k v tZhm- e - b - ns ]p\\nmWw
t]mep \nc-h[n ]-Xn-I h km-nI
_m[- y X D- X m- b n- c p- p. CXp adn- I - S - m
Itm-enm k`-bn amm [mcmfw ]Z-hnI krjvSnv hnp. Gsd A]-Ion-I-c-amb
asmcp \S- ] - S n- b m- b n- c p- p "]m]- ] - c n- l mc
hnev]\'. ]m]-]-cn-lm-c-n-\p D]m-[n-bmbn
km[m- c Wmv
"]m]- a p- n- ] {Xw'
(Indulgences) hnp k` ]W-ap-m-n. A[nImcZphn-\n-tbmKw hf-sc-b-[nIw hnp.
amn eqY-
tdmanse sk v ]otgvkv tZhm-ebw ]pXp-n-Wn- b m- \ p
[\- k - a m- l - c - W - n- \ mbn
"]m]apn]{Xw' hnevp--Xnse A[mn-IXsb tNmZyw sNbvX aX-]-fin-X-\m-bn-cpp
amn eqY. P\n- b nse hn_Kv
kIem-im-e-bn ssPh-imkv{X s{]m^-kdm-bn-cpp At-lw. Xs hmZ-K-Xn-I hni-Zam-p "95 knm--' (Ninety -five Theses)
Atlw Xm-dm-n. Atlw CXp hn_Kv
tdmanse sk v ]otgvkv tZhm-ebw
amn eqY
mkv X -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I
{]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw
(Counter Reformation)
s{]m- v \ho-I-c-W-ns ^e-ambn Itmenmk`- b v p- nepw ]cn- j v I - c W{ia-
Dm- b n. {]Xn- \ - h o- I - c W{]m\w, Itmenm \ho-I-cWw, Itm-enm ]p\-cp-m-cWw
Fsms CXv Adn-b-s-Sp-p. 1534 t]m
cm-a amm--bmbn m\-ta tijamWv
k`-bn ]cn-jv-cWw Bcw-`n-Xv. Itmenmk`bv-s-Xnsc Dbp-h- hnai-\sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-Xv 1545 apX 1563 hsc
P\n-bnse s{Sn \S aXta[m-hn-I-fpsS
kan-Xn-bm-Wv. CtXmsS k`-bpsS `c-W-n
]cnjvI-c-W-v XpS--am-bn.
CX-\p-k-cnv ]pNn-I Dsm-p
]pkvX-I-sf k`m-hn-cp--hpw kZm-Nm-c-hn-cp-hp-sav Btcm-]nv Itm-en--mk` \ntcm-[np. Ch- b psS ]n- I ""kqNnI'' (Index)
FdnbsSp-p. ssZh-\n--sb Ipw hnNmcW sNm k` ""CIzn-kn-j'' (Inquisition)
16
Ct-jykv etbmf
B[p-\n-I-tem-I-ns DZbw
amtm t]mtfm
17
mkv X -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I
B[p-\n-I-tem-I-ns DZbw
]nI ]qn-bm-pI
\mhn-I
cmPyw
Is-nb
cmPyw
\yq^uvem v
_mt_mh
kvs]bn
]\ma
I{_m
t]mp-K {_ko
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
mkv X -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I
in D]-tbm-Knv e- ]nSn-s-Sp-p-hm\p-w XpS-n. CtXmsS Gj-y-bnepw B{^n-bnepw htXm-Xn tImf-\o-I-cWn\pXpS-ambn. tImf-\n-Ifnse k--amb {]IrXnhn`-h {ItaW bqtdm-]-y km{am-P-y--[o-\am-bn. tImf-\n-I-sf sImbSnv bqtdm-]y
k-cm-bn.
]mmXy bqtdm-]y cmPy--fmb kvs]bn,
t]mp-K, Cw-v, {^mkv XpS-nb cmPy temIhym]m-c-ns IpI ssIb-S-n.
CtXmsS a[y-[-c-Wymgn tI{ambn Dm-bn-cp
hym]mcw bnp.
"`qan-im-kv{X-]c
- a
- mb Ip-]n-Sp-fpw kap{Zkm-c
- n ssIh-cn ]ptcmK-Xnbpw bqtdm-ns cmjv{SobLS-\-bnepw km-nI taJ-e-bnepw am-v Imc-W-am-bn'Cu \nco-Ww N sNpI.
imkv{X-]p-tcm-KXn
20
tIm \nkv
B[p-\n-I-tem-I-ns DZbw
k sFkIv \yq
Im en\-bkv
kv{Xw, `uXn-I-imkv{Xw, Poh-imkv{Xw, icocimkv{Xw Fn-h-bn hn t\-v hgnsbm-cp-n. Im en-\-bkv (Carl Linneaus) F
kzo-Unjv imkv{X- kky-imkv{Xw, Ppim- k v{Xw, sshZy- i mkv{Xw Fn- h - b n
{itbamb kw`m-h-\-I \In. Pohn-I-fpsS
imkv{Xob ho-Ic
- W
-
- ntbpw B[p-\nI ]cnn-Xn-im-kv{X-ntbpw ]nXm-hmbn Ctlw
Adn-b-s-Sp-p. kk-y--fp-tS-bpw arK--fp-tSbpw
ho-I-c-W-n-\mbn cp `mK--fp \ma-IcW]-Xn (Binomial nomenclature) Ctlw
Bhn-jvI-cn-p.
\thmm\n\p-tijw imkv{X-n-ep-mb
]ptcm-KXn Ncn-{X-n Hcp ]pXpbpKw krjvSnp.
mt\m-Zbw (Enlightenment)
\thm-m\Ime- -ns apJy{]h-W-X-I-fmb
bpn-t_m-[hpw am\-hn-I-Xbpw mt\m-Zb
Ime-pw Bhn--s-p. bpn-bpsS am{Xw
ASn-m-\-n `uXnItemI-tbpw AXn
a\p-j-ys m\-tbpw hon-m {ianp ss[jWnI-ap-t--am-bn-cpp mt\mZbw. aX- h n- i - z m- k hpw At\- z - j - W - t _m- [ hpw
Xn- e p kwL- \w CXns khn- t i- j X
Bbn-cp-p. hkvXp-X-I-fnepw sXfn-hp-I-fnepw
Dunb bpn-bn-eqsS Imc-y- Adn-bp-hm\pw
A]-{K-Yn-p-hm\pw PRm-t\m-ZbbpK-n-se-
mkv X -km-aq-ly-imkv{Xw I
mt\m-ZbIme Nn-I
sZ\n- Zn-Ztdm (Denis Diderot) 1713 - 1784
sam-kvIyq (Montesquieu) 1689-1755
thms-b (Voltaire)
1694 - 1778
dqtm (Rousseau)
1712-1778
Cm-\p-th Imv
(Immanuel Kant)
1724-1804
tXmakv s]bv
(Thomas Paine)
1737-1809
tXmakv Pt^-gvk
(Thomas Jefferson)
1743-1826
dqtm
CXn-eqsS Dbp-h Bi-b-fpw A`n-{]m-bfpw Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc imkv{X-ntbpw atXXcNn-bp-tSbpw {]Nm-c-n\p Imc-W-ambn.
cmjv{Sobkaq-l--fpsS amdn-h-cp Bh-i-yv A\p-k-cn-p ]pXnb Dm-gvN-I
mt\m- Z - b - b p- K - n Dcp- n- c n- p- h - p.
\oXn\ymbw, Imcy-\nl-Ww, \nb-a-\nmWw
Fo aqv imJ-I-fn-embn A[n-Imcw
thXncnp \nn-bm IqSp-X cmjv{Sob kzmX-{yw Dm-Ip-sav sam-kvIyq hni-z-kn-p.
AtXm-sSm-w-Xs \nb-{-W-fpw kp-en-Xmh- bpw F cmjv { SobX- z - i m- k v { Xhpw
Atlw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p.
aX-k-zm-X-{yn\pw kz-X-{-hm-Wn-Pyw DssS- b p ]uc- k - z m- X - { - y - pw thn
thm- b hmZnp. Atlw kmaq- l n- I ]cnjvIm-c-sf iambn ]np-W-p. Ak-lnjvWpX, aX-]-c-amb ISpw-]n-Sp- Fn-hbp-tSbpw ka-Im-enI hy-h--bp-tSbpw \ninX
hnai-I-\m-bn-cp-p thm-b. ASn-m-\]cambn a\p- j - y \- h - \ m- s Wv dqtm
hnizknp; ss\kKn-Im-h--bn ""\-h\
- mb
Imm-f'' (Noble Savage). \ a\p-j-ysc Akp-jvScpw Agn-a-Xn-mcpw Bn-op-Xv
kaq-l-nse A\p-`-h--fmWv. DS--Sn-I-fpsS
ASn-m-\-n BWv a\p-j-y\pw kaq-l-hpambn D _w Dm-bn-h-Xv Fv At-l-w
Xs "tkmj-y tIm{SmIvSv' (Social Contract)
F {K-n hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.
km-c-cmb P\--fn mt\m-Z-b-ns
hm--fmb ^ne-tkm-^p-I (Philosophes)
imkv{Xw {]N-cn-np. imkv{X kwL-S-\-I-fpsS
DZ-b-n\v imkv{Xob hn]vfhw Imc-W-ambn.
ap]v ]d Fssk-tm-o-Uop-]p-dta ap
22
B[p-\n-I-tem-I-ns DZbw
{]h-\-
$ \mSp-hm-gn--ns XI-bpw hmWn-Py-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpw bqtdm]y \thm-m-\-n\v hgn-sbm-cp-n. C-en-bpsS kmaq-ly-kmlN-cy- ]cn-tim-[nv Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-p-I.
$ ASnb{-ns hc-thmsS bqtdm-n aXnsbpw hnm\nsbpw -km-ln-Xynsbpw cwK--fn Fsmw am-fmWv Dm-bXv?
$ \thm-m\mi-b
- bqtdm-nse a\pjyPohn-X
- ns kakvX
taJ-e-I-fnepw i-amb kzm[o\w sNep-n. Cu {]kvXm-h-\bpsS ASn-m-\-n \thm-m\ Bi-b--tfbpw Ah-bpsS
kzm[o-\-tbpw Ipdnv N sNpI.
$ \thm-m\ Imes Nn{X-fpsS B_w Xm-dm-p-I.
$ P-\n-bn Bcw-`n aX-\-ho-I-cWw bqtdm-n-s\-bmsI kzm[o\n--sX--s\? N sNp-I.
$ `qanimkv { X]c- a mb Ip]nSp- temI- nsta
B[n]Xyw m]n-p-hm bqtdm-ns\ klm-bn-s
- X-s\? N
sNbvXv \nK-a-\- tcJ-s-Sp-p-I.
$ mt\m-ZbNn-bpsS ASn-m\]c-amb Bi-b- imkv{Xcw-Ks ]ptcm-K-Xnv Fs\ klm-b-I-ambn? hniIe\w
sNbvXv Ipdnv Xm-dm-p-I.
$ `qan-imkv{X-]c
- a
- mb Ip]nSp-
- GsXpw, AXn\v t\XrXzw
\In-b-h Bscm-s-sbpw ]nIsSppI.
23