Physical Metallurgy Principles Second Edition niversity Series in Basic Engineerin: Robert E.Reed-Hill ® D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY Roa OSAMA NORONIG LONGON MELBOURNE. Van Nostrand Compony Regional Offices: New York Ciacinnati Millbrae London Toronto Melbourne Copyright @ 1973 by Litton Educational Poblising, I. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-181094 ISDN: 0-402-26868-8, ‘At eights reserved. Certain portions ofthis work copyright @ 1984 by Litton fEdueational Publishing, Ins. No part of this work covered by the copyrights hereon may be reproduced or used in any fozm or by soy means ~ graphic, lectronc, or mechanies, inchading photocopying, recording, taping, oF Information storage snd tezieval systems ~ without written permission of the publisher. ‘Manufactored inthe United States of America ‘Published by D. Van Nostrand Company 450 Wert 33rd Street, New York, N.Y. 10001 ‘Published simultaneously In Canada by Van Nostrand Reinhold Le i bom mo 9 8 7 6 5 4 Preface ‘The basic plan and. philosophy of the oxginal edition are continued in this volume, The major changes in the new edition are largely the result of constructive suggestions and advice by Professor Richard W, Heckel, of Drexel University, Dean Walter $. Owen, of Northwestern University, and Professor Marvin Metzger, of the University of linois. One result of these suggestions is the inclusion of a chapter on nucleation and growth kinetics. The outline ofthis ‘chapter was also lsplted by a set of clss notes Kindly loaned to the author by Professor Heckel. The considerable assistance of Dr. John Kronsbein in revising and expanding Chapter 3, Elementary Theory of Metals is also gratefully acknowledged. 'As 4 consequence of requests for the inclusion of topies either missing or too lightly covered in the fist edition, the new book has been increased in size by about ten percent. In a broad sense, the additional material fits into two tlssifications. First are the topics that have recently become significant in the field of metallurgy. The second group consists of wellestablished subjects not covered in the frst edition, but which, from use of the text, were found to be needed for a more unified presentation, Among the former subject areas are flectron microscopy, fracture mechanics, supetrconductivity, superplaticity, dynamic recovery, dynamic strain aging, electrotransport, thermal migration, ‘and emissary dislocations. In the latier category belong the new chapter on rucleation and growth Kinetics and such topics as magnetism, the zone theory of alloy phases, the five degrees of freedom of « grain boundary, the phase rule, tric stess and trie strain, coring and homogenization of castings, work hardening, and diffusion in nonisomorphic systems. “The number of problems is substantially increased over thet in the original book, in conformity with the current trend in engineering to place more ‘emphasis on problem solving. Problems have been written with the aim of both ilustrating points covered in the text and exposing the student to material and ccancopts not covered directly inthe book. ‘The helpful assistance of Dr. John Hren, Dr. Robert T. DeHiolf, Dr. Derele Dove, Dr. Ellis Verink, and Dr. F. N. Rhines, all of the University of Florida, ‘who either reviewed sections of the book or gave suggestions, is acknowledged with thanks, Robert E. Reed Hill