Ncn-{X-nse sNdpkzc-

ae-_m Iem-]hpw Hm-I-fpsS BJym-\fpw

ae-_m Iem-]-ns hmsamgn ]mc--cy-sa t]cn Rm kwkvIrX kI-em-im-e-bn kan Kth-jW {]_--s ASn-m-\-amn Xm-dm-n-b-XmWo
t]. 1921 se ae-_m Iem-]-ns ssZLyw GI-tZiw 8 amk-sa-mWv s]mXpsh
Ncn-{X-Im-c IW-m-p--Xv. Fm CXn-s\-p-dn-p Hm-I Xe-ap-d-I-fn-eqsS
Cpw Iem-]-_m-[nX t{]tZ-i--fn \ne \np-p. Kth-j-W-ns `mK-ambn Cu
Hm-I tiJ-cn-m XpS-n-b-tm ]e {]tZ-i--fn ]e IY-I-fmbn ]e-X-c-nep--XmWv ae-_m Iem-]-sap Ip.
sImtfm-Wn-b aqey- \psS Ncn-{X-[m-c-W-Isf Fn-s\-sbmw Bth-inn-p-sv a\-n-em-m \man-tmgpw D]-tbm-Knp hcp hmK {SmPUn F H
hmp aXn-bm-Ipw. Zpc--sa-m a\p-jyv ]n-msX Adn-bmsX hp `hn-p
Hm-Wv. AXp-sImp Xs Cu hmv {_no-jp-Imv CXn-ep ]ns\ ad-p-hbvp--Xm-Wv. Fm \mp-sam-gn-I-fn Cu hmn-. ]s Chscns\-p-dn-mWv
kwkm-cn-p--sXv hy-am-m F\nv B hmp Xs ]T-\-n D]-tbm-Kntn hp. Cs\ Hcp hmn XpSn Fs Ncn{X [mc-W-Isf Cu samgn-I
]e-]mSv tNmZyw sNp-Ibpw amn-a-dn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-v. Cu A\p-`hw ]p-sh-bvphm-\mWv Cu t]-dn {][m-\-ambpw {ian-bvp--Xv.
CXns Hmw `mKv hmsamgnNcn-{Xhpw AXns km[y-X-Ifpw ]T-\-ns
coXn-imkv{X {]iv\--fp-amWv N sNp--Xv. cmw `mKv Xnc-s-Sp GXm\pw
BJym-\-`m-K--fm-Wp-Xv. Cu BJym-\- Fns\ \psS Ncn{X[mc-W-I-fn
CS-s]-Spp Fv kmam-\y-ambn ]d-p-sh-p-I-bmWv aqmw `mK-v.

jwjmZv lpssk
ae-bmfw hn`m-Kw,
kwkvIrX k-I-em-ime
{]mtZ-inI tI{w, Xncq.

Ncn-{X-nse sNdp-kz-c-
ae-_m Iem-]hpw Hm-I-fpsS BJym-\-fpw
Ncn-{X-n CSw InmsX Xa-kvI-cn--s-Sp-Ibpw Xn-am--s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXh-cpsS i_vZw tcJ-s-Sp-p-p-sh--XmWv hmsamgn ]T-\--fpsS khn-ti-jX AXpsIm-p-Xs h-am-\-Im-e-hn-m-\--fn hmsam-gn-m-c--cy-]-T-\-v ham-\-amb {i-bpsS {]m[m-\yhpw e`n-p-p-v. hyXykvX am\-hn-I-hn-m-\-hn-m\--fnepw kmaq-ln-I-im-kv{X--fnepw hmsam-gn-m-c--cy-]-T-\-n\p kzm[o\w sNepm Ign-n-cn-p-p.
hyh-m-]n-X-cq-]-amn-n-p km{-Zm-bnI Ncn-{X-]-T-\-]m-c--cys hmsamgn-]-T-\- ]e coXn-bn kzm[o-\n-n-p-v. Hm-sbbpw Ncn-{X-sbpwIpdnv ]e
kwhm-Z-pw Ch hgn-sh-n-p-ap-v.
t\cnv A\p-`-h--fp Xe-ap-dn-bn \nv kzoI-cn-p samgn-Isf hmsam-gn-Ncn-{X-sapw ASp Xe-ap-d-I-fn\n-p--Xns\ hmsam-gn-m-c--cy-sapw AXv Hcp
kaqlw kzoI-cn-p-tm t^mIvtem-sdpw thXn-cnv ImWpI ]Xn-hp-v. Cu ]T\--fn A-c-n-semcp kqva-hn-`-P-\-n\v {]k-n-bn-m--Xn-\m hmsam-gnm-c--cy-sav s]mXp-shbpw hmsam-gn-]-T-\w, hmsam-gn-N-cn{Xw Fv hyXymkw IqSmsXbpw {]tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-p.
]m--ehpw h-am-\hpw
cmw temI-a-lm-bp--n-\p-ti-j-amWv hmsam-gn-m-c--cy-]-T-\-ns kzoImcy-Xbpw aqeyhpw s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn--s-Sp--Xv. sNdnb tSvdn-mU-dp-I-fpsS
e`y-Xbpw CXn\v {]Nmcw e`n-m Imc-W-am-bn. Ata-cn--bnse BZys hmsam-gnN-cn{X t{]mPIvmbn Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv cmw temI-a-lm-bp--n-\p-tijw AXn
IjvS-X-I-f-\p-`-hn D-Xcpw shfp h-m-cp-amb ]pcp-j-m-cn \nv kzoI-cn
samgn-Isf ASn-m-\-am-n-bp ]T-\-am-Wv. 1948- sImfw-_nb bqWn-th-gvkn-nbnse A s\hnkn-t-XmWv Cu t{]mP-Ivv. {_n-\n kam--c-am-bp-mb ]T\-f
- n IqSp-Xepw km[m-cW
-
- m-cn \nv samgn-I kzoI-cn-p-X
- n-emWv Xm]cyw
1
ImWn-n-cp-X
- v. ]p-dp-p-h
- t- cmSp tNmZn-pI F \bw {_no-jp-Im-c\
- mb Chmv
Chm\vUv kzoI-cnp CXv Iogm-f-N-cn{Xw (History from below) F cmjv{Sobeytm-sS-bp {]h-\-am-bn-cp-p.
AeIvkv tlen-bpsS Autobiography of MalcomX (1965), Roots: The Saga of an
Americal Family (1976) Fo ]pkvX-I {]Nmcw t\Sn-b-tXmsS Ata-cn--bnse
Idp-h
- -mv Ah-cpsS Ncn{X at\z-jn-m-\p- {][m\ D]m-[n-bmbn hmsamgnI.
AXp-hgn hmsamgn Ncn{Xw P\-km-am-\y-n-\n-Sbvv IqSp-X {]Nmcw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
IpSpw-_-N-cn{X cN-\-bpsS {]m[m-\yhpw CXp-sh-fn-s-Sp-n. 1973--emWv Hmd lndn
Atkm-kn-tb-js BZy tPW {]kn-o-I-cn-p--Xv. Oral History review t]cn
{]kn-o-I-cn B\p-Im-en-I-n AeIvkv tlen Ncn-{X-IY ]d-bp Hcp shv
B{^n--m-c-s\-qSn ]cn-Nb
- s
- -Sp-p-p-.v Cu ]T-\
- f
- psS hnizm-ky-Xbpw IrXyXbpw ]nevm-ev tNmZyw sN-sp Fnepw IpSpw-_w, hwiw, kap-Zmbw, cmjv{Sw
Fn-hs
- b-p-dn-p Ipsd-b-[n-Iw kvac-W-I tiJ-cnp F-XmWv Cu ]T-\-fpsS {]m[m-\yw.
Ncn-{X-ns hnj-bhpw Ncn-{X-c-N-t\m-]m-[n-bp-ambn hmsamgn Ncn{Xw kzoI-cn-s-Sp-Xv Fs\ Fv hni-Zo-I-cn-p t]mtXmwk-Wn-t-XmWv FSp-p-]-dtb ASp kwcw-`w. FskIvkv bqWn-th-gvkn-nbn kmaq-ly-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb
Ct-l
- ns ]pkvXI
-
- (The Voice of the Past, Oral History) Fnh temI-sa-mSpw
2

hmsamgnN-cn-{X-ns AwKo-Ir-X-]m-T-]p-kvX-I--fmbn kzoI-cn--s-p. A\p-`-hhpw

Hmbpw Xnepw A\p-`-hhpw Ncn-{Xhpw Xn-ep _- hni-I-e\w sNbvXpsImv 70--I-fn cNn--s ssan ^njns (Michael Fish)2 ]T\w cp Zi-I-tfmfw Cu cwKv {]_-e-ambn \ne-sm-p. hy-\p-`-h-sf kmaq-ly-X-e-n
Fs\ _n-n-m-\mIpw Fpw ^njv At\z-jn-p-p-v.
Am-Z-anIv kaq-l-n-s AwKo-Imcw t\Snb Cu ]T-\-imJ Fgp-]-Xp-IsmSp-hn Ncn-{X-ns km{-Zm-bn-I-\n-e-]m-Sp-Isf tNmZyw sNbvXp XpS-n. CXns
coXn-im-kv{X-]-chpw sskm-nIhpamb {]iv\-sf hni-I-e\w sNp ]pXnb
]T-\--fp-ap-mbn. sdmWmUv.-sP. {Koen-bpsS Envelopes of Sound : The Art of Oral
History F ]T\w CXn {][m-\-am-Wv. ImX-emb aqp-_-- kqva-ambn
hmsamgnN-cn-{X-n At\z-jn-t--Xp-sv Atlw tcJ-s-Sp-pp : (1) A`n-apJ-ns {]I-S-\-Xew (2) hmsamgn hg--ns `mjm-im-kv{X-Xew (3) hyn-bpsS
samgnbpw kaq-l-N-cn-{Xm-h-t_m-[hpw Xn-ep _-ns Xew.
1979- Cw-nse FskIvkv bqWn-th-gvkn-n-bn-em-Wv. Hmd ln-dn-bpsS
BZys cmjv{Sm--co-b-k-t-f\w \S--Xv. hnhn[ Xe--fn-ep CXns km[y-XI Cu tIm^-dkn N sN-s-p. eqknb ]tkWn-bpsS BZy-{]-_-nXs Ncn-{X-ns hkvXp-\n-jvTX tNmZyw sN-s-p. hmsam-gn-I-fn t\cnp
]d--X au\--fmWv hmbn--s-tS--sXpw Ah-bn-emWv A[o-i-{]-Xy-b-imkv{Xw
{]hn-p--sXpw Ah A`n-{]m-b-s-p. Ccw \ncoW- CXns\ Kuch-am Hcp _lp-hn-j-b-kw-kvIm-c-]-T\ taJ-e-bmbn IW-m-t--Xns BhiyIX t_m[y-s-Sp-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Ae-kmt{Um t]ms-n-bpsS ]T-\-fpw3 Cu
Bh-iy-IX m]n-m-\p-X-IpXmbn-cp-p.
BZy-Ime hmsam-gn-m-c--cy-]-T-\-sf sam-n hne-bn-cp-p-tm A
s\hnkn-sbpw eqbnkv mdn-s-bpw4 kwcw-`-v {]ap-J-cn \np kzoI-cn
hmNn- I - k myw F {]m[m- \ y- t a- b p- q Fv tdm_v t]Iv k pw Aen-
tXmwkWpw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. Ah hmNn-I-amb Poh-N-cn{Xw F \ne-bn-emWv
Ncn-{X-Im-cv {]tbm-P-\-s--Xv. Adp-]-Xp-I-fnse t]mtXmw-ks Xe-apd IqSp-X
ey-t_m-[-tm-Sp-IqSn tiJ-c-W- \S-n. Cu L-n hmsam-gn-]-T\w Ncn{X-ns ]pd-tm-n-ep--h-cpsS samgn-I kzoI-cn-p-sImv Ahp-thn \nesIm-p. B \nebvv AeIvkv tlen-bpsS ]T-\-fpw {][m-\-am-bn-op.
]nm-ev hwiob kmap-Zm-bnI ]T-\-pw kv{Xo]-T-\-pw {]mtZinI Ncn-{X-\nn-Xnpw hmsam-gn-I kzoIm-cy-am-bn-p-S-n. hmsam-gn-m-c--cy-]-T\-ns hym]-I-amb {]Nm-c-sbpw coXn-im-kv{X-]-c-amb hf-sbbpw kqNn-n-p-h-bm-Wv Ccw ]T-\-. F]-Xp-I-fnse ]T-\- am-ns hy-amb
kqN-\-I \Ip-p. hmsam-gn-I-fpsS hnizm-ky-X-bn \nv N AXns ]nn
{]hn-p t_m[-n-tepw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-{]-iv\--fn-tepw IS-p-p. Hmtcm
hyn-bp-sSbpw `mjWw Hmtcm {]I-S-\-ambn hni-I-e\w sNWw Fpw Xpthn hmZn-p-tm t]mepw kv{XoIfpw Iogm-fcpw A[o-i-hy-h-lm-c-ns _e-X{-p hgn-s-Spp Fp-ap Is-, hnai-\m--I-amb hne-bn-cp-
Cu cwKv Bh-iy-am-sW Xncn--dn-hp-m-n. Cs temI-t_m-[hpw cmjv{Sob-\n-e-]mSpIfpw Hmsb cq]-s-Sp-p {][m-\-L-S-I-ambn hne-bn-cp--s-p.
_n-Mvlm-anse ka-Im-enI kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-tI{w Hmd ln-dnsb hnainm-\mbn t]mp-e sadn {Kqv (Popular memory Group) Fsmcp kwL-S-\-Xs
cq]o-I-cn-p. A[o-i-{]-Xy-b-imkv{Xw Fs\ BJym-\--fn {]h-\--a-am-hpp
Fv Ah hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p. Am-Zn-anIv Bb Ncn-{X-Im-ccpw BthZIcpw Xn3

ep Ak-a-amb _-sbpw Ch tNmZyw-sN-bvXp. BZy-Im-e-]-T-\--fn Xs

hwio-b-Xbpw hnth-N-\hpw hmsam-gn-]-T-\-n ]cn-K-Wn--s-n-cp-s-nepw enwKt`Zw Ku\n--s-n-. Ahn-sSbpw hnjbw ]pcp-js Pohn-Xhpw A\p-`-h-fpw Xsbm-bn-cp-p. CXn-s\m-Sp FXnmWv kv{Xohm-Z-]-T-\-v hgn-Xp-d--Xv.
tdmt_mm (Rowbotham) ans Hidden from History5 F i-am-b-{]-tbmKhpw ]pXnb s^an-\nv Ah-t_m-[hpw Hmd ln-dn-bpsS coXn-im-kv{X-nse ]pXnb
hgn-n-cn-hm-bn-cp-p. `mj-bnse LS-\m-hm-Zhpw LS-\m-hm-Zm-\-c knm--fpw
{]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-nb kv{XoI-fpsS Ncn-{X-]-T-\- `mj-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[m-\-shsc
{]iv\-h-XvI-cn-p-I-bp-m-bn.6 BJym-\-sf `uXnI kmaq-lnI kml-N-cy--fn-ep-dnp hni-I-e\w sNmsX CXnse Ak-a-Xz-sbpw Iog-S--en-s\bpw Ipdnv ]Tnm-\m-hn-sp tPm kmMv hmZn-p-p. (1998, 87). kmMv-dpsS ]T-\--fmWv
ka-Im-enI sskm-nI {]iv\--tfmSpw cmjv{Sob {]iv\-]-cn-k-c--tfmSpw _nnp hmsam-gn-m-c--cy-]-T-\s aptmp sImp-t]m-b-Xv.
BwKy-fpw [z\n-I-fp-a-Sw ]e Xe--fp samgn-Isf ]Ip-tm \jvSam-Ip--sX-mWv? GXp ka-b-]-cn-[n-bn-emWv Ch Ds-Sp-Xv? At\z-j-W-L--ntem, A`n-apJw\S-nb ka-btm Fn-s\ At\Iw tNmZy- Ch kzbw
tNmZn-p-I-bp-mbn CtXmsS ap sshm-\nI taJ-e-I-fp-ambn hmsam-gn-]-T\w IntN-s-p. CtXmsS tXmXnepw Xc-nepw hmsam-gn-m-c--cy-]-T-\-n\p am-ap-mbn. kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw, kmln-Xy-hn-m-\w, \c-hw-i-im-kv{Xw, a\:imkv{Xw, kwkvImc-]-T-\w, `mjm-im-kv{Xw, kwth-Z\ ]T\w Fn-h-bp-am-sbmw kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-n
Poh-N-cn-{X-]-T-\-pw kmln-Xy-hn-m-\-n B-I-Ym-]-T-\-pw Cu amn {]tXyI {]m[m-\y-ap-v.
{]mtbm-Kn-I-cw-K--fnepw hmsam-gn-]-T\w Ne-\--fp-m-n. hnZym-`ymkw, `qanbpsS Imcy-n-ep Ah-Im-i-m-]-\w, tImSXn hyh-lmcw, m]-\--fp-sSbpw
{]m-\--fp-sSbpw Ncn{Xw Fn-h-bn-semw hmsam-gn-]-T-\- {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-Ibp-m-bn.
kv{Xo]-T-\--fnse Dm-gvN-I
Hmd ln-dnbpsS ]T-\-co-Xn-I-fn Xs Kuc-h-ta-dnb am-p hgn-sh
]T-\-im-J-bmWv kv{Xohm-Zw. `mj-bnse {]Xn-\n-[m-\-a-S--ap ]pXnb knm--
kPo-h-ambn Cu cwK-p-sIm-p-h--Xv kv{Xo ]T-\--fm-Wv. Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bpsS Hcp
coXn-im-kv{X-nepw kv{Xo Alamwhn[w ]cn-K-Wn--s-n-cp-n-. GXv Ncn-{X-nem-bmepw BJym-Xm-hns As-n BJym-\-]--Xn-bpsS krjvSn am{X-am-bn-cpp
kv{Xo. kv{XoIXs Fgp-Xn-bn-p Ncn-{Xhpw Cu _rl-Zm-Jym-\-]m-c--cy-ns
krjvSn-bm-Wv. Fm kv{XoI Ncn-{X-n \nv ]pd---s-Sm-\p ImcWw
]pcp-j-stbm Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c-m-cp-sStbm D]-Pm-]-^-e-a-spw ]pcp-j-tI-{n-X-amb
Ncn-{X-c-N\m coXn-bm-sWpw sKZ se\ \nco-n-p-pv (Showalter, 1985, 252).
]Ip-Xn-tbmfw hcp Hcp P\-hn-`m-K-ns {]mXn-\n-[y-an-m Ncn{Xw Fs\
P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amIpw F tNmZyw D-bn-p-sImv BZy-Im-ev kam--c-amb Ncn{X-c-N-\m-]--Xn-bm-Wn-h kzoI-cn--Xv. Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fn \npw ]pd--n-b-hsc
]p\:{]Xn-jvTn-, (Linda Gorden : 1988, 91) Ncn-{X-sa-gp-n \nv (Writing History)
Ncn{Xw Xncp-p--Xn-tev (Righting History) amdp-p-v. ImcWw Ncn{Xw Ftmgpw
kv{Xop \evInb m\w ]pcp-j B{K-ln-p Nne hmp-am-Xr-I-I-fm-Wv. FpsImv hkvXp-X-I Ah-K-Wn--sp Fpw Ctm Ah tNmZyw sN-s-Sp-Xpw
AwKo-I-cn--s-Sp-Xpw Fp-sIm-mWv Fpw At\z-jn-p-tm am{Xsa Ncn-{Xsa-Xv hkvXp-X-I-fpsS At\z-j-W-nepw D]-cn-bmb Hm-sWv a\-kn-em-m-\mIq

(Joan Wallach Scott : 1996, 3). AXp-sIm-p-Xs kv{Xo ]cn-t{]-y-n-ep Hcp Ncn{X-c-N-\m-co-Xn-bn-emWv Cv kv{Xo]-T-\- Dup--Xv.
kv{Xosb ]Z-ns {]Xn-\n-[m-\-n-e-S-n-bn-p cmjv{Sobhpw Ch
ImWmsX t]mbn-n-. 20-mw \qm-n-s\m-Sp-hn hn-p ]T-\- Ccw hyXykvX-X-I ]cn-K-Wn-p-sIm-p-h Xs-bm-Wv. Fgp-]-Xp-I-fpsS Ah-km-\-nXs
s^an-\n-k
- nse shfp-ns kqN-\I
- fpw (Audre Lorde) `n-ssew-Kn-IX
- zhpw (Monique
witting) tNmZyw sN-s-p. Cu hyXy-kvX-X-I-fpsS kqN-\-I s^an-\n-k-ns
{]kn \jvS-s-Sp-m-\ AXn-s\-p-dn-p s]mXp-t_m-[s ]p\\n-Nn-m\mWv {ian--Xv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs ]mm-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXy-hpw, Hmw-tem-Ihpw
aqmw-tem-Ihpw Xn-ep hyXykvXXI-sfmw Xs CXns ]T-\-ta-J-e-bn DsSp--Xm-Wv.
kv{XohmZ-]-T-\hpw hmsam-gn-]-T-\hpw sFIy-s-Sp taJ-e-I ]e-Xp-v. Ncn{X-c-N-\-bpsS hkvXp-\n-jvT-kz-`m-h-s {]iv\-h-XvI-cn-p-sIm-m-Wv kv{XoN-cn-{X-c-N-\sb-p-dn-p k-ev]-\- Ch aptm-p-sh-n-p--Xv. Ncn-{X-ns GI-cq-]-X,
\mb-I-tI-{n-XXzw XpS-nb k-ev]-\--sfbpw Cu ]T-\-co-Xn-I Xnc-kvI-cn-p-p.
hmsam-gn-]T
- \
-
- kv{XoI-fn\nv XpS-
- nXs samgn-I kzoI-cn-n-cp-s-nepw
AXns cmjv{So-b-am-\- ]nevm-ev hfsc N-sN--s-p. hnj-bnbpw hnjbhpw Xn \ne-\n-evp A[n-Imc Iogm-f_
-
- hpw tNmZyw sN-s-n-p-v. BcmWv
kv{XoI-fpsS A`n-ap-J-n\v A\p-tbm-Py-cm-bn-p--Xv. kv{XoIX-s-bmtWm? ka{]m-b-m? AtX h-hn-`m-K-n Ds--h? C-s\-bp tNmZy- hmsamgn
]T-\-ns coXn-im-kv{X-s-s hni-I-\-hn-t[-b-am-m D]-I-cn-p. kv{XoI-fpsS
km{-Zm-bnI KmlnI Npa-X-e-Isf al-z-h-XvI-cnv ImtW--Xptm FXpw Cu
L-n Nm-hn-j-b-am-bn.
Ncn-{X-tc-JI
- f
- n \np-Xs \njvIm-kn-Xc
- m-bh
- s
- c-p-dn-p Hm-I, hmsamgn-m-c--cy-]-T-\-n hfsc {][m-\-am-Wv. GXv hn`m-K-n-em-bmepw Ncn{Xw ]pd-n-b-h-cmWv Krl--I. Chsc Bhn-jvI-cn-m-\mbn hmsam-gn-bpsS IY-bmWv Kthj-I At\z-jn--Xv. AXp-sIm-mWv CsXmcp Ncn-{X-tc-Jm-\nmWw am{X-a-sv
sj\-v A`n-{]m-b-s--Xv. \psS apKm-an-I-fpsS Pohn-X-v aqeyw Iev]n-p-Xp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Xs {]hr-n-sb Ah-t_m[w \apv Ap-X-I-c-amb ktmjhpw BImw-bpw \evIp-sa--h ]d-bpp (1996, 229).
km{-Zm-bn-I-N-cn-{Xhpw hmsam-gn-]-T-\hpw
hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb IW-s-Sp-p-I-fmWv Ncn{Xw F k-ev]-\-n\v Cf--apm-bn-cn-p--Xv. kmaq-lnI{Ia-n hcp GXp-am-hpw a\p-jys at\m-`m-h-n
hcp am-am-sWpw hnhn[ ]T-\-im-J-I-fn-eqsS am{Xw km[y-am-Ip HmWv Ncn{X-c-N\ Fpw Cv AwKo-I-cn--s-n-p-v. CX-\p-k-cnv Ncn-{X-c-N-\bvp kzoI-cnp D]m-Zm-\--fnepw kmc-amb hyXym-k- hcp-p. 1948- Ata-cn--bn Bcw`n hmsam-gn-N-cn-{X-]-Xn hmsam-gn-bn\np IrXy-Xbpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-X-bp-ap Ncn{X-h-kvXp-X-I Is-m-\mWv {ian--Xv. Cs\ hfscmew km{-Zm-bn-I-amb
Ncn-{X-k--ev]--fpsS _e-n hkvXp-\n-jvT-X, hnizm-ky-X, IrXy-X, XpS-nb Imcy Dd-p-h-cp-m-\p {ia- XpSn-cp-p. ssan ^njns ]T-\-v
hym]-I-amb {]Nmcw e`n--tmgpw hmsamgn ]T-\- Ncn-{X-]-T-\-ns `mK-ambn
AwKo-I-cn-m-Xn-cp--Xn-s\-p-dnv sdmWmUv sP.-{Koen kqNn-n-n-p-v. (1998, 38-39)
enJn-X-N-cn-{X-tc-J-I-fpsS hnizm-ky-Xbpw tNmZyw sN-s-p-Xp-S-n-b-tXmsS Written

sources : What is their use? Fp tNmZn-m-\p Icpv Cu ]T-\-ta-J-ebvv ssIhp. ]noSv hmsam-gn-bpsS hnizm-ky-X-sb-p-dn-p tNmZy--f sskm-nI {]iv\-fmWv Ch ]T-\-ta-J-e-bn N-sN--s--Xv.

Cy ]m-ew
Iem-]--fpsS Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-co-Xn-bn ]e-tmgpw hmsam-gnsb Ah-ew-_n-m-dpv. Iem-]s AXn-Po-hn--h-cp-sStbm Cc-I-fp-sStbm samgn-I CXn-\mbn tiJ-cnp-p. A`n-ap-J- IrXy-amb tcJ-bmn thXn-cn-m-bn-cnpw D]-tbm-Kn-p-I.
CXp ]e-tmgpw Iem-]--fpsS ImcWw shfn-s-Sp-mt\m As-n Ncn-{X-c-N-bnXmhp Is-nb hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb Imcy-sf _e-s-Sp-mt\m Bbn-cnpw.
imkv{Xo-b-amb coXn-bn Bss-hp-I-fntem sse{_-dn-I-fntem ]pkvX-I-cq-]-ntem
e`y-am-m-hp Um-I-fm-bn-mWv Ch ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-I.7
jloZv Aan, Nucn-Nucm kw`-h-s-p-dn-s-gp-Xnb IrXn-bn {]mtZ-inI
P\--fn\np tiJ-cn Hm-I Ncn-{X-tc-J-bmbn kzoI-cn-p-p-v. Ch-bn
AXn-i-tbm-n-Ifpw Iqn-t-ep-Ifpw Bh-\-fpw ]-]m-X--fp-sa-m-ap-mhm-sav k-Xn-p-p-s-nepw F-s\-bmWv HutZym-KnI tcJ-I-fnse Bi--Isfbpw kn-Kv-X-I-sfbpw shfn-hm-p--sX--tlw At\z-jn-p-p. jln ambmdmw, tZiv ]mWvsU XpS-n-b-h-cpsS ]T-\--fnepw hmsam-gn-Isf apJy Ah-ew-_-ambn
kzoI-cn-n-p-v.
kv{XoI-fpsS B-I-Ym-Jym-\-sf tI{o-I-cn-p ]T-\- hnm-\-ta-Je-If
- psS AXnh-c
- p-Is
- f-s kn-Kv[a
- m-n-bX
- mbn ImWmw. hyn-]c
- a
- mb BJym\--fn \np shfn-hm-Ip Ncn-{X-ns `n-t{]-y--fm-Wv. Cym-]mIv hn`-P\- s - p- d n- p Din _qm- e n- b psS Other side of Silence F IrXnsb
hyXykvXamp-Xv (1998). Ncn-{X-n-s hyn-\n-c-t]--Xsb ]oUm-\p-`-h-ns
sshIm-cn-I-X-sIm-m-Wn-h ]Icw shbvp--Xv. cmjv{Sob-ambpw sshIm-cn-I-ambpw
Am-Z-an-I-ambpw X\nv XmXv]-cy-ap Cu hnj-b-n hkvXp-\n-jvT-X-bpsS \mSymbn Hcn-epw sshIm-cn-I-amb Xm]-cy-sf amn \nm-\m-hn-s--h
]d-bp-p. cmjv{Sobsbpw amn-\nm-\m-hn-. As\ CXns\ Ncn-{X-am-m
{ian-m CXv ]Sn-p-]p-d-m-Ip-sapw AXp-sImv Ncn-{X-n Personal F-hmp-IqSn tNm-\p {ia-amWo ]pkvX-I-sa-p-amWv Ah hni-Zo-I-cn-p--Xv.
sXep-m\ ka-c-s-p-dn-p kv{XoI-fpsS `mjy-amWv R Ncn{Xw \nnp-I-bm-bn-cpp F IrXn-bn-ep--Xv. (Lalitha. K.etal 1989) CXn ]s-Sp ]Xn\p kv{XoI-fpsS Pohn-XI
- Y
- b
- n-eq-sS-bmWp sXep-m-\m-ka
- c
-
- ns kv{Xo]-cn-t{]yw
Kth-j-I-cp-sSbpw kv{Xohm-Z-{]-h-I-cp-sSbpw Iqmbva shfn--p-sIm-p-h-cp--Xv.
kv{XoI-fpsS ImgvN Fs\ CXns cmjv{So-b-N-cn-{Xs tNmZyw sNp-Ibpw amn-adn-p-Ibpw sNpp Fv Cu {Kw shfn-s-Sp-p-p.
hfsc {]Xo--I-tfm-sS-bmWv ]e kv{XoIfpw Cu t]mcm--n ]m-fn-I-fm-Ip-Xv. ]gb BNm-c-sf ewLn-m-\p thZn-bmbnH-bvpw cm{Xn-bnepw bm{X-sNm\pw tXms-Sp-m\pw bpw sNm-\p-sa-m-ap Ah-kc
- a
- m-bn-Xns\ ImWp-p. Ah
_mn t]mhp-Ibpw sXcp-hn ]{Xw hnp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]mn-bp-am-bp _w
Ah-cpsS Ah-t_m-[-ns kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp hfbvv Imc-W-am-Ip-p-v. hmbnp-Ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw s]mXp-th-Zn-I-fn {]kw-Kn-p-Ibpw sNp-pv Ah. Aamw_ CXns\ Magic of that item FmWv hnti-jn-n-p--Xv. A\-kq-b, ]mnbmWv Rsf a\p-jy-cm-n-bXv Fv ]d-bp-p-v. Cs\ Pohn-Xhpw t_m[hpw
Fs\ kzX-{-am--sp F-h hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p. ]t, ]mn-bn-te-p {]thiw, AXn-\-Ip {]hn-p-tm-gp {]bm-k- Chp-t\sc Dbp kZm-

Nm-c-{]-iv\- Fmw kv{XoI-fpsS BJym-\- shfn-p sImp-h-cp-p. IpSpw_-sbpw Ipn-I-sfbpw Pohn-tXm-]m-[n-I-sf-bp-samw Dt]-n-n-d-n-tm-b-h Fmw
Fn-\p-thnbmbn-cpp Fv \ncm-i-s-Sp-p. t]mcm--n-s \mfp-I Ign-tm XIs-dn aXnsI-p-I-sfmw IqSp-X _e-n Chsc IpSpw-_-n-\Iv _n-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. C\n t]mbn IeymWw Ignq FmWv CXns
Kdnm kvIzmUn {]hn Hcp kv{Xosb (ap kzcm-Pyw) Ah-cp-]-tZ-in-p--Xv.
hon-tev ]na-S-m\pw AXm-W-h-cpsS bYm CSw Fp-ap D]-tZ-i-amWv IqSpX Xsf thZ-\n-n-Xv (272) FmWv Ah tcJ-s-Sp-p--Xv. X kln
XymK-fpw t]mcm--fpw X-fpsS Pohn-X-hy-h-sb Hpw amn-bn-s--h Xncn-dn-bp-p. kv{XobpsS {]iv\w ^yqU-en-k-n-tXp am{X-a-sv CXv hy-am-p-pv.
hn`-P-\-ns Ncn{Xw Fgp-Xp-tm Din _qm-en-bbpw FSpp ]d-bpXv hmsam-gn-km-y--fpsS {]m[m-\y-amWv (39), tlmtfm tImns Ncn-{X-s-pdn-s-gp-Xnb sPbnwkv bns\ ]np-Sp-sImv `qm-enb ]d-bp-Xv hn`-P-\-ns
Ncn-{X-tmfw Xs {]m[m-\y-ap--XmWv CXns kmln-Xy-nse, Ncn-{X-nse,
cmjv{So-b-n-se, {]Xn-\n-[m-\-fpw CXn-s\-p-dn-p hyn-]-c-amb hmsam-gn-kmy--fp-sa-m-Wv. GsX-nepw Hcp kw`-h-ns hkvXpX F B \ne-bvp-am-{Xa F-s\-bmWv hkvXpX P\- Hmp--Xv, AXv Fs\ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNs-Spp F \ne-bvp-IqSn {]m[m-\y-ap-v.
AtXm-sSmw Xs Hm-Ifpw Ncn-{X-hpw-X-n-ep _s hfsc kqvaambn hni-I-e\w sNp ]T-\-fpw Dv. Zot]jv N{I-_n-bpsS Memories of
Displacement, The Peotry and Prejudice of Dwelling F teJ\w8 _wKmhn-`m-P-\-Imes Zpc-\p-`-h--fpsS BJym-\- Fs\ Ncn-{X-n \np `n-am-bn-cn-pp
Fp-hn-i-Zo-I-cn-p--XmWv. hn`-P-\-s-p-dntm AXns Zpc---sf-p-dntm
BJym-Xm-v Adn-bn-. Hcp Znhkw s]sv Abmcpw kplr-p--fp-am-bncp--h Fp-sImv Xsf ]nd an\nv HmSn-p-hnp Fp hni-Zo-I-cn-p-h-bmWv BJym-\-. A-Snp {]kn-o-I-cn--s-h F \nebvv Cu ]pkvX-In-eh
- X
- c
- n-n-p cmjv{So-ba
- m-\
- Xo-bmbpw hni-Ie
- \w sN-s-tS-X
- p-s
\ne-]m-Sm-Wn-Xn Zot]jv N{I-_n kzoI-cn-p--Xv. CXnse BJym-\-L-S-Isf
hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-sImv BJym-\--fp-Xv]m-Zn-n-p kmwkvIm-cn-I-aq-eyhpw \mjWm-en-nsb kw_-n k-ev]-fpw F{]-Im-c-amWv _wKm-fnse apow]mc--cys
\ntj-[n-p--sXv Atlw hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.
Cs\ hyXykvX ]T-\-ta-J-e-I-fn ]eX-c-n hmsam-gn-I Cv kzoI-cn-s-Sp-p-v. Bss-hp-I-fnse ioXo-I-cn--s Um F-Xn-e-pdw CXns
{]Xn-\n-[m-\-]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb am\- hni-I-e\w sN-s-Sp-tm-gmWv kwkvImc-]-T\w F \nebvv Ch {]k--am-Ip--Xv.
{_no-jm-[n-]-Xy-n\p Iogn ChnsS hfp h tZio-b-t_m-[-amWv \psS
kzmX-{y-k--ev]-sf cq]-s-Sp-p--Xv. ]t, Cy-sb tZi--cm-jv{Ssp-dnp hnime kev]w At\Iw {]h\(exclusion)--fn-eq-sS-bmWv cq]-s-Sp-Xv.9 B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Cu GIo-I-c-W-bpn hyXy-kvX-am-b-Xn-s\-sbmw ASn--app. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Chn-Sps kzmX-{y-k-a-c- A[n-\n-th-i-k-aq-lhpw A[n\nhnjvT kaq-lhpw Xn-ep kwLjw am{X-a tImf-\n-h-ev-cn--s kaq-ln-S-bn-ep sshcp-[y-fpw IqSn Dsm-p--Xm-Wv. ]miz-h-ev-cn--s
kv{Xo, ZenXv, {]mtZ-inI kwkvIm-c-sf Dsm-m Ccw tZi-cmjv{S k-en-\m-Ip-n-. tZio-b-X-bpsS _rl-Zm-Jym\ ]-Xn-bn Ftmgpw Ccw LS-I-

 Hmc--fn-tev amn-\n-s-Sp-p. {]mtZ-inI khn-ti-j-X-I {]Xn-]m-Zn-ptmgpw Ahsb tZiob t\Xr-Xz-ns B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bn-tep ka-\z-bn-n-t-n-hcp-Xv CXp-sIm-m-Wv.
Hcp kap-Zm-bs H-Sw kzm[o-\n Iem]w Fv ]e-tmgpw hyh-l-cn-s-Sp-p-s-nepw Ah-bn-sempw CtX kap-Zm-b-nse kv{XoI-fpsS kmn-[y-an-.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v Iem] _m[nX {]tZ-is P\-kw-Jy-bpsS IWv tUm.-sI.-F.
]Wn- Against Lord and State F IrXn-bn Ah-X-cn-n-p-pXv t\mp-I.
Iem-]-n\v kmyw-h-ln \mev sX Xmeq-p-I-fn 6,88,731 amnf-am-cp-m-bn-cp-p. \mep-t]-cn Hcm-sf IW-n-se-Sp-mXs
Ah-cn 1,72,183 t] {]mb-]qn-sb-nb ]pcp-j-m-cm-bn-cp-p.
Fm Iog-Sn-b-hcpw Adv sN-s--hcpw Fmw ASw Iem-]n kPo-h-ambn ]s-Sp--h-cpsS kwJy 50,000tm-fta hcq. {]mb]qn-h ]pcp-j-m-cmb amn-f-am-cpsS samw kwJy-bpsS aqnsem-n Xmsgtb AXv hcp-p-q. (2001; 165,166)
{]mb-]qn-sb-nb ]pcp-j-msc am{X-amWv Iem-]-n ]s-Sp--h-scv
thXn-cn-p--Xv. kmaqlyLS-\-bpsS hni-I-e-\-nepw kv{XoI- ]q-ambpw AZriy-cm-Wv. ]noSv Iem-]-ns IW-s-Sp-p-I-fn- Ds-SmsX t]mIp Hcp hn`mKw,
lnp-shpw apo-sapw D hn`-P-\-fnsempw Ds-SmsX t]mIp Ah
hn`m-K-am-Wv. Chsc ]e-I-W-p-I-fnepw lnp hn`m-K-n-eps-Spn hyh-l-cn-pp-s-nepw av lnp-hn`m-K--fn \np hyXy-kvX-am-Wv Ch-cpsS {]iv\-fpw
el-f-I-fnse kmn-[y-hpw. ]T\-fnse kv{XoIfpsS Akm-n[yw kqNn-n-p-Xv
Iem-]-Im-ev kv{XoI Cm-bn-cp-p-shtm Ah-cn-Xn `mK-`m-m-bn-cp-n-stm
A. adnv ae-_m Iem-]-s-p-dn-p ]T-\- aptm-p-sh tZio-b-X-bpsS
_rl-Zm-Jym\ ]mc--cy-n Chv m\-an-sp am{X-am-Wv. AXp-sImv Cu
tZio-b-hy-h-lmcw Hgnp \nnb kv{Xo/ZenXv/{]mtZ-inI Pohn-X-ns khn-ti-jX-I BWv Cu ]T\w {][m-\-ambpw At\z-jn-p--Xv. ae-_m-dnse {]tZ-i--fn
\np kzoI-cn hmsam-gn-I-fmWv Cu ]T-\-n\v D]-mZm-\-ambn kzoI-cn-n-p--Xv.
Chbvv apJy-[m-cm-N-cn-{X-n ]cm-ain GsX-nepw Ncn-{X-h-kvXp--fpambn _-ap-m-bn-cn--W-sa-n As\ _-aptm F-t\z-jn-pI Cu ]T\-ns ey-a-. ]Icw Hmbpw ad-hn-bp-ambn Fs\ Cu Iem]w P\--fn
\ne-\n-evpp Ft\zjn-p-I-bm-Wv.
Cu ]T\ns hgn enJnX tcJIsf Ahew_npXmhpI km[ya.
Iem]n ]sSppIbpw AXns Zpc^ef\p`hnpIbpw sNbvX Hcp
kmam\yP\X CXns\ Fs\ kvacn-pp FpXmWnXns At\zjW hnjbw.
ChnsS Ncn{Xspdn p hoWw Xs hyXykvXamWv. Ncn-{X-n-\p-]-Icw
Ncn-{X--fm-Wp--sX \ne-]mSmWn-hnsS kzoI-cn-n-p--Xv.
Ccnep ]pXnb Ncn{X hoWsf ap\nn At\Iw
BJym\ tN hnhcWambn Ncn{Xs ImWm\p {iaamWv Cu ]T\w.
Cv apJy[mcmNcn{X D]mZm\fnsemmbn hmsamgnsb kzoIcnppv Ahbn
\nv Cu ]T\n\p hyXymkw cp coXnbnemWv.
(1) apJy[mcmNcn{Xw ]cnKWnnnm kv { XoIfpsSbpw ap Iogmf
hn`mKfpsSbpw BJym\mbncnpw CXn {]mapJyw.
(2) CXnep]tbmKnnp BJym\ Ncn{X]T\ns AkwkvIrX
hkvXpf, adnv Ncn{X hniZoIcW XsbmWv F ImgvNmSmWv

kzoIcnnpXv.
]T\ns sskmnIZni
GXv sshm\nI taJebpsS coXnimkv { Xhpw Imem\pkrXambn
]cnjvIcnsnpv. Ncn{X ]T\nepw Cu amw henbtXmXn \Sphcpp.
]pXnb `mjm knmfpw \hNcn{XhmZkao]\fpsamw CXns
coXnimkv{Xn KpW]cambns ]phlnnpv. Htcsbmcp ]mTns
B[nImcnIX m]nm\p {iaambn FgpXsSp Ncn{Xw Cv tNmZyw
sNsSppv . HutZymKnIamb Hcp ]mTns Bhnjv I mcn\pn
HXpmhpX. P\PohnXns koXIsf Xncndnhv Cpv .
Fmns\bpw Dsmp Hcp _rlZv N cn{Xn\p ]Icw khntijamb
Ncn{XfmWv Cv kzoImcyw. Chbvpam{Xta khntijamb PohnX
k{Zmbsfbpw Ah krjvSnp AdnhpIsfbpw Dsmm\mhpIbpq.
iIenXamb cN\mcoXn imkv{XobXsbbpw {]mamWnIXsbbpw XIpsap
Btcm]W Cn.
Cu \nebvp Npcpw Nne ]cn{ia
tIcfns \Sphcppv.10 CXv Ncn{XcN\bpsS Imcyn am{Xw
_m[IambX.
]pXnb knmfpw amdnb Imet_m[hpsamw
hnm\imJIfpsS thXncnhpIsfs AXnewLnp ]ckv]cw
kzoIcnsSpp. AXpsImpXs Ncn{Xw, \chwi imkv{X ]T\w, kv{XohmZ
]T\w, kmaqlyimkv{X]T\w F an IWniamb thXncnhpI Cv {]ka.
Ncn{XhniZoIcWambmepw `mjbpsS hnhcWambmepw Fmw `mjbpsS
BJym\km[yXI am{XamsW \ne]mSmWv Cp{]_ew.
Cs\ Ncn{Xa Ncn{XfmWpXv F ImgvNmSn \npsImv Hmtcm
a\pjy\pw Xs PohnXs kv]in X\ndnbmhp ae_m Iem]sa
kw`hs Fs\ ImWpp Fp hniIe\w sNm\mWv Cu ]T\n
{ianpXv.
Hcp {]tZis apgph P\hn`mKnsbpw kmaqlnIhpw
kmwkvmcnIhpamb PohnXssiensbs amnadn kw`hamWnXv. CXns
kokz`mhw
Ncn{XcN\bpsS
coXnimkv{X]cnanXnIfm
Xakvcnsnptm? Htcsbmcp ]mTns B[nImcnIkz`mhw CXnse
_lpkzcsf \ni_vZamnbnptm? cmjv{Sob{]iv\s Fs\ ham\
n\npsImv BJymXmhv ]p\:chXcnnpp? ]mccy BJym\ amXrII
F{]ImcamWhcpsS kwkvImcns Bib{]Imi\ tijnsb hnIknnpXv
Fsmap At\zjWw. B\p`mhnIhmZ]camb Ccw BJym\sf
a\nemm AmZanIv [ojWmimenw am{Xw t]mscpw AmZantIXcamb
Aht_m[w IqSn BhiyamsWpw, tP lmKnkv \ntinppv (1990, 76).
AXpsImpXs Adnhns\ pdnp km{ZmbnI [mcWIsf Xr]vXnsSpp
Imcy Cu BJym\fpsS hniIe\n\nv shfnspsImW san.
IrXzcq]oIcWsbpw kzXzm\sbpw ap\n p Cu
]T\n Ccw BJym\ hnebncptXv hyhlmchniIe\ns
km[yXI IqSn D]tbmKsSpnbmWv. Cu ]T\w eyampXv
hkv X p\njv T Xtbm hyhlmc hniIe\neqsSbp hosSppIfneqsS
e`np Ncn{Xns hyXykvXJWvUsfbmWv; GIinemXzItam GIXm\tam
Am `qXIme JWvUsf.

II
ae-_m Iem-]-ns Ncn{Xw ]e-X-c-n Fgp-X-snp-v. sImtfm-Wnb, tZiobw, amIvkn-b Fsms hnti-jn-n--s-Sm-hp Xc-n-ep Cu
]T\ ]cn-{i-a-sf ]m--e-n-tev \on \nn-sm-m-Wn-hnsS hmsam-gnbpsS hgn kzoI-cn-p--Xv. hmsamgn hg--n-se-p-tm BJym\w kzXz-{]-[m-\am-bn-o-cp-p. Hm-A
- Xp hyn-KX
- tam kmaq-ln-Itam BImw-h
- m-p-If
- n-eqsS `mjm
amXr-I-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-n-p-tm ]e-X-c-n-ep \n-b-\-p hnt[-b-am-Ipp-v. PmXn, aXw, tZiw, Imew, enwKw Fn-h-sbmw BJym-\-n \nm-bI
LS-I--fm-bn-o-cp-p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Ccw \n-b-\- {]I-S-am-p
]T\ ]-Xnv {]k-n-bp-v. ChnsS s]sam-gn-Iv {]tXyI {]m[m\yw \evIn
ae-_m Iem-]-ns Ncn{Xw AhbneqsS t{ImUo-I-cn-m {ian-p-I-bm-Wv. CXnse
Bth- Z - I - c n ]Ip- X n- b n- e - [ nIhpw kv { XoI- f mWv Ch- c n an- h cpw hnm\
hn\nabn Xv bmsXmcp ]pans hnizmkmcmWv. ae_m Iem]w
t]msebp alm kw`hsf pdnp hnes AdnhpIsfmpw kv{XoIv
\Im\mhn F A`n{]mbw s]mXpkaqln\papv.
]qh]T\fpw kaImenI hnm\ ]cn{iafpw Iem]`qanbnse
apow kv{XoIsf BthZIcmbn ]cnKWnnn. t^mIvtemdnsbpw hmsamgnmc
cy]T\nsbpw {]tNmZ\n ]T\w XpSnbtm BthZIcpambp
A`napJoIcWw Xs coXnimkv{X {]iv\ Dmn. {]mtbmKnI Xenepmb
{]Xnknsb coXnimkv{XhnNn\amn hfm {ianpIbmWv ChnsS. hmsamgn-I-fn-eqsS ISp t]mIp-tm e`n-p IuXpIIc-amb Hcp Xncn--dnhv {]mtZ-inI
Iqmbva krjvSn-p \mb-Icpw Iem-]-Im-c-W-fpw apJy-[mcm BJym-\-fn \nv
hyXy-kvX-amWv F-Xm-Wv. tZicmjv{S Ncn-{X-ns hnim-e-X-bn \np cq]-s-Spnb Ncn{X ho-W--fn apI-fn\np ImgvN-bm-Wv DXvv. Cu ImgvN-bn
{]mtZ-inI LS-I- A{]-k-am-hp-Itbm ad-bv-s-Sp-Itbm sNmw. Fm
hmsam-gn-I-fn-eqsS shfnw ImWp P\--fpsS Ncn-{X-n kw`-h--fpsS ]nI
hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. ChnsS Ncn{X cN-\-bvp-]-Icw \nevp _Z Ncn-{X-sa \ne Ch-p-m-\w. {]mtZ-inI khn-ti-j-X-I-fn tI{o-I-cn-p kqva Ncn-{X-fm-Wn-h. kmam-\y--tf-m hnti-j--fn-em-Wnh Dup--Xv.
Hm-I-sf \nebvv Ncn-{X-saXnt\-m `qX-Im-es Fs\
Bhn-jvI-cn-pp Ft\zjn-m-\mWv CXn {ian--Xv. Fm ae-_m Iem]s kw_-n Ncn{X [mc-W-Isf Cu BJym-\- \nccw ]p\\nn-psIm-n-cp-p. Fp-sImv Iem]w, Fs\ AXv s]s--h-km-\np Fo tNmZyp-cw ]d-bm-\mWv Ncn{Xw {ian-p--Xv. Hcp hn`mKw P\--fn cq]-s
Cmin Ah-cpsS kacw, Ah-cpsS \jvS-, XymK-, kl-\-, {]Xn-tcm-[ Ch-sbmw Ncn-{X-n Ak-n-ln-X-am-Ip-p.
Fm `qXImes kw_nsXmw Xs bpn`{Ztam imkv{Xobtam
Asp ImWmw. ae_m Iem]s kw_n \mpsamgnI, AXns\
Ncn{Xns hgnIfn GI cq]hXvIcnm\pw {IaoIcnm\pap Fm {iasfbpw
XIphbmsWv ImWmw. Cs\ hyXykvXXItfmsS Fs\ ae_m Iem]w
\psS bpnIv hgm coXnbn \mpsamgnIfn BhnjvcnsSpp
Fv FSpp ImWm\mWo t]dn {ianpXv.
ae_mdne P\np hf GsXmcp hynsb kw_npw Iem]w
{IqcXbpsS sNdpp \nns XamiIfpsS IYIfmbn XeapdIfneqsS Cpw
HmnsSpp. Cu kvacWIsf DsImm Ncn{Xns NnsSpnb

10

hgnImhn. CXnse thZ\I kl\ Hpw Ncn{Xn\v {]Xn[m\w

sNm\mhmhbmWv.
aepdw taapdnbnepmb tUmskv B{IaWspdnv Hcp Ncn{X
]pkvXInse ]cmaiw Cs\bmWv.
]mfns s]cpamnepw Iem]ns KXnhnK XnInSbn
Xsbpw hgnncnhv IpdnXv taapdn Awin tUmskv
sdPnsans shmfw
1921 HIvtSm_ 25\v \Snb
ISm{IaWw sXmmbn
cpp. ChnSps amnf ]mnS
]mfw IqtmsS NpscnpIbpw elfbn kPoh ]mfn
anmhcpssS XtihmknIfmb AkwJyw amn famsc
Iqsme \SpIbpw sNbv X p. XpSpmb ISm{IaW
]ccbn taapdn sdbvUv BZytXpam{Xambncpp.
(tImdmkv hpUv: 2000, 242)
CXn A{IaWns `oIcX XpSp \Ip acWshcpsS kwJybn
HXpptm Dmphns BJym\n AXv {]nbshcpsS acWamWv .
]pcpjmscsbmw \ncn shSnsh Iqn _msb ]ncnbm IqmImXncp
aIfpsS acWw IqSnbmWv.
_vS _mtw, _y-t-s, Btey-sXm-Sqv csqw Imtcy-sm-Sqv
cs-qw, Btey-sm-Sqse anXow-Ip-ym-Pns B G\v Hpw. shSyv
s_-m-c s_Sy-X
- s. Fn\v s_-m-c Av Hmse _cWw
\S-ty-Xv. A-s\ms Hmev sNos Itm-sems Hmcv s_Sy-s. BWvsf Aw ]ns A-scv A-c-sm-dvv Bfvhv
Iqn-X-m-v X-m ]dvv fv ad-sN-p-t]m-sWmpw
Im-. (sX-p-Ip-tm-Ww) {Xt]mWw s_ev-n-semcp Ipv Ipomv (Bw-Kyw.) AXn-s\s IS-mt]Sn BWvsf Im Hmev
s_pw s_Sn AXnev ]ns-fv t_sdmpw t\mm Cey-. fv
Ipfn-n-smpw am. ]ntv Hgvv shw ]mvmm-tWtem
_n-s _mt. Ipm-esm-tWv t]cvvIv-W-Xv. s Am-k.11
aXm-Nm-c-{]-Imcw ad sNm-\m-ImsX Hgp-p-shw Hgnv HmsI Hcp Ipgn-bn ASn-b-Xn-s\-p-dn-mWo `mKv hnh-cn-p--Xv.
s]vfv Zo s]n-n-ey. tNey--sm-Sqse AXnev s]v-Wpv ]dp. shsSy-t-bvev. _mp-lm-Pn-sm-s. AXv Fs\ Bbmepw
C-s\-v ]n-]p-Sn-vmv _nSq-e. F{X....... s]vsf s_-eveytm. F{X tXmns Ntmv Ipymepw Hmfv t]mIq-e. Abnev
Av t]mbn. Hme-v sImtm-bvmv tXm-v Nqn-bmsc
s]v ]m-v sNp. sms\ s_Sn shvv Rm\n-hnsS \nq-em-dv sIn-m s_evmb s]p-tyv. Abn-evs\ ]n-p-Snv
\nv Hmev s_sSy-v, Av acn-v. Hme _mnw acnv. CXn-\m-ses\ sIn--Svo-\nwsm Hs tISvhv ImW-Ww.12
Dm-p-hns\ kw_-nv ae-_m Iem]w {]nb-s--h-cpsS ac-W-amWv. _msb
]ncn-bm Iqm-m-Xn-cp aIsf ASw sIme-s-Sp-nb {_no-jp-Im-cpsS {Iqc-XbmWv.
CXnse sshImcnIX, hyn_ AXns Xo{hX Hp DsImm

11

Ncn{Xns hgnImhn. A{IaWns IrXyamb XnXn tcJsSpphm\pw

{_nojv ]mfmcpsS \ofpw ]npScm\pamWv Ncn{Xw {ianpsXn Cu
BJym\w kw_hns kqvamwifntev ISpsNm {ianppv.
amXphns BJym\n {_nojpImcn \nv csSm kzoIcn
IuiesfpdnmWv ]dbpXv.
amXp : AXv BWvsfms s]mbvvWtm, Av s]v
sISmWv. F ]m{Xsfms H cp ]mSv F ]m{Xsfms
F, s\v s_fns, _ey amtfyImcyt Abn\v Hcp ]m
mcowv. Hcp ]mmco AXpw Xsmq. BWvfvsX mw
tIqSv _ w BWv sfms \mev _ bnpw av A s. Cu cv
s]vfv am{Xv _teymcv s]cnwIpSow Hs AXpv A s\
\nw Hmsc IX]dymWm, s\vs\ ]Xp Ge s_sSyms
s_tmps_nv. As\ Hmev Fv ]WnIqom Cu Ipns,
Iptysms atmev s Xomthmtem Ip tymf Xow
(Nncnpp) AsXmw IqSn Av _mcntXv AnXv Ipmbvev
Fmcpw IqSn _mcntXmsc. Ipn\os\ aen]pSnvmv Aw
_cv _p. _p IpSov _cv_v mv Hmtcmtcm ]mtjevs\
]dow Hme ]mj R v Xntcym Abnev s]mdv t]mIWwv ]
dp. Abnev s]mdvvv Fdtymtem s]mdvv Fdomv
AXpw B Xow IqSn Ip n\ns\ ]pSnpmv s\ Ipv
\nvdv. Abnev Hmcv Ahpvsms Imcn Fsms Nhpn
Hs adnv \mkmn AsXms Apsms Imcn sImsd
IpkpIpskms ]dmv _cs\ sImsd t\cs\
t\mtytem. Cu s]vsf Abnev Hcv ]mfw Hmtcmc ]mjs\
]dttem ]mImWv s_Sns_ ]mImv ]dtsc
aSotmbodv As\ Anfv B X Cmsc w
sImdvImembnsmq acnvv AXvw ]dvv AXv w
RmsXm RmsXm AXvs\ Hmtcmcvcv ]dnw
tIvmWv.13
CXv `oXn \nd Hc\p`hamWv. hensbmcp hon Hsv, s\p]XpsImv
]mfmsc t\cnXns hnhcWw. Ahcn \nv csSm Xow tZlv
tXpp. Fnepw ]mfmcpsS B{ZX IqSn ChnsS{]apJambn hcppv.
]mfm ]d `mj a\nemnbnsnepw AXv XtfmSenhpXmbncpp
Fnh hnebncppp. Ccw sNdpp \npI ]eXcn
\SnbncpXmbn BJym\n kqN\Ifpv . honse apXn kv { XoI
aphsc kwcnXv; kv{XoI Iqmbn A{IaWsf t\cnXv. \neqcnse
]mphns BJym\n kv{XoI Hcpanv tNv _lfw shmWv Hcp kv{Xosb
D]{Zhnm hhs\ HmSnXv.
tNm : fv ]m-f-msc IvtWm?
Mv...-lm....-]-m-f-ns\ Iv \tm ]pSym-Svv.
tNm : Fhn-sSm IXv?
s]cn-a--m....
50. 4 : tNm : fv Hfn-vtcvtm?

12

Mm....-lm.....-B...
tNm : Fhn-tS\n?
Rm.... AhvsS Ab-e-v hmv Ipm-m-dow, ]t, Fmcpw aqnnv Bfv IqSn. AhvSvv Hcv s]ns\ ]pSn-v.
tNm : Cv?
AtXsem--msS apn-n-cv v s\mtfm-fn-v.
tNm : GXv s]ns\ ]nSn--Xv. fv Adn-bp--tXs\ym?
Mvl...
tNm : Fm t]cv?
Hm-n....-H-m-n--dn-bpw.
tNm : Abns\ Fnt\ ]nSn-Xv?
Hmevv sImtm-Im-\v.
50. 5 : tNm : ]ns hnn?
At.... Bsfm-s-msS Iq-temfn s\mtem-fn--w. Hmev ]m-tfev Hcm-fvsm... B Bfv Hcp ]mj ]dv Abn-e-v hnv.14
Cs\ HcpanptNpw IuiefneqsSbpw XsStmsS B]ns\
t\cnXns hnhcfmWv Ch-bn-ep--Xv.
]mfmv t\tcbp ]cnlmkhpw t\cnp hnai\fpw Ccw
BJym\fnepv. Iangvnbn tXmWnIv Bm HfnncnpIbmsWp
[cnv tXmnse Xnc apgph Xov ]mfmsc ]cnlknp XcnemWv.
amXp Cu IY AhXcnnpXv Dmphns BJym\n t]meokpImsc t\cnv
hnainpXns hnhcWapv.
28. 9 : AhpSvvs sNtdy Ffm--dp Abn-v]fpw ]pSym-Svv. sf
]qf ]pIv Gbvv..... Av tNm sXmn BtW sf ]qf ]pIv Ivvn-m-smpw _sS Abn-s\mcv t]sSym-qey sfhpSvm t]mWnm
t]mW-mv s]mbvtm-fo--dv15
]m-f-ns Nph-p-sXm-nsb ]qf-qhv FmWnXn ]cn-l-kn-p--Xv.
ap hnhcWn Dmp Xs {]nbshsc sImesSpnbXn {_nojv
`cWtmSp i{XpXbpw tcJsSpppv . Cs\ i{XpXbphcmbpw
t]SnsSpphcmbpw {_nojpIm AhXcnnsSptm Xs
A]cnt\mSp A`n\nthihpw CXn ImWmw.
An-fv cn-en Pp--fs shfvshfvvvs {X {X _evv (Db-c-n-tev BKyw) Hmtcm-ns {Xv (BKyw t]mcm-v) A{X
_ey Pp--sfs Rsf apn-ao--fn-ey. A-s\s Pp--fv.
sXm--s\..... ]v No\n-m-Ip-cqs s\dv (Nn-cn-p-p.....)
(.......)
Im{X _ey Ppfv C{X \ sNmdpptmnfv Rmnny.
s_fvs_fvs\ s_fpnp Ppfv...16
sh-m-cs \ndw Dbcw, ]p-I Fmw ChnsS hn--s-Sp-p.
icocns Cu kqvaamb h\bn A\yamb kucytmSp

13

XrjvWbpw Bknbpw IqSn {]ISamWv. Jq ]mfns hnhcW Ah

Idpp Ipdnbhcpw kv { XoIsf D]{ZhnphcpamWv . Fm kv { XoIsf
D]{ZhnmhcmWv sh]m- f - m Fpw thXncnppv . \neqcnse
]mpphpw ]mfmsc sammcmWv FmWv ]cnNbsSppXv.
]mfmtcmSpff i{XpXbpw `oXnbpw ]cnlmkhpw tcJsSpptXmsSmw
Xs AhtcmSp XrjvWbpw IqSn {]ISamhptm Ncn{Xw cq]sSpnb IrXyamb
ZzzhevcWs XsbmWnXv sNdppXv. AXn \Xv/No, A[n\nthiI
(Colonisor)/A[n\nthinX (Colonising), tZiobw/{]mtZinIw Fo Zzz Fmw
Iogvta adnsSpIbmWv..
Cu ZzzfpsS \ntj[w Iem]ImcnItfmSp \ne]mSnepw ImWmw.
sImtmnbnse ssJdpokbpsS BJym\n {]Xnm\phcph
Iem]t\Xmhmb IpXmPnbpw IqpImcpamWv. IpZmPnbpsS klmbnbmb
Iphns acWw ssJdpok hnhcnpXv C{]ImcamWv.
As\ Ccn- W ka- b v sNdnb heym- h tey - A bn- s \- fv
Ivntey -AXv \d-smcv sNtdy- tXmvSvv ]d-ttem Zm `m tby
shqSn shSov ]d-vmv In-e-v sImSvt-tem-f heymhm-s. AmSv B shSn-v shv. B shSns\v sImmSvHm
]mv.]mv Ad-e s]tcw R-f-s]tcbvv Cs\ Hsc-sS-bn-v,
Abn-eqsS ]mvmv Rsf tate anvv IS-v. tate ansv IS-vmv Hm _oWv. _oWw Fm-tWtem ]d-Xv Am - -CuNzc - v ]d-nv _otW-tem. ]Sn Hs-n-mtWtem Hm hvv-WvXv.17
Iem]ImcnIfpsS ieyw klnmsX sImtmn X shSnshpp. shSntb
Ip acWkabv hnfnpXv Cuizcm FmWv. sImtmn Xfnep
hnizmkhpw AXp krjvSnp ApX IYIfpsamw Ds]Xp XsbmWv Chsc
kw_nv ae_m Iem]w. Aam\pjnI inIfpw AXn sImtmn Xsf
klmbnncpXmbn Ch hnizknpp.
]ns bmdw Ipn-sm-fn-m t]md-s-v. Chcv ]nSnv ]ns ]mfw
\nvW-tmse tXmov shsSyms tIttem Abnp-vv. bmdvp-vv. shSn-s\ shvmv ]dv ]m-fmWv hvvWv AIw
\dpw ]m-f-m-cm-Wvv. Pnp-I-sfm-s-vp. t]Sn-sm-tm.
Hs-m-Sm-bnv Hmcv ]mt-tem. ]mvpw FvWvevb Hcp hn[nepw shw C_-sSms shmWvv sIS-p-cp-vsm-t-tWtem
Asc IS-vv-W-Xv. s\ sIS-vmv \on. ]ns-Zvv ]nSnpw tXmtytem ]mm-Wvv. A-s\ms t_Pm-dm-bn-m-tWtem
Hmcv ]mvv-W-Xv. AsXms C\vv Asdym-q. Av Cs s
s]nv \mev]-Xm.18
]n--I-p-I-b-dnb Iem-]-Im-cn-Iv AIw \ndsb ]m-f-m-cp--Xmbn
tXmp-p. IqSmsX Pnp-I-sfv hnfn-p Aam-\p-jnI in-Ifpw. t]Snv ]pdp-Nm-Snb Chv apw \ndsb shw D-Xmbpw tXmpp. As\ t]Sn-tmSpp Ip--Zm-Pnbpw Iq-cpw.
Hcp Imcyw ]dv Ahkm\nnp apv ap Imcy ]dbpI. tNmZy
tNmZnpI. sshhn[ytadnb BJym\ coXnI Htc kabw sImphcnI. Cs\
ChcpsS BhnjvImccoXn Xs Gsd hnXykvXamsWpImWmw. ]dens coXn
14

Xs BJym\ns NnIsf XIppv.

sImtfm-Wn-b Bss-hn lnp-/apow _\v[w ]c-kv]cw a-cn-p/
shdp-p P\-hn-`m-K--fmbn \nn--s-Sp-p. CXn ]uc-kvXy-hm-Z-n-sbpw
A[n-\n-thi `c-W-nsbpw bpn-I-fmhpw {]hn-p-I. Ch-bpsS B[n-Im-cn-IX-sImv CXnse hyXy-kvX-X-Isf ASn--ap-I-tbm, ]Icw shbvp-Itbm sNpp. HutZym-Kn-I-amb Hcp _rlZv BJym-\-ambn Ncn{Xw amdp-p. Adn-hns kt-Xfpw A[n-Im-c-ns X{-fpw Xn-ep A\-iz-c-_--sbpw CXv shfn-hmpw.
Fmencw BJym\n lnp/apnw Fo kmam\y
hyhlmcsfbpw A{]kamp sshhn[yamWv {]ISamnbnpXv .
]dtmSs BJym\n {_nojv ]mfs t\cn IjIcpsS A\p`hamWv
hnhcnpXv.
BZyw _ev sNbvX-sX-m-Wv.? acw tdmns hv\v hey Hmtcmsc
Bev hey 15 Zokw shWw hbn-I-S-m\v AsXms apdnv tdmn-envv
CXn-se-s\ ]mfw hczmv tNmbn-v. Aw ]mfw hqSvw hey
Iv aS-ev AsXm-m-m-tS-Wv. s\-d-mvW ssSam. Abnev _sc
AhpsS \nov Fv ]dv Hmcv Hmses Av Bn _nSm
R-v. I-hpsS \n-s--d-v. _ev AhpsS sNtem-sebvs
samS-bvW-h-Sov, sNtem-tebvvev s_v In-v. aSm-sfm-s-s\
sImtm- s b- v v - W v . ]e- c v , ]eXpw s_m- t a- ov AsXms
CSvvt]mbn _se Ivm-v. Cu Bev Hcv hoXo-en-s\ w
Rm\v Abns t]scs ]dv Xmc.... _ev _vv Cu acw s\
_ey cv CXm..... Abn-eXv cpw CSv-v adn-v. A-\Xv
IqSvw C_-c-v an. CtX C-m-f-n-t\mSv R Iq-em-dv tM.....(-Nn-cn...) Cm-f-n-t\mSv Rv Iq-em--dv Cu
]mfw F-t\Wv B Bev Fsmcp Pp BWmhw B BevSv-vv. Ch hm ]m-f-m-c apdn-vWtc CXv apdnv Bv CSvWXv
IqSvw an _ev, CXv..... C_-tcmSv Rv Hcv Ibn-hqey Hs
s]vfpw Iptyfq Bbn Ah-\mXv Ah-\m-Xm-bn.19
{_nojv ]m-f-ns in Ch I-dn-n-cpp . {]Xn-tcm[\nc krjvSnm-\mbn P\- hensbmcp Bep apdnv tdmUn\p hne-s\ CSp-p-v. s\p-mp ka-b-am-b-Xn-\m ]mSp ]Wn-sb-Sp-p--h-scmw X-fpsS Bbp-[--fp-amsb-n-bmWv CXn kl-I-cn-p--Xv. Cs\ Fm-hcpw tNp shn-bn acw
]mfw h-tm cp `mK-t-mbn Ffp--n adn-n-Sp-p. CXp-I--tXmsS
]m-f-n-t\mSv Rv Iqe Fv ]d-v F-m-hcpw HmSn--f-bp-I-bmWv
a-
- Ae-hn-bpsS BJym-\
- nepw IrXy-amb Hcp i{Xp-]
- a
- n-. ]mfw
Fv hnfn-p Iem-]-Im-cn-Ifpw Khsapw Chv Hcp t]mse ]oV-I-cm-Wv.
s mv amdms ]tWy-\n. amdmv C-. cm{Xn Ahev
hdpw Ahvev. C-m-scms t]mbn C_Svv Atm s _msw
thsdm-cm-fpw..... Ah-c-h-sc....-m-ow..... B ]ns Ah-km-\-am-bw
sImbn--ev... Cu sXc-sms Ibn-v..... -s]-s--tfmSv Hcp hSnev apgp-s-s{X-{X-tm koe, sIn Imn sImSn-bmn sImSp-p.
Cv Bsc-nepw fSvv IqSn _cm-Wvsev CXvs\ hoin-sIm-Spm-a-Xn. Aw kam-[m-\-nev Bbn--ev Hmse-v s]mbvtm-

15

fpw. ]ns sfv sXc-q-Sm-s\mpw hcq-e. As\, Abnev s

hm Cu hbn-sbms sImp-t]m-bnv... -t]m-bnv s _mm-sm
amk-nev cv Ddp]y s]tb... Pvw Imhm-c-\m-sWv ]d-bpw.
Aw cv Ddp]y s]b. sNev \mep-dp]y s]b.
tNm

: Bcm s]b CSpI?

AXv... Khs-t\o Cm-o-\Xv?20

tNm

: t]meokv ]nSnv sImtm-bn-m?

A, t]meokv sImtm-bn--. \fv BP-cm-bw Khsa-ns ]pXnb

Bmcv Ahcv ss^\vSm--d ambn-cn.
(.............................)
A-t\Wv C_Svv BZyw sImtm-bvvWX
- v. ]pSnv sImtmhpw _op-ap-ov C_Svv sImtm-hpw ]msf Ib-vtWev AbvXmsf Ib-o-mv _op-apn _cv At-sm-dv sNv sXmdv
t\mpw \om-s_-bvvtWm-evey. Poh-Xvey.
tNm : AsX-hn-Sm?
AsXms Cu el-f-m-ev Abnev Fd-tymsc ]pSvvv s Hcv
Ffm-ms\ ]nSnvv Xoev s]vnWv Ffmm Iq-n-s-p.21
Ch- c psS _m amdmv Cs tPmen- m- c - \ m- b n- c p- p. Ahn- s S- b p
kv{XoIp kwc-Ww \evIm {ian-Xpw AXn\p ]ng-b-S-tn h-Xmbpw ]dbpp. ]m-f-n\v BSns\ sImSp--Xn\pw Ct-l-ns _mbvv in Inp-pv. ]noSv aqp {]mhiyw ]nSn-p-sI-n-sb-nepw AXn \nv NmSn-tm-cp-I-bmWv.
Ah-km\ ]cm-aiw hmK {SmP-Un-sb-p-dn-m-Wv. Cu hmv Hcn-epw Ch D]tbm-Kn-p-n-. hn-bn shp-mb Iq-sme Fm-Wn-Xns\ hnti-jn-n-p-Xv.
Ban\pnbpsS BJym\n CXv Ipsd IqSn knKvamb \nebnemWv.
hm Cu \bw (\mb)mvtkhyw \nnv R-tfmSvv ]mfw
hvn-. Rsf _mms\ ]pSvn-q-y. Cs Cm-m\ow Atm\ow
C_-scms ]nSvvvWv. Hs ]pSvvv Cs _m _nSov sIm-tX-cvv. A-s\ms sNbvXot t\ Igv ]ntv Imh-evt\mbn, sNtyw-ho-nev Imh-evt\m-b-tm. AhpsS sNv C-s\, ]m-bs]m-cs tamfn-encvv Cs\ Nmbp-SvIym-cvt-tem. Nmb-Ip-SvIy-tWs-tS--sSv hmmcv h--W-Xv. hmmcv htm s]c-v
hf-v. Rsf Ahps Bsf-smWv hmm-cv. s]c h-fvmv Chcv shSy--evsXm-S-o. shsSym-ev Igv-tm Ahpvv
IS--Imv Chsc ]pSvv. Chsc ]pSvtm _m-v Fd-n-h-v.
R-tfmSvv Io-tmdpw Hs Xnos\ Bm-cm-Wv. Asm
Imb-ymPo h Bfv \mb-cvv. tNI-c \mb-cv \mb-cp-v.
Ahcv Rfv _m-h--msX tNmsd-bvq-e. _m hvt Rfv
tNmsdbvsmq. Fpw A-s\-X-s. Cs _m Dvv hvmsX Rev tNmsd-bvq-e. R-sfms sISvsm-d
- o-vWv. AbvstS-q-sS IvWv Imb-ty-Pns\ ]nSvv _mms\ Iv Iqn-sI-ovWv
_mm\ow sIo-vWv. Ahp-Sv-v sIm-vImv Imh-ev.... AhpSv-v sIm-w _mms Ibvn-ttem. Ibvn-vImv Cv

16

s]mbv t m- - d - t - t em.
Ie{SSvvv sImtm-bn.22

Ipm- , Cu tImbv ym- P o- \ n- q- S n.

\mb hoSp-If
- n Imh-em-bn-cp _mm-sbbpw kplr-mb tImb-ym-Pn-sbbpw
hmm-cmWv ]nSnp sImp-t]m-hp--Xv. _mmsb Imc-W-sam-p-an-msX hn-b-p.
tImb-ym-Pn-sbbpw tiJ-c\m-b-scbpw Ie-IvS-dpsS ASpv lmP-cm-p-I-bm-Wv.
_mms D kplr-mb tImbn lmPn-bpsS Zpcw X-bm-Wn-hsc A[nIw thZ\n-n kw`hw. AXp sNbvXh
- ASp-b
- mm-cmWv FXpw, Hcp hkvXp-Xb
- m-W.v
ChnsS tiJ-c\m-b Zo hniz-kn-m-sa-t-e
v p-tm in-bn \nsm-gn-hm-p-p.
]t, tImb-ym-Pnv AXpw c-bm-Ip-n-. AXp-sImv {Iqc-ambn h[n-sSp-p..
ChnsS ]m-f-mcpw {]Xn-m-\phcp-p. hmm-cn \npw ]m-f-mcn \npw A\p-`-hn ]oU-\- Chsm-cp-t]mse Zpcn-X-Im-e- \Ip-I-bmbn-cp-p. ChnsS hmm FXv IrXy-ambn \n-bn-m-hp FXn ]-a.
Am-hamcpw Cm-bpw Iem] ]mWv. AXp-sIm-mhmw hmm ]pq
]n-bn skbvZm-hm t]mIp--Xn-\p-apv Ch-cpsS hon-sen `Ww Ign-pXvv. skbvZm-hp hnh-chpw Ch ]d-bp--Xv tImb-ym-Pnsb h[n IY hnh-cn
AtX at\m-`m-h-tm-tS-bmWv
lnphmbXv sImv ]dtmS Iem]n ]Spmbmtfm apnw
BbXpsImv am{Xw ssJdpoksbtmeph CXns\ A\pIqenphtcm A.
Iem]ImcnI _mbpsS kplrns\ {Iqcambn h[nXns\pdnv thZ\tbmsS
hnhcnptm Xs Iem]ImcnIfpsS hocacWfpsS Dti ipnsb Ban\pn
AwKoIcnpp. Cs\ ae_m Iem]s kw_n GImI [mcWIsf
XInSw adnphbmWv samn Cu \mpsamgnI.

III
{]IrXn/kwkvIm-cw, Imhv/hnj-bn, bpn/Abpn XpS-nb Zzz--fpsS
ASn-m-\-n-emWv ]pcp-j/kv{Xo FXv hnpt]mcp--Xv. cmw-X-c-amb/
A]-ca
- mb/Cm-bvab
- mb kv{Xo Adn-hns aWvUe
-
- n \np IrXy-ambn Hgn-p-\ns-Sp-p. \ma-dn-bp temIw ]pcp-js hymP-k-a-{K-X-bn-eqsS am{Xw Dcp-n-cn-bp-Xm-Wv. kv{Xov Adn-bm-sa-nepw Ah As\ ]cn-K-Wn--s-Sp-n-. hfsc sNdnsbmcp hn`m-K-ns A\p-`-h-fpw Adn-hp-Ifpw As\ a\p-jy -t-Xmn amsSp-p. AXv Fgp-X-s-Sp-p. Cu alZv tcJ IfmWv a\p-jy\pw Ahs temIhpw
Fp hnfn--s--Xv. Pohn-X-s-p-dnv temI-{I-a-s-p-dnv kwkm-cn-p Cu
HutZym-KnI tcJ-I-fn \npw kv{XoIfpw Ah-fpsS Adn-hp-Ifpw amn-\n-s-Sp-p.
AXv A]qhpw Abp-n-I-hp-ambn ap{Z-b-Sn--s-Sp-p. kv{XoIv kqhpw
ka-{K-hp-amb Hcp m\-hy-h-lm-c-ap-s- ]d-p-h-cp--Xv, adnv Adn-hns\ {]IrXn-Z--ambn, bpn-\n-jvT-ambn, kzbw ]q-ambn \nn-s-Sp-p A[o-i-a-WvU-en \nv kv{XoI ]pd---s-Sp-Xv F-s\-sb-mWv.
AXp-sImp Xs kv{XoI-fpsS Adn-hn\p ta-d `uXn-Ihpw k]-\]-c-hp-amb _e-{]-tbm-K-sf adn-I-S-t--Xp-v. IqSp-Xepw kv{XoI Bth-Z-I-cm-bnp Cu At\z-jWw t\cn-Sp {][m\ shp-hn-fnbpw CXm-Wv. ae-_mI-em]spdn-p hyh-m-]nX Adnhv ]pcp-jam-cpsS`c-W-I--fmbpw Iem-]Im-cn-I-fmbpw ]m-f-m-cmbpw t\Xm--fmbpw]m-fn--s- am{Xw tI{o-I-cn-p-XmWv.
Iem-]- s]mXp-hy-h-sb F-Xp-t]mse KmlnI hyh--sbbpw _m[np Hm-Wv. s]mXp hyh--bn-ep-mb kwLj-fnepw am-fnepamWv apJy-

17

[mcm Ncn{Xw tI{o-I-cn-n-p--Xv. KmlnI Xew ]cm-ain--s-n-p-s-nepw AXv

B{I-an--s CSw F \nebvtm kwc-n--s-tS \n-lmbcpsS CSw F
\nebvtm BWv ]cm-ain--s-Sp-Xv. hmsamgn ]mc--cy-n ap-c-v {][m-\ambpw Kmln-Im--co-amWvv. Ncn-{X-\m-SIw Ahn-sS-bmWv. BJym-Xm-hns _meyIm-e-hp-ambn _-s Hm-I-fmtbm sNdp--n hon-ep--h ]d-p-tI IYIfmtbm Ch hon-\I
-
- p kwLj-s
- f- Xo{h-ap-lq-f
- mbn Bhn-jvIc
- n-pp.
hyn-K-X A\p-`hambn Iem-]s Ah-X-cn-n-m-\mWv kv{XoI s]mXpsh
{ian-p-Xv; ]pcp-j-m-cm-Is Hcp hnm\ hnj-b-am-bpw. Fm Chbvv enwKk-m-]-c-amb Fs-nepw aqeyw Iev]np \evIp-I-b ChnsS. Bth-Z-I-cn ]e
]pcp-j-m-cpw, {]tXy-Inv Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ym-k-ns B\p-Iq-ey- Gsd e`n-nn-m-h
- , CS-bvsms kv{Xo BJym-\
- f
- psS amXrI Ah-ew-_n-p-p-v. CXpt]mse Xs ae-_m Iem-]
- ns kmap-Zm-bn-IX sb kw_-nv Bth-ZI
- p
ImgvN-m-Sp-I Ah-cnse aX-t`-Z-sImv hni-Zo-I-cn-m-\m-hn-s-Xv \nm-b-Iam-sbmcp Xncn--dn-hm-Wv.
]pcp-j/kv{Xo, lnp/apow, apXn-bm/Ipn, km-c/\nc--c XpSn
Dd--sXp s]mXpsh Icp-X-s-Sp Htsd Zzz-sf Cu BJym-\- An-a-dnpp. kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-]m[n F \nev Hcp kaq-l-ns aqey-hy-h--Ifpw
kwLj-fpw DXvI-WvT-Ifpw \op-t]m-p-Ifpw Cu BJym-\--fn {]Xn-\n-[m\w
sN-s-Sp-p-v.
Ncn{XcN-\-I, ]mT-]p-kvX-I-, kmlnXyIrXn-I XpSnbh-bn ae-_m
Iem-]s kw_-n hyXykvX {]Xn-\n-[m-\- ImWmw. Ah-bn\np Dcp-ncn-pm-Ip kmam\yt_m[w \ne-\n-evp hyh-lmc aWvU-e-nemWv Iem]s Ipdn-p kvac-W-I, hn\y-kn--s-n-cn-p--Xv.
tZi--cm-jv{Sns\
Npnn \nn--s-Sp _rl-Zm-Jym-\-v hg-n-sb-Sp-m-\m-Im Htsd
Irz- Dsv Cu samgn-I shfn-hm-p-p. Ch cq]w sImp-Xpw \ne\n-evp-Xpw HutZym-KnI Ncn-{X--fpsS \mev AXn-cp-Ip-n-e-. Ah hn\n-abw
sNp Adn-hp-I Bss-hp-I-fnse kpc-n-X-Xzhpw kp\n-n-X-Xzhpw eyw
shp--X-. Gnepw XpS--n kqNn-n--Xp-t]mse Cu BJym-\- \ne\nevp-Xv ae-_m Iem-]s kw_-nv apJy-[mcm hyh-lm-c- \nn-s-Sp-np kmam\yt_m[-n Xs-bm-Wv. CXn-s\-p-dnp kwkm-cn-m tbmKy-X-bp-h km s]j hmn-phcm-sW Nne Bth-Z-I-cpsS samgn Iem-]sa kw`-hs tZicm-jv{Shpw AXns m]-\-fpw kzmwio-I-cn-m \S-p
]cn-{i-a-sf DZm-l-cn-p-p. sImtfm-Wn-b B[n-]-Xy-n-\p-Io-gn hfp h
tZio-b-X-sb-p-dn-p k-ev]- cq]-s-Sp-nb Hcp CS-n-emWv ae-_m Iem]-s-p-dn-p apJy-[mcm hyh-lm-c- anXpw \nevp--Xv. A[n-\n-th-i-L-n-ep-mb samw km-nI XIbpw Imjn-Im-kw-Xr-]vXnbpw aX-]-c-amb LSI-fpw Iem-]s GX-f-hn kzm[o-\np Fp hne-bn-cpn CXns ko
kz`m-h-sf shfn-p sImp-h-cp ]T-\--fnepw BJym-\-_np cmjv{S-h-ev-cn-s ]uc Xs-bm-Wv. {]mtZ-inI LS-I--fpsS _-n Dup ]T-\-fnem-Is ae-_m Iem-]s ap-I-em-]--fpsS XpS-bmbn ImWm-\p {ia-amWv
apn-p-\np-Xv.
Cu kao-]-\--fpsS hnShp-I-fn-emWv Iogm-f--ns, {]mtZ-in-I-X-bpsS sNdpkz-c- {][m-\-am-Ip--Xv. Ncn{Xw h kw`-h-fpw h m]-\-fpw \ndp
\nevp kpLSn-Xhpw, CS-Xq-Xp-amb BJym-\-am-sW s]mXp-[m-c-Wsb Xncpn-p-dn-m Ch klm-b-I-am-tb-pw.

18

Ipdn-p-I
1. G.E. Evans, Ask the Fellows who cut the Hay 1956 London, Faber, Cited at The Oral
History Reader.
2. M. Fish, A Shared Authority : Essays on the craft and meaning of Oral and Public History
Albany, 1990 State University of New York Press.
3. Portelli, Alessandro : The Death of Luigi Trastulli and Other Stories : Form and
Meaning in Oral History Albany, 1991 State University New York.
4. Our first selections are from founders of the Oral History Movement in United States.
Allen Nevins and Louis star. Nevins was an outspoken advocate of Oral interviews as a
base for Oral Autobiographies introduction. Allen Nevins. Oral History : How and why
it was born? (1996, 29).
5. Rowbothams Hidden from History London Pluto, 1973.
6. The key text for feminist Oral History is Berger Gluk and D.Patai (eds) Womens Words
: The Feminist Practice of Oral History New York London, Routledge, 1991, Joan
Sangsterss article Published in womens Oral History Riview, 1994, Vol. 3.
7. Zo]Iv ta-bpsS Writing the Riot F teJ-\-n A`n-ap-J-sf C-c-n
Ncn-{X-c-N-\bvv B[m-c-ambn kzoI-cn-p--Xn-s\-p-dnv hnh-cn-n-p-v.
8. Deepesh Chakrabarthy - Habitations of Modernity, 2002 Permanent Black NewDelhi.
9. 13. The continuance of a distinct cultural problems of the minorities is an index of the
failure of the Indian nation to effectively include within its body the whole of the demog
raphic mass that it claims to represent. The failure becomes evident when we note that the
formation of a hegemonic national culture was necessarily built upon the privileging of
an essential tradition, which in turn was defined by a system of exclusions. Ideals of
freedom, equality, and cultural refinement went hand in hand with a set of dichotomies that
systematically excluded from the new life of the nation the vast masses of people whom
the dominant elite would represent and lead, but who could never be culturally integrated
with their leaders.
(Partha Chattarjee, 2001; 134)
10.]m-b-p-I-fpsS Ncn-{X- \nn-p ]-Xn-I tIc-f-n hnhn[ kI-em-imemNcn{X hn`m-K- hgn \Sp hcp- p- v . Xncq- c - mSn ]m- b ns Ncn{Xw tUm. sI. F. KtW-ins t\Xr-Xz-n ]p-d-n-d-nbn-p-v.
11 Dmp, 100 hbv, aepdw taapdn, apnw kv{Xo.
12. Dmp.
13. amXp, 83 hbv, aepdw, hSpwav, apnw kv{Xo.
14. ]mpp 90 hb-v, \ne-q, apow kv{Xo
15. Dmp.
16. Dmp.
17. ssJdpok, 78 hbv, sImtmn, apnw ]m, kv{Xo.
18. ssJdpok
19. ]dtmS, 96 hbv, ]mnmSv, lnp Xn, ]pcpj.
20. CXnse `c-W-Iq-S-s-p-dnp ]cm-ai- {]tXyIw {in-t--Xm-Wv.
Khsa,v t]meokv, tIm^-dkv Fo ]Z-{]-tbm-K- sh-m-cpsS
19

`c-W-s-b Jnem-^-p-t\Xm- `cWw \S-n-bn-cp Imes {]tXyI

m\t-cp-I-sf-bmWv kqNn-n-pXv.
21. a-- Aehn 96 hb-v, apow, ]p-cp-j
22. Ban\pn, ]qgn, 80 hbv, sXme, Xncq, apnw kv{Xo.

{KkqNn
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

A_vZp--sN-dp-hmSn(FUn), 1996, hmK{Sm-PUn kvacWnI t{ImUo-I-c-Whpw

]qcWhpw,
satm, tImgn-tmSv
Akmcn, Fw.Sn, 2008, ae_m tZiobXbpsS CS]mSpI,
Ncn{X kmlnXy
]mT, Un. kn _pIvkv tImbw
B\v, 2003, \jvS -{]-tZ-i- B\-ns teJ-\- `mKw-1, Id v _pIvkv,
Xrq
2001, th-m-c\pw hncp-p-Im-c\pw aX-au-enI hmZ-s-p-dnv `mc-X-ns
]m--e-n Hc-t\z-j-Ww,
Un. kn. _pIvkv, tImbw
Ben-p-n, Fw, 1972, 1921-se ae-_m Iem]w Hcp ]T\w, d _pv m,
Fe-q
Icnw, apl-Zv A_vZp. sI, 1998, 1921-se Jnem-^v el-fbpw Ben- ap-ymcpw
kn. Fv, apl-Zv & kkv, Xncq-cmSn
Icnw, apl-Zv A_vZp. sI, 1998, al-mb amnf kmlnXy ]mc-cyw
BkmZv _pv m, tImgn-tmSv
Icnw, apl-Zv A_vZp. sI, 1992, hmcnbw Ipv Ip-l--ZmPn
Ien-a _pIvkv, tImgn-tmSv
Ipdpv, sI. sI. F, 1998, amnf ]mc-cyw, CjmZv ]n-t-jkv,
tImgn-tmSv
tIi-h-ta-t\m, sI.]n, 1986, Ign--Imew, amXr-`q-an, tImgn-tmSv
KwKm-[-c, Fw, 2004, amnf ]T-\-, hN\w _pIvkv, tImgn-tmSv
Nn-hm-cnI ({]-km), 1991, ae-_m Iem]w Ncn-{Xhpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw
Nn-hm-cn-I, Xncp-h-\--]pcw
SmtKm, kutay{\mY, 1997, 1921 ae_mdnse ImjnI elf
hnh-\w. Fw. djoZv, Cw{]n v _pIvkv, sImw
\qXncnmSv, C.Fw. Fv, 1997, ae_m Iem]w Hcp hnebncp
Nn ]ntjgvkv, tImgn-tmSv
]Wn-, sI. F, 2004, ae-_m Iem]w {]`p-Xz-n\pw cmP-hm-gvN-p-sa-Xnsc
hnh\w F_n tImin, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tImbw
]n, _mcn-. F. sI, 1982, tIm{Kpw tIc-fhpw
Ncn{Xw ]n-t-j, Xncp-h-\--]pcw
{_-Z- \p-Xn-cn-mSv tamgn-p-v, 1993, Jnem-^v kvac-W-I
tIc-f-km-lnXy Am-U-an, Xrq
am[-h \mb, sI, 1993, ae-_m Iem]w, amXr-`qan _pIvkv, tImgn-tmSv
apl-Zv kmln-_v, sI.Sn, 1986, 1921-se ae-_m elf (N-cn{X Imhyw)
kn. Fv apl-Zv & kkv Xncq-cmSn
tat\m, Fw.-]n.-Fkv, 1994, ae-_m kacw Fw. ]n. \mcm-bW tat\m\pw
kl-{]-h-Icpw, sF. ]n. Fv, tImgn-tmSv
sambvXp- au-ehn. C, 1981, aue-hn-bpsS B-IY, F. _n. Fkv, tImbw
hmjnIm-tLmj In {]-km), 1981, ae-_m Iem]w 1921
60-mw hmjn-tIm-tLmj I-n, Xncq-c-mSn

20

23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.

40.
41.

hpUv, tImdmUv, 2000, ae-_m Iem]w ASn-th-cp-I

hnh\w: Sn. hn. sI, {]`mXv _pIv, Xncp-h-\--]pcw
Amin, Shahid, 1995, Event, Metaphor, Memory, Chauri
Chaura 1922-1992,
OUP, Delhi.
Bakhtin, M.M, 1999, The Problem of Speech Genres The Discourse Reader
Jaworsk A & Coupland N (eds), Routledge, London.
Bourdieu, Pierre et al, 1999, The weight of the world Social Suffering in
Contemporary Society, Polity Press, UK
Butalia, Urvashi, 1998, The other side of Silence voices from the Partition of India
Penguin Books India.
Butler, Judith, 1997, Excitable speech A Politics of the Performative
Routledge London.
Chakrabarthy, Dipesh, 2002, Habitations of Modernity, Permanent Black, New Delhi
Chatterjee, Partha and Anjan Ghosh (eds), 2002, History and the Present
Permanent Black, New Delhi.
Chatterjee, Partha , 2001, The Nation and Its Fragments colonial and Postcolonial
Histories, OUP, Delhi.
Dale, Stephen. F, 1980, The Mappilas of Malabar 1498-1922 Islamic Society on the
south Asian Frontier, OUP, NewYork
Dienstage, Joshna Foa, 1997, Dancing in Chains Narrative and memory in
Political Theory, Stanford University Press, Stanford
Dilip M. Menon, 1994, Cast Nationalism and Communism in South India
Malabar 1900-1948, Cambridge Uty Press, Cambridge
Dorson, Richard, 1996, The Oral Historian and the Folklorist Oral History An Inter
disciplinary Anthology, Dunaway DK & W.K Baum (eds) Altamira Press, London.
Dunaway, D.K, 1996, Oral History An Interdisciplinary And W.K Baum (eds)
Anthology, Altamira Press, London.
Finnegan, Ruth, 1992, Oral Traditions and the Verbal Arts. A Guide to Research
Practices, Routledge, London
Gangadharan, M, 1989, The Malabar Rebellion, Vohra Publishers, Allahabad
Gluck, Sherna, 1996, Whats So Special About Women Womens, Oral History
Oral History An Interdiciplinary Anthology, Dunaway DK & W.K Baum (eds)
Altamira Press, London.
Gluck, Sherna Berger and Dephne Patai, 1991, Womens words: The feminist
Practice of Oral History, Routledge, New York.
Gorden, Linda, 1988, What is Womens History What is History Today
Juliet Gardiner (ed), London

21