00 Cong Nghe Wimax 4202

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX
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Chng 1:
TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WIMAX
1.1. Gii thiu chng. Trong chng ny trnh by tng qut v cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn bng rng, c im, cc chuNn ca WiMAX, bng tn s dng, cch thc truyn sng, cc m hnh ng dng, l trnh pht trin v tnh hnh trin khai WiMAX. 1.2. Khi nim. WiMax l mt mng khng dy bng thng rng vit tt l Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. WiMax ng dng trong thit b mng Internet dnh s lng ngi s dng ln thm vo gi thnh r. WiMax c thit k da vo tiu chuNn IEEE 802.16. WiMax gii quyt tt nht nhng vn kh khn trong vic qun l u cui. WiMax s dng k thut sng v tuyn kt ni cc my tnh trong mng Internet thay v dng dy kt ni nh DSL hay cp modem. WiMax nh mt tng i trong vng ln cn hp l n mt trm ch m n c yu cu thit lp mt ng d liu n Internet. Ngi s dng trong phm vi t 3 n 5 dm so vi trm ch s c thit lp mt ng dn cng ngh NLOS (Non-Line-Of-Sight) vi tc truyn d liu rt cao l 75Mbps. Cn nu ngi s dng trong phm vi ln hn 30 dm so vi trm ch th s c anten s dng cng ngh LOS (Line-OfSight) vi tc truyn d liu gn bng 280Mbps. WiMAX l mt chuN khng n dy ang pht trin rt nhanh, ha hn to ra kh nng kt ni bng thng rng tc cao cho c mng c nh ln mng khng dy di ng, phm vi ph sng c m rng. 1.3. c im. WiMAX c thit k ch trng vo nhng thch thc gn vi cc loi trin khai truy nhp c dy truyn thng nh: Backhaul. S dng cc anten im im ni nhiu hotspot vi nhau v n cc trm gc qua nhng khong cc di (ng kt ni gia im truy nhp WLAN v mng bng rng c nh).
Last mile. S dng cc anten im a im ni cc thu bao thuc nh ring hoc doanh nghip ti trm gc. WiMAX c pht trin vi nhiu mc tiu quan tm nh: o Cu trc mm do : WiMAX h tr cc cu trc h thng bao gm im a im, cng ngh li (mesh) v ph sng khp mi ni. iu khin truy nhp MAC) phng tin truyn dn h tr im a im v dch v rng khp bi lp lch mt khe thi gian cho mi trm di ng (MS). Nu c duy nht mt MS trong mng, trm gc (BS) s lin lc vi MS trn c s im im. Mt BS trong mt cu hnh im im c th s dng anten chm hp hn bao ph cc khong cch xa hn. o Cht lng dch v QoS : WiMAX c th c ti u ng i vi hn hp lu lng s c mang. C 4 loi dch v c h tr: dch v cp pht t nguyn (UGS), dch v hi vng thi gian thc (rtPS), dch v hi vng khng thi gian thc (nrtPS), n lc tt nht (BE). o Trin khai nhanh: So snh vi trin khai cc gii php c dy, WiMAX yu cu t hoc khng c bt c s xy dng thit lp bn ngoi. V d, o h to rnh cc ng cp th khng yu cu. Cc nh vn hnh m c c cc ng k s dng mt trong cc di tn ng k, hoc d kin s dng mt trong cc di tn khng ng k, khng cn trnh cc ng dng hn na cho chnh ph. o Dch v a mc: Cch thc ni m QoS c phn pht ni chung da vo s tha thun mc dch v (SLA) gia nh cung cp dch v v ngi s dng cui cng. Chi tit hn, mt nh cung cp dch v c th cung cp cc SLA khc nhau ti cc thu bao khc nhau, thm ch ti nhng ngi dng khc nhau s dng cng MS. Cung cp truy nhp bng rng c nh trong nhng khu vc th v ngoi , ni cht lng cp ng th km hoc a vo kh khn, khc phc thit b s trong nhng vng mt thp ni m cc nhn t cng ngh v kinh t thc hin pht trin bng rng rt thch thc.
o Tnh tng thch: WiMAX da vo quc t, cc chuN khng c tnh cht r n rt nh cung cp, to ra s d dng i vi ngi dng cui cng truyn ti v s dng MS ca h cc v tr khc nhau, hoc vi cc nh cung cp dch v khc nhau. Tnh tng thch bo v s u t ca mt nh vn hnh ban u v n c th chn la thit b t cc nh i l thit b, v n s tip tc a chi ph thit b xung khi c mt s chp nhn a s. o Di ng: IEEE 802.16e b sung thm cc c im chnh h tr kh nng di ng. Nhng ci tin lp vt l OFDM (ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao) v OFDMA (a truy nhp phn chia tn s trc giao) h tr cc thit b v cc dch v trong mt mi trng di ng. Nhng ci tin ny, bao gm OFDMA m rng c, MIMO (nhiu u ra nhiu u vo), v h tr i vi ch idle/sleep v hand off, s cho php kh nng di ng y tc ti 160 km/h. Mng WiMax di ng cho php ngi s dng c th truy cp Internet khng dy bng thng rng ti bt c trong thnh ph no. o Li nhun: WiMAX da vo mt chuN quc t m. S chp nhn a s ca n chuN v s dng chi ph thp, cc chip c sn xut hng lot, s a chi ph n gim t ngt v gi cnh tranh xy ra s cung cp s tit kim chi ph ng k cho cc nh cung cp dch v v ngi s dng cui cng. Mi trng khng dy c s dng bi WiMAX cho php cc nh cung cp dch v ph v nhng chi ph gn vi trin khai c dy, nh thi gian v cng sc. o Hot ng NLOS: Kh nng hat ng ca mng WiMAX m khng i hi tm nhn thng gia BS v MS. Kh nng ny ca n gip cc sn phN m WiMAX phn pht di thng rng trong mt mi trng NLOS. o Ph sng rng hn: WiMAX h tr ng nhiu mc iu ch, bao gm BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM. Khi yu cu vi b khuch i cng sut cao v hot ng vi iu ch mc thp (v d BPSK hoc QPSK). Cc h thng WiMAX c th ph sng mt vng a l rng khi ng truyn gia BS v MS khng b cn tr. M rng phm vi b gii hn hin ti ca WLAN cng cng (hotspot) n phm vi rng (hotzone) cng cng ngh th c th s
dng nh v di chuyn. nhng iu kin tt nht c th t c phm vi ph sng 50 km vi tc d liu b h thp (mt vi Mbit/s), phm vi ph sng in hnh l gn 5 km vi CPE (NLOS) trong nh v gn 15km vi mt CPE c ni vi mt anten bn ngoi (LOS). o Dung lng cao: C th t c dung lng 75 Mbit/s cho cc trm gc vi mt knh 20 MHz trong cc iu kin truyn sng tt nht. o Tnh m rng. ChuN 802.16 -2004 h tr cc di thng knh tn s v tuyn n (RF) mm do v s dng li cc knh tn s ny nh l mt cch tng dung lng mng. ChuN cng nh r h tr i vi TPC (iu khin cng n sut pht) v cc php o cht lng knh nh cc cng c thm vo h tr s dng ph hiu qu. ChuN c thit k t t l ln ti hng trm n thm ch hng nghn ngi s dng trong mt knh RF. Cc nh vn hnh c th cp pht li ph qua hnh qut nh s thu bao gia tng. H tr nhiu knh cho php cc nh ch to thit b cung cp mt phng tin ch trng vo phm vi s dng ph v nhng quy nh cp pht c ni r bi cc nh vn hnh trong cc th trng quc t thay i khc nhau. o Bo mt: Bng cch mt ha cc lin kt v tuyn gia BS v MS, s dng chuN mt ha tin tin AES ch CCM, m bo s ton vn ca d liu n trao i qua giao din v tuyn. Cung cp cho cc nh vn hnh vi s bo v mnh chng li nhng hnh vi nh cp dch v. 1.4. Cc chun ca Wimax. 1.4.1. Chun IEEE 802.16 2001. ChuN IEEE 802.16-2001 c hon thnh vo thng 10/2001 v c cng n b vo 4/2002, nh ngha c t k thut giao din khng gian WirelessMAN cho cc mng vng th. c im chnh ca IEEE 802.16 2001: Giao din khng gian cho h thng truy nhp khng dy bng rng c nh hat ng di tn 10 66 GHz, cn tha mn tm nhn thng. Lp vt l PHY: WirelessMAN-SC.
Tc bit: 32 134 Mbps vi knh 28 MHz. iu ch QPSK, 16 QAM v 64 QAM. Cc di thng knh 20 MHz, 25 MHz, 28 MHz. Bn knh cell: 2 5 km. Kt ni c nh hng, MAC TDM/TDMA, QoS, bo mt. 1.4.2. Chun IEEE 802.16a. V nhng kh khn trong trin khai chuN IEEE 802.16, hng vo vic s n dng tn s t 10 66 GHz, mt d n sa i c tn IEEE 802.16a c hon thnh vo thng 11/2002 v c cng b vo thng 4/2003. ChuN ny c m n rng h tr giao din khng gian cho nhng tn s trong bng tn 211 GHz, bao gm c nhng ph cp php v khng cp php v khng cn tho mn iu kin tm nhn thng. c im chnh ca IEEE 802.16a nh sau: B sung 802.16, cc hiu chnh MAC v cc c im PHY thm vo cho di 2 11 GHz (NLOS). Tc bit : ti 75Mbps vi knh 20 MHz. iu ch OFDMA vi 2048 sng mang, OFDM 256 sng mang, QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM. Di thng knh c th thay i gia 1,25MHz v 20MHz. Bn knh cell: 6 9 km. Lp vt l PHY: WirelessMAN-OFDM, OFDMA, SCa. Cc chc nng MAC thm vo: h tr PHY OFDM v OFDMA, h tr cng ngh Mesh, ARQ. 1.4.3. Chun IEEE 802.16 2004. Thng 7/2004, chuN IEEE 802.16 2004 hay IEEE 802.16d c chp n thng qua, kt hp ca cc chuN IEEE 802.16 2001, IEEE 802.16a, ng dng n LOS di tn s 10- 66 GHz v NLOS di 2- 11 GHz. Kh nng v tuyn b sung nh l beam forming v knh con OFDM.
1.4.4. Chun IEEE 802.16e. u nm 2005, chuN khng dy bng thng rng 802.16e vi tn n gi Mobile WiMax c ph chuN cho php trm gc kt ni ti nhng thit b n, ang di chuyn. ChuN ny gip cho cc thit b t cc nh sn xut ny c th lm n vic, tng thch tt vi cc thit b t cc nh sn xut khc. 802.16e hat ng cc bng tn nh hn 6 GHz, tc ln ti 15 Mbps vi knh 5 MHz, bn knh cell t 2 5 km. WiMAX 802.16e c h tr handoff v roaming. S dng SOFDMA, mt cng ngh iu ch a sng mang. Cc nh cung cp dch v m trin khai 802.16e cng c th s dng mng cung cp dch v c nh. 802.16e h tr cho SOFDMA cho php s sng mang thay i, ngoi cc m hnh OFDM v OFDMA. S phn chia sng mang trong m hnh OFDMA c thit k ti thiu nh hng ca nhiu pha thit b ngi dng vi anten a hng. C th hn, 802.16e a ra h tr ci tin h tr MIMO v AAS, cng nh cc handoff cng v mm. N cng ci tin cc kh nng tit kim cng sut cho cc thit b di ng v cc c im bo mt linh hot hn. 1.5. Cc bng tn ca Wimax. 1.5.1. Cc bng tn c xut cho WiMAX trn th gii. Cc bng c Din n WiMax tp trung xem xt v vn ng c quan qun l tn s cc nc phn b cho WiMax l: Bng tn 2,3-2,4GHz (2,3GHz Band) : c xut s dng cho Mobile WiMAX. Ti Hn Quc bng ny c trin khai cho WBA (WiBro). Bng tn 2,4-2,4835GHz: c xut s dng cho WiMAX trong tng lai . Bng tn 2,5-2,69GHz (2,5GHz Band): c xut s dng cho WiMAX di ng trong giai on u . Bng tn 3,3-3,4GHz (3,3GHz Band): c xut s dng cho WiMAX c nh.
Bng tn 3,4-3,6GHz (3,5GHz Band): c xut s dng cho WiMAX c nh trong giai on u : FWA (Fixed Wireless Access)/WBA (WideBand Access). Bng tn 3,6-3,8GHz: c xut s dng cho WiMAX c nh (WBA) v cp cho Chu u. Tuy nhin, bng 3,7-3,8 GHz c dung cho v tinh vin thng Chu , nn bng tn ny khng c s dng cho Wimax Chu . Bng tn 5,725-5,850GHz: c xut s dng cho WiMAX c nh trong giai on u. Ngoi ra, mt s bng tn khc phn b cho BWA cng c mt s nc xem xt cho BWA/WiMax l: bng tn 700-800MHz (< 1GHz), bng 4,9-5,1GHz. 1.5.2. Cc bng tn Vit nam c kh nng dnh cho WiMAX. Bng tn 2,3-2,4GHz : C th dnh on bng tn ny cho WiMAX. Bng tn 2,3-2,4GHz thch hp cho c WiMAX c nh v di ng. Bng tn 2,5-2,69GHz : Bng tn ny hin nay ang c s dng nhiu cho vi ba v MMDS (tp trung ch yu H ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh). Ngoi ra, bng tn ny l mt trong cc bng tn c xut s dng cho 3G. Bng tn ny li l bng tn c nh gi l thch hp nht cho WiMAX di ng v c Din n WiMAX xc nhn chnh thc l bng tn WiMAX. Mt s nc cng dnh bng tn ny cho WiMAX nh M, Mhic, Brazil, Canada, Singapo. V vy, ngh dnh bng tn 2,5-2,69GHz cho WiMAX.
Bng tn 3,3-3,4GHz:
Theo Qui hoch ph tn s VT quc gia, bng tn ny c phn b cho cc nghip v V tuyn nh v, c nh v lu ng. Hin nay, v pha dn s v qun s vn cha c h thng no c trin khai trong bng tn ny. Do , c th cho php s dng WiMAX trong bng tn 3,3-3,4GHz.
Bng tn 3,4-3,6GHz, 3,6-3,8GHz: 7
i vi Vit nam, h thng v tinh VINASAT d kin s s dng mt s on bng tn trong bng C v Ku, trong c bng tn 3,4-3,7GHz. Ngoi ra, on bng tn 3,7-3,8GHz mc d cha s dng cho VINASAT nhng c th c s dng cho cc trm mt t lin lc vi cc h thng v tinh khc. V vy, khng nn trin khai WiMAX trong bng tn 3,4 - 3,8 GHz.
Bng tn 5,725-5,850GHz:
Hin nay, bng tn ny c B qui nh dnh cho WiFi. Nu cho php trin khai WiMAX trong bng tn ny th cng s hn ch bng tn dnh cho WiFi. Bng tn ny c th thch hp cho cc h thng WiMAX vng nng thn, vng su, vng xa, c th cho php h thng WiMAX pht vi cng sut cao hn gim gi thnh trin khai h thng WiMAX. V vy, ngh cho php trin khai WiMAX trong bng tn 5,725-5,850GHz nhng WiMAX phi dng chung bng tn v phi bo v cc h thng WiFi. Nh vy, vi hin trng s dng bng tn ti Vit Nam nh trn, cc bng tn c kh nng dnh cho WiMAX Vit Nam l:
Bng tn 2,3-2,4GHz v 3,3-3,4GHz cho cc h thng truy cp khng dy
bng rng, k c WiMAX.

Bng tn 5,725-5,850GHz cho cc h thng truy cp khng dy bng rng, k
c WiMAX nhng cc h thng ny phi dng chung bng tn vi cc h thng WiFi vi iu kin bo v cc h thng WiFi hot ng trong bng tn ny.
Bng tn 2,5-2,690GHz cho cc h thng truy cp khng dy bng rng, k c
IMT-2000 v WiMAX. Hin ti, chnh ph cp php th nghim dch v WiMAX di ng ti bng tn 2,3-2,4 GHz; v bng tn 2,5-2,69 GHz. (theo cng vn s 5535/VPCP-CN ca Vn phng Chnh ph). 1.6. Truyn sng. Trong khi nhiu cng ngh hin ang tn ti cho khng dy bng rng ch c
th cung cp ph sng LOS, cng ngh WiMAX c ti u cung cp ph sng NLOS. Cng ngh tin tin ca WiMAX cung cp tt nht cho c hai. C LOS v NLOS b nh hng bi cc c tnh ng truyn mi trng ca chng, tn tht ng dn, v ngn qu kt ni v tuyn. Trong lin lc LOS, mt tn hiu i qua mt ng trc tip v khng b tc nghn t my pht n my thu. Mt lin lc LOS yu cu phN ln min Fresnel n th nht th khng b ngn cn ca bt k vt cn no, nu tiu chuN ny khng n tha mn th c s thu nh ng k cng tn hiu quan st. h Fresnel c yu cu ph thuc vo tn s hot ng v khong cch gia v tr my pht v my thu. Trong lin lc NLOS, tn hiu n my thu qua phn x, tn x, nhiu x. Cc tn hiu n my thu bao gm cc thnh phn t ng trc tip, cc ng c phn x nhiu ln, nng lng b tn x, v cc ng truyn b nhiu x. Cc tn hiu ny c khong tr khc nhau, suy hao, phn cc, v n nh quan h vi ng truyn trc tip. L nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu ISI v mo tn hiu. iu khng phi l vn i vi LOS, nhng vi NLOS th li l vn chnh. C nhiu u im m nhng trin khai NLOS to ra ng khao kht. V d, cc yu cu lp k hoch cht ch v gii hn chiu cao anten m thng khng cho php anten c b tr cho LOS. Vi nhng trin khai t bo k nhau phm vi rng, ni tn s c s dng li l ti hn, h thp anten l thun li gim nhiu knh chung gia cc v tr cell lin k. iu ny thng c tc dng thc N cc trm y gc hot ng trong cc iu kin NLOS. Cc h thng LOS khng th gim chiu cao anten bi v lm nh vy s c tc ng n ng quan st trc tip c yu cu t CPE n trm gc.
Hnh 1.1. Minh ha hat ng WiMAX.
Cng ngh NLOS cng gim ph tn ci t bng cch t di cc mi che thit b CPE ng nh nguyn bn v gim bt kh khn nh v tr cc a im t CPE thch hp. Cng ngh cng gim bt nhu cu quan st v tr thit b pha trc v ci thin chnh xc ca cc cng c lp k hoch NLOS. Xem minh ha trn hnh 1.1. Cng ngh NLOS v nhng tnh nng c nng cao trong WiMAX to kh nng s dng thit b pha u khch hng (CPE) trong nh. Cng ngh WiMAX, gii quyt v gim nh cc vn do bi cc iu kin NLOS bng cch s dng: cng ngh OFDM, OFDMA, iu ch thch nghi, cc cng ngh sa li, cc cng ngh anten, iu khin cng sut, knh con. Di y trnh by khi qut v nhng gii php nu trn. 1.6.1. Cng ngh OFDM. Cng ngh OFDM (ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao), da vo FDM l cng ngh m s dng nhiu tn s truyn ng thi nhiu tn hiu song song, tng tc truyn dn. Mi tn hiu c di tn s ring (sng mang con) m sau c iu ch theo d liu. Mi sng mang con c tch bit bi mt di bo v m bo rng chng khng chng ln nhau. Nhng sng mang ny sau c gii iu ch my thu s dng cc b lc tch ring cc di. OFDM tng t vi FDM nhng hiu qu ph ln hn bi khong cch cc knh con khp gn hn
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(cho n khi chng thc s chng nhau). iu ny c thc hin bi tm cc tn s m chng trc giao, c ngha l chng vung gc theo cm nhn ton hc, cho php ph ca mi di thng con c gim ng k bng cch di chuyn cc di bo v v cho php cc tn hiu chng nhau. gii iu ch tn hiu, cn mt b bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT). So snh FDM v OFDM c minh ha trn hnh 1.2.
Hnh 1.2. So snh FDM v OFDM.
Trong OFDM chng ta c 256 sng mang vi 192 sng mang con d liu, 8 sng mang con pilot.
Hnh 1.3. OFDM vi 256 sng mang.
Cc sng mang con pilot cung cp mt tham chiu ti thiu nhng dch chuyn tn s v pha trong thi gian truyn trong khi cc sng mang null cho php cc khong bo v v sng mang DC (tn s trung tm). Tt c cc sng mang con c gi cng thi gian. OFDM nn nhiu sng mang c iu ch cht ch cng nhau, gim di thng yu cu nhng gi cc tn hiu c iu ch trc giao chng khng gy ra nhiu ln nhau. N cung cp cc hot ng vi mt phng thc hiu qu khc phc cc tr ngi ca truyn sng NLOS. Dng sng OFDM WiMAX cung cp
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thun li l c th hot ng vi khong tr ln hn mi trng NLOS. Kh nng khc phc khong tr, a ng, v ISI theo cch hiu qu cho php thng lng tc d liu cao. 1.6.2. Cng ngh OFDMA. Cng ngh OFDMA cho php mt vi sng mang con c gn ti nhng ngi dng khc nhau. V d cc sng mang con 1, 3 v 7 c th c gn cho ngi dng 1, v cc sng mang con 2, 5 v 9 cho ngi dng 2. Nhng nhm sng mang con ny c xem nh cc knh con. OFDMA m rng c cho php cc kch thc FFT nh hn ci thin cht lng i vi cc knh di thng thp hn.
Hnh 1.4. Cc knh con trong OFDMA.
gim bt fading la chn tn s, cc sng mang ca mt trong cc knh con c tri rng theo ph knh. Hnh 1.4 miu t nguyn l ca s phn chia thnh cc knh con. Khong sng mang c th dng c c phn thnh mt s nhm lin tip. Mi nhm cha mt s cc sng mang lin tip NE, sau loi tr cc knh con pilot c gn ban u. Mt knh con c mt thnh phn t mi nhm c nh v qua mt qu trnh gi ngu nhin da vo s hon v, v vy NG l s thnh phn knh con. Vi N = 2048, ng xung NG = 48 v NE =32, ng ln NG = 53 v NE =32.
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1.6.3. iu ch thch nghi. iu ch thch nghi cho php h thng WiMAX iu chnh s iu ch tn hiu ph thuc vo iu kin SNR ca lin kt v tuyn. Khi lin kt v tuyn cht lng cao, s iu ch cao nht c s dng, a ra h thng dung lng ln hn.
Hnh 1.5. Bn knh cell quan h vi iu ch thch nghi.
Trong qu trnh suy gim tn hiu, h thng WiMAX c th dch n mt s iu ch thp hn duy tr cht lng kt ni v n nh lin kt. c im ny cho php h thng khc phc fading la chn thi gian. 1.6.4. Cng ngh sa li. Cc cng ngh sa li c hp nht trong WiMAX gim cc yu cu t s tn hiu trn tp m h thng. Cc thut ton FEC, m ha xon v chn c dng pht hin v sa cc li ci thin thng lng. Cc cng ngh sa li mnh gip khi phc cc khung b li m c th b mt do fading la chn tn s v cc li cm. T ng yu cu lp li (ARQ) c dng sa li m khng th c sa bi FEC, gi li thng tin b li. iu ny c ngha ci thin cht lng tc li bit (BER) i vi mt mc ngng nh nhau. 1.6.5. iu khin cng sut. Cc thut ton iu khin cng sut c dng ci thin cht lng ton b h thng, n c thc hin bi trm gc gi thng tin iu khin cng sut n mi CPE iu chnh mc cng sut truyn sao cho mc nhn trm gc th
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mt mc xc nh trc. Trong mi trng fading thay i ng, mc ch tiu nh trc ny c ngha l CPE ch truyn cng sut tha mn yu cu ny. iu khin cng sut gim s tiu th cng sut tng th ca CPE v nhiu vi nhng trm gc cng v tr. Vi LOS, cng sut truyn ca CPE gn tng ng vi khong cch ca n n trm gc, vi NLOS, ty thuc nhiu vo h v vt cn. 1.6.6. Cc cng ngh v tuyn tin tin. 1.6.6.1. Phn tp thu v pht. Cc lc phn tp c s dng li dng cc tn hiu a ng v phn x xy ra trong cc mi trng NLOS. Bng cch s dng nhiu ng ten (truyn v/hoc nhn), fading, nhiu v tn hao ng truyn c th c lm gim. Phn tp truyn s dng m thi gian khng gian STC. i vi phn tp nhn, cc cng ngh nh kt hp t l ti a (MRC) mang li u im ca hai ng thu ring bit. V MISO (mt u ra nhiu u vo) xem hnh 1.6.
Hnh 1.6. MISO.
M rng ti MIMO (xem hnh 1.7), s dng MIMO cng s nng cao thng lng v tng cc ng tn hiu. MIMO s dng nhiu ng ten thu v/hoc pht cho ghp knh theo khng gian. Mi ng ten c th truyn d liu khc nhau m sau c th c gii m my thu. i vi OFDMA, bi v mi sng mang con l cc knh bng hp tng t, fading la chn tn s xut hin nh l fading phng ti mi sng mang. Hiu ng ny c th sau c m hnh ha nh l mt s
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khuch i khng i phc hp v c th n gin ha s thc hin ca mt my thu MIMO cho OFDMA.
Hnh 1.7. MIMO.
1.6.6.2. Cc h thng ng ten thch nghi. AAS l mt phn ty chn. Cc trm gc c trang b AAS c th to ra cc chm m c th c li, tp trung nng lng truyn t c phm vi ln hn. Khi nhn, chng c th tp trung hng c th ca my thu. iu ny gip cho loi b nhiu khng mong mun t cc v tr khc. 1.7. Cc ng dng. 1.7.1. Cc m hnh ng dng. WiMAX tch hp hon ton vo cc mng c nh v di ng ang tn ti, b sung chng khi cn thit. 1.7.1.1. M hnh ng dng c nh (Fixed WiMAX). M hnh c nh s dng cc thit b theo tiu chuN IEEE 802.16 -2004. n Tiu chuN ny gi l khng dy c nh v thit b thng tin lm vic vi cc n anten t c nh ti nh cc thu bao. Anten t trn nc nh hoc trn ct thp tng t nh cho thng tin v tinh. Tiu chuN IEEE 802.16 2004 cng cho php t anten trong nh nhng tt n nhin thu khng khe bng anten ngoi tri. Bng tn cng tc (theo quy nh v phn b ca quc gia) trong bng 2,5 GHz hoc 3,5 GHz. WiMAX c nh c th
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phc v cho cc loi ngi dng nh: cc x nghip, cc khu dn c nh l, mng cp truy nhp WLAN cng cng ni ti mng th, cc trm gc BS ca mng thng tin di ng v cc mch iu khin trm BS. V cch phn b theo a l, cc user th c th phn tn ti cc a phng nh nng thn v cc vng su vng xa kh a mng cp hu tuyn n . 1.7.1.2. M hnh ng dng WiMAX di ng. M hnh WiMAX di ng s dng cc thit b ph hp vi tiu chuN n 802.16e b sung cho tiu chuN IEEE 802.16 2004 hng ti cc user c nhn di n ng, lm vic trong bng tn thp hn 6 GHz. Mng li ny phi hp cng WLAN, mng di ng cellular 3G c th to thnh mng di ng c vng ph sng rng. ChuN WiMAX c pht trin mang li mt phm vi rng cc ng dng. n 1.7.2. M hnh h thng WiMAX. M hnh h thng WiMAX cng ging nh cc h thng thng tin di ng t bo truyn thng nh hnh 1.8.
Hnh 1.8. M hnh h thng WiMAX.
Hai phn chnh ca h thng WiMAX gm:
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- Trm gc WIMAX : y l phn thit b giao tip vi cc h thng cung cp dch v mng li bng cp quang, hoc kt hp cc tuyn vi ba im - im kt ni vi cc nt quang hoc qua cc ng thu ring t cc nh cung cp dch v hu tuyn. Cc dch v c chuyn i qua anten trm gc kt ni vi cc thit b u cui WiMAX CPE qua mi trng v tuyn. - Thit b u cui CPE WiMAX : trong hu ht cc trng hp, mt u cui plug and play n gin, tng t vi modem DSL, cung cp kh nng kt ni. i vi nhng khch hng c t v tr vi km t trm gc WiMAX, mt anten bn ngoi t ci t c th c yu cu ci thin cht lng truyn dn. phc v cc khch hng bit lp, mt anten ch dn tr n trm gc WiMAX c th c yu cu. Vi cc khch hng yu cu thoi thm vo cc dch v bng rng, CPE c th s cho php kt ni bnh thng hoc cc cuc gi in thoi VoIP. Cui cng th chip WiMAX s c nhng trong cc thit b trung tm d liu. 1.7.3. Cc ng dng
Hnh 1.9. Cc ng dng WiMAX.
Cc ng dng WiMAX nh, c minh ha trn hnh 1.10 nh: Truy nhp bng rng last-mile c nh nh mt s thay th cho DSL c dy, cable, hoc cc kt ni T1. Backhaul chi ph r cho cc v tr cell v cc hotspot WiFi Kh nng kt ni tc cao cho cc doanh nghip
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VoIP. 1.8. Tnh hnh trin khai WiMAX. 1.8.1 Tnh hnh trin khai WiMAX trn th gii. Hin nay, trn th gii, mi ch c cc mng th nghim cng ngh WiMAX c nh. Vic tin hnh th nghim bng n khp mi ni (50 nc trn th gii) vi mc ch cho vng tha dn c. Dch v cung cp ch yu l truy cp Internet bang rng c nh. Theo nh gi ca Maravedis Inc. th th trng vin thng bng rng c nh (sub-11GHz) n nm 2010 c doanh thu vt 2 t . Hin nay, tc tng trng hng nm 30%. Vic xut hin mt cng ngh truy cp khng dy bng rng mi nh WiMAX 802.16-2004 cho php trin khai nhanh dch v, vi gi c thp s lm bng nt th trng trong nhng nm ti. Hin nay, mng ph sng di ng c cng ngh tng t WiMAX l WiBro ca Hn Quc l mt dng ca WiMAX di ng (tnh cht di ng hn ch <60km/h) d kin a vo thng mi 6/2006. mng WiBro l mng cung cp dch v Internet bng rng lu ng cung cp truy cp v tuyn tc cao mi lc, mi ni. c im ni bt bao gm 4 im chnh: Di ng; gi thp; tc truyn d liu cao; mi lc, mi ni. Mng WiBro p ng cc xu th v cung cp cc dch v a phng tin, bn cht l WiBro cung cp cc dch v a phng tin - truyn d liu c tch hp thoi, hnh nh, cho nn vai tr ca cc dch v thoi trong cc mng ny khng chim t l chnh (thm ch c coi l dch v gi tr gia tng). Cc dch v chnh: thoi c hnh nh (video-phone), ti nhc, ti video, video theo yu cu, truyn hnh hi ngh,... n nay, c mt s nc i vo trin khai v khai thc hoc th nghim cc dch v trn nn Mobile WiMAX nh M, Australia, Brazil, Chile, ... Mt s s kin c coi l bc ngoc quan trng ca WiMAX t ngy 15-19/10/2007 C quan vin thng quc t thuc Lin hip quc ITU ph duyt cng ngh bng rng khng dy ny vo b chuN IMT-2000, m ng cho n vic trin khai ti nhng ni cn ang ch chuN ha WiMAX tn dng kinh t n qui m ton cu v gii php v thit b. Quyt nh ny a WiMAX ln ngang
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tm vi nhng k thut kt ni v tuyn hng u hin nay trong b chuN IMTn 2000 gm c GSM, CDMA v UMTS. iu ny m bo cho cc nh khai thc v qun l trn ton th gii yn tm u t vo bng thng rng di ng thc s dng WiMAX, nht l i vi khu vc Chu khi khai thc bng tn 2,5 GHz. 1.8.2. Tnh hnh trin khai th nghim WiMAX ti Vit Nam. VNPT trin khai th nghim cng ngh WiMAX ti Lo Cai vo thng 10/2006 v nghim thu thnh cng vo thng 4/2007. Hin ti ang trin khai th nghim giai on hai ti bn T Van thuc huyn Sapa Tnh Lo Cai l khu vc c a hnh i ni phc tp, y l mt th thch i vi cng ngh WiMAX trong mi trng NLOS. Nm 2006, ti Vit Nam c 4 doanh nghip c b Bu chnh Vin thng trao giy php cung cp th nghim dch v WiMAX c nh: Viettel, VTC, VNPT v FPT Telecom. V sau 12 thng th nghim, B s la chn 3 nh cung cp chnh thc loi hnh bng rng khng dy ny. Ngoi ra, tip sau vic th nghim thnh cng cng ngh WiMAX ti Lo Cai, VNPT d kin s cung cp th nghim dch v WiMAX ti hai trung tm ln l H Ni v TP H Ch Minh trong nm 2007. Ngy 1/10/2007, Chnh ph cp php trin khai dch v thng tin di ng 3G v dch v truy nhp bng rng khng dy WiMAX (Theo cng vn s 5535/VPCP-CN ca Vn phng Chnh ph). ng thi, Ph Th tng ng cp php th nghim dch v WiMAX di ng cho 4 doanh nghip (EVN Telecom, Viettel, FPT v VTC) th nghim ti bng tn s 2,3 2,4 GHz; VNPT th nghim ti bng tn s 2,5 2,69 GHz. 1.9. Kt lun chng. Qua tm hiu nhng phn trnh by trn gip ta c mt ci nhn tng quan v cng ngh Wimax, kh nng ng dng v tnh hnh trin khai ca n trong thc t. T bt u i su hn, tm hiu v kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX s c trnh by chng tip theo.
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Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX
Chng 2:
KIN TRC MNG TRUY CP WIMAX
2.1. Gii thiu chng. Ni dung ca chng l trnh by m hnh tham chiu v phm vi ca chuNn ng dng cho WiMAX, bao gm lp MAC ( lp con hi t MAC, lp con phn chung MAC, lp con bo mt ) v lp PHY (lp vt l ). 2.2. M hnh tham chiu. Hnh 2.1 minh ha m hnh tham chiu v phm vi ca chuNn. Trong m hnh tham chiu ny, lp PHY tng ng vi lp 1 (lp vt l) v lp MAC tng ng vi lp 2 (lp lin kt d liu) trong m hnh OSI.
Hnh 2.1. M hnh tham chiu.
Trn hnh ta c th thy lp MAC bao gm 3 lp con. Lp con hi t chuyn bit dch v cung cp bt c bin i hay nh x d liu mng bn ngoi, m nhn c qua im truy nhp dch v CS (CS SAP), vo trong cc MAC SDU c tip nhn bi lp con phn chung MAC (CPS) qua SAP MAC. Tc l phn loi cc n v d liu dch v mng ngoi (cc SDU) v kt hp chng vi nh danh lung
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dch v (SFID) MAC v nh danh kt ni (CID) ring. N cng c th bao gm cc chc nng nh nn u mc ti (PHS). N hiu c tnh CS c cung cp cho giao tip vi cc giao thc khc nhau. nh dng bn trong ca payload CS l duy nht vi CS, v MAC CPS khng c i hi phi hiu nh dng hay phn tch bt c thng tin nu t payload CS. MAC CPS cung cp chc nng MAC ct li truy nhp h thng, nh v di thng, thit lp kt ni, v qun l kt ni. N nhn d liu t cc CS khc nhau, qua MAC SAP, m c phn loi ti cc kt ni MAC ring. MAC cng cha mt lp con bo mt ring cung cp nhn thc, trao i kha bo mt, v mt ha. Lp vt l l mt nh x hai chiu gia cc MAC-PDU v cc khung lp vt l c nhn v c truyn qua m ha v iu ch cc tn hiu RF. 2.3. Lp MAC. 2.3.1. Lp con hi t MAC. ChuNn nh ngha hai lp con quy t chuyn bit v dch v tng th nh x cc dch v n v t nhng kt ni MAC. Lp con quy t ATM c nh ngha cho nhng dch v ATM v lp con quy t gi c nh ngha nh x cc dch v gi nh IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet v VLAN . N him v ch yu ca lp con l phn loi cc SDU (n v d liu dch v) theo kt ni MAC thch hp, bo ton hay cho php QoS v cho php nh v di thng. N goi nhng chc nng c bn ny, cc lp con quy t c th cng thc hin nhiu chc nng phc tp hn nh chn v xy dng li u mc ti ti a nng cao hiu sut kt ni khng gian. 2.3.2. Lp con phn chung MAC. Lp con phn chung MAC (MAC CPS) l trung tm ca chuNn. Trong lp con ny, cc quy tc cho qun l kt ni, nh v di thng v c cu cho truy nhp h thng c nh ngha. N goi ra cc chc nng nh lp lch ng ln, yu cu v cp pht di thng, v yu cu lp li t ng (ARQ) cng c nh ngha. 2.3.2.1. a ch v kt ni.
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Mi MS c mt a ch MAC 48 bit, xc nh duy nht MS t trong tp tt c cc nh cung cp c th v cc loi thit b. N c s dng cho qu trnh Intial ranging thit lp cc kt ni thch hp cho mt MS. N cng c s dng nh l mt phn ca qu trnh nhn thc. MAC 802.16 theo kiu hng kt ni. Tt c nhng dch v bao gm nhng dch v khng kt ni c hu, c nh x ti mt kt ni. iu cung cp mt c ch cho yu cu di thng, vic kt hp QoS v cc tham s v lu lng, vn chuyn v nh tuyn d liu n lp con quy t thch hp v tt c cc hot ng khc c lin quan n iu khon hp ng ca dch v. Cc kt ni c tham chiu n cc CID 16-bit v c th yu cu lin tip di thng c cp pht hay di thng theo yu cu. 2.3.2.2. Cc nh dng MAC PDU. MAC-BS v MAC-MS trao i cc bn tin, v cc bn tin ny c xem nh cc PDU. nh dng ca MAC PDU xem hnh 2.2.
Hnh 2.2. Cc nh dng MAC PDU.
Trn hnh ta c th thy bn tin bao gm ba phn: header MAC chiu di c nh l 6 byte, payload chiu di thay i v CRC. N goi tr cc PDU yu cu di thng (khng c payload), cc MAC PDU c th cha hoc cc bn tin qun l MAC hoc d liu lp con hi t - MAC SDU. Payload l ty chn, CRC cng ty chn v ch c s dng nu MS yu cu trong cc tham s QoS. C hai loi header MAC: header MAC chung (GMH) v header MAC yu cu di thng (BR). GMH c s dng truyn d liu hoc cc bn tin qun l MAC. Header BR c s dng bi MS yu cu nhiu di thng hn trn UL. Header MAC v cc bn tin qun l MAC khng c mt ha. 2.3.2.3. Xy dng v truyn cc MAC PDU.
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Cc MAC PDU c truyn trn cc burst PHY, burst PHY c th cha nhiu block FEC. Bao gm cc bc sau: ghp, phn mnh, ng gi, tnh ton CRC, mt ha cc PDU, m. 2.3.2.4. C cu ARQ. ARQ s khng c s dng vi c t PHY WirelessMAN -SC. C cu ARQ l mt phn ca MAC, m l ty chn b sung. Khi c b sung, ARQ c th c php trn c s mi kt ni. Mi kt ni ARQ s c ch r v c dn xp trong thi gian to kt ni. Mt kt ni khng th c s kt hp c lu lng ARQ v khng ARQ. Ch hiu qu vi cc ng dng khng thi gian thc. Thng tin feedback ARQ c th c gi nh mt bn tin qun l MAC c lp trn kt ni qun l c bn thch hp, hoc c mang trn mt kt ni ang tn ti. Feedback ARQ khng th b phn mnh. Ca s trt lp 2 da vo c cu iu khin lung. ARQ s dng mt trng s tun t 11 bit, CRC 32 kim tra li d liu. 2.3.2.5. Truy nhp knh v QoS. IEEE 802.16 c th h tr nhiu dch v thng tin (d liu, thoi, video) vi cc yu cu QoS khc nhau. C cu nguyn l cung cp QoS l phi kt hp cc gi qua giao din MAC vo mt lung dch v c nhn bit bi CID. Mt lung dch v l mt lung v hng m c cung cp mt QoS ring bit. MS v BS cung cp QoS ny theo tp tham s QoS c nh ngha cho lung dch v. Mc ch chnh ca cc c tnh QoS c nh ngha y l xc nh th t v lp lch truyn giao din khng gian. Cc lung dch v tn ti hng ng ln v ng xung v c th tn ti m khng c hot ng mang lu lng. Tt c cc lung dch v c mt SFID 32 bit, cc lung dch v hat ng v chp nhn cng c mt CID 16 bit. Cc loi lung dch v: Cc lung dch v d tr, cc lung dch v admitted, cc lung dch v active. Cc lung dch v c th l tnh (c xy
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dng trc) hoc c to ng. M un cp php BS cho php hay t chi mi thay i tham s QoS. ChuNn nh ngha nhiu khi nim lin quan n QoS nh: lp lch lung dch v QoS, thit lp dch v ng, m hnh hat ng hai pha. 2.3.2.6. Cc c cu yu cu v cp pht di thng. A. Cc yu cu Cc yu cu da vo c cu m MS s dng thng bo cho BS rng chng cn cp pht di thng ng ln. Mt yu cu c th c xem nh l mt header yu cu di thng c lp hoc l mt yu cu mang trn mt bn tin no (piggyback). Bn tin yu cu di thng c th c truyn trong bt c v tr ng ln no, ngoi tr trong khong intial ranging. Cc yu cu di thng c th l tng thm hoc gp li. Khi BS nhn mt yu cu di thng tng, n s thm lng di thng c yu cu vo s cm nhn hin thi cc nhu cu di thng ca n ca kt ni. Khi BS nhn mt yu cu di thng gp li, n s thay s cm nhn cc nhu cu di thng ca n ca kt ni bng lng di thng c yu cu. B. Cc cp pht i vi mt MS, cc yu cu di thng lin quan ti cc kt ni ring trong khi mi cp pht di thng c gi ti CID c bn ca MS, khng phi ti cc CID ring. Bi v khng xc nh trc yu cu s c thc hin ng, khi MS nhn mt c hi truyn ngn hn mong i (quyt nh trnh lp lch, mt bn tin yu cu, ), khng c l do r rng no c a ra. Trong tt c cc trng hp, da vo thng tin nhn c sau cng t BS v trng thi ca yu cu, MS c th quyt nh thc hin yu cu tr li hoc hy SDU. Mt MS c th s dng cc thnh phn thng tin yu cu m c qung b, trc tip mt nhm thm d multicast m n l mt thnh vin trong , hoc trc tip CID c bn ca n. C. Thm d
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Thm d l qu trnh trong BS ch nh cho cc MS di thng dnh cho mc ch to cc yu cu di thng. Cc ch nh ny c th ti cc MS ring hoc nhm cc MS. Tt c cc ch nh cho cc nhm cc kt ni v hoc cc MS thc t l xc nh cc thnh phn thng tin cnh tranh yu cu di thng. Cc ch nh th khng dng bn tin r rng, nhng m c cha nh l mt chui cc thnh phn thng tin trong UL-MAP. Thm d c thc hin trn c s MS. Di thng lun c yu cu trn c s CID v di thng c ch nh trn c s MS. 2.3.2.7. H tr PHY. N hiu cng ngh song cng c h tr bi giao thc MAC. Chn la cng ngh song cng c th nh hng ti cc tham s PHY no cng nh tc ng ti cc c tnh m c th c h tr. - FDD : Cc knh ng ln v ng xung c t cc tn s tch bit v d liu ng xung c th c truyn theo trong cc burst. Mt khung chu k c nh c s dng cho cc truyn dn ng ln v ng xung. iu ny thun tin cho s dng cc loi iu ch khc nhau. V cng cho php ng thi s dng c cc MS song cng (truyn v nhn ng thi) v ty chn cc MS bn song cng (khng truyn v nhn ng thi). N u cc MS bn song cng c s dng, trnh iu khin di thng s khng ch nh di thng cho mt MS bn song cng cng thi im m n c trng mong nhn d liu knh ng xung, bao gm hn nh cho php tr truyn, khong truyn dn truyn/nhn MS (SSTTG), v khong truyn dn nhn/truyn MS (SSRTG). TDD : Truyn ng ln v xung xy ra cc thi im khc nhau v thng chia s cng tn s. Mt khung TDD c khu k c nh v cha mt khung con ng xung v mt khung con ng ln. Khung c chia thnh mt s nguyn cc khe thi gian vt l, m gip cho phn chia di thng d dng. 2.3.2.8. Vo mng.
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giao tip trn mng, mt MS cn hon tt qu trnh vo mng vi BS mong mun. Cc h thng h tr cc th tc thch hp cho tip nhn v ng k mt MS mi hoc mt node mi ti mng. Th tc c th c chia thnh cc giai on sau: 1. Qut knh ng xung v thit lp ng b vi BS 2. Ginh cc s truyn (t bn tin UCD) 3. Thc hin ranging 4. Dn xp cc kh nng c bn 5. Cp php MS v thc hin trao i kha 6. Thc hin ng k 7. Thit lp kt ni IP 8. Thit lp thi gian trong ngy 9. Truyn cc tham s hat ng 10. Thit lp cc kt ni. Vo lc hon thnh qu trnh vo mng, MS to ra mt hoc nhiu lung dch v gi d liu ti BS. 2.3.3. Lp con bo mt. Ton b bo mt ca 802.16 da vo lp con bo mt. Lp con bo mt l lp con gia MAC CPS v lp vt l. Mc tiu ca n l cung cp iu khin truy nhp v s cNn mt ca lin kt d liu, chu trch nhim mt ha v gii m d liu m a n v i ra khi lp vt l PHY v cng c s dng cho cp php v trao i kha bo mt, N gn chn nh cp dch v. Bo mt ca 802.16 gm cc thnh phn sau: cc lin kt bo mt (SA), chng nhn X.509, giao thc cp php qun l kha ring t (authorization PKM), qun l kha v ring t (PKM) v mt ha d liu 2.4. Lp vt l. ChuNn nh ngha cc PHY khc nhau m c th c s dng kt hp vi lp MAC em li mt lin kt end- to- end tin cy.
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2.4.1. c t WirelessMAN-SC PHY. c t ny c thit k nhm mc ch cho hot ng di tn 10-66GHz, vi mc mm do cao cho php cc nh cung cp dch v c th ti u cc trin khai h thng i vi quy hoch cell, chi ph, kh nng v tuyn, cc dch v v dung lng. cho php s dng ph mm do, c TDD v FDD c h tr. Hai cng ngh ny s dng mt nh dng truyn dn burst m c cu khung ca n h tr burst profiling thch ng, nhng tham s truyn, bao gm cc k hoch iu ch v m ha, c th c iu chnh ring cho mi trm thu bao trn c s tng khung mt. iu ch QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM. Cu trc khung bao gm mt khung con ng xung v mt khung con ng ln. Knh ng xung l TDM, vi thng tin cho mi MS c ghp knh trn mt lung d liu duy nht v c nhn bi tt c cc MS trong cng di qut. h tr cc MS bn song cng phn chia tn s, ng xung cng c cu to cha mt on TDMA. ng ln da vo s kt hp TDMA v DAMA. C th, knh ng ln c phn thnh mt s khe thi gian. S cc khe thi gian c gn cho cc s dng khc nhau (ng k, cnh tranh, bo v, hoc lu lng) c iu khin bi MAC trong BS v c th thay i i vi thi gian cht lng ti u. Mi MS s c gng nhn tt c cc phn ca ng xung tr nhng burst m burst profile ca n hoc khng c thc hin bi MS hoc khng mnh bng burst profile ng xung hot ng hin thi ca MS. Cc MS bn song cng s khng c gng nghe cc phn trng khp ng xung vi truyn dn ng ln c ch nh cho chng, nu c th, c iu chnh bi s sm nh thi truyn ca chng. Cc chu k khung c th l 0,5 ms, 1 ms, 2ms.
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2.4.2. c t PHY WirelessMAN-SCa. WirelessMAN -SCa PHY da vo cng ngh iu ch sng mang n v c thit k cho hot ng N LOS cc di tn di 11GHz. Cc thnh phn trong PHY ny gm: Cc nh ngha TDD v FDD, mt trong hai phi c h tr. ng ln TDMA, ng xung TDM hoc TDMA. iu ch thch ng Block v m ha FEC cho c ng ln v ng xung. Cc cu trc khung m cho php s cn bng v ch tiu nh gi knh c ci thin i vi N LOS v cc mi trng tri rng tr c m rng. FEC rng buc vo nhau s dng Reed-Solomon v iu ch c m ha mt li thc dng vi chn ty chn. Cc ty chn FEC BTC v CTC b sung. Ty chn khng FEC s dng ARQ cho iu khin li. Ty chn phn tp truyn m ha thi gian khng gian (STC). Cc ch mnh cho hot ng CIN R thp. Cc thit lp tham s v cc bn tin MAC/PHY m thun tin cho cc b sung AAS ty chn. 2.4.3. c t PHY WirelessMAN-OFDM. 2.4.3.1. c im. WirelessMAN -OFDM PHY da vo iu ch OFDM v c thit k cho hat ng N LOS cc di tn s di 11GHz. WirelessMAN -OFDM, mt lc ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao (OFDM) vi 256 sng mang. a truy nhp ca cc trm thu bao khc nhau da vo a truy nhp phn chia thi gian (TDMA). Lp PHY OFDM h tr cc hot ng TDD v FDD, vi h tr cho cc SS c FDD v H FDD. M ha sa li trc FEC: mt lc m xon RS-CC tc thay i c
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kt hp, h tr cc tc m ha 1/2, 2/3, 3/4 v 5/6. BTC tc thay i (ty chn)v m CTC cng c h tr ty chn. Chn (Interleaving). iu ch: ChuNn h tr cc mc iu ch, gm BPSK, QPSK, 16- QAM v 64-QAM. H tr (ty chn) phn tp pht ng xung s dng STC v cc h thng anten thch nghi (AAS) vi SDMA. Lc phn tp s dng hai anten BS truyn mt tn hiu c m ha STC. N u phn tp truyn c s dng, mt phn khung DL (c gi l min) c th c nh r tr thnh min phn tp truyn. Tt c cc burst d liu trong min phn tp truyn s dng m ha STC. Cui cng, nu AAS c s dng, mt phn khung con DL c th c ch nh nh l min AAS. Trong phn ca khung con ny, AAS c s dng giao tip vi cc SS c kh nng AAS. AAS cng c h tr trong UL. Truyn knh con ng ln l mt ty chn cho mt SS, v s ch c s dng nu cc tn hiu BS c kh nng gii m cc truyn dn nh vy. 2.4.3.2. Symbol OFDM. min thi gian, bin i Fourier ngc to ra dng sng OFDM, chu k thi gian ny c xem nh thi gian symbol hu ch Tb, mt bn sao Tg sau cng ca chu k symbol hu ch, c quy c l CP (tin t chu k), c s dng thu thp a ng, trong khi duy tr s trc giao. Hnh 23 minh ha cu trc ny.
Hnh 2.3. Cu trc thi gian symbol OFDM.
min tn s, mt symbol OFDM bao gm cc sng mang con, s sng mang con xc nh kch thc FFT c s dng. C ba loi sng mang con:
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Sng mang con d liu: cho truyn d liu. Sng mang con pilot: cho cc mc ch c lng khc nhau. Sng mang con N ull: khng truyn dn, dng cho cc di bo v, cc sng mang con khng hot ng v sng mang con DC.
Hnh 2.4. M t symbol OFDM min tn s.
Mc ch ca cc di bo v l cho php tn hiu suy yu v to ra FFT dng hnh brick wall. Cc sng mang ph khng hot ng ch trong trng hp truyn knh con bi mt SS. 2.4.3.3. Cu trc khung. OFDM PHY h tr truyn da theo khung. Mt khung cha khung con ng xung v ng ln. Khung con ng xung ch cha mt PHY PDU ng xung. Mt khung con ng ln cha cc khong tranh chp c sp xp cho cc mc ch intial ranging, yu cu di thng v mt hoc nhiu PHY PDU, mi PHY PDU c truyn t mt SS khc nhau. Mt PHY PDU ng xung bt u vi mt preamle, c s dng cho ng b PHY. Sau preamble l mt burst FCH. Burst FCH l mt symbol OFDM v c truyn s dng BPSK tc 1/2 vi s m ha bt buc. FCH cha DLFP (tin t khung ng xung) ch ra burst profile v chiu di ca mt hoc nhiu burst ng xung theo ngay sau FCH. Mt Bn tin DL-MAP, nu c truyn trong khung hin thi, s l MAC PDU u tin trong burst theo sau FCH. Mt bn tin UL-MAP s theo sau ngay hoc DL-MAP (nu n c truyn) hoc DLFP. N u cc bn tin UCD v DCD c truyn trong khung, chng s theo ngay sau cc bn tin DL-MAP v UL-MAP. Mc d burst s 1 cha cc bn tin iu
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khin MAC qung b, n khng cn s dng iu ch/m ha c xem l mnh nht. iu ch/m ha hiu qu hn c th c s dng nu n c h tr v c th dng c ti tt c cc MS ca mt BS.
Hnh 2.5. Cu trc khung OFDM vi TDD.
Theo sau FCH l mt hoc nhiu burst ng xung, mi burst c truyn vi burst profile khc nhau. Mi burst ng xung cha mt s nguyn symbol OFDM. V tr v profile ca burst ng xung u tin c ch ra trong DLFP. V tr v profile ca s burst tip theo c th ln nht cng s c ch ra trong DLFP. V tr v profile ca cc burst khc c ch trong DL-MAP. Khung con ng DL c th ty chn cha min STC ni m tt c cc burst DL c m ha STC. Vi PHY OFDM, mt burst PHY, hoc mt burst PHY ng xung hoc mt burst PHY ng ln, cha mt s nguyn symbol OFDM, mang cc bn tin MAC, nh cc MAC PDU. Trong mi khung TDD, TTG v RTG s c chn gia khung con ng xung v ng ln v cui mi khung, tch bit ra cho php BS chuyn hng.
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Trong h thng FDD, cu trc khung UL v DL tng t, ngoi tr UL v DL c truyn trn cc knh ring r. Khi cc SS l H-FDD, BS phi m bo rng khng lp lch truyn v nhn cng thi im. 2.4.4. c t PHY WirelessMAN- OFDMA. 2.4.4.1. c im. Lp PHY OFDMA WirelessMAN cng c thit k da trn iu ch OFDM. WirelessMAN -OFDMA, lc OFDM 2048 sng mang OFDM. a truy nhp c thc hin bng cch gn mt tp con cc sng mang cho mt my thu c nhn, v v vy n c xem nh l OFDMA. N h tr knh con UL v DL. ChuNn h tr 5 lc knh con khc nhau. Lp PHY OFDMA h tr hai hat ng TDD v FDD. CC (m xon) l lc m ha c yu cu v cc tc m ha ging nhau c h tr nh c h tr bi lp PHY OFDM. Cc lc m ha BTC v CTC c h tr ty chn. Cc mc iu ch ging nhau cng c h tr. STC v AAS vi SDMA c h tr, cng nh MIMO. 2.4.4.2. Symbol OFDMA. min thi gian, bin i Fourier ngc to ra dng sng OFDMA, chu k thi gian ny c xem nh thi gian symbol hu ch Tb. Mt bn sao Tg sau cng ca chu k symbol hu ch, c quy c l CP, c s dng thu thp a ng, trong khi duy tr s trc giao. Hnh 2.6 minh ha cu trc ny.
Hnh 2.6. Cu trc thi gian symbol OFDMA.
min tn s, mt symbol OFDMA bao gm cc sng mang con, s sng mang xc nh kch thc FFT s dng.
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Hnh 2.7. M t tn s OFDMA (v d vi lc 3 knh con).
Trong ch OFDMA, cc sng mang con hot ng c chia thnh cc tp sng mang con, mi tp c xem nh mt knh con. ng xung, mt knh con c th c dnh cho (nhm) cc my thu khc nhau; ng ln, mt my pht c th c gn cho mt hoc hn cc knh con, nhiu my pht c th truyn ng thi. Cc sng mang con to ra mt knh con c th, nhng khng cn thit phi k nhau. Symbol c chia thnh cc knh con logic h tr kh nng m rng, a truy nhp, v cc kh nng x l ma trn ng ten tin tin. 2.4.4.3. Cu trc khung. Trong h thng TDD, mi khung truyn dn ng xung bt u vi mt preamble v theo sau bi mt on truyn dn DL v mt on truyn dn UL. mi khung, TTG v RTG s c chn gia ng ln v ng xung cui mi khung cho php BS chuyn hng. Trong cc h thng TDD v H-FDD, cc hn nh cho php trm thu bao phi c thc hin bi mt SSRTG v bi mt SSTTG. BS s khng truyn thng tin ng xung ti mt trm mun hn (SSRTG+RTD) trc nh v ng ln c lp lch ca n, v s khng truyn thng tin ng xung ti n sm hn (SSTTG+RTD) sau tn cng ca nh v ng ln c lp lch, RTD biu th tr ton phn. Cc tham s SSRTG v SSTTG c kh nng c cung cp bi MS ti BS da vo yu cu trong thi gian vo mng.
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Hnh 2.8. Phn b thi gian-khung TDD (ch vi min bt buc).
Hai knh con c truyn u tin trong symbol d liu u tin ca ng xung c gi l FCH. FCH s c truyn s dng QPSK tc 1/2 vi 4 ln lp s dng s m ha bt buc (thng tin FCH s c gi trn 4 knh con lin k) trong mt vng PUSC. FCH ch r chiu di ca bn tin DL-MAP m ha c s dng cho bn tin DL-MAP. N hng chuyn tip gia iu ch v m ha xy ra trn cc bin symbol OFDMA min thi gian v trn cc knh con trong mt symbol OFDMA trong min tn s. 2.4.5. Lp con hi t truyn dn TC. Gia PHY v MAC l mt lp con hi t truyn dn TC. Lp ny thc hin s bin i cc MAC PDU di c th thay i vo trong cc khi FEC di c nh (cng thm c th l mt khi c rt ngn vo on cui) ca mi cm. Lp TC c mt PDU c kch thc khp vi khi FEC hin thi b y. N bt u vi 1 con tr ch ra v tr u mc MAC PDU tip theo bt u bn trong khi FEC. Xem hnh 2.9.
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Preamble
Khi PDU khi u trong TC ngay trc
Khi PDU u tin khi u trong TC hin ti
Khi PDU th 2 khi u trong TC hin ti
PDU ca lp con TC P = con tr 1 byte

Hnh 2.9. nh dng TC PDU.
Khun dng PDU TC cho php ng b ho MAC PDU tip sau trong trng hp khi FEC trc c nhng li khng th phc hi c. Khng c lp TC, mt SS hay BS nhn s mt ton b phn cn li ca mt cm khi c mt li khng th sa cha xut hin. 2.5. Kt lun chng. N i dung ca chng cho thy cc yu cu k thut i vi WiMAX trong lp vt l, lp lin kt d liu ca m hnh OSI, iu ny gip ta cng hiu r hn v cng ngh WiMAX t gp thun li hn trong vic ng dng Wimax vo thc t. N hng so snh, cc gii php a ra chng 3 di y s lm ni bt hn cc c im v h tr thm nhng thng tin trin khai Wimax thnh cng.
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Chng 3: So snh WiMAX vi mt s cng ngh http://www.4tech.com.vn
Chng 3:
SO SNH WIMAX VI MT S CNG NGH TRUY NH SN XUT
CP V TUYN BNG RNG KHC V GII PHP CA CC
3.1. Gii thiu chng. Trong chng ny s phn tch nh gi cc ch tiu gia WiMAX v cc h thng v tuyn c nh cng phm vi ng dng nh LMDS, MMDS, cc h thng di ng nh 3G, WiBro. Kt qu a ra l s nh gi kh nng trin khai ca WiMAX so vi cc loi khc. Ngoi ra cn cung cp cc gii php ca cc nh sn xut h tr cho vic trin khai WiMAX. 3.2 . Tng quan v cc chun truy nhp v tuyn bng rng. Mt lot cc chuNn v mng truy nhp v tuyn bng rng c nhiu t chc nghin cu, xy dng v pht trin. Theo phm vi ng dng, cc chuNn ny c phn chia thnh cc mng nh sau:
Hnh 3.1. Cc chun v mng truy nhp v tuyn bng rng.
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- Mng cc nhn (PAN - Personal Area N etwork): ChuNn WPAN c ng dng trong phm vi gia nh, hoc trong khng gian xung quanh ca 1 c nhn, tc truyn dn trong nh c th t 480 MB/giy trong phm vi 10m. Trong m hnh mng WPAN , c s xut hin ca cc cng ngh Bluetooth, 802.15 (hin nay 802.15 ny ang c pht trin thnh 802.15.3 c bit n vi tn cng ngh Ultrawideband - siu bng thng). - Mng ni b (LAN Local Area N etwork): mng WirelessLAN s dng k thut 802.11x bao gm cc chuNn 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, IPERLAN 1/2.. WLAN l mt phn ca gii php vn phng di ng, cho php ngi s dng kt ni mng LAN t cc khu vc cng cng nh vn phng, khch sn hay cc sn bay. Cng ngh ny cho php ngi s dng c th s dng, truy xut thng tin, truy cp Internet vi tc ln hn rt nhiu so vi phng thc truy nhp gin tip truyn thng. - Mng th (MAN - Metropolitant Area N etwork): Mng WMAN s dng chuNn 802.16, nh ngha c t k thut giao din khng gian WirelessMAN cho cc mng vng th. Vic a ra chuNn ny m ra mt cng ngh mi truy nhp v tuyn bng rng WIMAX cho php mng v tuyn m rng phm vi hot ng ti gn 50 km v c th truyn d liu, ging ni v hnh nh video vi tc nhanh hn so vi ng truyn cp hoc ADSL. y s l cng c hon ho cho cc ISP mun m rng hot ng vo nhng vng dn c ri rc, ni m chi ph trin khai ADSL v ng cp qu cao hoc gp kh khn trong qu trnh thi cng. - Mng din rng (WAN - Wide Area N etwork): Trong tng lai, cc kt ni Wireless WAN s s dng chuNn 802.20 thc hin cc kt ni din rng, hin nay cc chuNn ny ang c chuNn ha. N hm nh gi cng ngh WiMAX p dng trin khai trong mng Vin thng Vit N am, vi phm v ca ti, hc vin ch gii hn phn so snh WiMAX vi cc cng ngh c phm vi ng dng tng t vi v c kh nng cnh tranh vi cng ngh WiMAX.
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3.3. So snh WiMAX c nh v LMDS, MMDS. Phin bn WiMAX 802.16-2004 nhm cung cp cc truy nhp c nh hoc lu ng. Cc cng ngh v tuyn c nh c kh nng cnh tranh vi WiMAX c nh hin ang c xem xt bao gm: H thng phn b a im ni vng (LMDSLocal Multi-point Distribution System) v H thng phn b a im a knh. (MMDS-Multichannel multipoint distribution service). H thng phn b a im ni vng (LMDS) Cng ngh LMDS cung cp gii php mng im-a-im v lm vic trong cc di tn s vi ba trn 10 GHz. Hai bng tn s chnh c cp pht l 26/28 GHz v 40 GHz. Vic s dng cc bng tn ny c th mang ti dung lng rt ln (Tc ln ti 3 Gbps ti tn s 40 GHz). Phm vi ph sng ca h thng b gii hn trong phm vi 5 km do suy hao ma cao ti tn s ny. N goi ra h thng cn yu cu tm nhn thng (LOS). H thng LMDS hin nay da trn cc gii php ring. T 2001, cc tiu chuNn IEEE 802.16 v ETSI BRAN HYPERACCESS cng hng dn cc mng LMDS nhm n kh nng bt tay ca ca cc thit b trn ton cu nhm gim chi ph. Tt c cc h thng LMDS hin nay u da trn cc giao thc dng ring PHY & MAC. Tc truyn s liu t c trn mt knh RF ( bng thng xp x 30 MHz) l 45 Mbps. Tuy nhin khi cc k thut PHY & MAC c chuNn ha bi c ETSI BRAN v IEEE th gi thnh thit b LMDS gim xung rt nhiu. LMDS l hon ton ph hp vi cc yu cu ca dch v v tuyn bng rng. Cc th nghim thc t cho thy mng c trin khai trn c s LMDS khng b hn ch ch ng dng cc h thng truyn hnh tng tc hay qung b, m ta cn c th thc hin trin khai TCP/IP trn c s LMDS. iu ny c thc hin bng cch xy dng cc b tng cng giao thc TCP trn nn MPEG. Cc m phng v th nghim ch ra rng vic thc hin IP trn LMDS c th trin khai ngay trn cc h thng v tuyn tiu chuNn. Tuy nhin, nh khai thc cng khng nn nh gi thp s cn thit s iu chnh trong vn thu v tuyn, trong mng,
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v cc tham s TCP/IP sao cho vic s dng ph l hiu qu nht vi gi tr QoS c th chp nhn c. H thng phn b a im a knh (MMDS) MMDS c kin trc tng t nh kin trc LMDS. MMDS s dng tn s t 2,1 GHz v 2.5-2.7 GHz. Tn hiu c pht i t trm pht sng thng c t trn cc ngn i, hay to nh cao tng, ti cc an ten c bit m cc an ten ny nh l trm chuyn tip pht ti cc khch hng trong phm vi nhn thng (LOS). Ging nh cp ng, mt knh 6 MHz vi iu ch c th truyn vi tc khong 30 Mbit/s v do h tr t 500 n 1500 thu bao. MMDS cung cp dch v vi trong vng bn knh 60 km. y l u im nu so vi cng ngh LMDS, bi v bn knh phc v ti a ca LMDS ch l 5 km. MMDS l gii php l tng cho cc vng nng thn ni m k thut vin thng cha pht trin. N hng h thng ny c pht trin ln u tin ti US, Hng Kng, Canada, v c. Chu Phi, MMDS c s dng ti cc nc GaBon v Senegal. Chu u, cc h thng th nghim v ang hot ng ti cc nc Ireland, Iceland, v Php. Hu ht cc mng MMDS ang hot ng s dng bng tn 2,5-2,7 GHz, truyn dn khong 30 knh s dng nh dng N TSC ( rng 6 MHz) v khong 20 knh s dng nh dng PAL hoc SECAM ( rng 8 MHz). So snh cc c tnh chnh ca hai cng ngh LMDS v MMDS vi WiMAX c nh 802.16-2004 qua cc thng s chnh c th nh bng 3.1.
Bng 3.1 So snh gia chun 802.16-2004 v LMDS, MMDS.
Chun Phng thc iu ch Ph tn s
802.16-2004 OFDM/ TDMA OFDMA 2-11GHz 10 - 66 GHz n/a
LMDS n/a
MMDS
26/28, 40 GHz
2,1 GHz 2,5 - 2,7 GHz.
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iu kin truyn Tc ti a
LOS v N LOS ti 134 Mbps (28 MHz) 1,25 - 28 MHz 5bps/Hz 50 Km
LOS ti 3 Gbps 1,25MHz 5MHz 3,2 bps/Hz 5 Km
LOS 10 Mbps
Bng thng knh Hiu sut Khong truyn
5 MHz <0,5 bps/Hz 60 KM
3.4. So snh WiMAX di ng vi 3G. Hai dng khc nhau ca CDMA 3G c s dng rng ri l WCDMA - gii php FDD da trn c s knh 5 MHz v CDMA2000 - gii php da trn c s knh 1,25 MHz. WCDMA c pht trin tng kh nng ng sung vi phin bn truy nhp gi ng xung tc cao (HSDPA) v truy nhp gi ng ln tc cao HSUPA . N hm pht trin 3G cng cn nhc pht trin kh nng truyn xa hn cho WCDMA nh l cung cp MIMO vi HSPA. Tng t nh vy, CDMA 2000 c pht trin tng kh nng truyn dn s liu ti phin bn 1x EVDO-Rev 0 v 1x EVDO-Rev A. Mt nng cao na l phin bn EVDO Rev B a vo kh nng a sng mang. Do 1xEVDO v HSDPA/HSPA c pht trin t tiu chuNn CDMA 3G cung cp dch v s liu thng qua mng ban u c thit k cho dch v thoi di ng do n tha hng c nhng u im v c nhng hn ch ca h thng 3G. WiMAX ban u c pht trin cho truy nhp v tuyn bng rng c nh v n c ti u cho truyn s liu. WiMAX di ng c pht trin trn c s ca WiMAX c nh v c iu chnh ph hp cho yu cu di ng. Vic so snh gia cc thuc tnh ca WiMAX di ng vi 3G trn c s h thng 1x EVDO v HSDPA/HDPA s cho ta thy r cng gnh no s p ng c cc i hi ca
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mng ch v s liu bng rng di ng. Cc thuc tnh c th c a ra trong bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2 So snh WiMAX di ng v 3G. Thuc tnh 1x EVDO Rev A CDMA2000/IS-95 FDD TDM CDMA 1,25 MHz HSDPA/HSUPA (HSPA) WCDMA FDD CDM-TDM OFDMA CDMA 5,0 MHz 2 ms 5 ms TDD 6,67 ms QPSK/ 8PSK/ 16QAM BPSK, QPSK/ 8PSK Turbo 3,1 Mbps 2/ 10 ms QPSK/ 16QAM QPSK/ 16QAM/ 64 QAM QPSK/ 16 QAM CC, Turbo 46 Mbps, DL/UL=3 32 Mbps, DL/UL=1 7 Mbps, DL/UL=1 4 Mbps, DL/UL=3 ng b a knh CC Lp lch nhanh DL v UL 5; 7; 8,75; 10 MHz WiMAX di ng IEEE802.16e TDD
Tiu chuNn c s P.P song cng Hng sung (DL) a truy nhp h.ln (UL) rng bng DL Kch c khung UL iu ch DL iu ch UL M ha Tc nh DL
1,67 ms
BPSK/ CC, Turbo 14 Mbps
Tc nh UL H-ARQ Lp lch
1,8 Mbps ng b 4 knh nhanh IR Lp lch nhanh DL
5,8 Mbps ng b 6 knh nhanh CC Lp lch nhanh UL
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Chuyn (Handoff)
vng Chuyn vng mn

o
Ch. vng cng khi u t mng
Ch. vng cng khi u t mng
3.5. So snh WiMAX di ng vi WiBro. Mng WiBro c Hn Quc trin th nghim v a vo khai thc t gia nm 2006. WiBro l tn vit tt ca cc t Korean Wireless Broadband service. y l mt mng truy nhp bng rng da trn tiu chuNn IEEE 802.16e, tuy nhin tnh nng p dng ca tiu chuNn ny khc vi cc tnh nng m din n WiMAX a ra cho WiMAX di ng nn mng ny khng thc s l WiMAX di ng, v n nay WiBro phin bn 1 khng th hot ng c vi mng WiMAX di ng. S khc bit gia WiMAX di ng v WiBro c minh ha nh hnh 3.2.
IEEE TTA
802.16e
Hnh 3.2. Phm vi ca WiMAX di ng v WiBro trong chun 802.16e.
Cc c tnh ca hai phin bn WiMAX v WiBro c so snh c th nh bng 3.3.

Bng 3.3 Cc c tnh chnh ca WiMAX di ng v WiBro.
c tnh Bng tn Bng thng di khung
WiMax di ng 2,3; 2,5 v 3,5 GHz 3,75; 5; 8,75; 10 MHz 5 ms, 48 k t
WiBro 2,3 GHz 8,75 MHz 5 ms, 48 k t
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Tc v tr Cu hnh anten
<50 ms, < 120 Kmph AAS, STC, MIMO
<150 ms, < 60 Kmph AAS
Hin nay cc nh sn xut thit b cng ang hp tc vi din n WiMAX da ra nhng yu cu cho h thng WiBro th h tip theo c kh nng lm vic c vi h thng thit b WiMAX di ng. Vic mng WiBro th nghim thnh cng v a vo khai thc thng mi cho thy kh nng trin khai thnh cng ca WiMAX l ht sc to ln. 3.6. Gii php ca cc nh sn xut. 3.6.1. Gii php ca Intel. Gii php Chipset Intel: i mi nn bng rng v tuyn c nh Wimax Chipset Intel PRO/Wireless 5116 tch hp cao tun theo chuNn IEEE 802.16-2004 hat ng c 2 bng tn s v tuyn cp php v khng cp php. Chipset c tch hp v sp xp hp l quy trnh thit k v a ra gii php pht trin cc CPE hiu qu cao. Khi kt hp vi cc b khuch i cng sut v RFIC ca cc hng khc, cc nh sn xut to ra cc modem Wimax c nhn c th t ci t trong nh v ngoi tri, lm cc cng cung cp d liu IP tc cao, thoi v hnh nh theo thi gian thc. Gim chi ph v gia tng tc phn cng chipset Intel PRO/Wireless 5116 s sn sng s dng cho cc ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) th ba. Chipset Intel PRO/Wireless 5116 xy dng xung quanh k thut iu bin OFDM hiu sut cao. Bng thng knh v tc d liu c th lp trnh v h tr cc ng dng thng thng v cc ng dng m rng. Cu trc b x l li i cung cp cho cc nh sn xut cc chc nng c th lp trnh v mm do cho cc ng dng phn mm v lp MAC ca h. Tch hp lp MAC tc 10/100, x l bo mt ni tuyn v mt giao din mch iu khin TDM cho cc ng dng IP v cc ng dng thoi truyn thng. Cng vi chipset Intel PRO/Wireless 5116 l mt b cng c pht trin phn
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mm (SDK) cung cp cho cc nh lp trnh cc cng c cn thit khai thc kh nng lp trnh ca thit b. B iu bin v cc API RF, cc b iu khin c lin quan v v tuyn, Ethernet, v cc thit b TDM cho php cc nh lp trnh tru tng ha phc tp phn cng b iu bin v tp trung vo pht trin ng dng v lp MAC ca h. Tiu chun do Intel l thnh vin son tho: Hng ch to chip hng u cho my tnh v in thoi di ng , thnh vin ch cht ca Wimax forum, xy dng han thin tiu chuNn 802.16 c c nh v di ng (802.16-2004 v 802.16e). 3.6.2. Gii php sn phm ca SR-Telecom. Loi sn phm: Trm gc Wimax, nhn hiu thng mi ABS4000. Gii php FWA Wimax i xng ca SR-Telecom kt ni ng thi ti nhiu nh cung cp dch v v h tr cc ng dng yu cu QoS khc nhau, s ng dng tng th Wimax ca ABS4000.
Hnh 3.3. S ng dng tng th Wimax ca ABS4000.
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Trm gc Wimax ABS4000 i xng cung cp truy cp v tuyn bng rng a dng ng dng c nh v xch tay, gm Wi-Fi, Backhaul VPN , Internet tc cao, in thoi VoIP, lung m thanh v hnh nh, cc ng dng theo thi gian thc nh hi ngh truyn hnh v tr chi trc tuyn. Vi kinh nghim 10 nm trong cng ngh OFDM ca SR-Telecom, ABS4000 khng ch tun theo cc c im c bn ca Wimax m cn c thm cc c im ty chn nh: MIMO, m ha khng gian, Hybrid ARQ v knh ph (Sub-channelling). Kt qu chnh l do c tnh i xng m cng ngh hot ng hiu qu hn v ph sng c iu kin N LOS. Thit b ABS4000 hot ng bng tn 3.5GHz v h tr (hosts up) ti a 6 sector s dng profile FDD trong cc knh 1.75 hoc 3.5 MHz. N h tr cc my trm thu bao theo chuNn Wimax. Hn na, vi h thng qun l mng (N MS) i xng, cc nh khai thc c th qun l hiu qu mt s lng cc trm gc v thu bao khng gii hn. 3.6.3. Gii php sn phm ca Alvarion. L nh sn xut hng u cc thit b truy nhp bng rng vi hn 2 triu sn phNm c lp t trn 130 quc gia, cc thit b ca Alavrion l gii php c c nh ln di ng bao trm tn s t 450 MHz n 28 GHz. L i tc bn hng ca Intel, Cc chip ca Intel c a vo cc dng sn phNm BreezeMax t thng 42005. Vi Wimax tn thng mi sn phNm l Breezemax. Cng ngh OFDM.vi nhy cao, cc sn phNm ca Breezemax c th p ng tt k c trong iu kin N LOS . Cng sut ph sng ln, anten thng minh a dng, BreezeMax c th c dng trong nh cho c vng ng dn c (thnh th) ln vng tha dn (nng thn). BreezeMax h tr tt nhiu dch v bng rng nh: truy nhp Internet, VPN , thoi , E1/T1, Video v multimedia khc. BreezeMax l sn phNm c trm gc ln thit b u cui.
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Vi thit b trm gc: cc c tnh: Kh nng cao, Thit k d. OFDM, OFDMA, cng ngh anten thng minh. Gi thnh khng cao. Sn sng cho Wimax. Ph sng trn 30 Km. iu ch : BPSK,QPSK, QAM 16, v QAM64. C kh nng tng n 72Mbps cho mt Sector v 432 Mbps cho mt trm gc c tnh ca thit b u cui: Tch hp giao din bng rng khng dy ca Intel D lp t cho vng mi ph song. Tch hp SIM card thng minh. Giao din thoi, data, wifi v E1/T1. Hon tan p dng cho N LOS trong nh. N hiu gii php cho Anten. DRAP (dinamic resource allocation protocol) cho cht lng dch v thoi. 10 Mbps cho CPE. Qun l SN MP.
Alvarion, nh cung cp gii php bng rng khng dy v mng di ng chuyn dng, ang tp trung vo cng ngh 4Motion mi. l WiMax di ng tng th da theo chuNn 802.16e-2005 ang c trin khai cng vi cc nh cung cp cng ngh mng li v IP, thit b u cui v dch v tch hp. Alvarion ang
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tp trung vo vic cp di tn linh hot cho nhiu dch v. N h vy cc thu bao di ng s c ng dng 3 loi hnh dch v (truyn thoi, s liu v hnh nh di ng) mi lc mi ni. BreezeMAX l sn phNm theo chuNn WiMax ca Alvarion c thit k h tr cho cc ng dng bng rng khng dy c nh, c ng, cm tay v di ng. Phin bn 4Motion ng dng cho thng mi bao gm cc chuNn tng thch vi cc trm gc BreezeMAX v cc h thng khc nhau ca Alvarion v ca bn th 3 cng nh cc thit b thu bao ca khch hng. Cc th nghim cho phin bn 4Motion d kin s tin hnh vo 6 thng u nm 2007. 3.6.4. Gii php sn phm ca Motorola cho ISP. Motorola l nh sn xut ln cc thit b u cui v thit b mng v cung cp cc gii php mm do cho cc khch hng c nhu cu khc nhau . T nm 2002 hng pht trin dng sn phNm Canopy cng ngh Wimax v c trin khai lp t trn mt s quc gia trn th gii. Dng sn phNm ny h tr truy nhp khng dy bng rng tn s 3.5 GHz lc u, v sau h tr thm cc tn s 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz v 5GHz khng cp php. Lot sn phNm ny cn bao gm c cc CPE ngoi tri (gn tng hoc mi nh) cng nh cc sn phNm trong nh (dng bn) modem CPE v Wifi gateway. Cc trm gc wimax (WBS) ca Motorola c khang cch rt mm do v linh hot ph hp cho trin khai cc t bo. iu ny cho php cc nh cung cp c th cung cp cc dch v bng rng khng dy di ng trn phm vi rng ln. u th ca cc sn phNm Canopy: a. D dng trin khai: H thng sn phNm Canopy vi cc giao thc thng minh, d trin khai v vn hnh. Vic thit k mng trn c s han thin mng c sn nn cng n gin vic lp t. Khng phi trin khai ng dy v h thng vi ba mi. Vic lp t c th ch trong vi ngy thay v hng thng cho mi trm.
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b. Cu hnh linh hot : Vi cu hnh im a im c ly lin lc c th ln n 24 km, cu hnh im im c ly lin lc c th ln n 200km. N goi ra h thng cn c tch hp cc giao din cho php qun l mng, tnh cc v gim st t xa. c. Trin khai vi u th vt tri nh h thng c Mun ha cao, trnh c nhiu, nhiu ph tn chn la nn c th ph hp cho c vng ng dn ln vng nng thn tha dn c. d. Vic bo mt ca h thng cng tun th theo m ha DES ( Data encryption standard) v tng thch vi AES (advanced encryption standard ) tc l c m ha 128 bit bo m an tan vic pht v nhn tn hiu. e. Tc truyn cao: Vi cu hnh im - a im tc l t 512 Kbps n 14 Mbps v vi cu hnh im im th tc l t 10 Mbps n 300 Mbps. Tt nhin tc ti ln v xung trn thc t tng ni c th cn ph thuc cc yu t khc nhau nn c th khc nhau. 3.6.5. Gii php Chipset ca Fujitsu. 3.6.5.1. M t Fujitsu pht trin cc ng dng truy cp v tuyn bng rng rt hiu qu v chi ph, tch hp MAC v PHY vo trong b x l tn hiu bng gc. Thit k SoC ny h tr mt vng tn s t 2-11 GHz trong c bng cp php v cha cp php. N h tr tt c cc rng di tn c sn hin nay t 1.75 MHz n 20 MHz. Fujitsu Wimax SoC tun theo b tiu chuNn IEEE 802.16-2004 v Wimax v c th cu hnh s dng c c hai ng dng trm thu bao v trm gc. SoC h tr cc k thut iu ch thch ng hiu qu cao gm 64 QAM, 16 QAM, QPSK v BPSK. Tc d liu SoC ti a l 75 Mbps khi p dng k thut iu ch 64 QAM trong knh 20MHz v s dng tt c 192 sng mang ph. Cc
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knh ph ng ln cng tun theo yu cu ca b tiu chuNn. Cc tnh nng tng cng vi hai b x l RISC cng c nhng vo SoC. Hai b x l ny bt tay vi cc chc nng ch yu theo yu cu ca c tnh Wimax v cn cho php bt tay vi phn mm ng dng ca ngi dng. 3.6.5.2. Tnh nng: - Hon ton tun th b tiu chuNn IEEE 802.16-2004. - H tr c hai trm gc v trm thu bao cho cc ng dng TDD hoc FDD. - Tch hp 256 OFDM PHY vi cc k thut iu bin 64QAM, 16QAM, QPSK v BPSK. - Phn chia ng Uplink theo cc knh ph. - Giao din bng gc linh hat vi cc b chuyn i tc cao ADC, DAC. - Tnh nng iu khin tn s t ng (AFC) tch hp vi b chuyn i DAC. - Tnh nng la chn tn s ng (DFS) tch hp vi b chuyn i ADC. - B chuyn i ADC tch hp o cng sut thu/ pht. - Bo mt s dng cc k thut m ha/ gii m DES, AES, CCM. - Hai b x l RISC hat ng vi cc lp bn trn v bn di lp MAC. - Tch hp b iu khin b nh v b iu khin DMA. - Tch hp k thut Ethernet cho giao din mng. - C nhiu b thit b ngai vi tch hp v iu khin tn hiu RF. - AGC c th lp trnh h tr vng rng s suy gim tn hiu RF. 3.6.5.3 ng dng: H thng BWA tun theo cc c tnh Wimax c nh: - Trm thu bao gi r. - Cc CPE doanh nghip.
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- Cc trm gc. - Hai bng cp php v cha cp php 11 GHz. - Ph hp vi cc bng tn t do 2.5, 3.5, 3.6 hoc 5.8 GHz. - Cc ng dng TDD, FDD song cng/ FDD bn song cng. 3.6.5.4 Thit k c lin quan Ton b thit k lin quan c v c din n Wimax ln k hach cp php. H thng bao gm y cc yu cu phn mm v phn cng cho gii php h thng chi ph thp. H thng Fujitsu 802.16 lm nn truy cp v tuyn bng rng cho cc trm gc hoc trm thu bao c cc c im sau: - Tng thch vi c tnh ca b tiu chuNn IEEE 802.16-2004. - c tnh MAC cho cc thit b cm tay v h tr c cho cc ROTS (H iu hnh theo thi gian thc) khc nhau. - Bo mt MAC lp con xc thc trm thu bao v m ha d liu. - Lp a dch v h tr phn bit cht lng dch v. - Qun l dch v ng kch hat lp dch v khi cn. 3.7. Kt lun chng. Qua phn tch, nh gi cc cng ngh c phm vi ng dng tng t nh WiMAX v tm hiu gii php ca cc nh sn xut, chng ta c th kt lun rng cng ngh WiMAX hon ton c kh nng trin khai v nhng l do:
Thit b c sn xut da trn cc tiu chuNn chung c thng qua, iu
ny cho php cc thit b ca cc hng c th cng lm vic vi nhau nn vic trin khai mng s nhanh chng v hiu qu.
Thit b WiMAX c ti u cho cc ng dng s liu, iu ny cho php
WiMAX trin khai vi cc ng dng ring ca mnh bn cnh cc mng nh 3G c ti u cho thoi.
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Cc kinh nghim v kt qu ca trin khai WiBro ti Hn Quc s l ng lc
cho vic pht trin WiMAX.
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Chng 4: Nghin cu kh nng trin khai
Chng 4: NGHIN CU KH NNG TRIN KHAI V NG DNG
H THNG WIMAX TRN MNG VIN THNG VIT NAM
4.1. Gii thiu chng. Chng ny s trnh by nhu cu v hin trng cc h thng truy nhp bng rng ti Vit Nam, cc m hnh trin khai cng ngh mng WiMAX v tnh hnh trin khai WiMAX th nghim ti Vit Nam. 4.2. Nhu cu v hin trng cc h thng truy nhp bng rng ti Vit Nam. 4.2.1. Nhu cu truy nhp bng rng ti Vit Nam. Hin nay, vi s pht trin bng n v nhu cu truyn s liu tc cao v nhu cu a dng ho cc loi hnh dch v cung cp nh: truy nhp Internet, th in t, thng mi in t, truyn file, nhu cu truy nhp bng rng ti Vit Nam ang i hi l ht sc ln. Cc i tng c nhu cu s dng truy nhp bng rng rt a dng bao gm: Cc c quan, doanh nghip, h gia nh, cc qun Internet,vv... c bit vi n pht trin Chnh ph in t hay tin hc ha hnh chnh nh nc th nhu cu truy nhp bng rng ca cc c quan ng, chnh quyn, c bit l vi cc c quan ng, chnh quyn cp x phng c nh gi l rt ln v rng khp. iu ny c th hin qua vic trin khai cc d n thit lp ng truyn s liu tc cao cho cc c quan ng v chnh quyn ti cp x, phng c B Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam trin khai thc hin. 4.2.2. Hin trng truy nhp bng rng ti Vit Nam. C rt nhiu cng ngh truy nhp bng rng c nghin cu v a vo trin khai s dng ti Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, hin nay cc cng ngh ang c khai thc Vit Nam ch yu vn l truy nhp qua cp ng, truy nhp qua mi trng v tuyn v truy nhp qua v tinh.
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4.2.2.1. Truy nhp bng rng qua h thng cp hu tuyn. Truy nhp bng rng qua h thng cp ng trc y rt hn ch v ch yu l cc dch v thu knh ring hoc qua mng ISDN. Tuy vy, trong nhng nm gn y vi vic trin khai cng ngh xDSL th vic truy nhp bng rng tr nn ph bin vi hai loi dch v ch yu l ADSL v SHDSL. Ba nh cung cp dch v truy nhp xDSL ln hin nay l Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT), Cng ty FPT v Cng ty Vin thng Qun i (Viettel), trong VNPT c s thu bao ln nht. VNPT u t h thng cung cp dch v xDSL ti tt c cc tnh, thnh ph trn c nc. n nay, h thng ny c kh nng cung cp dch v truy nhp bng rng cho tt c cc qun huyn trong ton quc. Tuy nhin, h thng ny mi ch c kh nng cung cp n hu ht cho cc vng ti cc khu vc thuc cc tnh, thnh ph ln, vi cc huyn min ni th h thng ny ch yu mi ch cung cp c cho cc vng trong phm vi phc v ca tng i ti a n 5 km. FPT v Viettet cng cung cp dch v ADSL nhng phm vi phc v ch tp chung ti H Ni, H Ch Minh v mt s tnh, thnh ph ln. Ngoi ra, hin nay cng ty Vin thng in lc hin nay phi hp vi truyn hnh cp Vit Nam a dch v truy nhp bng rng qua cp ng trc ca mng truyn hnh cp. Tuy nhin vi mng cp ny th cng ch yu cung cp ti cc khu vc ca H Ni v H Ch Minh. 4.2.2.2. Truy nhp bng rng qua h thng v tuyn. H thng truy nhp bng rng qua mi trng v tuyn ti Vit Nam hin nay ch yu vn l cc mng LAN v tuyn (WLAN) s dng cc h thng truy nhp WiFi c trin khai ti cc khu vc Hotsport. Cc hot spots ny bao gm cc khch sn, sn bay, cc trung tm hi ngh, nh hng, u im ca WLAN trong cc mng thng mi l n h tr tnh di ng cho i tng s dng, ng thi vn cho php kt ni c nh; cc mng ny ci t n gin, nhanh chng v khng cn c s h tng c sn; kh nng lp t rng hn v cho php lp t nhng ni
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m mng c dy khng th thit lp c; tit kim chi ph lp t do gim bt c thnh phn cp trong mng, vic m rng v thay i cu hnh mng n gin. Tuy nhin, cc h thng WiFi c phm vi phc v tng i nh ch trong bn knh 50 n 100m. Mi y, Cng ty vin thng in lc cung cp dch v truy nhp bng rng qua h thng CDMA1x EV-DO lm vic ti tn s 450 MHz, cn c gi l CDMA450. H thng ny cng mi ch p ng c nhu cu truy nhp bng rng ti cc khu vc trung tm ca cc tnh, thnh ph trong phm vi ph sng ca cng ty Vin thng in lc. 4.2.2.3. Truy nhp bng rng qua v tinh. Hin nay, VNPT phi hp vi SSA xy dng h thng VSAT IP/IPSTAR quc t u tin ti Vit Nam. y l gii php mng bng rng th h mi s dng h thng v tinh iPSTAR, to ra kh nng mi tng cng ph cp dch v vin thng v Internet ti nng thn, vng su, vng xa. Vi h thng ny, kh nng cung cp dch v truy nhp bng rng c m rng trong phm vi ton quc. Tuy nhin h thng ny khng th pht trin theo hnh thc thng mi c v gi thnh ca thit b qu cao, mt khc cht lng dch v cn rt hn ch so vi cc gii php khc. 4.3. Cc m hnh trin khai cng ngh mng WiMAX. ng dng cng ngh WiMAX c th phn vo hai dng chnh: Khch hng truy cp theo hnh thc c nhn, xy dng h thng truyn dn ring v khch hng ng dng WiMAX cung cp mng truy cp cng cng. 4.3.1. Mng dng ring. - Cellular backhaul: ph sng m rng cho kiu cu trc t bo. Trong mi trng ngy cng cnh tranh cc dch v wireless cu trc cellular, mt nh kinh doanh truy cp thng tin lin tc vi mong mun thng tin nhanh, nhng gim thiu chi ph bng vic la chn cc gi cc ph hp. WiMAX
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s cung cp cho bn ng truyn im im vi khong cch ln n 50 km, tc d liu h tr ln n E1, T1, thit b WiMAX xy dng nn h tng mnh ti trm gc t m rng ra cc cellular xa.
Hnh 4.1. Cellular Backhaul. - Wireless Service Provider (WSP) Backhaul:
Cc nh cung cp dch v v tuyn (WSP) s dng thit b WiMAX xy dng mt h tng lu thoi t trm gc.
Hnh 4.2. WSP Backhaul.
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So vi cc mng truy nhp khng dy c trin khai trc y th WiMAX c nhng u im: trin khai nhanh. - Mng ngn hng: Cc ngn hng trung tm c th kt ni n cc chi nhnh ca mnh thng qua mng WiMAX c nhn chuyn ti thoi, data v video. Thng thng cc ngn hng thng nm phn b trong cc khu vc rng, nhng li cn bng thng ln v an ninh cao.
Hnh 4.3. Mng ngn hng.
- Mng gio dc Cc ban ph trch trng hc dng mng WiMAX kt ni cc trng v cc vn phng ban trong cng mt khu vc qun, huyn. Chng hn vi yu cu bng thng cao (>15Mbps), kh nng thng tin im-im hoc im-a im vi mt vng ph sng tri rng cung cp cc dch v nh: in thoi, data (s liu v sinh vin), email, internet, o to t xa gia vn phng ban ph trch trng vi cc trng trong qun hay gia cc trng vi nhau. Trong mi trng gio dc , mt camera trng B c trh truyn tn hiu t lp hc (thi gian thc) n trng A.
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Hnh 4.4. Mng gio dc.
Vng ph sng rng, chi ph hp l, c bit hiu qu i vi cc trng nng thnni c h tng c s truyn dn km, ni m cc gii php ko cp lun i hi mc chi ph cao. - An ton cho cc truy nhp cng cng (Public Safety): Bo v cc c quan chnh ph nh: cng an, cha chy, cu h. C th dng mng WiMAX h tr trong cc tnh hung tr gip khNn cp, cung cp chc nng thai 2 chiu gia trung tm v cc i ng cu.. Cht lng dch v ny cng cho php thay i lu thai theo nhng yu cu khc nhau. Gii php WiMAX l ph sng su rng iu gip cho cc i cu h ti ni xy ra tai nn, cc s kin, s vic hay cc thm ha thin nhin c th ci t mt mng tm thi trong mt vi pht gi tn hiu v trung tm. H cng c th ch ng c lng lng khi gi tn hiu v trung tm thng qua mng WiMAX hin hu, l mt trong s ng dng tha hng t WiMAX.
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Hnh 4.5. M hnh an ton cho cc truy nhp cng cng.
i vi mc tiu di ng cng vy, chng hn nh mt ngi cnh st c th truy cp d liu trn mt chic xe ang chy, mt ngi lnh cha chy c th truy cp thng tin v ng i ngn nht n ni xy ra ha han. Mt camera trn xe cu ha c th a hnh nh v tnh trng ca bnh nhn ch ng cp cu trc khi xe a bnh nhn v n bnh vin. Trong tt c cc ng dng nu trn c ng dng WiMAX trn bng thng rng, trong khi i vi h thng bng thng hp khng th p ng c. - Thng tin lin lc xa b: WiMAX c th ng dng trong cc cng ty du kh trong thng tin lin lc gia t lin v gin khoan.
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Hnh 4.6. S dng Wimax cho vic thng tin lin lc xa b.
Trong cc hot ng thao tc thit b, i din vi cc vn phc tp, cc cng vic i hi mc gim st cao v cn truy xut d liu nng. Cc tn hiu ny c th gi v trm t lin cc b phn chuyn mn kp thi phn tch s l. Cng vic khai thc du kh cn m bo yu t an ton, trc cnh bo, gim st bng camera, bn cnh truyn ti c cc thng tin c bn nh: thoi, internet, email , hi ngh truyn hnh. WiMAX trin khai lp t nhanh chng, cn thit iu chuyn n ni mi cng d dng, c th khng cn ngi trc thit b, thit b t hot ng bng ch trang b thm pin nng lng.
- Kt ni nhiu khu vc (Campus Connectivity)
Hnh 4.7. Kt ni nhiu khu vc. - Cc cng trnh xy dng (mang tnh tm thi):
Cc cng ty xy dng c th dng mng WiMAX thit lp ng lin lc n vn phng trung tm ti cng trng ni ang xy dng ti ni ch huy ti ch: ngi qun c, cc k s, kin trc s
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Hnh 4.8. Cc cng trnh xy dng.
Trong trng hp ny ng dng WiMAX da trn u im trin khai nhanh, iu ny quan trng i vi cc cng trnh ang thi cng v n cho php cung cp nhanh thng tin v cng trng bao gm c thai ln d liu, cung cp c dch v theo di qua hnh nh ti nhng im nng trong iu kin gim st kh khn. Cng c th ci t mt im hotspot ti cng trng cho php mt c nhn c th thng tin lin lc, trao i d liu, thng tin v cc tin trnh cng vic ang din ra. Ging nh trong cc trng hp ng dng khc nu i hi v cht lng dch v th WiMAX c xem xt u tin. V thit b WiMAX nh gn, tho lp t d dng, iu chuyn n cc ni khc nhau theo yu yu cu cng vic xy dng tin li. - Cc khu vc cng cng (Theme Parks): Phn chia mt phm vi rng cc dch v thng tin cho cc khu vui chi gii tr, cc hat ng ngoi tri, cc hot ng giao dch, trn xe but v cc dch v vn ti khc.
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Hnh 4.9. Cc khu vc cng cng.
Mng trn c th h tr lu thoi bng thng rng hai chiu gi t mt trung tm iu khin, hnh nh gim st bao qut ton cng vin, kim sot d liu truy cp, gim st tnh trng ti ch, video theo yu cu, giao tip in thoi phc v va c nh va di ng, bo mt cao, suy hao thp, vng ph sng rng, vic di chuyn lp t d dng ng bin vi cc thay i xy ra l mt s u tin la chn thit b WiMAX. 4.3.2. Cc mng phc v cng ng. i vi mng cng cng, ti nguyn c xem l ca chung, nhiu ngi s cng truy xut v chia s. xy dng mt mng cng cng ni chung yu cu mt chi ph hiu qu, m cung cp c vng ph sng ln v ngi s dng c th nhiu vi tr khc nhau c th c nh hoc thay i. N hng p ng chnh ca cc mng cng cng l thoi v d liu, truyn hnh nh trc tuyn. ng thi an ninh mng cng l mt yu cu quan trng, mc phc tp cao v c nhiu ngi i tng s dng, mt s ng dng WiMAX mi trng trong mng cng cng nh sau. - Mng truy nhp WSP:
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M rng phm vi cung cp dch v i vi cc WSPs (cc nh cung cp dch v v tuyn). Cc nh cung cp dch v v tuyn (WSP) dng mng WiMAX cung cp kt ni cho c khch hng l ngi dng ring l (thoi, d liu v truyn hnh) hay cng ty (thoi v internet tc cao), m t theo hnh v nh sau:
Hnh 4.10. Mng truy nhp WSP.
WSP c th l mt CLEC (hnh thnh nh mt i th cnh tranh trong vng) bt u t cc cng ty kinh doanh vi c s nh. S d dng trin khai nhanh chng ca cc thit b WiMAX, WiMAX gn lin vi QoS, ph hp cho cc loi lu lng sng mang s p ng theo tng mc dch v m khch hng yu cu. Mt h tng mng cung cp d liu thoi v video vi cht lng cao n ngi tiu dng trn c s dng chung mt ho n tnh tin duy nht v c tnh da trn lu lng d liu truyn ti.
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- Trin khai vng nng thn xa xi ho lnh
Hnh 4.11. Trin khai vng nng thn xa xi ho lnh.
Trin khai cng ngh WiMAX vo cc vng nng thn, cc ni tp trung dn c hay cc khu vc ngoi thnh ph. Vic kt ni n nhng vng nng thn xa xi cng l mt trong nhng mc tiu trng im pht trin x hi ca mt quc gia trong vic phc v nhng nhu cu thit yu nh thoi v internet, v nhng ni c s h tng gn nh khng c v vn ko cp l hon ton khng kh thi, gii php WiMAX cp n v kh nng ph sng rng, tit kim. 4.4. Tnh hnh trin khai WiMAX th nghim ti Vit Nam. Vi cc tnh nng ni tri ca cng ngh WiMAX nh c so snh ti chng 3, cng vi nhu cu v truy bng rng v kh nng cung cp ti Vit N am hin ti th vic trin khai WiMAX ti Vit N am hin nay ang c c bit quan tm ca cc nh cung cp dch v. Vic trin khai th nghim thit b WiMAX din ra trc khi B Bu chnh Vin thng cp giy php th nghim WiMAX cho cc doanh nghip, mt s doanh nghip tin hnh th nghim mt s sn phNm Pre - WiMAX nh: - VDC: tin hnh th nghim ti H N i v ng N ai:
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+ Ti H N i, VDC tin hnh th nghim vi thit b ca 2 hng hot ng ti bng tn 5,8 Ghz. Thit b ca Alvarion, BS t ti Phm N gc Thch cung cp th nghim Iternet trc tip cho 2 khch hng, CPE h tr ti a l 24 Mbps, c ly 50 Km. Thit b LAM ca Aperto, bng thng 5,5 Mbps, c ly truyn dn 5 km. + Ti ng N ai, VDC tin hnh th nghim vi thit b ca hng AirSpan ti di tn 2,4 GHz, bng thng ti a l 4 Mbps vi c ly 40 Km. - Bu in TP H Ch Minh: tin hnh th nghim vi sn phNm Canopy ca Motorola theo chuNn 802.16a cc bng tn 2,4/ 3,5/ 5,2/ 5,8 MHz. Kt qu th nghim Bu in thnh ph H Ch Minh la chn di tn 5,8 MHz . Vic B Bu chnh Vin thng chnh thc cho php di tn dng th nghim thit b WiMAX l mt thun li ln cho cc nh cung cp trong qu trnh trin khai th nghim thit b WiMAX. Hin ti, cc doanh nghip thuc VN PT cng nh cc doanh nghip khc nh FPT, Viettel, VTC cng ang tin hnh chuNn b tin hnh la chn thit b v th nghim k thut trin khai cc d n th nghim. Theo thng tin ban u, FPT s tin hnh th nghim vi c 2 dng l WiMAX c nh v WiMAX di ng, trong khi Viettel s ch tin hnh th nghim vi WiMAX di ng. Ti Giy php s 274/GP-BBCVT ngy 17 thng 3 nm 2006 ca B Bu chnh Vin thng Cp php Cho Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin Thng Vit N am (VN PT) cho php s dng tn s v tuyn in trong bng tn 3,3 GHz - 3,4 GHz thit lp mng li ca mnh. Cng trong Giy php ny, B Bu chnh Vin thng a ra cu hnh cho php th nghim mng WiMAX nh hnh 4.12.
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Hnh 4.12. Cu hnh th nghim WiMAX ca VNPT.
Thc hin giy php do b Bu chnh Vin thng cp, VN PT giao cho VDC tin hnh lp phng n th nghim cng ngh v m hnh ng dng WiMAX. N gy 14 thng 6 nm 2006, Intel, VDC cng C quan hp tc pht trin quc t Hoa K ti Vit N am (USAID) cng nhau k kt Bn ghi nh phi hp trin khai trong d n ko di 8 thng v cng ngh bng rng v tuyn c nh c s dng l Fixed WiMAX 802.16 - 2004 vi tn s 3,3 GHz - 3,4 GHz. Quy m th nghim bao gm: trm gc WiMAX Acces point (WiMAX AP) t ti Bu in Lo Cai c kh nng kt ni trong bn knh 5 Km vi tc truyn d liu d kin l 10 Mbps v c th ln ti 75 Mbps. D kin c 20 a im ti Lo Cai c la chn tham gia th nghim. Thit b c chn th nghim l thit b ca hng Alvarion. Anten ca trm gc s c treo trn ct ca Bu in Lo Cai trn cao 40-50 m, vi ph sng 3600, thit b u cui CPE ngoi tri (outdor), anten c t trn nc nh hng v pha trm gc. S kt ni tng th ti trm gc ti Lo Cai c th nh hnh 4.13.
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Hnh 4.13. S kt ni ti trm gc.
WiMAX AP s ng vai tr nh mt Router kt ni ti mng ca VDC nh mt knh thu ring. Cc trm thu bao u c cp pht i ch IP theo ch cp pht ng. N hng ng dng s c trin khai l: truy nhp Internet tc cao, truy nhp c s d liu khuyn nng lp trang Web gii thiu tim nng v sn phNm ca a phng v gi in thoi qua Internet. Trong khun kh th nghim, mi trm u cui s c trang b thm my tnh thit lp mt mng LAN , thay cho phng thc Dial-up vi mt my tnh hin nay Thit b CPE ti trm u c vai tr nh mt Router/Modem trong vai tr modem l to cc kt ni tc cao n WiMAX AP v Router l cung cp chc nng N AT v DHCP cho cc my tnh. S kt ni ti mi trm u cui nh hnh 4.14.
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Hnh 4.14. S kt ni trm u cui thu bao.
Cc thng s k thut c bn ca thit b WiMAX c th nghim cho trong bng 4.1.

Bng 4.1 Cc thng s k thut thit b WiMAX th nghim ti Lo Cai.
TT 1 Tn s
Thng s Trm gc BS Bng tn E:
Gi tr
Tx: 3316 - 3335 Mhz; Rx: 3366-3385 Mhz Bng tn F: Tx: 3331 - 3350 Mhz; Rx: 3380-3400 Mhz Bng tn G: Tx: 3376 - 3400 Mhz; Rx: 3300-3324 Mhz
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Trm u cui CPE Bng tn E v F Tx: 3366 - 3400 Mhz; Rx: 3316-3350 Mhz Bng tn G Tx: 3300 - 324 Mhz; Rx: 33766-3400 Mhz 2 3 4 5 Phng thc truy nhp rng knh rng a sng mang Anten (trm gc) TDMA FDD 3,5 MHz; 1,75 MHz 14 Mhz 10 dBi, Anten omni nh hng tn s 3,3 3,5 GHz 6 7 8 Anten (CPE) Tr khng anten Anten phn cc ng kt hp 50 Ohm
Cng sut ti a ti cng ra Trm gc: 28 dBm 1 dB anten CPE: 20 dBm 1 dB
4.5. Kt lun chng. Vi nhu cu s dng cc dch v truy nhp bng rng ngy mt ln v cp thit, nht l vi nhng khu vc vng su, vng xa s l ng lc cho cc doanh nghip Vin thng trong nc trin khai cc h thng WIMAX. Vi s quan tm to iu kin ca cc c quan qun l v nhu cu trin khai cnh tranh, cc h thng WiMAX nht nh s c trin khai thnh cng Vit N am trong thi gian gn y.
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Chng 5: M phng mt mng WiMAX n ginhttp://www.4tech.com.vn
Chng 5:
M PHNG MT MNG WIMAX N GIN DNG CHNG TRNH OMNET++.
5.1. Gii thiu chng. Thng qua m hnh m phng mt mng WiMAX n gin hnh dung mt cch trc quan, c th hn v m hnh trin khai v cch thc hot ng ca mt mng s dng cng ngh ny. Ni dung chng gm 2 phn chnh : - Gii thiu v chng trnh m phng OMNet++. - Chng trnh m phng mt mng WiMAX n gin. 5.2. Gii thiu v chng trnh m phng OMNet++. 5.2.1. Gii thiu chung. OMNet++ l cm t vit tt ca: Objective Modular Network Tested in C++. Chc nng chnh ca n l: - M phng lu lng ca mt mng vin thng. - M phng cc giao thc. - M phng mng c cu trc kiu hng i. - M phng mng a x l v phn b ri rc cc h phn cng. - Kim tra tnh hp l ca cu trc phn cng. - nh gi hot ng ca nhng h thng phn mm phc tp. - V nhng h thng s kin ri rc khc... OMNet++ nhng u im chnh sau: - n gin trong vic s dng v lp trnh v chy trn Windows v s dng ngn ng C++. - C th va dng m phng mng vin thng (mng bo hiu) v mng my tnh (IP). - Giao din m phng ha p v c nhiu la chn cho tc x l s
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kin trong mng. - 5.2.2. Cu trc lp trnh ca mt chng trnh m phng dng OMNeT++.
File m t cu trc mng *.ned File x l ca simple modules *.cpp Th vin li ca chng trnh m phng *.lib/*.a Th vin giao din ngi dung *.lib/*.a
NEDC compiling
File m t cu trc mng sau khi dch *_n.cpp
C++ compiling
Linking
Chng trnh m phng Chy chng trnh File kt qu *.vec, *.sna, *.sca
File cu hnh omnetpp.ini
Hnh 5.1. Cu trc lin kt ca mt chng trnh m phng trong OMNet++.
Trc ht trong my phi ci chng trnh VC++ lp trnh mi thao tc trn . Cu trc lin kt ca mt chng trnh m phng.
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5.3. Chng trnh m phng mt mng WiMAX n gin. 5.3.1. Gii thiu chung v chng trnh. Chng trnh nhm mc ch m phng mt mng WiMAX n gin. Thng qua vic gn cc thng s cu hnh khc nhau cho mi ln hot ng m thu c cc kt qu thng k ring bit. Da vo cc gi tr ny cng vi cc cng c c sn trong OMNet++, hoc cc chng trnh tnh ton khc, t ta c th phn tch, nh gi hiu nng hot ng ca mng i vi tng trng hp a ra m hnh ti u nht. M hnh m phng mng gm mt trm gc ( base station ) v cc u cui CPE ( s lng ty chn ). Trong cc CPE lin lc ti trm gc thng qua mt knh v tuyn dng chung. M hnh ny c m phng theo mc ch ch quan tm n vic s dng knh kh thi ,v th y b qua ng truyn xung ( t BS n cc CPE ) v nhng s chuyn tip hay s truyn li . Cc CPE trong m hnh truyn theo quy lut ngu nhin. Nhim v chnh ca trm gc dng kim tra cho nhng s va chm v tnh ton thng k, trong thng k quan trng nht l v hiu lc knh (channel utilization ). 5.3.2. Cc giao din ca chng trnh. - Giao din hot ng ca mng c trnh by nh hnh 5.2.
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Hnh 5.2. Giao din m phng cu trc v cch thc hot ng ca mng WiMAX.
- Giao din ngi iu khin s cung cp cc nt iu khin hot ng ca m hnh mng. Ngoi ra cn cho bit thng tin v lch trnh cc s kin, cu trc ca mng, qu trnh x l,
Hnh 5.3. Giao din ngi iu khin ca chng trnh m phng.
5.3.3. Cc trng hp ca chng trnh m phng. File omnetpp.ini c vit cha ng 3 kch bn t sn cho s hot ng ca chng trnh m phng c trnh by nh hnh 5.4.
Hnh 5.4. Cc kch bn t sn ca m hnh mng WiMAX.
Da vo cc kt qu chy m phng ca tng kch bn m rt ra trng hp
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no l ti u nht. 5.3.4. Kt qu m phng c. Tin hnh chy m phng c 3 trng hp trong khong thi gian 30 pht ( tnh theo thi gian m phng ), sau khi kt thc ta s thu c 2 file cha kt qu ca qu trnh x l: omnetpp.sca v omnetpp.vec. 5.3.4.1. Cc gi tr thng k. Scalars l chng trnh do OMNet++ h tr, n dng trnh by nhng ni dung ca file omnetpp.sca v cc gi tr thng k. Vic so snh kt qu ca nhng ln chy th khc nhau, th chng trnh scalars l la chn hu ch nht. Cc gi tr thng k sau khi chy m phng 3 trng hp c trnh by nh hnh 5.5 v bng 5.1.
Hnh 5.5. Giao din ca chng trnh Scalars cha cc gi tr thng k.
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Bng 5.1. Cc gi tr thng k sau khi chy m phng.

channel Run# 1 2 3 utilization 0.03393875 0.349855618 0.131126987 total frames 82779 24644 2754 collided frames 64934 11081 191 duration 1799.999167 1799.909167 1799.909167 total collision time 1709.643282 716.3150928 18.4776523 total receive time 61.08666667 629.7083333 236.0166667
Nhn xt: - Nhn vo bng 5.1 ta c th thy ln chy u tin tng s frame truyn i so vi 2 trng hp cn li l rt ln 82779, tuy nhin s frame va chm nhau khng c nhn bi trm gc cng rt ln 64934, iu ny cng r hn nu nh chng ta xem xt n 2 thng s tng thi gian va chm (total collision time), v tng thi gian nhn (total receive time) chng chnh lch nhau kh ln. T ta c th rt ra kt lun mng trong trng hp ny ang b qu ti knh truyn (overloaded) v hiu lc knh t c l thp nht. - ln chy th 2 ta nhn thy hiu lc knh t c l ln nht 0.349855618, xem xt ti thng s tng thi gian nhn so vi tng thi gian m phng s chng minh c iu . Vy y l trng hp ti u, tt nht ca m hnh m phng trong c 3 ln chy. - Tip tc xem xt ln chy th 3, mc d t l frame b va chm so vi tng s frame truyn i l rt thp 1:14.4 (191:2754), nhng trong trng hp ny tng s frame truyn i l rt thp so vi 2 trng hp trc khong 1:10 (so vi run 2) v 1:30 (so vi run 1) trong cng mt khong thi gian hay ni cch khc l lu lng cc frame truyn trn knh (traffic) l thp nht. Vy ln chy th 3 ca m hnh m phng mng tnh trng low traffic, trong thc t trng hp ny thng xy ra trong iu kin thi tit xu, knh truyn b nhiu Hai biu sau s gip ta nhn thy r hn s khc bit ca 3 ln m phng.
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Hnh 5.6. Biu v channel utilization v frames.
5.3.4.2. Cc th v bng chng trnh Plove trong OMNet++. Plove l mt chng trnh v th c tch hp sn trong OMNet++. Trong m hnh m phng mng WiMAX ta s dng chng trnh ny v th ca 3 tham s : channel utilization, collision length, collision multiplicity. y xem xt ti tham s channel utilization v collision multiplicity phn tch, so snh kt qu ca 3 ln chy, sau y l cc th ca hiu lc knh v s lng s va chm ng vi tng thi im.
Hnh 5.7. th channel utilization v collision multiplicity ca ln chy th 1.
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ln chy th 1, nhn vo th hiu lc knh th gi tr trung bnh trong sut qu trnh m phng l rt thp khong 0,035%, ngoi ra s lng cc frame b mt do va chm mi thi im l rt cao khong trn 7 frames v vi mt truyn rt ln. Do ta c th kt lun y l trng hp mng b qu ti. Tng t ta c th thy ln chy th 2, hiu lc knh rt cao v frame b va chm rt t, y chnh l trng hp mng hot ng ti u nht trong 3 ln chy. Ln chy th 3 tuy hiu lc knh cng kh cao, nhng mt truyn rt thp, v nhiu khi khng c frame no c truyn trn knh, v th ta c th nhn thy y chnh l trng hp mng hot ng vi lu lng rt thp (low traffic). 5.4. kt lun chng.
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M hnh trn m t c phn no cu trc, cch trin khai mt mng WiMAX. Qua 3 kch bn ca m hnh mng m phng cho 3 kh nng c th xy ra i vi mt mng WiMAX hot ng trong thc t. T qua nhiu ln thc nghim vi cc thng s khc, ta c th la chn m hnh mng ti u nht hay a ra cc gii php nhm ti u cc thng s, tng hiu nng ca knh truyn.
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Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

TNG QUAN V CNG NGH WIMAX

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

bng rng, k c WiMAX.

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Hnh 1.1. Minh ha hat ng WiMAX.

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Hnh 1.2. So snh FDM v OFDM.

Hnh 1.3. OFDM vi 256 sng mang.

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Hnh 1.4. Cc knh con trong OFDMA.

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Hnh 1.5. Bn knh cell quan h vi iu ch thch nghi.

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Hnh 1.6. MISO.

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Hnh 1.7. MIMO.

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Hnh 1.8. M hnh h thng WiMAX.

Hai phn chnh ca h thng WiMAX gm:

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Hnh 1.9. Cc ng dng WiMAX.

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh WiMAX

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

KIN TRC MNG TRUY CP WIMAX

Hnh 2.1. M hnh tham chiu.

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Hnh 2.2. Cc nh dng MAC PDU.

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Hnh 2.3. Cu trc thi gian symbol OFDM.

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Hnh 2.4. M t symbol OFDM min tn s.

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Hnh 2.5. Cu trc khung OFDM vi TDD.

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Hnh 2.6. Cu trc thi gian symbol OFDMA.

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Hnh 2.7. M t tn s OFDMA (v d vi lc 3 knh con).

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Hnh 2.8. Phn b thi gian-khung TDD (ch vi min bt buc).

Chng 2: Kin trc mng truy cp WiMAX

Khi PDU khi u trong TC ngay trc

Khi PDU u tin khi u trong TC hin ti

Khi PDU th 2 khi u trong TC hin ti

PDU ca lp con TC P = con tr 1 byte

Chng 3: So snh WiMAX vi mt s cng ngh http://www.4tech.com.vn

SO SNH WIMAX VI MT S CNG NGH TRUY NH SN XUT

CP V TUYN BNG RNG KHC V GII PHP CA CC

Hnh 3.1. Cc chun v mng truy nhp v tuyn bng rng.