ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK AERODINAMIKA PADA MODEL NOSE

ROKET KECEPATAN SUPERSONIK DENGAN SIMULASI

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS-FLUENT
Vicky Kurnia Sari, Moh.Ardi Cahyono
Jurusan Teknik Penerbangan
Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Adisutjipto Yogyakarta
Jl.Janti Blok R Lanud Adisutjipto Yogyakarta
v_hill25@yahoo.com
total_sacrifice@yahoo.com
Abstact
An aerodynamic characteristic is a very important thing in the field of
aerodynamics applications intended to obtain the aerodynamicss shape. The
research done on the nose of rocket, Tangent Ogive Type at supersonic speed uses
simulation of computational fluids dynamics CFD (Fluent) with determination
of air flow conditions that occur on the surface of the rocket nose for get a shock
wave. The purpose of simulation is to find characteristics of air flow conditions on
rocket nose when shock wave occur through analysis of shock wave visualization
of contour mach number, temperature, pressure and air density and teoritically
calculation of shock wave angle, pressure, mach number, temperature and air
density of air flow in the rear shock wave from variation mach number between 1
5 Mach and flow condition on altitude of 10 km or 32,808 ft, at temperature of
232.252 Kelvin and pressure 26,501 Pa (Standard Atmosphere), that know the
higher velocity flow hence the smaller the shock wave angle, pressure,
temperature and air density increase in the rear shock wave.
Keywords: Aerodynamics, Nose, Supersonic, Shock Wave, Tangent Ogive,
CFD
Intisari
Karakteristik aerodinamika merupakan suatu hal yang sangat penting
dalam bidang aplikasi aerodinamika yang ditujukan untuk mendapakan bentuk
benda yang aerodinamis. Penelitian aerodinamika dilakukan pada nose roket jenis
Tangent Ogive pada kecepatan supersonik. Dalam penelitian ini, karakteristik
aerodinamika dilakukan dengan simulasi CFD(Fluent) dengan penentuan kondisi
aliran udara yang terjadi pada permukaan nose roket untuk mendapatkan bentuk
shock wave yang terbentuk pada nose roket tersebut. Tujuan dari pensimulasian
ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik aliran udara pada nose roket ketika
fenomena shock wave terjadi melalui analisa visualisasi dari kontur bilangan
mach, temperatur, tekanan dan kerapatan udara serta perhitungan secara teoritis

kondisi aliran udara di belakang gelombang kejut pada variasi bilangan mach
antara 1- 5 Mach dengan kondisi aliran pada ketinggian 10 km atau 32,808 ft,
pada temperature 223.252 Kelvin dan tekana udara 26,501 Pa (Standar Atmosfer),
bahwa diketahui semakin tinggi kecepatan aliran maka sudut gelombang kejut
yang terbentuk akan semakin kecil, sedangkan tekanan statik, temperatur statik
dan kerapatan udara meningkat di Belakang shock wave.
Kata kunci : Aerodinamika, Nose, Supersonic, Shock Wave, Tangent Ogive,
CFD
1

PENDAHULUAN

Kondisi real suatu karakteristik aerodinamika, aliran fluida yang melewati

suatu benda bersifat tak tunak (unsteady) karena dipengaruhi gesekan yang terjadi
antara fluida dan benda, sehingga terjadi peningkatan temperatur statik, tekanan
statik, kerapatan udara di suatu titik stagnasi secara tiba-tiba seiring dengan
meningkatnya bilangan mach. Peningkatan ini mengakibatkan munculnya
fenomena aerodinamika yang dinamakan gelombang kejut (shock wave) yaitu
gelombang aliran yang sangat cepat dengan ketebalan lapisan 10-5cm dikarenakan
kenaikan temperatur, tekanan dan kerapatan udara secara tiba-tiba.
Bagi desainer roket, perancangan nose pada model roket sangat
membutuhkan analisa dan pertimbangan lebih untuk mengetahui karakteristik
aerodinamikanya. Hal dilakukan karena nose merupakan bagian dari roket yang
paling awal dikenai aliran udara dan dengan konstruksinya sedemikianrupa akan
berpotensi besar menciptakan gelombang kejut (shock wave) yang akan
mempengaruhi struktur roket. Bentuk nose roket bermacam-macam bentuknya,
dalam penelitian ini, akan dilakukan pengujian dengan model nose roket dengan
tipe nose yaitu Tangent Ogive untuk diketahui bagaimana bentuk shock wave
yang terjadi dan dilakukan juga perhitungan teoritisnya.

Gambar 1-1 Bentuk Nose Tangent Ogive

METODOGI PENELITIAN

2.1 Geometri Nose Tangent Ogive

Gambar 1-1 menunjukkan geometri model nose yang akan diuji. Dimensi pada
nose dibagi menjadi 4 bagian, yaitu diameter base nose (D), diameter tip nose (T),
radius tangensi dari dua kurva atau lingkaran (R) dan panjang dari tip nose sampai
base nose (L). Dimensi yang diketahui L=60cm, D=30cm dan T=10cm. Untuk

mencari radius, digunakan persamaan (2-2) diperoleh R=185cm.
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0202020202020202020202020202020203040000000a0202000002020809
0a020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202170e0f0202

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070602020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
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0202020202020202020202020202021918021900161a1d070608090a0202
000002020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
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0214150916020b0c06020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020214150916
020b0c060202020202020202000002020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020809111202

03131203040000000a020202020202020202020202020202020202020202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020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
02020202020202020203070608090a020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
0202020203070608090a0202672e02020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202030400000506020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020304
000005060202672e02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
5e5f02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202

020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202eeef02020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
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020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202ffff040000002701ffff030000
000000

(2-7)

2.2.2 Persamaan Kondisi Untuk Gelombang Kejut Miring (Oblique Shock

Wave)

Gambar 2-3 Bentuk Streamline aliran di depan dan belakang Oblique Shock Wave
Untuk menghitung sudut oblique yang terbentuk dapat digunakan
persamaan dibawah ini:
(2-8)

Untuk menghitung bilangan mach di belakang shock wave, dengan

persamaan dibawah ini:

M n ,1 = M 1 sin
M n2, 2

1 2
1+
M n ,1
2
=
1
M n2,1
2

(2-9)

(2-10)

010009000003960a00000000710a00000000
0400000003010800050000000b0200000000050000000c0227006f000
30000001e000400000007010400710a0000410b2000cc0026006e0000
00000026006e0000000000280000006e000000260000000100080000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffff
ff00fefefe00bffefe0000007400df9c4800489cdf0074000000fefebf0048
484800bf7400009cdffe000000480048000000fedf9c004874bf00749c9
c009c480000fefedf00dffefe0048489c00487474009c4874009cdfdf007
40048000074bf00bf744800480074009cbf9c009c484800dffedf000048
9c00febf740048004800bffebf009c9cdf007400740074bffe0074740000
74747400bf9c480000749c00bffedf00febfbf00df9c7400dfdf9c007474
bf00489cbf0074a79c000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202efff020202
02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
0202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202eaff0202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
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202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202ecff02020202
02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
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2020202020202020202020202060a020b18080202020202020202020

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02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
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02020202020202020202020b180802031b0e02020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202060502e7ff02020202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202022500000007080b0c000
50b0c000a0b0c000502020605020202190000000d0e02020202020202
020202020202022500000a0202020202020b1808e9ff0202020202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
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0202020202031b0e02190a020202020213140ee0ff020202020202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
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120206111202131f20020202031b0e020b18080202030400000000000
020020304200202061112020202131f20edff02020202020202020202

02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
02020202020202020202020202020b210e0206050206111202060005
0219111202131f20020202131f20190d0e02020202020202020202020
202131f00000000070802020213140ee9ff0202020202020202020202
02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
02020202020202020202020202020600000005250011122500112f000
020020202060502020202190a02131f0a020202020202020202020202
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20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
20202020b1d1202020225070802031b0e02020202020202020202020
20b210e02131f20020202060502efff020202020202020202020202020
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2020202020202020202f2ff020b18080203040502020b0c050202031b
0e02250d0e0202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
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020202020202020202f2ff02031b0e02030407080203040a020202030
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20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
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20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
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02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
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20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
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13140e02020202020202032408020202020202020202020202020202
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20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
20202020202020202020202020213140e02190502061112232204070
8190502020202032408131f0502020202020202020202020202020202
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20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
2020202020202020202020202020620131f0d0e0b210e030407220400
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f02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
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02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202

02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020203161718080605190a0202020202020202
02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202f1ff020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
202020202020202020202020f10111213141507080202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202f2ff02020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
20202020202020202020206090a02020b0c0d0e020202020202020202
0202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202efff0202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
20202020202020202030400050202020600070802020202020202020
202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202eaff02020202
02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
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20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020

20202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020
2020202020202020202020202020202020202020202dbff0202020202
02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
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02020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202020202
020202020202020202020202020202020202020202d1ff04000000270
1ffff030000000000

(2-11)

Untuk tekanan statiknya, kerapatan udara dan temperatur statik di

belakang oblique dapat dihitung dengan persamaan dibawah ini:
(2-12)

(2-13)

(2-14)
Sudut shock wave semakin kecil dengan bertambahnya bilangan mach.
Berikut ini grafik hubungan antara, Mach number, sudut defleksi nosecone (),
dan sudut shock wave ().

Gambar 2-4 Grafik hubungan antara Mach number (M), sudut shock wave
() dan sudut defleksi nosecone ().

3
HASIL PENELITIAN
3.1 Hasil
Berikut ini salah
pada kecepatan 1.8

Simulasi
satu hasil pensimulasi
Mach:

(1)Contour Tekanan Statik

(2) Contour Density

(3) Contour Kecepatan

(4) Contour Mach Number

(5) Contour Temperatur Statik

Gambar 2-5 Contur Hasil Simulasi Fluent pada 1.8 Mach

Dari hasil contour diatas telihat bahwa, terbentunya oblique shock wave
pada kecepatan supersonik. Beberapa iterasi pengujian pada
variasi bilangan mach pada rezim supersonic antara 1-5 Mach
menunjukkan bahwa semakin meningkatnya bilangan mach
maka sudut oblique () yang terbentuk semakin kecil serta tekanan
static, temperatur static dan density meningkat dengan cepat di belakang oblique
shock wave.
3.2 Hasil Perhitungan Teoritis

15 cm
75 cm

Maka nilai sudut shock wave (),diperoleh dengan menggunakan

persamaan (2-8) yaitu 44.98. Untuk bilangan mach, tekanan static, temperatur
static, kerapatan udara dan sudut oblique yang terjadi untuk tiap variasi mach
number dihitung dengan persamaan di dasar teori. Berikut hasil perhitungan
teoritis:
Tabel Hasil Perhitungan Manual Oblique Shock Wave untuk kecepatan
Supersonic
M1
Mach

M2
Mach

2
Kg/m

T2
Kelvin

P2
N/m atau
Pa

1.4

M2 >1

90

No Oblique

No Oblique

No Oblique

1.8
2.2
2.6
3
3.4
3.8
4.2

1.387
1.777
2.118
2.443
2.758
3.057
3.515

45.98
37.10
32.10
28.57
26.08
24.20
22.30

0.623
0.647
0.684
0.725
0.767
0.812
0.837

265
269.688
289.235
285.024
294.134
303.376
308.931

47,355
50,029
54,295
59,252
64,688
70,635
74,143

Dari hasil perhitungan terlihat bahwa, semakin meningkatnya

kecepatan roket, maka aliran udara yang melewati permukaan
nose akan semakin cepat sehingga sudut oblique () yang
terbentuk semakin lancip atau semakin kecil. Oblique shock
wave yang terbentuk dengan kecepatan yang semakin tinggi tepat
menyentuh ujung nose dengan temperatur, tekanan dan kerapatan udara yang
semakin meningkat.
Tingginya temperatur di belakang oblique shock wave timbul dari perubahan
energi kinetic dari aliran udara yang bergerak di sepanjang nose yang diubah
menjadi energi internal di sepanjang nose, akibatnya tekanan udara didaerah itu
meningkat dengan gelomabang kompresi yang semakin lama semakin memadat.
Temperatur tinggi di sepanjang nose mengakibatkan kerapatan udara menjadi
lebih besar. Temperatur tinggi yang berada disekitar permukaan nose akan
mengakibatkan terbakarnya nose itu sendiri.
4

KESIMPULAN

Dari hasil simulasi Fluent dan perhitungan teoritis tersebut diketahui karakteristik
aliran di belakang oblique shock wave yaitu sebagai berikut:
Aliran udara (kecepatan udara dan mach number
menurun) diperlambat akibat melewati bentuk yang
concave tetapi kecepatan aliran udara measih bersifat
supersonik.
Tekanan statis di belakang shock meningkat akibat
pemampatan udara.
Temperatur statis meningkat akibat panas dari perubahan
energi kinetik menjadi energi internal.
Energi yang yang tersedia dari aliran hilang percuma
karena berubah menjadi panas.
Tekanan total menurun dan temperature total konstan.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Anderson, Jhon David. 2001. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics Third

Edition. New York : Mc Graw-Hill Companies.
Bertin, Jhon J. 1979. Aerodynamics for Enginees,2nd ed. Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey : Joel Mitnick Desing,Inc.
Bhaskaran, Rajesh. Supersonic Flow Over a Wedge.pdf
Crowell Sr, Gary A. 1996. The descripstive geometry of nose cones.pdf
Newman, Dava. 2002. Interactive Aerospace Engineering And Design.
New York : Mc. Graw-Hill Company.
Mattingly, Jack D. 1996. Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion. New York :
Mc.Graw-Hill Company.
Tuakia, Firman. 2008. Dasar-dasar Penggunaan CFD Fluent. Bandung :
Informatika Bandung.
White, Frank M. 1991. Mekanika Fluida,2nd Jilid 1. Jakarta : Erlangga.
Winarto, Prof.Hadi. 2006. Numerical Solution of Supersonic Wedge and
Conical Flow.pdf. Final Year Thesis. Australia.
www.nasa.gov/aerodynamics/shockwave