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Limits Cards
We have 60+ NASA.Gov 6/11 (Missions Finder, http://www.nasa.gov/missions/index.html)
A

ACE AIM Apollo Apollo-Soyuz Aqua Aquarius ARCTAS ARTEMIS ASTRO-1 ASTRO-2 Astro-E2 Aura
C

CALIPSO Cassini CHAMP Chandra CINDI Clementine Cloudsat Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
D

Dawn Deep Impact

E

Earth Radiation Budget Satellite EPOXI Exploration Plans Explorer Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer
F

FAST Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Fire and Smoke FUSE

G

GALEX

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Galileo Gemini Genesis Geotail GLAST Glory GOES GOES-O GOES-P Gravity Probe-B Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
H

Herschel HETE-2 Hinode (Solar-b) Hubble Hurricanes

I

IBEX ICEsat IMAGE International Space Station

J

James Webb Space Telescope Jason Juno J2X

K

Kepler
L

LADEE LAGEOS 1 and 2 Landsat 7 LCROSS LRO (Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter)

M

Magellan Mars Exploration Rover Mars Global Surveyor Mars Odyssey Mars Pathfinder Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

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Mars Science Laboratory MAVEN Mercury MESSENGER Mini-RF Moon Mineralogy Mapper
N

Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) New Horizons NMP EO-1 NOAA-N NOAA-N Prime NPP
O

Ocean Surface Topography Mission Operation Ice Bridge Orbiting Carbon Observatory
P

Phoenix Pioneer POES Polar

Q

QuikSCAT
R

Ranger RHESSI Roentgen Satellite (ROSAT) RXTE

S

SDO SERVIR Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Skylab Small Satellites SOFIA SOHO Solar Anomalous and Magnetospherice Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment SORCE Space Shuttle Spitzer

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Stardust-NExT STEREO Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) Surveyor Suzaku SWIFT
T

TDRS Terra THEMIS TIMED TOMS-EP TOPEX/Poseidon TRACE Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
U

Ulysses Upper Atmosphere Radiation Satellite (UARS)

V

Viking Voyager
W

Wide-Field Infrared Explorer WIND WISE

Limits Card
There are a lot of missions RedOrbit No Date (Space Science http://www.redorbit.com/space/exploration/space_missions/future_missions/)
Missions in Development,

Space Science Missions in Development The missions below are currently being prepared The list is organized in order of scheduled launch/completion; dates are subject to change. AMS

for launch and operations. ASPERA-3 Astro-E2 CINDI Deep Impact GALEX GP-B Herschel Hubble SM4 03 Mars Exploration Rovers 05 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars Express MESSENGER Planck Rosetta SIRTF SOFIA Solar-B Space Technology 5 Space Technology 6 STEREO Swift TWINS Space InfraRed Telescope Facility
(Launch: 2003 April) SIRTF, the last of NASA's four Great Observatories, will be a cryogenically cooled observatory to conduct infrared astronomy from space. SIRTF will consist of a 0.85-meter diameter telescope and three scientific instruments capable of performing imaging and spectroscopy in the 3-180 micron wavelength regime. Incorporating the latest in large-format infrared detector array technology, SIRTF will do for infrared astronomy what the Hubble Space Telescope has done in its unveiling of the visible universe. Galaxy Evolution Explorer (Launch: 2003 April) GALEX was selected in 1997 October as a Small Explorer mission. GALEX will use an ultraviolet telescope during its two-year mission to explore the origin and evolution of galaxies and the origins of stars and heavy elements. GALEX will detect millions of galaxies out to a distance of billions of light years and also will conduct an all-sky ultraviolet survey. Mars Exploration Rovers (Launch: 2003 May/July) In 2003, two powerful new Mars rovers will be on their way to the red planet. With far greater mobility than the 1997 Mars Pathfinder rover, these robotic explorers will be able to trek up to

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5 100 meters (about 110 yards) across the surface each Martian day. Each rover will carry a sophisticated set of instruments that will allow it to search for evidence of liquid water that may have been present in the planet's past. The rovers will be identical to each other, but will land at different regions of Mars. Mars Express / Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (Launch: 2003 June) NASA is participating in a mission planned by the European Space Agency and the Italian space agency called Mars Express , which will explore the atmosphere and surface of Mars from polar orbit. NASA's involvement includes joint development of the radar instrument with the Italian space agency; support of U.S. science co-investigators; coordination of radio relay systems to make sure that different spacecraft will operate with each other; a hardware contribution to the energetic neutral atoms analyzer instrument; and the provision of backup tracking support during critical mission phases by NASA's Deep Space Network. Our contribution to the energetic neutral atoms analyzer instrument is called ASPERA-3. ASPERA-3 was selected as a Discovery mission of opportunity; the complete instrument will study the interaction between the solar wind and the atmosphere of Mars, and attempt to find out what happened to the large amount of water that was once on Mars. The co-investigator being funded by NASA is Dr. David Winningham of the Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX. Two Wide-Angle Imaging Neutral-Atom Spectrometers (Launch: 2003 July) Selected in October 1997 as an Explorers mission of opportunity, TWINS will provide stereo imaging of the Earth's magnetosphere, the region surrounding the planet controlled by its magnetic field and containing the Van Allen radiation belts and other energetic charged particles. TWINS will enable three-dimensional global visualization of this region, which will lead to greatly enhanced understanding of the connections between different regions of the magnetosphere and their relation to the solar wind. The Relativity Mission - Gravity Probe-B (Launch: 2003 November) The experiment now known as Gravity Probe B was conceived more than 30 years ago. The aim of the experiment is to measure, rather precisely, an effect that is predicted by all viable relativistic theories of gravity but has not yet been observed. Just as Newton's law of gravity is paralleled by Coulomb's law of electricity, so also it is expected that the force between currents of electrical charge, described by Ampere's law, should be paralleled by a force between "currents" of flowing matter. It is this force that has never been directly observed. Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer (Launch: 2003 December) Swift is a three-telescope space observatory for studying the position, brightness, and physical properties of gamma ray bursts. Although gamma ray bursts are the largest known explosions in the Universe, outshining the rest of the Universe when they explode unpredictably in distant galaxies, their underlying nature and the cause of the explosion are true mysteries of astrophysics. Swift was selected in October 1999 as a MIDEX mission. Coupled Ion-Neutral Dynamics Investigation (Launch: 2004 January) CINDI is a mission to understand the dynamics of the Earth's ionosphere. CINDI will provide two instruments for the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite, a project of the United State Air Force. CINDI was selected for flight as a Mission of Opportunity under the SMEX-2000 AO . Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging (Launch: 2004 March) MESSENGER was selected in July 1999 as a future Discovery mission. It will send an orbiter spacecraft carrying seven instruments to globally image and study Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun. Space Technology 5 (Launch: 2004 July) ST5, or the Nanosat Constellation Trailblazer mission, is the fourth deep space mission in our New Millennium Program. ST5 will test methods for operating a constellation of spacecraft as a single system, using three miniature spacecraft. Each spacecraft is about the size of a birthday cake. The mission will also test eight innovative new technologies. Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Mission 4 (Launch: 2004 November) The Hubble Space Telescope (launched 1990 April 25) is an operational program that continues to generate major scientific discoveries. Servicing Mission 4 will focus on installing the new Cosmic Origins Spectrograph and the Wide Field Camera 3 science instruments. Deep Impact (Launch: 2004 December) Deep Impact was selected in July 1999 as a future Discovery mission. It is designed to fire a copper projectile weighing about 350 kilograms (about 770 pounds) into the comet P/Tempel 1, excavating a large crater more than 20 meters (65 feet) deep, in order to expose its pristine interior ice and rock. Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (First Science Flight: 2004 December) NASA and the German space agency, DLR, are working together to create SOFIA - a Boeing 747-SP aircraft modified to accommodate a 2.5 meter reflecting telescope. SOFIA will be the largest airborne telescope in the world, and will make observations that are impossible for even the largest and highest of ground-based telescopes. The observatory is being developed and operated for NASA by a team led by the Universities Space Research Association (USRA). Space Technology 6 (Launch: 2004) Three new technologies were selected in October 2001 for the ST6 mission. The technologies will be demonstrated on different spacecraft. Autonomous Rendezvous in Low-Earth Orbit - This high-precision autonomous rendezvous system will allow two spacecraft to approach and meet each other in close proximity. Autonomous Sciencecraft Constellation - This software will give a future spacecraft unprecedented decision-making capabilities, allowing it to process data onboard, make intelligent decisions to downlink data that it deems scientifically important, and choose science observations that appear interesting. Low Power Avionics Sensor Suite - A miniature star camera and microscopic gyro will enable a spacecraft to determine its orientation whether it is spinning or stable. It will also enable a spacecraft to sense its position and recover its orientation after a power loss. Astro-E2 (Launch: 2005 February) In July 2001, we announced that we would participate with Japan in rebuilding the Astro-E spacecraft . The original Astro-E was launched February 10, 2000, but there was a problem with the first stage of the Japanese rocket, and the satellite was declared unusable. Astro-E2 will provide powerful tools to use the Universe as a laboratory for unraveling complex, high-energy processes and the behavior of matter under extreme conditions. 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (Launch: 2005 August) The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter will focus on analyzing the surface at new scales in an effort to follow tantalizing hints of water detected in images from the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, and to bridge the gap between surface observations and measurements from orbit. For example, the Reconnaissance Orbiter will measure thousands of

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6 Martian landscapes at 20- to 30-centimeter (8- to 12-inch) resolution, good enough to observe rocks the size of beach balls. Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (Launch: 2005) AMS is an experiment to search for antimatter in space. It has flown previously on the space shuttle ( STS-91, 1998 June ) and is scheduled for launch to the international space station on ISS User Flight 4 (UF-4). Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (Launch: 2005 November) Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are powerful eruptions in which as much as ten billion tons of the Sun's atmosphere can be blown into interplanetary space. The goal of STEREO is to understand the origin coronal mass ejections and their consequences for Earth. The mission will consist of two spacecraft, one leading and the other lagging Earth in its orbit. The spacecraft will each carry instrumentation for solar imaging and for in-situ sampling of the solar wind. STEREO is a Solar Terrestrial Probe mission. Solar-B (Launch: 2006 September) Solar-B is a Japanese ISAS mission proposed as a follow-on to the highly successful Japan/US/UK Yohkoh (Solar-A) collaboration. The mission consists of a coordinated set of optical, EUV and X-ray instruments that will study the interaction between the Sun's magnetic field and its high temperature, ionized atmosphere. The result will be an improved understanding of the mechanisms which give rise to solar magnetic variability and how this variability modulates the total solar output and creates the driving force behind space weather. Herschel (Launch: 2007) Herschel is cornerstone number 4 (CS4) in the European Space Agency's "Horizon 2000" science plan. It will permit high spatial and spectral resolution imaging in the 85-900 micron wavelength region. Superb sensitivity for both photometry and spectroscopy will result from Herschel's high throughput and low thermal background. Herschel will be a multipurpose observatory serving the entire astronomical community. NASA supports U.S. participation on the mission. Planck (Launch: 2007) Planck is the third Medium-Sized Mission (M3) of the European Space Agency's Horizon 2000 Scientific Programme. It is designed to image minor variations in the Cosmic Background Radiation over the whole sky, with unprecedented sensitivity and angular resolution. Planck will provide a major source of information relevant to several cosmological and astrophysical issues, such as testing theories of the early universe and the origin of cosmic structure. NASA supports U.S. participation on the mission. Rosetta (Launch: TBD) Rosetta is a European Space Agency cometary mission. The satellite will rendezvous with a comet and orbit it, while taking scientific measurements. A Surface Science Package (SSP) will be landed to the comet surface to take in-situ measurements. The U.S. is providing science instruments for the orbiter. Space Science Missions Under Study These missions are in the study phase. They are either expected to eventually enter development, or are potential development starts selected under an Announcement of Opportunity. AIM ARES

Constellation-X Dawn EUSO GEC Geospace GLAST Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter Kepler LISA Magnetospheric Constellation Magnetospheric Multiscale Mars 2005+ MARVEL New Horizons (Pluto/Kuiper) NGST Phoenix SCIM SDO Sentinels SIM Solar Probe Space Tech 7 SPIDR THEMIS TPF WISE You may also be interested in
some very preliminary mission concepts . Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere AIM is a mission to determine the causes of the highest altitude clouds in the earth's atmosphere. The number of clouds in the middle atmosphere (mesosphere) over the Earth's poles has been increasing over the past couple of decades, and it is hypothesized that this results from increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases at high altitudes. AIM will determine the connection between the clouds and their environment and lead to the study of long-term changes in the upper atmosphere and global climate change. Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey ARES offers to provide the first in situ measurements of the near-surface atmospheric chemistry within the Mars planetary-boundary layer, thereby providing critical clues to the chemical evolution of the planet, climate history, and potential biological activity. ARES was selected for study as a potential Mars Scout mission in December 2002. Constellation-X Constellation-X has been designed to perform X-ray spectroscopy with unprecedented sensitivity and spectral resolution. The measurement of large numbers of X-ray spectral lines in hot plasmas leads to determining the elemental composition, temperature, and velocity of the emitting matter. Astronomers will determine the flow of gas in accretion disks around black holes in active galactic nuclei and in binary X-ray sources, measure the population of newly created elements in supernova remnants, and detect the influence of dark matter on the hot intergalactic medium in clusters of galaxies. Constellation-X is identified in the OSS Strategic Plan. Dawn The Dawn mission intends to orbit Vesta and Ceres, two of the largest asteroids in the solar system. According to current theories, the very different properties of Vesta and Ceres are the result of the asteroids being formed and evolving in different parts of the solar system. By observing both asteroids with the same set of instruments, Dawn would probe the early solar system as well as determine in detail the properties of each asteroid. Dawn was selected in December 2001 as a Discovery mission. Extreme Universe Space Observatory EUSO would detect the highest-energy cosmic rays known by using the entire Earth as a particle detector. EUSO will look down on the Earth's atmosphere to observe the characteristic blue light that high-energy cosmic rays generate after hitting the Earth's atmosphere. EUSO is under study by the European Space Agency for flight on the Columbus module of the ISS, and NASA would provide the large Fresnel lens for the telescope. Global Electrodynamic Connections GEC is planned as a cluster of 4 satellites, combined with ground-based observations, that will make systematic multi-point measurements to complete our understanding of the roles played by the ionosphere and thermosphere in the Sun-Earth connection. GEC is a future Solar Terrestrial Probe mission. Geospace Missions The goal of the Geospace missions is to increase understanding of how the Earth?s ionosphere and magnetosphere respond to changes due to solar variability. Geospace is a component of the Living with a Star initiative. Gamma ray Large Area Space Telescope GLAST is a joint mission in astrophysics and particle physics which will use particle accelerator detector technology to study the high energy gamma rays from natural particle accelerators throughout the Universe. GLAST will enable us to peer into the relativistic jets streaming from radio galaxies and determine the radiation mechanisms in spinning magnetic neutron stars. The goal of GLAST is to map the sky with

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7 100 times the sensitivity, resolution, and coverage of previous high energy gamma ray missions. GLAST is a collaboration with the Department of Energy and Japan. Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter JIMO is an ambitious mission to orbit three planet-sized moons of Jupiter -- Callisto, Ganymede and Europa -- which may harbor vast oceans beneath their icy surfaces. JIMO would orbit each of these moons for extensive investigations of their makeup, their history and their potential for sustaining life. NASA's Galileo spacecraft found evidence for these subsurface oceans, a finding that ranks among the major scientific discoveries of the Space Age. The JIMO mission also will raise NASA?s capability for space exploration to a revolutionary new level by pioneering the use of electric propulsion powered by a nuclear fission reactor. Kepler The Kepler mission is a space telescope specifically designed to detect Earth-sized planets around stars in the Sun's neighborhood of the galaxy. By monitoring 100,000 stars over a four-year mission, Kepler could detect up to 500 Earth-sized planets and up to 1000 Jupiter-sized planets. Kepler was selected in December 2001 as a Discovery mission. Laser Interferometer Space Antenna LISA is a gravity wave telescope which will open up one of the last non-electromagnetic channels for studying the Universe. Its goal is to detect gravitational radiation with periods of minutes to hours such as that produced by two coalescing massive black holes in a distant galaxy. LISA will also provide an unprecedented test of strong field general relativity theory. LISA is identified in the OSS Strategic Plan. Magnetospheric Constellation The mission of MC is to fly 50-100 (very small) nano-satellites in a constellation, to make multiple remote and in-situ measurements in space and revolutionize the scientific investigations of key physical processes in the Sun-Earth medium. MC is a future Solar-Terrestrial Probe mission. Magnetospheric Multiscale Broad regions of the Earth's magnetosphere are connected by fundamental processes operating in thin boundary layers. Processes of vastly different scale sizes can interact strongly. Understanding these fundamental processes requires multipoint measurements that uniquely separate temporal and three-dimensional spatial variations. The MMS mission goal is to make those necessary measurements with a five spacecraft constellation in highly eliptical orbits. MMS is a future Solar-Terrestrial Probe mission. Mars Surveyor 2007 and future missions NASA has developed a long-term Mars exploration program that charts a course for the next two decades. The new program incorporates the lessons learned from previous mission successes and failures, and builds on scientific discoveries from past missions. International participation, especially from Italy and France, adds significantly to the plan. Mars Volcanic Emission and Life Scout This mission proposes to conduct a global survey of the Martian atmosphere's photochemistry to search for emissions that could be related to active volcanism or microbial activity, as well as to track the behavior of water in the atmosphere across a full annual cycle. MARVEL was selected for study as a potential Mars Scout mission in December 2002. New Horizons On 2001 November 29, we selected New Horizons as a potential Pluto-Kuiper Belt mission to explore the only planet in our Solar System yet to be visited by a spacecraft. Next Generation Space Telescope The Next Generation Space Telescope is designed for observations in the far visible to the mid infrared part of the spectrum. This wavelength coverage is different from that of the HST which covers the range from the ultraviolet to the near infrared. NGST will probe the era when stars and galaxies started to form; it will also address many other astronomical questions. Phoenix This mission proposes to conduct a stationary, in situ investigation of volatiles (especially water), organic molecules and modern climate. It aims to "follow the water" and measure indicator molecules at high-latitude sites where Mars Odyssey has discovered evidence of large ice concentrations in the Martian soil. Phoenix was selected for study as a potential Mars Scout mission in December 2002. Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars This innovative mission would sample Mars' atmospheric dust and gas using aerogel and use a "free-return trajectory" to bring the samples back to Earth. Such samples could provide breakthrough understanding of the chemistry of Mars, its surface, atmosphere, interior evolution and potential biological activity. SCIM was selected for study as a potential Mars Scout mission in December 2002. Sentinels To improve accuracy of space weather predictions, the Sentinels mission will characterize the environment through which solar disturbances propagate and study their evolution. Sentinels is a future mission in our Living with a Star initiative. Solar Dynamics Observatory How does the solar interior vary through a solar cycle? How does this variation manifest itself in the structure of the Sun's corona and heliosphere? What is the origin and effect of sunspots and solar active magnetic regions? SDO is designed to answer these and other questions, and is a future mission in our Living with a Star initiative. Solar Probe Solar Probe, which will make the first ever measurements within the atmosphere of a star, will provide unambiguous answers to long-standing fundamental questions about how the corona is heated and how the solar wind is accelerated. The spacecraft, which will provide both imaging and in situ measurements, is targeted to pass within 3 solar radii of the Sun's surface. Space Interferometry Mission SIM will be the world's first long-baseline optical interferometer in space, and a technological precursor to the Terrestrial Planet Finder. With its unprecedented astronomical accuracy and high spatial resolution, SIM will allow indirect detection of planets through observation of thousands of stars, and will investigate the structure of planetary disks. Space Technology 7 In March 2002 NASA selected two organizations to lead the work on sensor and thrust-producing technologies to control a space vehicle's flight path so the payload responds only to gravitational forces. The Disturbance Reduction System technology is scheduled to fly in 2006. Spectroscopy and Photometry of the Intergalactic Medium's Diffuse Radiation SPIDR is a mission to map the "cosmic web" of hot gas which spans the Universe. Half of the normal matter in the nearby Universe is in filaments of hot gas, and SPIDR would observe it for the first time. SPIDR's data will answer fundamental questions concerning the formation and evolution of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and other large structures in the Universe. Terrestrial Planet Finder TPF is currently envisioned as a long baseline infrared interferometer, operating in the 7-20um wavelength range. This range is an excellent region for the direct detection of terrestrial planetary companions to other stars, and also for detecting spectral lines which might indicate a habitable planet. Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms THEMIS is a study of the onset of magnetic storms within the tail of the Earth's magnetosphere. THEMIS will fly five microsatellite probes

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8 through different regions of the magnetosphere and observe the onset and evolution of storms. THEMIS will determine the causes of the global reconfigurations of the Earth's magnetosphere that are evidenced in auroral activity. Widefield Infrared Survey Explorer WISE is an infrared telescope designed to survey the entire sky with 1,000 times more sensitivity than previous missions. NGSS would be led by Edward L. Wright of the University of California, Los Angeles. WISE (originally named the Next Generation Sky Survey, NGSS) was selected as a potential Mid-Class Explorer (MIDEX) in April 2002; in March 2003 WISE was approved for further study. A decision on proceeding to flight development with WISE will be made in 2004.

AT Limits Cards
And only 15 of these arent being done already NASA.gov 11 (Missions, http://science1.nasa.gov/missions/)
Division Name Launch Date Phase Heliophysics ACE Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) observes particles of solar, interplanetary, interstellar, and galactic origins, spanning the energy range from solar wind ions to galactic cosmic ray nuclei. This mission is part of SMD's Explorers Program. This mission is part of SMD's ... 19970827 August 27, 1997 3Operating Earth ACRIMSAT ACRIMSAT is the latest in a series of long-term solar-monitoring missions, utilizing the proven Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor III (ACRIM III) instrument. This mission is part of SMD's Earth Systematic Missions program. 19991220 December 20, 1999 3Operating Earth ADEOS Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) was the first international space platform dedicated to Earth environmental research developed and managed by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) (The Japanese call her MIDORI). 19960817 August 17, 1996 4Past Heliophysics AIM Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) is a mission to determine the causes of the highest altitude clouds in the Earth's atmosphere. The number of clouds in the middle atmosphere (mesosphere) over the Earth's poles has been increasing over ... 20070425 April 25, 2007 3Operating Earth AirMOSS North American ecosystems are critical components of the global carbon cycle, exchanging large amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases with the atmosphere. Root-zone soil measurements can be used to better understand these carbon fluxes and their associated uncertainties on ... 20120301 March 2012 2Development Earth Aqua Aqua will obtain a set of precise atmosphere and oceans measurements to understand their role in Earth's climate and its variations. Aqua carries six state-of-the-art instruments to observe the Earth's oceans, atmosphere, land, ice and snow covers, and vegetation, providing ... 20020504 May 04, 2002 3Operating Earth Aquarius Aquarius is a focused satellite mission to measure global sea surface salinity (SSS). Its instruments will measure changes in SSS equivalent to about a "pinch" (i.e., 1/6 of a teaspoon) of salt in 1 gallon of water. By measuring SSS ... 20110610 June 10, 2011 2Development Astrophysics ASCA ASCA was the first X-ray astronomy mission to combine imaging capability with a broad pass band, good spectral resolution, and a large effective area. The mission was also the first satellite to use CCDs for X-ray astronomy. 19930220 February 20, 1993 4Past

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9 Astrophysics Astro-H Astro-H is a powerful orbiting observatory being developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) for studying extremely energetic processes in the universe. NASA and the JAXA/Institute of Space and Astronautical Science have teamed up to develop a high resolution ... 20140215 February 15, 2014 2Development Astrophysics Astro Observatory (ASTRO 1 & 2) The "Astro Observatory" was developed as a system of telescopes that could fly multiple times on the space shuttle. 19901202 December 02, 1990 4Past Earth ATLAS ATLAS missions were part of Phase I of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, a large-scale, unified study of planet Earth as a single, dynamic system. Throughout the ATLAS series, scientists gathered new information to gain a better understanding of how ... 19920324 March 24, 1992 4Past Earth ATS The Applications Technology Satellite series was a set of 6 NASA spacecraft created to explore & flight test new technologies and techniques for communications, meteorological and navigation satellites. 19661207 December 07, 1966 4Past Earth ATTREX Stratospheric water vapor has large impacts on the earths climate and energy budget. Future changes in stratospheric humidity and ozone concentration in response to changing climate are significant climate feedbacks. 20110801 August 2011 2Development Earth Aura The Aura satellite hosts a suite of scientific instruments designed to make the most comprehensive measurements ever undertaken of atmospheric trace gases. Aura's objective is to study the chemistry and dynamics of the Earth's atmosphere with emphasis on the upper ... 20040715 July 15, 2004 3Operating Heliophysics BARREL The Balloon Array for Radiation-belt Relativistic Electron Losses mission is a balloon-based Mission of Opportunity to augment the measurements of NASA's RBSP spacecraft. This mission is part of SMD's LWS program. 2Development Astrophysics BBXRT The Broad Band X-ray Telescope (BBXRT) was the first focusing X-ray telescope to operate over a broad energy range (0.3-12 keV) with moderate energy resolution. BBXRT was flown on the space shuttle Columbia (STS-35) on December 2-11, 1990, as part ... 19901202 December 02, 1990 4Past Earth CALIPSO The CALIPSO satellite was developed to help scientists answer significant questions and provide new information about the effects of clouds and aerosols (airborne particles) on changes in the Earth's climate. Understanding these components will provide the international science community with ... 20060428 April 28, 2006 3Operating Earth CARVE The carbon budget of Arctic ecosystems is not known with confidence since fundamental elements of the complex Arctic biological-climatologic-hydrologic system are poorly quantified. CARVE will collect detailed measurements of important greenhouse gases on local to regional scales in the Alaskan ... 20120301 March 2012 2Development Planets Cassini The Cassini Mission is in the midst of a detailed study of Saturn, its rings, its magnetosphere, its icy satellites, and its moon Titan. Cassini also delivered a probe (called Huygens, provided by the European Space Agency) to Titan, and ... 19971015 October 15, 1997 3Operating Astrophysics CGRO

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10 Compton Gamma Ray Observatory mission studied very energetic celestial phenomena: solar flares, cosmic gamma-ray bursts, pulsars, nova and supernova explosions, accreting black holes of stellar dimensions, quasar emission, and interactions of cosmic rays with the interstellar medium. Compton left a ... 19910405 April 05, 1991 4Past Earth CHAMP CHAMP will generate for the first time simultaneously highly precise gravity and magnetic field measurements over a 5 years period. This will allow us to detect besides the spatial variations of both fields also their variability with time. The CHAMP ... 20000715 July 15, 2000 4Past Astrophysics Chandra Chandra explores the hot turbulent regions in space with images 25 times sharper than previous x-ray pictures. Chandra is performing detailed studies of black holes, supernovas, and dark matter, to increase our understanding of the origin, evolution, and destiny of ... 19990723 July 23, 1999 3Operating Planets Chandrayaan-1 (M3) The Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) is one of two instruments that NASA is contributing to India's first mission to the Moon, Chandrayaan-1, which is scheduled to be launched in 2008. This mission is part of SMD's Discovery Program. This mission ... 20081022 October 22, 2008 4Past Astrophysics CHIPS CHIPS uses an extreme ultraviolet spectrograph to study the "Local Bubble," a tenuous cloud of hot gas surrounding our Solar System that extends about 300 light-years from the Sun. 20030112 January 12, 2003 4Past Heliophysics CINDI/CNOFS The Coupled Ion-Neutral Dynamics Investigations (CINDI) is a mission to understand the dynamics of the Earth's ionosphere. CINDI will provide two instruments for the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite, a project of the United States Air Force. This mission ... 20080416 April 16, 2008 3Operating Earth CLARREO The Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Mission has been recommended in the NRC Decadal Survey as a key component of the future climate observing system. This mission is part of SMD's Earth Systematic Missions program. 1Under Study Planets Clementine The Clementine mission was designed to test lightweight miniature sensors and advanced spacecraft components by exposing them, over a long period of time, to the difficult environment of outer space. Clementine also completed the complex task of mapping the moon. 19940125 January 25, 1994 4Past Earth CloudSat CloudSat uses advanced radar to "slice" through clouds to see their vertical structure, providing a completely new observational capability from space. CloudSat is one of the first satellites to study clouds on a global basis. This mission is part of ... 20060428 April 28, 2006 3Operating Heliophysics Cluster-II Cluster is a European Space Agency program with major NASA involvement. The 4 Cluster spacecraft are providing a detailed three-dimensional map of the magnetosphere, with surprising results. This mission is part of SMD's Heliophysics Research program. 20000716 July 16, 2000 3Operating Astrophysics COBE The COBE satellite was developed to measure the diffuse infrared and microwave radiation from the early universe, to the limits set by our astrophysical environment. 19891118 November 18, 1989 4Past Planets CONTOUR The Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR) was a mission intended to greatly expand what is known of comet

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11 nuclei and to assess their diversity. This mission is part of SMD's Discovery program. 20020703 July 03, 2002 4Past Earth CRRES The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) was launched into a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) for a nominal three-year mission to investigate fields, plasmas, and energetic particles inside the Earth's magnetosphere. 19900725 July 25, 1990 4Past Planets Dawn The Dawn mission intends to orbit Vesta and Ceres, two of the largest asteroids in the solar system. According to current theories, the very different properties of Vesta and Ceres are the result of the asteroids being formed and evolving ... 20070927 September 27, 2007 3Operating Planets Deep Impact The Deep Impact mission was selected as a Discovery mission in 1999. The spacecraft was launched aboard a Delta II rocket on January 12, 2005 and left Earths orbit toward Comet Tempel 1. The spacecraft consists of two main sections, ... 20050112 January 12, 2005 3Operating Planets Deep Space 1 During its 11-month primary mission, DS1 successfully tested 12 revolutionary technologies destined for future missions. In 2001, DS-1 returned the best pictures and other scientific data ever collected at a comet. 19981024 October 24, 1998 4Past Earth DESDynI The Deformation, Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics of Ice mission combines two sensors that, taken together, provide observations important for solid-Earth (surface deformation), ecosystems (terrestrial biomass structure) and climate (ice dynamics). This mission is part of SMD's Earth Systematic Missions program. 20160101 January 01, 2016 1Under Study Earth DISCOVER-AQ The overarching objective of the DISCOVER-AQ investigation is to improve the interpretation of satellite observations to diagnose nearsurface conditions relating to air quality. To diagnose air quality conditions from space, reliable satellite information on aerosols and ozone precursors is needed ... 20110701 July 2011 2Development Astrophysics DXS The primary objective of the Diffuse X-ray Spectrometer (DXS) payload was to obtain measurements on the diffuse soft X-ray background radiation in the Milky Way Galaxy. DXS flew successfully in January 1993 as a shuttle cargo bay attached payload. 19930113 January 13, 1993 4Past Earth Dynamics Explorer The Dynamics Explorer Plasma Wave Investigator mission's general objective was to investigate the strong interactive processes coupling the hot, tenuous, convecting plasmas of the magnetosphere and the cooler, denser plasmas and gases corotating in the earth's ionosphere, upper atmosphere, and ... 19810803 August 03, 1981 4Past Earth Earth Observing-1 (NMP) The NMP EO-1 mission is an advanced land-imaging mission that will demonstrate new instruments and spacecraft systems. EO-1 will validate technologies contributing to the significant reduction in cost of follow-on Landsat missions. The future of Earth science measurements requires that ... 20001121 November 21, 2000 3Operating Planets Epoxi Extrasolar Planet Observation and Deep Impact Extended Investigation EPOXI is a follow-on mission to Deep Impact. This mission is part of SMD's Discovery program. 20050112 January 12, 2005 3Operating Heliophysics Equator-S Equator-S was a German Space Agency project, with contributions from ESA and NASA, related to the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics program. The mission provided high-resolution plasma, magnetic,

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12 and electric field measurements in several regions not adequately covered by any of the ... 19971202 December 02, 1997 4Past Earth ERBS Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), expected to have a two-year operation life, provided scientific data about the Earth's ozone layer for more than two decades. ERBS observations have also been used to determine how human activities such as the use ... 19841005 October 05, 1984 4Past Earth ERS The European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) is the most sophisticated Earth observation satellite ever developed in Europe. It weighs well over two tons and, fully deployed, covers almost 12 metres. 19910717 July 17, 1991 4Past Earth ESSA The Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) Satellite Program provided cloud-cover photography to the American National Meteorological Center from 1966 1972. 19660203 February 03, 1966 4Past Astrophysics EUVE The Extreme-Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) was a part of NASA's Explorer spacecraft series, and designed to operate in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) range of the spectrum, from 70 - 760 Angstroms. The science payload consisted of three grazing incidence scanning telescopes ... 19920607 June 07, 1992 4Past Planets ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter The European Space Agency plans for the ExoMars rover to grind samples of Martian soil to fine powder and deliver them to a suite of analytical instruments, including Urey that will search for signs of life.

2Development
Heliophysics FAST Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer (FAST) studies the detailed plasma physics of the Earth's auroral regions. Ground support campaigns coordinate satellite measurements with ground observations of the Aurora Borealis, commonly referred to as the Northern Lights. The science instruments on board ... 19960821 August 21, 1996 4Past Astrophysics Fermi Fermi, NASA's most recent gamma-ray observatory has a wide window on the universe. Gamma rays are the highest-energy form of light, and the gamma-ray sky is spectacularly different from the one we perceive with our own eyes. With a huge ... 20080611 June 11, 2008 3Operating Astrophysics FUSE Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) studies the far ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from high orbit. This range provides an opportunity to answer important questions about many types of astrophysical objects, such as the nuclear regions of active galaxies ... 19990624 June 24, 1999 4Past Astrophysics GALEX Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) is exploring the origin and evolution of galaxies and the origins of stars and heavy elements, and is also conducting an all-sky ultraviolet survey. This mission is part of SMD's Astrophysics Explorers program. This mission is ... 20030428 April 28, 2003 3Operating Planets Galileo The Galileo mission produced a string of discoveries about asteroids, a fragmented comet, Jupiter's atmosphere, Jupiter's magnetic environment, and especially about the geologic diversity of Jupiter's four largest moons. This mission is part of SMD's Outer Planets Flagship program. 19891018 October 18, 1989 4Past Astrophysics GEMS GEMS will use an X-ray telescope to explore the shape of space that has been distorted by a spinning black hole's gravity, and probe the structure and effects of the formidable magnetic field around magnetars, dead stars with magnetic fields ... 20140701 July 01, 2014 2Development

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13 Planets Genesis The Genesis mission was designed to collect samples of the charged particles in the solar wind and return them to Earth laboratories for detailed analysis. This mission is part of SMD's Discovery program. 20010808 August 08, 2001 4Past Earth Geosat The U.S. Navy GEOdetic SATellite, GEOSAT, was launched on 12 March 1985, into an 800-km, 108-deg inclination orbit, carried an altimeter that was capable of measuring the distance from satellite to sea surface with a relative precision of about 5 ... 19850312 March 12, 1985 4Past Heliophysics Geotail The GEOTAIL mission is a collaborative project undertaken by the Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) and NASA. Its primary objective is to study the tail of the Earth's magnetosphere. The information gathered is allowing scientists to model ... 19920724 July 24, 1992 3Operating Earth GOES A - C The launch of the prototype Synchronous Meteorological Satellite, SMS-A, in May 1974 inaugurated the series of geosynchronous satellites that has provided systematic, continuous observations of weather patterns. A second prototype, SMS-B, followed in February 1975. The GOES program formally began ... 19751016 October 16, 1975 4Past Earth GOES D - H GOES-4 advanced meteorologists capabilities by continuously profiling vertical temperature and water vapor. This major advancement permitted, for the first time, the monitoring of frame-to-frame movement of water vapor concentrations, a technique introduced by the European Meteosat-1 satellite. These missions are ... 19800909 September 09, 1980 4Past Earth GOES I - M The GOES I-M satellites are the primary element of U.S. weather monitoring and forecast operations and are a key component of NOAA's National Weather Service operations and modernization program. These missions are part of the GOES / POES program. 19940413 April 13, 1994 3Operating Earth GOES N - P GOES - N/O/P is the next series of GOES satellites. The multi-mission GOES series N - P will be a vital contributor to weather, solar, and space operations and science. These missions are part of the GOES / POES program. 20100304 March 04, 2010 2Development GOES-R GOES-R satellites will comprise improved spacecraft and instrument technologies, which will result in more timely and accurate weather forecasts, and improve support for the detection and observations of meteorological phenomena that directly affect public safety, protection of property, and ultimately, ... 20150101 January 01, 2015 2Development Earth GPM GPM Constellation follows the success of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) in initiating the measurement of global precipitation, a key climate factor. Its science objectives are: to improve ongoing efforts to predict climate by providing near-global measurement of precipitation, its ... 20130701 July 01, 2013 1Under Study Earth GRACE The primary goal of the GRACE mission is to accurately map variations in the Earth's gravity field over its 5-year lifetime. This provides scientists from all over the world with an efficient and cost-effective way to map the Earth's gravity ... 20020317 March 17, 2002 3Operating Planets GRAIL The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission is a proposed Discovery Program mission to study the lunar interior. This mission is part of SMD's Discovery Program. 20110908 September 08, 2011 2Development

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14 Astrophysics Gravity Probe B (GPB) The GP-B satellite was designed as a pristine, space-borne laboratory, whose primary task was to use four ultra-precise gyroscopes to measure directly two effects predicted by general relativity. 20040420 April 20, 2004 4Past Earth GRIP The Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) experiment is a NASA Earth science field experiment in 2010 that will be conducted to better understand how tropical storms form and develop into major hurricanes. NASA plans to use the DC-8 aircraft, ... 20100815 August 15, 2010 4Past Astrophysics HALCA HALCA is a spacecraft with a radio telescope in orbit to co-observe astronomical objects with radio telescopes on Earth. The project synthesizes a radio telescope as large as the size of the satellites orbit about 40,000 kilometers. 19970212 February 12, 1997 4Past Planets Hayabusa The Hayabusa (formerly Muses-C) mission is to collect a surface sample of material from the small asteroid and return the sample to Earth for analysis. 20030509 May 09, 2003 4Past Astrophysics Herschel The Herschel Space Observatory is a space-based telescope that will study the Universe by the light of the far-infrared and submillimeter portions of the spectrum. It is expected to reveal new information about the earliest, most distant stars and galaxies, ... 20090514 May 14, 2009 3Operating Astrophysics HETE-2 The High Energy Transient Explorer is a small scientific satellite designed to detect and localize gammaray bursts. 20001009 October 09, 2000 4Past Heliophysics Hinode (Solar-B) Hinode (formerly known as Solar-B) is a Japanese ISAS mission proposed as a follow-on to the highly successful Japan/US/UK Yohkoh (Solar-A) collaboration. The mission consists of a coordinated set of optical, EUV and X-ray instruments that are studying the interaction ... 20060923 September 23, 2006 3Operating Astrophysics Hipparcos Hipparcos was a European Space Agency mission dedicated to the precise measurement of the positions, parallaxes and proper motions of the stars. 19890808 August 08, 1989 4Past Earth HS3 Close to 100 million Americans now live within 50 miles of a coastline, thus exposing them to the potential destruction caused by a landfalling hurricane. While hurricane track prediction has improved in recent decades, improvements in hurricane intensity prediction have ... 20130801 August 2013 2Development Astrophysics Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Hubble Space Telescope (HST), an ultraviolet, visible and infrared orbiting telescope, has expanded our understanding of star birth, star death, and galaxy evolution, and has helped move black holes from theory to fact. It has recorded over 100,000 images in ... 19900424 April 24, 1990 3Operating Heliophysics IBEX IBEX will be the first mission designed to detect the edge of the Solar System. As the solar wind from the sun flows out beyond Pluto, it collides with the material between the stars, forming a shock front. This mission ... 20081019 October 19, 2008 3Operating Earth ICESat ICESat (Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite) is the benchmark Earth Observing System mission for measuring ice sheet mass balance, cloud and aerosol heights, as well as land topography and vegetation characteristics. This mission is part of SMD's Earth Systematic ...

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15 20030112 January 12, 2003 4Past Earth ICESat II ICESat (Ice, Cloud,and land Elevation Satellite) is the benchmark Earth Observing System mission for measuring ice sheet mass balance, cloud and aerosol heights, as well as land topography and vegetation characteristics. This mission is part of SMD's Earth Systematic Missions ... 20160101 January 01, 2016 1Under Study Astrophysics IEH-3 Seven experiments made up the IEH-3 payload on the STS-95 Space Shuttle mission. The seven hitchhiker experiments were attached to a carrier system in the bay of the Shuttle orbiter for the flight in space. 19981029 October 29, 1998 4Past Planets ILN International Lunar Net-work (ILN), aims to provide an organizing theme for all landed science missions in the 2010s by involving each landed station as a node in a geophysical network. This mission is part of SMD's Robotic Lunar Exploration program. 20180301 March 01, 2018 1Under Study Heliophysics IMAGE IMAGE studied the global response of the magnetosphere to changes in the solar wind. Major changes occur to the configuration of the magnetosphere as a result of changes in and on the Sun, which in turn change the solar wind. 20000325 March 25, 2000 4Past Heliophysics IMP-8 IMP 8 has deepened understanding of the space environment near Earth in many ways. Observations from IMP 8 provided insight into plasma physics, the Earth's magnetic field, the structure of the solar wind and the nature of cosmic rays. 19731026 October 26, 1973 4Past Astrophysics INTEGRAL International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) seeks to unravel the secrets of the highestenergy - and therefore the most violent - phenomena in the Universe. 20021017 October 17, 2002 3Operating Heliophysics IRIS The primary goal of the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) explorer is to understand how the solar atmosphere is energized. The IRIS investigation combines advanced numerical modeling with a high resolution UV imaging spectrograph. 20121201 December 01, 2012 2Development Heliophysics ISEE The ISEE (International Sun-Earth Explorer) program was an international cooperative program between NASA and ESA to study the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's magnetosphere. 19780812 August 12, 1978 4Past Astrophysics ISO The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), a project of the European Space Agency (ESA), provided astronomers with a unique facility of unprecedented sensitivity for a detailed exploration of the universe ranging from objects in the solar system to the most distant ... 19951117 November 17, 1995 4Past Astrophysics IUE The International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) satellite launched in 1978 and was a unique space observatory in that it was operated like a ground-based observatory. Astronomers came to the Telescope Operations Center and directed their observations while observatory staff members commanded ... 19780126 January 26, 1978 4Past Astrophysics IXO International X-ray Observatory (IXO) has been designed to perform X-ray spectroscopy with unprecedented sensitivity and spectral resolution, to determine the flow of gas in accretion disks around black holes in active galactic nuclei and in binary X-ray sources, to measure ... 1Under Study Earth Jason-1 Jason is an oceanography mission to monitor global ocean circulation, improve global climate predictions,

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16 and monitor events such as El Nino conditions and ocean eddies. The Jason-1 satellite carries a radar altimeter, and it is a follow-on mission to the ... 20011207 December 07, 2001 3Operating Astrophysics JDEM NASA and the U.S. Department of Energy will support a probe to investigate dark energy, the Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM). The Joint Dark Energy Mission will be an observatory containing a telescope and appropriate focal plane instruments. This mission ... 14Studied Planets Juno The Juno mission is the next scientific investigation in the NASA New Frontiers Program. The mission's primary science goal is to significantly improve our understanding of the formation and structure of Jupiter. 20110805 August 05, 2011 2Development Astrophysics JWST James Webb Space Telescope (formerly the Next Generation Space Telescope) is designed for observations in the far visible to the mid infrared part of the spectrum. JWST will probe the era when stars and galaxies started to form; it will ... 20140601 June 01, 2014 2Development Astrophysics KAO The Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) is a national facility operated by NASA to support research in infrared astronomy. The observation platform is a highly modified C-141A jet transport aircraft with a range of 6000 nautical miles, capable of conducting research ... 19750521 May 21, 1975 4Past Astrophysics Keck Interferometer (KI) The Keck Interferometer is part of NASA's overall effort to find planets and ultimately life beyond our solar system. It combines the light from the twin Keck telescopes to make high resolution measurements of stars and galaxies and to measure ... 3Operating Astrophysics Kepler The Kepler Mission, a NASA Discovery mission, is specifically designed to survey our region of the Milky Way Galaxy to detect and characterize hundreds of Earth-size and smaller planets in or nearby the habitable zone. 20090306 March 06, 2009 3Operating Planets LADEE Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) is a NASA mission that will orbit the Moon and its main objective is to characterize the atmosphere and lunar dust environment. This mission is part of SMD's Robotic Lunar Exploration program. 20130502 May 02, 2013 2Development Earth LAGEOS 1&2 LAGEOS, or Laser Geodynamics Satellites, are a series of satellites designed to provide an orbiting benchmark for geodynamical studies of the Earth. LAGEOS 1 & 2 provide long-term data sets to monitor the motion of the Earth's tectonic plates; measure ... 19760504 May 04, 1976 3Operating Earth Landsat 7 Landsat 7 systematically provides well-calibrated, multispectral, moderate resolution, substantially cloudfree, Sun-lit digital images of the Earth's continental and coastal areas with global coverage on a seasonal basis. It covers the United States every 16 days. Operations were transferred to USGS ... 19990415 April 15, 1999 3Operating Astrophysics LBTI The Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI) is part of NASA's overall effort to find planets and ultimately life beyond our solar system. It will combine the light from the twin telescope mirrors to make high resolution measurements of stars and ... 2Development Earth LDCM LDCM is a joint NASA-United States Geological Survey (USGS) mission to extend the Landsat record of

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17 multispectral, 30-meter resolution, seasonal, global coverage of the Earth's land surface. The Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992 directs NASA and USGS to ... 20121201 December 01, 2012 2Development Astrophysics Leonid MAC Leonid MAC used two aircraft carrying a variety of instruments to examine the particles from the comet Tempel -Tuttle as well as the impact of these on the upper atmosphere. 19981117 November 17, 1998 4Past Astrophysics LISA The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a space-based observatory that will allow us to view the Universe in a new spectrum, that of gravitational radiation. This mission is part of the Physics of the Cosmos Program. 1Under Study Planets Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospector was the third of NASA's Discovery missions. The project mapped the chemical composition of the lunar surface and the Moon's global magnetic and gravity fields at a level of detail greater than that achieved by previous missions. This ... 19980107 January 07, 1998 4Past Planets Lunar Reconnaisance Orbiter The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) is the first mission in NASA's plan to return to the moon and then to travel to Mars and beyond. This mission is part of SMD's Robotic Lunar Exploration program. 20090617 June 17, 2009 3Operating Planets Magellan The Magellan mission scientific objectives were to study land forms and tectonics, impact processes, erosion, deposition, chemical processes, and model the interior of Venus. 19890504 May 04, 1989 4Past Planets Mariner Missions Between 1962 and 1973, NASA designed and built 10 spacecraft named Mariner to explore the inner solar system visiting the planets Mercury, Venus, and Mars for the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for additional close observations. 19620721 July 21, 1962 4Past Planets Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Climate Orbiter was designed to function as an interplanetary weather satellite and a communications relay for Mars Polar Lander. This mission is part of the Mars program. 19981211 December 11, 1998 4Past Planets Mars Exploration Rover - Opportunity The Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity was originally designed for a 90 Sol mission (a Sol, one Martian day, is slightly longer than an Earth day at 24 hours and 37 minutes). Its mission has been extended several times as it ... 20030707 July 07, 2003 3Operating Planets Mars Exploration Rover - Spirit Mars Exploration Rover Spirit landed in Gusev crater on Mars in January 2004. The rover carries a sophisticated set of instruments that allow it to search for evidence of liquid water that may have been present in the planet's past. ... 20030610 June 10, 2003 3Operating Planets Mars Express (ASPERA-3) Mars Express is exploring the atmosphere and surface of Mars from polar orbit. The mission's main objective is to search for sub-surface water from orbit and deploy a lander onto the Martian surface. 20030602 June 02, 2003 3Operating Planets Mars Global Surveyor Mars Global Surveyor is returning an unprecedented amount of data regarding Mars' surface features, atmosphere, and magnetic properties. Scientists are using the data gathered from this mission both to learn about the Earth by comparing it to Mars, and to ... 19961107 November 07, 1996 4Past Planets Mars Observer Mars Observer was designed to study the geoscience and climate of Mars. This mission is part of SMD's

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18 Mars Exploration program. 19920925 September 25, 1992 4Past Planets Mars Odyssey The 2001 Mars Odyssey is an orbiter carrying science experiments designed to make global observations of Mars to improve our understanding of the planet's climate and geologic history, including the search for water and evidence of life-sustaining environments. 20010407 April 07, 2001 3Operating Planets Mars Pathfinder Mars Pathfinder launched December 2, 1996 and arrived on the surface of Mars on July 4, 1997. The mission was an engineering demonstration of key technologies and concepts for use in future missions to Mars; it also delivered science instruments ... 19961204 December 04, 1996 4Past Planets Mars Polar Lander The Mars Polar Lander was to touch down on the southern polar layered terrain and record local meteorological conditions near the martian south pole. This mission is part of SMD's Mars Exploration program. 19990103 January 03, 1999 4Past Planets Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) will seek to find out about the history of water on Mars with its science instruments. They will zoom in for extreme close-up photography of the martian surface to analyze minerals, look for subsurface water, ... 20050812 August 12, 2005 3Operating Planets Mars Science Laboratory NASA proposes to develop and to launch a roving long-range, long-duration science laboratory that will be a major leap in surface measurements and pave the way for a future sample return mission. The mission will also demonstrate the technology for ... 20111125 November 25, 2011 2Development Planets MAVEN The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN), set to launch in 2013, will explore the planets upper atmosphere, ionosphere and interactions with the sun and solar wind. Scientists will use MAVEN data to determine the role that loss of ... 20131118 November 18, 2013 2Development Planets MESSENGER MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging (MESSENGER) is a scientific investigation of the planet Mercury, the least explored terrestrial planet. This mission is part of SMD's Discovery program. 20040803 August 03, 2004 3Operating Heliophysics MMS The Magnetospheric Multiscale mission will determine the small-scale basic plasma processes which transport, accelerate and energize plasmas in thin boundary and current layers and which control the structure and dynamics of the Earth's magnetosphere. MMS will for the first ... 20140814 August 14, 2014 2Development Earth MOMS The Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral Scanner (MOMS) is a scanning system (based on CCD technique) for airborne and predominantly spaceborne geoscientific remote sensing application. 19830618 June 18, 1983 4Past Earth MOS Marine Observation Satellite (MOS-1), Japan's first marine observation satellite, was launched in 1987 as a link in a global satellite observation system for more effective natural resource utilization and for environmental protection. 19870219 February 19, 1987 4Past Planets NEAR-Shoemaker As the first spacecraft to orbit and land on an asteroid, the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Shoemaker mission continues to answer fundamental questions about the nature and origin of near-Earth objects. This mission is part of SMD's Discovery Program.

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19 19960217 February 17, 1996 4Past Planets New Horizons The New Horizons Pluto-Kuiper Belt Mission will help us understand worlds at the edge of our solar system, by making the first reconnaissance of Pluto and Charon. The mission will then visit one or more Kuiper Belt Objects, in the ... 20060119 January 19, 2006 3Operating Earth Nimbus The Nimbus series of missions was the United States primary research and development platform for satellite remote-sensing of the Earth. The satellites increased the scientific communitys knowledge of the Earths atmosphere, land surface and ecosystems, weather, and oceanography. 19640827 August 27, 1964 4Past Earth NOAA-N NOAA-N broadcasts data directly to thousands of users around the world and continues to provide a polarorbiting platform to support the environmental monitoring instruments for imaging and measurement of the Earth's atmosphere, its surface, and cloud cover. Observations include information ... 20050520 May 20, 2005 3Operating Earth NOAA/POES Since the 1960s, NASA has developed polar-orbiting environmental observation satellites for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The NOAA satellites carry instruments that observe our Earth and provide global data for NOAA's operational user requirements including short- and long-range ... 19930328 March 28, 1993 4Past Earth NPOESS The National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) is a satellite system used to monitor global environmental conditions, and collect and disseminate data related to weather, atmosphere, oceans, land and near-space environment. This mission is part of the GOES/POES program. 20140331 March 31, 2014 2Development Earth NPOESS Preparatory Project (NPP) NPP is a joint mission to extend key measurements in support of long term monitoring of climate trends and of global biological productivity. This mission is part of SMD's Earth Systematic Missions program. 20111025 October 25, 2011 2Development Astrophysics NuSTAR The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array is a pathfinder mission that will open the high energy X-ray sky for sensitive study for the first time. This mission is part of SMD's Astrophysics Explorers program. 20120203 February 03, 2012 2Development Astrophysics OAO The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) was a series of four satellites launched by NASA between 1966 and 1972. 4Past Earth OCO OCO provides space-based observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the principal humaninitiated driver of climate change. This mission uses mature technologies to address NASA's highest priority carbon cycle measurement requirement. OCO will generate precise global maps of the abundance of ... 20090224 February 24, 2009 4Past Earth OCO-2 The Orbiting Carbon Observatory -2 (OCO-2) is based on the original OCO mission that was developed under the NASA Earth System Science Pathfinder (ESSP) Program Office and launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on February 24, 2009. Before spacecraft separation, ... 20130208 February 08, 2013 2Development Earth Operation Ice Bridge Operation Ice Bridge is a six-year airborne campaign designed to capture geophysical measurements of changes in polar ice sheets and sea ice during a gap in the space-based observations of ICESat and ICESat II. 20091015 October 15, 2009 3Operating

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20 Astrophysics ORFEUS-SPAS II ORFEUS-SPAS II mission conducted investigations of celestial sources in the far and extreme ultraviolet spectral range, and to increase understanding of the evolution of stars, the structure of galaxies, and the nature of the interstellar medium. 19961120 November 20, 1996 4Past Earth OSTM OSTM measures sea surface height to an accuracy of < 3.3 cm every ten days. Sea surface topography measured by satellite altimeters has numerous applications important to global environmental monitoring including predicting hurricane intensification, improving tide models, mapping deep ocean ... 20080620 June 20, 2008 3Operating Planets Phoenix Phoenix seeks to verify the presence of the Martian Holy Grail: water and habitable conditions. 20070804 August 04, 2007 4Past Planets Pioneer 10 & 11 These Pioneer missions traveled through the asteroid belt to observe Jupiter, Saturn and continue on to the outer solar system. 19720303 March 03, 1972 4Past Planets Pioneer Venus Missions Pioneer Venus consisted of two spacecraft to study Venus: the Orbiter and the Multiprobe. 19780520 May 20, 1978 4Past Astrophysics Planck Planck is imaging minor variations relevant in the Cosmic Background Radiation over the whole sky, with unprecedented sensitivity and angular resolution. Planck is providing information relevant to several cosmological and astrophysical issues, such as testing theories of the early universe ... 20090514 May 14, 2009 3Operating Heliophysics Polar Polar is the second of two NASA spacecraft in the Global Geospace Science (GGS) initiative and part of the ISTP Project. GGS is designed to improve greatly the understanding of the flow of energy, mass and momentum in the solar-terrestrial ... 19960224 February 24, 1996 4Past Earth QuikSCAT QuikSCAT mission is intended to record sea-surface wind speed and direction data under all weather and cloud conditions over Earth's oceans. QuikSCAT was initiated as a "quick recovery" mission to help reduce the ocean-wind vector data gap created by the ... 19990619 June 19, 1999 3Operating Earth Radarsat Canada's Radarsat is a radar satellite featuring variable resolution, and different view angles at a number of preset positions. 19951104 November 04, 1995 4Past Planets Ranger The Ranger project of the 1960s was the first U.S. effort to launch probes directly toward the Moon. The spacecraft were designed to relay pictures and other data as they approached the Moon and finally crashlanded into its surface. 19610822 August 22, 1961 4Past Heliophysics RBSP The RBSP mission will provide scientific understanding, ideally to the point of predictability, of how populations of relativistic electrons and ions in space form and change in response to variable inputs of energy from the Sun. 20120518 May 18, 2012 2Development Heliophysics RHESSI Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscope Imager (RHESSI) studies solar flares in X-rays and gamma-rays. It explores the basic physics of particle acceleration and explosive energy release in these energetic events in the Sun's atmosphere. This is accomplished by imaging ... 20020205 February 05, 2002 3Operating Astrophysics ROSAT

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21 The ROentgen SATellite, was an X-ray observatory developed through a cooperative program between the Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom. 19900601 June 01, 1990 4Past Planets Rosetta The Rosetta Orbiter will study the origin of comets, the relationship between cometary and interstellar material and its implications with regard to the origin of the Solar System. This mission is part of SMD's Solar System Exploration Program. 20040302 March 02, 2004 3Operating Astrophysics RXTE Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer studies variability over time in the emission of X-ray sources, with moderate spectral resolution. This time behavior is a source of important information about processes and structures in white-dwarf stars, X-ray binaries, neutron stars, pulsars and ... 19951230 December 30, 1995 3Operating Astrophysics SAC-B Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas-B was designed to advance the study of solar physics and astrophysics through the examination of solar flares, gamma ray bursts, diffuse X-ray cosmic background, and energetic neutral atoms. 19961104 November 04, 1996 4Past Earth SAGE III The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE III) was an Earth Observing System (EOS) - joint mission between the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Russian Space Agency (RSA). The SAGE III instrument is one of ... 20011210 December 10, 2001 4Past Heliophysics SAMPEX The Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer is investigating the composition of local interstellar matter and solar material and the transport of magnetospheric charged particles into the Earth's atmosphere. 19920703 July 03, 1992 4Past Earth Seasat 1 The Ocean Dynamics Satellite (Seasat 1) was designed to provide measurements of sea-surface winds, sea-surface temperatures, wave heights, internal waves, atmospheric liquid water content, sea ice features, ocean features, ocean topography, and the marine geoid. 19780627 June 27, 1978 4Past Earth SeaStar (SeaWiFS) The SeaStar satellite carries the SeaWiFS instrument which is designed to monitor the color of the world's oceans. This mission is part of SMD's Earth Systematic Missions program. 19970801 August 01, 1997 3Operating Earth SeaWinds (ADEOS II) The SeaWinds scatterometer is a specialized microwave radar that measures near-surface wind velocity (both speed and direction) under all weather and cloud conditions over Earth's oceans. This is a twin sister to the QuikSCAT sensor and flies on the Japanese ... 20021214 December 14, 2002 3Operating Astrophysics SIM SIM/SIM-Lite was not recommended for development this decade by the Astro2010 Decadal Survey. As a consequence NASA sponsorship of the project was discontinued effective December 31, 2010. 14Studied Earth SIR-C Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR), part of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, is studying how our global environment is changing. From the unique vantage point of space, the radar system will observe, monitor and assess large-scale environmental processes with a focus ... 19940419 April 19, 1994 4Past Earth SMAP The Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP) will use a combined radiometer and high-resolution radar to measure surface soil moisture and freeze-thaw state, providing for scientific advances and societal benefits. This mission is part of SMD's Earth Systematic Missions program.

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22 20141101 November 01, 2014 1Under Study Earth SMS The Synchronous Meterological Satellites were the first operational spacecrafts to sense meteorological conditions from a fixed location. They carried instrumentation for visible and international remote imaging, collection of data from automated remote platforms, relay of weather products (WEFAX), and measurement ... 19740517 May 17, 1974 4Past Heliophysics SNOE SNOE ("snowy") was a small satellite investigating the effects of energy from the Sun and from the magnetosphere on the density of nitric oxide in the Earth's upper atmosphere. 19980226 February 26, 1998 4Past Astrophysics SOFIA SOFIA is an airborne observatory that will study the universe in the infrared spectrum. This mission is part of SMD's Cosmic Origins program. 2Development Heliophysics SOHO Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is a solar observatory studying the structure, chemical composition, and dynamics of the solar interior. SOHO a joint venture of the European Space Agency and NASA. This mission is part of SMD's Heliophysics Research program. 19951202 December 02, 1995 3Operating Heliophysics Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is the first mission and crown jewel in a fleet of NASA missions to study our sun. The mission is the cornerstone of a NASA science program called Living With a Star (LWS). The goal ... 20100211 February 11, 2010 3Operating Heliophysics Solar Orbiter Solar Orbiter is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission to study the Sun from a distance closer than any spacecraft previously has, and will provide images and measurements in unprecedented resolution and detail. This mission is part of SMD's LWS ... 1Under Study Heliophysics Solar Probe Plus Solar Probe Plus will be a historic mission, flying into one of the last unexplored regions of the solar system, the Suns atmosphere or corona, for the first time. This mission is part of SMD's LWS Program. 1Under Study Earth SORCE SORCE is a NASA-sponsored satellite mission that will provide state-of-the-art measurements of incoming x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, near-infrared, and total solar radiation. The measurements provided by SORCE specifically address long-term climate change, natural variability and enhanced climate prediction, and atmospheric ozone ... 20030125 January 25, 2003 3Operating Heliophysics Space Environment Testbeds The Space Environment Testbeds (SET) Project performs flight and ground investigations to understand how the Sun/Earth interactions affect humanity. 20121001 October 01, 2012 2Development Heliophysics Spartan 201 Spartan is a small, Shuttle-launched and retrieved satellite. Spartan 201, whose mission is to study the Sun, has a science payload consisting of two telescopes: the Ultraviolet Coronal Spectrometer (UVCS) and the White Light Coronagraph (WLC). Spartan 201 was launched ... 19940913 September 13, 1994 4Past Astrophysics Spitzer Spitzer Space Telescope (formerly known as SIRTF) conducts infrared astronomy from space. From an unusual heliocentric orbit designed to keep its sensitive instruments away from Earth's radiated heat, Spitzer has detected several distant objects, including several supermassive black holes, that ... 20030825 August 25, 2003 3Operating Earth SRTM

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23 The goal of SRTM, a joint project of NASA, NIMA, and the German and Italian space agencies, is to map the world in three dimensions. In its 11-day mission on STS-99 in February 2000, SRTM collected an unprecedented 8.6 Terabytes ... 20000211 February 11, 2000 4Past Heliophysics ST5 Space Technology 5 (ST5) flight tested its miniaturized satellites and innovative technologies in the harsh environment of Earth's magnetosphere. 20060322 March 22, 2006 4Past ST6 ST6 consists of two technologies onboard two different spacecrafts: Autonomous Sciencecraft Constellation and Inertial Stellar Compass. 20061216 December 16, 2006 4Past Astrophysics ST-7 / Lisa Pathfinder Space Technology 7 project will flight test a Disturbance Reduction System (DRS) that will aid scientists in their quest to detect and measure gravitational waves in space. 20120630 June 30, 2012 2Development Planets Stardust Stardust is the first U.S. space mission dedicated solely to the exploration of a comet, and the first robotic mission designed to return extraterrestrial material from outside the orbit of the Moon. This mission is part of SMD's Discovery Program. ... 19990207 February 07, 1999 4Past Planets Stardust-NExT STARDUST-NExT - short for "New Exploration of Tempel-1" - is a follow-on mission for STARDUST, one of the great successes of NASA's Discovery program. 3Operating Starshine NASA deployed three Starshine satellites, which were designed by the US Naval Research Laboratory and built by a coalition of volunteers. 19990605 June 05, 1999 4Past Heliophysics STEREO The goal of STEREO is to understand the origin the Sun's coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and their consequences for Earth. The mission consists of two spacecraft, one leading and the other lagging Earth in its orbit. The spacecraft carries instrumentation ... 20061025 October 25, 2006 3Operating Planets Surveyor Surveyor succeeded the Ranger program. Its primary focus was engineering work in preparation for Apollo, specifically soft landings and lifting off from the moon's surface. 19660529 May 29, 1966 4Past Astrophysics Suzaku (Astro-E2) Suzaku (formerly Astro-E2) provides powerful tools to use the Universe as a laboratory for unraveling complex, high-energy processes and the behavior of matter under extreme conditions. This mission is part of SMD's Astrophysics Explorers program. This mission was awarded via ... 20050710 July 10, 2005 3Operating Astrophysics SWAS The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) instrument is a submillimeter wave telescope that incorporates dual heterodyne radiometers and an acousto-optical spectrometer to investigate the composition of dense interstellar clouds. 19981206 December 06, 1998 4Past Astrophysics Swift Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer is a three-telescope space observatory for studying the position, brightness, and physical properties of gamma ray bursts. Although gamma ray bursts are the largest known explosions in the Universe, outshining the rest of the Universe ... 20041120 November 20, 2004 3Operating Earth Terra Terra (formerly EOS AM-1) is the flagship satellite of NASA's Earth observing systems. Terra is the first EOS

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24 (Earth Observing System) platform and provides global data on the state of the atmosphere, land, and oceans, as well as their interactions ... 19991218 December 18, 1999 3Operating Earth TERRIERS TERRIERS was a very small "University-class" Explorer intended to study a number of ionospheric and thermospheric phenomena, and test the utility of long term solar EUV (extreme ultraviolet) irradiance measurements. 19990518 May 18, 1999 4Past Heliophysics THEMIS Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) is a study of the onset of magnetic storms within the tail of the Earth's magnetosphere. THEMIS will fly five microsatellite probes through different regions of the magnetosphere and observe ... 20070217 February 17, 2007 3Operating Heliophysics TIMED Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) explores the energy transfer into and out of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere/Ionosphere (MLTI) region of the Earth's atmosphere. This mission is part of SMD's Solar Terrestrial Probes Program. 20011207 December 07, 2001 3Operating Earth TIROS TIROS spacecraft were the beginning of a long series of polar-orbiting meteorological satellites. The objective was to establish a global weather satellite system. 19600401 April 01, 1960 4Past Earth TOMS-EP The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, launched in July 1996 onboard an Earth Probe Satellite (TOMS/EP), continues NASA's long-term daily mapping of the global distribution of the Earth's atmospheric ozone. This NASA-developed instrument, measures ozone indirectly by mapping ultraviolet light emitted ... 19960702 July 02, 1996 4Past Earth TOPEX/Poseidon TOPEX/Poseidon monitored global ocean circulation, improved global climate predictions, and tracked El Nio conditions and ocean eddies. The mission's most important achievement was to determine the patterns of ocean circulation - how heat stored in the ocean moves from one ... 19920810 August 10, 1992 4Past Astrophysics TPF Terrestrial Planet Finder observatories will study the particular characteristics of many planets outside our solar system: from their formation and development in disks of dust and gas around newly forming stars to their suitability as abodes for life. 14Studied Heliophysics TRACE Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) observes the effects of the emergence of magnetic flux from deep inside the Sun to the outer corona with high spatial and temporal resolution. This mission is part of SMD's Heliophysics Explorers program. This ... 19980401 April 01, 1998 4Past Earth TRMM TRMM is a joint mission between NASA and the National Space Development Agency (NASDA) of Japan. TRMM is particularly devoted to determining rainfall in the tropics and subtropics of the Earth. These regions make up about two thirds of the ... 19971127 November 27, 1997 3Operating TSS The Tethered Satellite System (TSS) consists of a satellite, a conducting tether, and a tether deployment/retrieval system to be flown on the Space Shuttle. 19920626 June 26, 1992 4Past Heliophysics TWINS A & B TWINS will provide stereo imaging of the Earth's magnetosphere, the region surrounding the planet controlled by its magnetic field and containing the Van Allen radiation belts and other energetic charged particles. This mission is part of SMD's Explorers Program. This ...

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25 20080313 March 13, 2008 3Operating Earth UARS Launched from the Space Shuttle Discovery on September 15, 1991, UARS orbited the Earth more than 78,000 times, using 10 onboard scientific instruments to collect data on a variety of chemicals, including carbon dioxide, ozone, chlorine, methane, nitrogen oxides and ... 19910912 September 12, 1991 4Past Heliophysics Ulysses The Ulysses Mission is the first spacecraft to explore interplanetary space at high solar latitudes, orbiting the Sun nearly perpendicular to the plane in which the planets orbit. This mission is part of SMD's Heliophysics Research program. 19901006 October 06, 1990 4Past Planets Viking 1 - 2 Two Viking spacecraft, each composed of an orbiter and a lander, flew to Mars in the mid 1970's. They measured atmospheric water vapor, did chemical analysis of the soil, and took photographs of the entire surface. 19750820 August 20, 1975 4Past Heliophysics Voyager The twin Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft continue exploring where nothing from Earth has flown before. In the 25th year after their 1977 launches, they each are much farther away from Earth and the Sun than Pluto is and approaching ... 19770905 September 05, 1977 3Operating Heliophysics Wind Wind studies the solar wind and its impact on the near-Earth environment. This mission is part of SMD's Heliophysics Research program. 19941101 November 01, 1994 3Operating Astrophysics WIRE The Wide-field Infrared Explorer (WIRE) is a Small Explorer Mission designed to study the evolution of starburst galaxies and search for distant ultra-luminous galaxies. 19990304 March 04, 1999 4Past Astrophysics WISE WISE is a NASA-funded scientific research project that will provide a vast storehouse of knowledge about the solar system, the Milky Way, and the Universe. Among the objects WISE will study are asteroids, the coolest and dimmest stars, and the ... 20091214 December 14, 2009 4Past Astrophysics WMAP Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) produced the earliest baby picture of the universe, showing the minute temperature variations within the microwave light produced when the Universe was about 400,000 years old. These data provided a wealth of information about the ... 20010630 June 30, 2001 4Past Astrophysics XMM-Newton XMM-Newton is an X-ray astrophysics observatory that enables astronomers to conduct sensitive X-ray spectroscopic observations of a wide variety of cosmic sources. This mission is part of SMD's Physics of the Cosmos program. 19991210 December 10, 1999 3Operating Heliophysics Yohkoh Yohkoh, an observatory for studying X-rays and gamma-rays from the Sun, is a project of the Institute for Space and Astronautical Sciences, Japan. 19910830 August 30, 1991 4Past

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