.

M hnh tham chiu OSI

.I.1. Gii thiu m hnh OSI M hnh mng my tnh do t chc tiu chun ho quc t (International Standard Organization - ISO) a ra nm 1983 c gi l m hnh tham chiu cc h thng m (Open Systems Interconect referent model - OSI). Cc iu khon m t trong m hnh c s dng rng ri trong l thuyt truyn thng, do , trong thc t kh c th ni v truyn thng m khng s dng thut ng ca OSI. M hnh tham chiu OSI cha 7 tng m t chc nng ca giao thc truyn thng. Mi tng ca m hnh OSI miu t mt chc nng c thc hin khi d liu di chuyn gia cc ng dng gia cc mng.

Tng ng dng bao gm cc trnh ng dng s dng mng. Tng trnh din tiu chun ho d liu cung cp cho tng ng
dng.

Tng phin qun tr cc phin lm vic gia cc ng dng. Tng giao vn cung cp kt ni trm-trm, x l li. Tng mng qun tr vic kt ni qua mng cho cc tng trn. Tng lin kt d liu cung cp phn pht d liu tin cy qua
ng truyn vt l.

Tng vt l nh r cc c th ca thit b mng.

Cc lp giao thc c xp chng lp n trn lp kia. Chnh s xut hin ca n, cu trc thng c gi l stack hoc giao thc xp chng. Vic phn tng ca OSI tun theo mt s nguyn tc sau Mt lp c to ra khi cn n mc tru tng ho tng ng.

Mi lp cn thc hin cc chc nng c nh ngha r rng. Vic chn chc nng cho mi lp cn ch ti vic nh ngha cc quy tc chun ho quc t. Ranh gii cc mc cn chn sao cho thng tin i qua l t nht (tham s cho chng trnh con l t). S mc phi ln cc chc nng tch bit khng nm trong cng mt lp v nh m hnh khng qu phc tp. Mt mc c th c phn thnh cc lp nh nu cn thit. Cc mc con c th li b loi b.

Hai h thng khc nhau c th truyn thng vi nhau nu chng bo m nhng nguyn tc chung (ci t cng mt giao thc truyn thng). Cc chc nng c t chc thnh mt tp cc tng ng mc cung cp chc nng nh nhau. Cc tng ng mc phi s dng mt giao thc chung. Mt tng khng nh ngha mt giao thc n, n nh ngha mt chc nng truyn thng c th c thi hnh bi mt s giao thc. Do vy, mi tng c th cha nhiu giao thc, mi giao thc cung cp mt dch v ph hp cho chc nng ca tng. V d c giao thc truyn file (File Transfer Protocol - FTP) v giao thc th in t (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol - SMTP) u cung cp dch v cho ngi dng v c hai u thuc tng ng dng. Mi mc ngang hng giao thc truyn thng (s b xung ca cc giao thc cng mc tng ng trn h thng khc). Mi mc phi c chun ho giao tip vi mc tng ng vi n. Trn l thuyt, giao thc ch bit n nhng g lin quan ti lp ca n m khng quan tm ti mc trn hoc di ca n. Tuy nhin phi c s tho thun chuyn d liu gia cc tng trn mt my tnh, bi mi tng li lin quan ti vic gi d liu t ng dng ti mt ng dng tng ng trn mt my khc. Tng cao hn da vo tng thp hn chuyn d liu qua mng pha di.

D liu chuyn xung ngn xp t tng ny xung tng thp hn cho ti khi c truyn qua mng nh giao thc ca tng vt l. u nhn, d liu i ln ngn xp ti ng dng nhn. Nhng tng ring l khng cn bit cc tng trn v di n x l ra sao, n ch cn bit cch chuyn nhn thng tin t cc tng . S c lp cc hm truyn thng trn cc tng khc nhau gim thiu s tch hp cng ngh ca u vo mi b giao thc. Cc ng dng mi c th thm vo m khng cn thay i tng vt l ca mng, phn cng c th c b sung m khng cn vit li cc phn mm ng dng. .I.2. Cc tng ca m hnh OSI .I.2.1. Tng vt l (Physical layer)

Tng vt l lin quan ti vic truyn dng bit gia cc my bng knh truyn thng vt l, y, cu trc ca d liu khng c quan tm n.

Vic thit k tng vt l cn quan tm n cc vn v ghp ni c kh, in t, th tc v mi trng truyn tin bn di n v d mc in p tng ng vi bit 0 - 1, thi gian tn ti ca xung...

.I.2.2.

Tng lin kt d liu (Data link layer)

Lin kt, thit lp, duy tr, hu b cc lin kt d liu l nhim v ca tng data link. Ngoi ra tng data link cn kim sot li ng truyn, thng lng.

Tng ny thc hin vic ng gi thng tin gi thnh cc frame, gi cc frame mt cch tun t i trn mng, x l cc thng bo xc nhn (Acknowledgement frame) do bn nhn gi v. Xc nh ranh gii gia cc frame bng cch ghi mt s byte c bit vo u v cui frame. Gii quyt vn thng lng truyn gia bn gi v bn nhn (Vn ny c th c gii quyt bi mt s lp trn).

 .I.2.3.

Tng mng (Network layer)

Vn ch cht ca tng mng l dn ng, nh r cc gi tin (packet) c truyn theo nhng con ng no t ngun n ch. Cc con ng ny c th c nh, t b thay i, c thit lp khi bt u lin kt hay ng (dynamic) thay i tu theo trng thi ti ca mng.

Nu c nhiu gi tin truyn trn mng c th xy ra tnh trng tc nghn, tng mng phi gii quyt vn ny. Thc hin chc nng giao tip vi cc mng bao gm vic nh li a ch, ct hp gi tin cho ph hp vi cc mng.

Ngoi ra tng mng cn thc hin mt s chc nng k ton, v d, mt s Firewall (packet filtering) c ci t trn tng ny thng k s lng cc gi tin truyn qua mng hay ngn cm hoc cho php cc gi tin ca giao thc no . .I.2.4. Tng giao vn (Transport layer)

Kim sot vic truyn tin t nt ti nut (end-to-end): Bt u t tng ny, cc thc th c th ni chuyn mt cch logic vi nhau.

Thc hin vic ghp knh v phn knh: Mi ng dng c th gi d liu i theo nhiu con ng, mt ng truyn li c th c nhiu ng dng s dng, phn knh/hp knh gii quyt vn phn chia d liu cho cc ng dng.

Khc phc sai st trong qu trnh truyn tin: Vic khc phc sai st c thc hin trn nhiu tng khc nhau, nhng hiu qu nht l cc tng cao, vic khc phc sai st lm tng giao vn l hp l nht.

.I.2.5.

Tng phin (Session layer)

Tng ny cho php ngi s dng trn cc my khc nhau thit lp, duy tr, hu b, ng b phin truyn thng gia h. Cung cp

mt s dch v hu ch cho ngi s dng nh cho php ngi dng logon vo h thng chia s thi gian, truyn tp gia cc my tnh. Qun l token: c ch th bi c tng phin cung cp trnh hin tng tranh chp ng truyn trn mng. Thc hin ng b (Synchronization): thc hin i vi nhng d liu ln bng cch thm vo cc thng tin kim tra, sa li. .I.2.6. Tng trnh din (Presentation layer)

Gii quyt vn lin quan ti c php v ng ngha ca thng tin nh chuyn i thng tin theo mt chun no c c hai bn s dng (m ASCII - EDBCDIC).

Nn/gin d liu gim s lng bit truyn trn mng. M ho d liu thc hin quyn truy cp. Tng ng dng (Application layer)

.I.2.7.

Tng ng dng cung cp giao din s dng cho ngi dng v mi trng truyn tin. Thc hin chc nng chuyn file trong c gii quyt vn khng tng thch nh cch t tn file hay cc m iu khin trong mt tp vn bn...

Cung cp cc dch v Electronic mail, Remote login, Directory lookup...

.I.3. Nhng vn v OSI Bn thn OSI khng phi l mt kin trc mng bi v n khng ch ra chnh xc cc dch v v cc nghi thc c s dng trong mi tng. M hnh ny ch ra mi tng cn thc hin nhim v g. ISO a ra cc tiu chun cho tng tng, nhng cc tiu chun ny khng phi l mt b phn ca m hnh tham chiu. M hnh OSI ra i sau khi cc giao thc TCP/IP (TCP/IP s c trnh by phn sau) c s dng rng ri, nhiu cng ty a ra cc

sn phm TCP/IP, v vy, m hnh OSI ch c s dng trong thc t nh mt chun v l thuyt. Trong m hnh OSI, mt s chc nng nh iu khin thng lng, kim tra li xut hin lp li trong mt s tng. iu ny c nguyn nhn do m hnh OSI c chia lm cc tng khc nhau, mi tng tng ng vi mt i tng c lp (c d liu v cc phng thc ring ca n, c lp vi cc i tng khc). M hnh OSI khng c cc dch v v giao thc khng hng kt ni mc d hu ht cc mng u c s dng. M hnh qu phc tp cho vic ci t lm cho OSI kh c th ng dng rng ri trn thc t. .II Kin trc giao thc IPX/SPX

Mt h thng mng my PC c s dng ph bin nht trn th gii trong thi gian va qua l mng Novell Netware. N c thit k cho cc cng ty, chuyn t vic s dng my tnh ln (Mainframe) sang s dng PC. Mi PC lm chc nng khch hng (client), mt s my mnh hot ng nh my phc v (Server), chng cung cp cc dch v file, cc dch v CSDL v cc dch v khc cho mt nhm khch hng. Ni cch khc, Novell Netware hot ng theo m hnh file-server. .II.1. Kin trc giao thc IPX/SPX Application Transport Network Datalink Physical SAP NCP Ethernet Ethernet IPX Token ring Token ring File server SPX ARCnet ARCnet

Novell Netware s dng chng giao thc IPX/SPX da trn mt h thng mng c ca hng Xerox-XNSTM nhng c mt s thay i. Novell Netware ra i trc OSI v khng da trn m hnh ny.

Tng vt l v tng Data link c th c chn trong s nhiu chun cng nghip khc nhau bao gm Ethernet, IBM token ring v ARCnet.

Tng mng khng nh hng ni kt, khng bo m (unreliable connectionless) c tn l IPX (Internet Packet eXchange). N chuyn cc packet t ngun ti ch mt cch trong sut vi ngi dng ngay c khi ngun v ch nm cc mng khc nhau. IPX s dng a ch 12 byte.

Tng giao vn: Giao thc NCP (Network Core Protocol) cung cp nhiu dch v khc ngoi vic vn chuyn d liu ca ngi s dng, n chnh l tri tim ca Novell Netware. Giao thc th hai ca tng ny l SPX (Sequenced Packet eXchange). N ch thc hin vic vn chuyn. Cc ng dng c th la chn s dng mt trong cc giao thc ca tng ny v d h thng file s dng NCP, Lotus Note s dng SPX.

Tng Application nm trn cng, c nhiu giao thc khc nhau cung
cp cho ngi s dng cc dch v nh trnh by trn.

.II.2. Gi tin IPX im mu cht ca kin trc IPX/SPX l gi tin IPX c cu trc nh sau Offset 0 2 4 5 6 18 30 Field Checksum Packet length Transport control Packet type Destination Address Source Address Length (byte) 2 2 1 1 12 12 ?

 Checksum: t khi s dng v tng Data link bn di cung cp

checksum

Packet length: cha chiu di ca packet tnh c header v data Packet type: nh du cc packet iu khin khc nhau. Destination Address: a ch ch ca gi tin. Source Address: a ch ngun ca gi tin. Data: Chim phn cui ca gi, c di ph thuc vo trng
paket length trn. .II.3. C ch hot ng ca Novell Netware C khong mi pht mt ln, mi server li pht i (broadcast) mt packet, cho bit a ch ca chnh n v cc dch v m n cung cp. Vic ny s dng giao thc SAP (Service Advertising Protocol). Cc packet ny c tin trnh dch v (special agent process) chy trn cc my router nhn v thu thp. Cc agent s dng thng tin cha trong xy dng CSDL v cc server. Khi mt my client khi ng, n pht mt request hi xem server gn nht u. Agent trn my router a phng tip nhn yu cu ny, kim tra CSDL v server, la chn server ph hp gi li thng tin cho client. T thi im , Client c th thit lp kt ni NCP vi server v s dng cc dch v ca server. Trong qu trnh kt ni, client v server tho thun vi nhau v chiu di cc i ca d liu, trong qu trnh s dng, client c th tra cu CSDL ca server bit thng tin ca cc server khc.

Chng III. Giao thc TCP/IP .I Giao thc TCP/IP

Vo cui nhng nm 1960 v u 1970, Trung tm nghin cu cp cao (Advanced Research Projects Agency - ARPA) thuc b quc phng M (Department of Defense - DoD) c giao trch nhim pht trin mng ARPANET. Mng ARPANET bao gm mng ca nhng t chc qun i, cc trng i hc v cc t chc nghin cu v c dng h tr cho nhng d n nghin cu khoa hc v qun i (Ngy nay, ARPA c gi l DARPA). Nm 1984, DoD chia ARPANET ra thnh 2 phn: ARPANET s dng cho nghin cu khoa hc v MILNET s dng cho qun i. u nhng nm 1980, mt b giao thc mi c a ra lm giao thc chun cho mng ARPANET v cc mng ca DoD mang tn DARPA Internet protocol suit, thng c gi l b giao thc TCP/IP hay cn gi tt l TCP/IP. Nm 1987 t chc nghin cu quc gia Hoa K (National Science Foundation - NSF) ti tr cho vic kt ni 6 trung tm siu tnh trn ton lin bang li vi nhau thnh mt mng vi tn gi NSFNET. V mt vt l, mng ny kt ni 13 im lm vic bng ng in thoi cao tc c gi l NSFNET backbone. Khong 8 ng backbone c xy dng. NSFNET c m rng vi hng chc mng a phng kt ni vo n v kt ni vo mng Internet ca DARPA. C NSFNET v cc mng con ca n u s dng b giao thc TCP/IP. TCP/IP c mt s u im nh sau: Giao thc chun m sn sng pht trin c lp vi phn cng v h iu hnh. TCP/IP l giao thc l tng cho vic hp nht phn cng v phn mm khc nhau, ngay c khi truyn thng trn Internet. S c lp rnh mch vi phn cng vt l ca mng cho php TCP/IP hp nht cc mng khc nhau. TCP/IP c th chy trn

mng Ethernet, mng Token ring, mng quay s (Dial-up line), mng X.25, mng o v mi loi mi trng vt l truyn thng. Mt s a ch dng chung cho php mi thit b TCP/IP c duy nht mt a ch trn mng ngay c khi l mng ton cu Internet. Tiu chun ho mc cao ca giao thc ph hp vi ch li ca dch v ngi dng. c tch hp vo h iu hnh UNIX, H tr m hnh client-server, m hnh mng bnh ng, H tr k thut dn ng ng. DARPA h tr vic nghin cu kt ni nhiu loi mng khc nhau li thnh mt mng ton cu Internet. Ngoi vic s dng cho tt c cc my trn Internet, TCP/IP cn c s dng trong mng ni b ca mt s t chc chnh ph hoc thng mi, nhng mng ny gi l Intranet. TCP/IP va c th kt ni mt s lng ln cc my tnh (150.000 my trn nc M, Chu u, Chu ) li c th ch kt ni hai my tnh trong phng lm vic. Di y, chng ta xem xt mt s ni dung v b giao thc truyn thng TCP/IP. .II Kin trc ca b giao thc TCP/IP

.II.1. Kin trc phn tng ca TCP/IP Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data link Layer Physical Layer

Application Layer Transport Layer Internet Layer Network access Layer

Cc lp tng ng gia OSI v TCP/IP

C nhiu giao thc trong b giao thc truyn thng TCP/IP, nhng hai giao thc quan trng nht c ly tn t cho b giao thc ny l TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v IP (Internet Protocol). B giao thc TCP/IP c phn lm 4 tng Tng mng (Network Layer) Tng Internet (Internet Layer) Tng giao vn (Transport Layer)

Tng ng Application dng (Application Layer) TELNET Layer

FTP

SMTP

DNS

SNMP RIP

Transport Layer (Host Layer) Internet Layer (Getway Layer) Network Interface Layer

Transsmission Control Protocol

User Datagram Protocol ICMP

Internet Protocol ARP Ethernet Token Ring Token Bus

Fiber

Cc tng ca b giao thc TCP/IP FTP (File transfer Protocol): Giao thc truyn tp cho php ngi
dng ly hoc gi tp ti mt my khc.

Telnet: Chng trnh m phng thit b u cui cho php ngi

dng login vo mt my ch t mt my tnh no trn mng.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Mt giao thc th tn in t. DNS (Domain Name server): Dch v tn min cho php nhn ra
my tnh t mt tn min thay cho chui a ch Internet kh nh.

 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Giao thc qun tr

mng cung cp nhng cng c qun tr mng.

RIP (Routing Internet Protocol): Giao thc dn ng ng. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Nghi thc thng bo li. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Giao thc truyn khng kt ni
cung cp dch v truyn khng tin cy nhng tit kim chi ph truyn.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Giao thc hng kt ni cung

cp dch v truyn thng tin tng.

IP (Internet Protocol): Giao thc Internet chuyn giao cc gi tin

qua cc my tnh n ch.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): C ch chuyn a ch TCP/IP

thnh a ch vt l ca cc thit b mng.

Host A Application Transport Internet Network Interface Identical Datagram Identical Frame Physical Net Identical Message Identical Packet

Host B Application Transport Internet Network Interface

Cng ging nh trong m hnh tham chiu OSI, d liu gi t tng Application i xung ngn xp, mi tng c nhng nh ngha ring v d liu m n s dng. Ti ni gi, mi tng coi gi tin ca tng trn gi xung l d liu ca n v thm vo gi tin cc thng tin iu khin ca mnh sau chuyn tip xung tng di. Ti ni nhn, qu trnh din ra ngc li, mi tng li tch thng tin iu khin ca mnh ra v chuyn d liu ln tng trn. Application Data

Transport

TCP Header

Data

Internet

IP Header

TCP Header TCP Header

Data

Network

Ethernet Header

IP Header

Data

Ethernet trailer

.II.2. C ch a ch Internet Mng Internet dng h thng a ch IP (32 bit) "nh v" cc my tnh lin kt vi n. C hai cch nh a ch ph thuc vo cch lin kt ca tng my tnh c th: Nu cc my tnh c kt ni trc tip vi mng Internet th trung tm thng tin Internet (Network Information Centre-NIC) s cp cho cc my tnh mt a ch IP (IP Address). Nu cc my tnh khng kt ni trc tip vi mng Internet m thng qua mt mng cc b th ngi qun tr mng s cp cho cc my tnh mt a ch IP (tuy nhin cng di s cho php ca NIC)

H thng a ch ny c thit k mm do qua mt s phn lp, c 5 lp a ch IP l : A, B, C, D, E. S khc nhau c bn gia cc lp a ch ny l kh nng t chc cc cu trc con ca n. Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 Netid 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 8 Netid 16 Hostid Hostid Netid Multicast address Reverved for future use Hostid 24

Sau y chng ta s nghin cu v 3 lp a ch chnh ca TCP/IP l cc lp A,B,C l cc lp c s dng rng ri trn mng Internet. .II.2.1. a ch lp A

Lp A s dng byte u tin ca 4 byte nh a ch mng. Nh hnh trn, n c nhn ra bi bit u tin trong byte u tin ca a ch c gi tr 0. 3 bytes cn li c s dng nh a ch my trong mng. C 126 a ch lp A (c nh a ch trong byte th nht) vi s my tnh trong mng l 2563 - 2 = 16.777.214 my cho mi mt a ch lp A (do s dng 3 bytes nh a ch my). a ch lp A thng c cp cho nhng t chc c s lng my tnh ln. Nguyn nhn ch c 126 networks trong khi dng 8 bit v bit u tin mang gi tr 0 dng nh ngha lp A vy con li 7 bit nh s t 0-127 tuy nhin ngi ta khng s dng mt a ch cha ton cc con s 1 hoc 0 do vy, ch cn li 126 mng lp A c s dng. Do vy gi tr byte u tin ca a ch lp A s lun lun nm trong khong t 1 ti 126, mi mt byte trong 3 bytes cn li s c gi tr trong khong 1 n 254. i vi vic ch c 16.777.214 my trong khi s dng 24 bit nh a ch my trong mng cng c gii thch tng t. a ch lp A c dng: <Network.Host.Host.Host> vi con s thp phn u tin nh hn 128

V d: 9. 6. 7. 8 : Nt c gn Host ID l 6. 7. 8, nm trong mng lp A c a ch l .II.2.2. 9. 0. 0. 0

a ch lp B

Mt a ch lp B c nhn ra bi 2 bit u tin ca byte th nht mang gi tr 10. Lp B s dng 2 byte u tin ca 4 byte nh a ch mng v 2 byte cui nh a ch my trong mng. C 64*256 - 2 = 16.128 a ch mng lp B vi 65.534 my cho mi mt a ch lp B. a ch lp B c dng: <Network.Network.Host.Host> Byte u tin ca mt a ch lp B nm trong khong 128 ti 191. V d: 190. 2. 2 . 1 : Nt c gn Host ID l 2. 1, nm trong mng lp B c a ch l 190. 2. 0. 0 .II.2.3. a ch lp C

Mt s t chc c quy m nh c th xin cp pht a ch lp C. Mt a ch lp C c nhn ra vi 3 bit u mang gi tr 110. Mng lp C s dng 3 byte u nh a ch mng v 1 byte cui nh a ch my trong mng. C 2.097.150 a ch lp C, mi a ch lp C c 254 my. a ch lp C c dng: <Networkr.Network.Network.Host> a ch lp C c nhn ra vi byte u tin trong khong 192 ti 223 V d: 200. 6. 5. 4 : Nt c gn Host ID l 4, nm trong mng lp C c a ch l 200. 6. 5. 0 .II.3. Mng con v Subnet mask Mng Internet s dng a ch IP 32 bit v phn chia ra cc lp rt mm do, tuy nhin, vi mt h thng a ch nh vy vic qun l vn rt kh khn. Nu nh mt mng c cp mt a ch lp A th c ngha n cha ti 16*1.048.576 my tnh, do vy ngi ta dng mt n bit phn chia mng ra thnh nhng mng con gi l Subnet. Subnet mask l mt con s 32 bit bao gm n bit 1 (thng l cc bit cao

nht) dng nh a ch mng con v m bit 0 dng nh a ch my trong mng con vi n+m=32 0 Network Number Network Number 1111111 11111111 16 Host Number Subnet Number Host Number 11111111 00000000

Mt n subnet phi c cu hnh cho mi my tnh trong mng v phi c nh ngha cho mi router. Nh vy, ta phi dng cng mt Subnet mask cho ton b mng vt l cng chung mt a ch Internet. V d: Ta c mt a ch lp B 128.001.000.000 v cn chia n thnh 254 mng con vi 254 my trong mi mng, ta gii quyt vn ny bng Subnet mask nh sau Network num Subnet mask 1000000 0 1111111 1 000000 01 111111 11 11111111 00000000 0000000 0 0000000 0 = 128.001.000.0 00 = 255.255.255.0 00 Mt n trn nh ngha 254 mng con vi a ch nh sau: Subnet #1 1000000 0 Subnet #2 1000000 0 Subnet #3 1000000 0 . 000000 01 000000 01 000000 01 00000011 00000010 00000001 0000000 0 0000000 0 0000000 0 = 128.001.001.0 00 = 128.001.002.0 00 = 128.001.003.0 00

. Subnet #254

1000000 0

000000 01

11111110

0000000 0

= 128.001.254.0 00

S my trong mng con th nht s nm trong khong sau: Subnet #1 1000000 0 Low Address High Address 1000000 0 1000000 0 000000 01 000000 01 000000 01 00000001 00000001 00000001 0000000 0 0000000 1 1111111 0 = 128.001.001.0 00 = 128.001.001.0 01 = 128.001.001.2 54

Ch rng mt a ch cha ton s 1 dng cho boardcasting, cha ton s 0 dnh cho Subnet mask do vy, a ch my ca Internet khng bao gi cha ton cc con s 1 hoc 0. .III Tng mng (Network Layer)

Tng mng l tng thp nht ca kin trc giao thc TCP/IP. Cc giao thc trong tng ny cung cp bin php cho h thng chuyn giao d liu gia cc thit b c kt ni trc tip. N m t cch s dng mng truyn mt gi thng tin IP. Khng ging nhng giao thc ca tng cao hn l s dng dch v ca tng di n v cung cp dch v cho tng trn, giao thc ca tng mng cn phi bit chi tit ca mng vt l pha di (cu trc ca gi, a ch, vv...) nh dng ng thng tin s c truyn tun theo nhng rng buc ca mng. Tng mng ca TCP/IP cha cc chc nng tng ng ca 3 tng thp nht ca m hnh tham chiu OSI (tng mng, tng lin kt d liu, tng vt l). Tng mng thng khng c ngi dng ti v thit k ca TCP/IP che du nhng chc nng ca tng thp nht ny v nhng iu cn bit cho ngi s dng cng nh ngi lp trnh ch l nhng giao thc ca cc tng cao hn (IP, TCP, UDP, vv...). Mi khi c cng ngh phn cng xut hin, nhng giao thc tng mng phi c pht trin TCP/IP c th s dng phn cng mi (thng thng chnh l cc trnh iu khin ca chnh nh cung cp phn cng ). Cc chc nng trnh din trong tng ny bao gm ng gi gi thng tin IP thnh cc "Frame" c truyn dn trn mng v chuyn a ch IP thnh a ch vt l s dng bi mng my tnh. Mt trong s cc im mnh ca TCP/IP l a ch ca n c phi hp sao cho trn mng Internet khng c mt thit b mng no cng tn. a ch ny phi c chuyn i thch hp vi a ch mng vt l ni m d liu c truyn i. Hai v d RFCs m t giao thc s dng cho tng mng l:

RFC 826: Giao thc chuyn i a ch chuyn i a ch IP thnh a ch Ethernet RFC 894: Mt chun cho vic truyn gi tin IP qua mng Ethernet m t cch thc ng gi truyn thng tin qua mng Ethernet.

Khi ci t trong UNIX, giao thc ca tng ny c xem nh s phi hp ca chng trnh iu khin thit b v cc chng trnh lin quan. Nhng n v tng ng vi nhng thit b mng lm nhim v ng gi d liu v chuyn giao cho mng. .IV Tng Internet (Internet Layer)

Tng Internet cung cp mt h thng chuyn giao khng kt ni v i khi ngi ta cn gi l khng tin cy. Khng kt ni bi mi gi tin c truyn i trn mng mt cch c lp, s kt hp d liu ca cc gi tin c cung cp bi cc dch v lp trn. Mi gi tin IP cha a ch ni gi v a ch ni nhn v da vo n c th c truyn trn mng ti ch. Nhng chnh vic d liu c th i ti ch trn nhiu ng khc nhau to nn s mm do cho Internet khi mt ng b t hay mt nt no b qu ti, cc gi tin c th c truyn i theo nhng con ng khc, nu mt gi tin no c li th ch phi truyn li gi tin thay vo vic phi truyn li ton b thng bo. Khng tin cy bi v IP khng c c ch kim tra tnh ng n ca d liu c truyn nhn, dch v tin tng phi c cung cp bi cc giao thc lp trn. Vn ch cht trn tng Internet l vic chn la con ng ti u truyn cc gi tin t trm ngun ti trm ch. Chng ta s xem xt cc k thut chn ng v thut ton dn ng s dng i vi tng ny sau y.

 .IV.1. Gi tin IP 0 Vers 31 Hlen Service type Total length Identification Flag Fragment offset Time to live Protocol Header cheksum Source IP address Destination IP address IP options Padding IP datagram data (Max 65535 bytes)

Destinatio n Address

Source Address

Type field

IP data

CRC

Gi thng tin IP trong mt frame Ethernet

Vers : Di 4 bits, m t chnh xc version ca IP Hlen : Di 4 bits, m t di ca IP header (tnh

bng t 32 bit). Service type: di 8 bits m t th t u tin ca data.

Total length: Di 16 bits (2 bytes), y l di ca datagram

(in bytes-c ngha l di vng data ca IP datagram c th ln ti 65535 bytes).

Identification, flags, fragment offset: Khng phi bt k size

no ca datagram cng c truyn trn mng (v d Ethernet LAN ch h tr cho size ln nht ca datagram l 1518 bytes). Do vy khi size ca datagram vt qu kch thc cho php, n s b chia nh ra v cc trng ny s m bo rng cc datagram b phn chia ny l t mt datagram ban u.

 Time to live: Dng xc nh xem datagram ny c b truyn

lp li hay khng (thng thng n c gn l 1, nu b lp li n s b gn l 0)

Protocol: Trng ny cho bit lp giao thc cao hn no s c s

dng (UDP hay l TCP).

CRC: Trng ny c dng kim tra s ton vn ca header. IP option: Cha cc thng tin nh: "d" ng, bo mt, xc nhn
thi gian.

Padding: Trng in thm cc s 0 m bo header kt thc

ti mt a ch bi ca 32

Source IP address, destination IP address: cha a ch ca

station gi v a ch ca station ch. Gi tin IP cha mt trng checksum kim tra tnh ton vn ca IP header, nu IP header li, gi tin IP b loi b v giao thc lp trn s truyn mt gi tin khc. Tng IP lm cng vic dn ng cc gi tin qua mng Internet t my tnh ny ti my tnh khc, qua cc mng khc nhau cho ti khi n n c trm ch hoc b li. Vic truyn gi tin qua cc mng c thc hin thng qua mt thit b kt ni gia hai mng gi l gateway. Khi mt thng tin truyn qua cc mng khc nhau, n c th b chia ra thnh nhiu gi nh hn. Thng tin truyn c th qu ln c th truyn trn mt gi tin trn mt mng khc. Vn ny ch gp phi khi gateway c ni gia cc mng vt l khc nhau. Mi kiu mng c mt di ti a gi tin c th truyn (Maximum Transmission UnitMTU) nu thng tin nhn c t mng ny di hn MTU ca mng kia, n cn phi c chia nh ra thnh nhiu mnh truyn.

Host A Applicati on Transpo rt Internet

Identic al Messa ge Identic al Packet Gateway Identical Datagra m Identic al Frame Physical Net G Internet
Network Interface

Host B Applicati on Transpor t Identical Datagra m Identic al Frame Physical Net Internet
Network Interface

Network Interface

Vic x l nh vy c gi l s phn mnh. trc quan, ta so snh vi vic chuyn ch hng bng tu ho, mi toa tu c th ch nhiu hng hn mt chic xe ti s tr hng trn ng, hng ho s c chia vo nhiu xe ti. Ta c th so snh vic ng ray khc v vt l vi ng t, Ethernet khc X.25 v vt l, IP phi ct gi tin Ethernet thnh nhng gi thng tin nh hn truyn qua mng X.25. nh dng ca mi gi tin chia ct ging nh vi tng bn tin. T th hai ca header cha thng tin s dng cho qu trnh tp hp li bn tin bao gm: gi tin thuc bn tin no, v tr ca n trong ton b dng d liu truyn, gi tin c kt ni cha. Khi nhng gi tin truyn n mt gateway qu nhanh, chng c th b loi b v IP tr li mt thng bo li (ICMP).

 .IV.2. Giao thc chuyn a ch ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) v c giao thc chuyn ngc a ch RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) Mi my tnh cng nm trn mt mng c cng mt net id v cc my tnh cng trn mt mng vt l c th gi frame vt l trc tip cho nhau nn vic truyn thng tin gia hai my tnh trong cng mt mng vt l khng cn s dng gateway. Vic dn ng trc tip ch s dng phn a ch my host id trong a ch IP. Trm gi ch vic kt khi d liu vo frame, chuyn a ch IP ca trm ch thnh a ch vt l v gi trc tip frame ti my nhn. Mt c ch s dng chuyn a ch IP thnh a ch vt l l ARP (Address Resolusion Protocol). Khi hai my tnh cng ni vo mt mng vt l, chng bit c a ch IP ca nhau nhng truyn thng gia hai my, chng phi bit c a ch vt l ca nhau. ARP gii quyt vn chuyn t a ch IP 32 bit sang a ch Ethernet 48 bit. Ngi ta s dng hai c ch chuyn a ch l: Chuyn giao trc tip Chuyn giao gin tip Chuyn giao trc tip

.IV.2.1.

a ch vt l l mt hm ca a ch IP v d s dng trn mng token ring proNET-10 l mng cho php t a ch IP v a ch vt l thoi mi. Ngi ta c th t a ch IP l 192.5.48.3 v a ch vt l l 3, khi ta c PA=f(IA). Vi PA l a ch vt l, IA l a ch Internet v f l hm chuyn i. .IV.2.2. Chuyn giao a ch ng

Chuyn giao a ch ng c thc hin bng cch my tnh gi thng tin gi mt thng bo ti ton b cc my tnh trn mng, trong thng bo c cha a ch IP ca my tnh n cn lin lc, mi

my s nhn c thng bo v my no thy a ch IP ca mnh th tr li mt thng bo cha a ch vt l, khi , hai my tnh c th ni chuyn vi nhau.

Host A

Host B

Host C

Host D

ARP Request

Host A

Host B

Host C

Host D

ARP Reply
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn s dng bng ch ng lu tr tm thi cc a ch s dng mi nht (Address Reslution Cache) tng tc ca vic chuyn giao a ch. .IV.2.3. Gi tin ARP

Mt gi thng tin ARP l mt Ethernet Frame c truyn trc tip t my ny ti my khc. V khng phi s dng IP, gi tin ny khng c a ch IP cng nh khng cn c dn ng, n phi c gi broadcasts ti tt c cc my trn mng Ethernet (vi a ch FF-FF-FFFF-FF-FF). Gi thng tin ARP c m t nh sau:

0 Hardware Address Space Protocol Address Space Hardware Address Length Protocol Address Length Operation Code Source Hardware Address (Ethernet Address) (Internet Address) Source Protocol Address Target Hardware Address (Ethernet Address)

31

Destination Address

Source Address

Type or Length

(ARP) Data

CRC

Khng ging phn ln cc giao thc khc, d liu trong ARP khng c mt nh dng chun cho header. ARP c th lm vic vi nhiu cng ngh khc nhau, ngi ta dng mt trng cha di ca nhng trng i sau n. Trong trng hp my trm khng c thit b nh ph, v v vy n khng bit a ch IP ca chnh mnh khi khi ng, ngi ta s dng c ch chuyn ngc a ch (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol - RARP) hot ng tng t ARP gii quyt vn ny. Theo c ch , c mt my ch cha bng a ch IP ca cc my trm, khi my trm khi ng, n gi mt request ti tt c cc my v my ch gi tr li mt gi tin cha a ch IP ca my trm yu cu.

 .IV.3. Giao thc iu khin truyn tin (Internet Control Message Protocol - ICMP) Vic dn ng qua cc mng s dng giao thc iu khin truyn tin (Internet Control Message Protocol - ICMP) c nh ngha trong RFC 792. ICMP s dng gi tin IP chuyn thng bo ca n. ICMP gi cc thng bo lm cc cng vic: iu khin, thng bo li v chc nng thng tin cho TCP/IP.. Thng thng ICMP c gi khi mt gi tin khng th i ti ch, mt gateway khng cn ch nh nhn thm gi tin hay mt gateway hng dn my tnh s dng gateway khc truyn thng tin theo mt con ng ti u hn.. .IV.3.1. Gi tin ICMP

Mc du mi thng bo ICMP c mt kiu nh dng ring ca n, song cc thng bo u cha 3 trng u tin ging nhau:

TYPE: nh ngha thng bo i sau. CODE: Cung cp thng tin thm v thng bo. CHECKSUM: Cha checksum ca thng bo.
Type Field 0 3 4 5 8 11 12 13 14 15 ICMP Message Type Echo Reply Destination Unreachable Source Quench Redirect (Change a router) Echo Request Time Exceeded for a Datagram Parameter Problem on a Datagram Timestamp Request Timestamp Reply Information Request

16 17 18 .IV.3.2.

Information Reply Address Mask Request Address Mask Reply iu khin dng d liu

Khi trm ngun gi d liu ti qu nhanh, trm ch khng kp x l, trm ch - hay mt thit b dn ng gi tr trm ngun mt thng bo n tm ngng vic truyn thng tin. .IV.3.3. Thng bo li

Khi khng tm thy trm ch, mt thng bo li Destination Unreachable c gateway gi tr li trm ngun. Nu mt s hiu cng khng ph hp, trm ch gi thng bo li li cho trm ngun (cng s c trnh by trong phn giao thc tng giao vn). .IV.3.4. nh hng li

Mt gateway gi thng bo nh hng li trm gi s dng mt gateway khc bi v gateway l mt la chn thch hp hn. Trng hp ny ch xy ra khi trm gi ni vo mng c trn 2 gateway. V d my tnh B mun gi thng tin n my C, nu thng bo n gateway 1, th gateway 1 phi gi thng bo redirect my tnh qua gateway 2. Ngc li, mi my tnh trn mng X.25 mun gi thng bo ti my tnh nm trn mng Token Ring th vic ny khng cn thit v gateway 1 c ni trc tip vi mng Token Ring.

Token Ring

Gateway 1

Host A X.25

Host B

Gateway 2 Ethernet

Host C

 .IV.3.5.

Kim tra trm lm vic

Khi mt my tnh mun kim tra mt my khc c tn ti v ang hot ng hay khng, n gi mt thng bo Echo Request. Khi trm ch nhn c thng bo , n gi li mt Echo Reply. Lnh ping ca UNIX s dng cc thng bo ny. .IV.4. Thut ton dn ng Internet l mt mng chuyn mch gi v chuyn cc gi tin IP trn mng, ngi ta s dng thut ton dn ng. Thut ton dn ng c thc hin bi tin trnh la chn mt ng truyn gi tin v vic dn ng cho cc gi tin c thc hin bi mi my tnh trn ng i ca n. Ngi ta chia vic dn ng trn mng Internet ra lm 2 kiu: Dn ng trc tip (direct routing): Dn ng trc tip t my tnh ny sang my tnh kia ch thc hin c khi c hai my tnh u kt ni vo mt mng vt l. Dn ng trc tip ch s dng phn hostid ca a ch Internet v s dng 2 giao thc chuyn a ch ARP v RARP.

Network 12.0.0.0Gateway 13.0.0 3 12.0.0 .1 .1 Gateway 4 11.0.0 .2 13.0.0 .4 Network 11.0.0.0

12.0.0 14.0.0 .3 Gateway .1 1 12.0.0 .2

Network 14.0.0.0

14.0.0 .2 Gateway 2 15.0.0 .1 Network 15.0.0.0

13.0.0 .2

Network 13.0.0.0

15.0.0 .2 Gateway 16.0.0 Gateway 5 6 .1 16.0.0 .2

13.0.0 .3

Network Port Port 16.0.0 16.0.0.0 11.0.0 1 3 23 .3 Gateway 10.0.0 .1 Gateway .1 8 7 Port 10.0.0 2 23 Network .2 10.0.0.0

Ti my trn mng 10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0 12.0.0.0 13.0.0.0 14.0.0.0 15.0.0.0 16.0.0.0

Dn ng ti Direct Direct 11.0.0.2 Direct 13.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2

Thng qua cng 2 1 1 3 3 2 2

Bng dn ng trn gateway 8

Dn ng gin tip (indirect routing): Khi trm ch khng cng

nm trn mt mng vi trm gi cn thng qua gateway truyn i. Trm gi phi ng gi thng tin v gi ti mt gateway

chuyn ti ch. Dn ng gin tip ch s dng net id trong a ch IP. D liu s chuyn t gateway ny ti gateway khc n khi n c th c truyn trc tip ti my nhn. Thut ton dn ng thng s dng bng dn ng (Internet routing table - IP routing table) trn mi my tnh cha thng tin v cc my tnh v cch i n chng. V vic dn ng c thc hin bi c host v gateway, mi thit b u cha mt bng dn ng. Bng dn ng cha thng tin v cc mng v gateway kt ni n . Ngi ta s dng mt k thut che du thng tin v gim thiu kch thc ca bng dn ng l s dng k thut dng gateway ngm nh (default gateway). Nu my tnh khng tm thy a ch ch trong bng dn ng ca n th gi tin c chuyn ti mt thit b l default gateway. K thut ny c bit thch hp vi trng hp mng my tnh c ni vo Internet thng qua mt my tnh duy nht. Thut ton dn ng c th ci t cho TCP/IP Mi nt mng c mt c s d liu m t trng thi tng th ca mng (topo, tr truyn dn..) gi l bng dn ng. Cc thng tin ny dng cho vic tnh tnh cc con ng ti u chuyn cc gi tin n ch. Chng c cp nht thng xuyn sau mt khong thi gian no hoc cp nht mi khi c mt thay i xy ra. (Mt s thut ton s dng cho vic tm ng i ti u c trnh by trong phn ph lc B) Khi c mt gi thng tin n mt my tnh hay gateway, thut ton dn ng chy trn my tnh s phn tch a ch ch ca gi thng tin v quyt nh truyn n theo ng tt nht ti ch (da vo thng tin trong bng dn ng). Vic ny bao gm c ci gi, chn ng, cp nht bng dn ng, ng gi ...

Tch a ch mng ch (IN) t a ch ch (ID)

IN ni trc tip vo mng ID l tn mt my tnh trong bng IN l tn mt mng trong bng C tn ti default gateway Gi thng bo li

Chuyn trc tip qua mng

Chuyn theo thng tin trong bng +

Chuyn ti default gateway

Cp nht bng dn ng

Kt thc thut ton dn ng

 .V

tng giao vn

Tng giao thc ngay trn tng Internet l Tng giao vn (Host-to-Host Transport Layer hay thng gi l Transport Layer). Hai giao thc quan trng nht ca tng ny l Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) v User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP cung cp dch v chuyn giao thng tin c kt ni (connection-oriented), n bao gm c vic kim tra v sa li. UDP cung cp dch v km tin cy hn (unreliable) v khng thit lp lin kt trc (connectionless). C hai giao thc u chuyn giao thng tin gia tng ng dng v tng Internet. Chng trnh ng dng c th la chn dch v no thch hp vi n. .V.1. Giao thc khng kt ni (User Datagram Protocol - UDP) UDP cho php chng trnh ng dng truy cp trc tip n gi tin ca dch v chuyn giao ging nh dch v m giao thc IP cung cp. N cho php ng dng trao i thng tin qua mng vi t thng tin iu khin nht. UDP l giao thc khng kt ni, km tin cy v n khng c c ch kim tra tnh ng n ca d liu truyn. .V.1.1. 0 Source port Message length Data Destination port checksum Gi thng tin UDP 31

Destinatio n Address

Source Address

Type field

IP header

UDP data

CRC

Mi gi thng tin UDP gi l mt Datagram c phn lm 2 phn header v data trong header cha thng tin v a ch cng ngun, a ch cng ch, di ca gi v checksum .V.1.2. Phn knh, hp knh v Ports

Phn knh, hp knh chnh l vic la chn nhng tin trnh ng dng trong mt s ln cc tin trnh s dng giao thc UDP, v cn chn ra nhng ng dng tng ng vi gi thng tin chuyn n.

Port 1

Port 2

Port 3

UDP: Demultiplexing Based on Port UDP Datagram arrives IP Layer

Vic ny c gii quyt bng c ch cng (Port mechanism) c ch ny gn mi ng dng vi mt con s gi l s hiu cng (Port number) v mi gi thng tin m ng dng gi i u mang mt trng SOURCE PORT. Ti ni nhn, da vo thng tin trong trng DESTINATION PORT m gi tin c truyn n cng tng ng vi ng dng. V d mi bn TCP/IP u c dch v FTP (File Transfer Protocol) gn vi cng 21 v TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) gn vi cng 69 ca UDP. Vic s dng cc port number cng c nhiu cch Dng nhng cng dnh ring cho tng ng dng c ng k trc (Well-known port assignment). Mt port number s c sinh ra khi c mt ng dng i hi (Dynamic binding).

 Cch tip cn kt hp cc kiu trn (Hybird) va s dng Wellknown port assignment cho mt s port number va c th nh ngha cc port number khc khi cn thit. Cc port number thng dng ca UDP thng c dnh ch t 1 ti 255. Mt s h iu hnh (nh 4.3 BSD UNIX) cn dnh ch ti port number 1023, cc port number c th s dng c l t s 1024 tr ln. Mt s cng UDP dnh ring 0 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 37 42 43 53 67 68 69 111 123 161 162 512 513 514 Reserved Echo Discard Active users Daytime Who is up or NETSTAT Quote of the day Character generator Time Name server Who is Domain name server Boottrap protocol server Boottrap protocol client Trivial File Tranfer Protocol ( TFTP) Sun RPC Network time protocol SNMP net monitor SNMP traps UNIX comsat UNIX rwho process System log

525

Timed

C mt s l do ngi lp trnh ng dng la chn UDP nh mt dch v giao vn: Nu mt s lng ln cc gi tin nh c truyn, thng tin cho vic kt ni v sa li c th ln hn nhiu so vi thng tin cn truyn. Trong trng hp ny, UDP l gii php hiu qu nht. Nhng ng dng kiu "Query-Response" cng rt ph hp vi UDP, cu tr li c th dng lm s xc nhn ca mt cu hi. Nu khng nhn c s tr li sau mt thi gian no , ng dng ch cn gi i mt cu hi khc. Mt s ng dng t n cung cp cng ngh ring chuyn giao thng tin tin cy, v khng i hi dch v ny ca transport layer. .V.2. Giao thc iu khin truyn tin (Transmission Control Protocol - TCP) Mt s ng dng i hi giao thc giao vn cung cp dch v chuyn giao thng tin tin cy s dng TCP bi n cung cp dch v kim tra ng n v d liu c truyn vi mt s phi hp thch hp. Mt s c im ca dch v tin cy m TCP cung cp l:

Hng dng (Stream Orientation): TCP coi d liu n gi i l mt

dng byte khng phi l gi tin. Do , TCP m bo s th t ca cc byte gi nhn. Trng Sequence number v Acknowledgment number trong header ca TCP gi du ca cc byte trong ton b dng d liu truyn. TCP chun khng bt h thng phi s dng mt s c bit no nh s dng byte, mi h thng t chn mt s m n s dng lm im bt u. Mi trm cui phi bit s th t m trm kia dng. Chng phi trao i mt segment ng b h thng s s c s dng (Synchronize sequenence number - SYN) trong qu trnh bt tay.

Trng Sequent number trong SYN segment cha s bt u (ISN) ca dng s nh th t, s ny c chn ngu nhin. Mi byte trong d liu c gi du bi s ISN do byte u tin ca d liu mang s ISN+1. Sequent number cha v tr ca dng byte trong gi tin nu ISN=0 v 4000 byte c chuyn giao th con s tip theo s l 4001. Chuyn giao b m (Buffered Transfer): gim s lng truyn thng, giao thc c gng s dng s lng ti thiu cc segment truyn ti thng tin, do vy, giao thc s dng ti a di c th ca segment. Trng window trong TCP header cho bit s byte ti a m trm ch c th nhn c, nu trm ch c kh nng chp nhn 6000 byte th trng window s l 6000, trm gi c th iu chnh li d liu cho ph hp. Nu trng window mang gi tr 0 c ngha l trm gi phi ch ti khi nhn c mt s khc 0.

Kt ni hai chiu (Full Duplex Connection): TCP/IP cung cp kt

ni cho c hai u ca lin kt. iu ny c ngha l tng pha di cung cp kh nng gi tr thng bo t trm ch tr li trm ngun. TCP l giao thc hng kt ni. N thit lp quan h logic gia 2 trm tham gia lin kt. Thng tin iu khin gi l handshake c trao i gia 2 trm thit lp hi thoi trc khi thng tin c truyn. TCP ch dn chng trnh iu khin ca mt segment bng cch t mt bit dnh ring ca c ti word th 4 ca segment header. Kiu bt tay ca TCP gi l three way handshake bi v 3 segment c trao i. Trm A bt u kt ni bng cch gi mt segment vi bit Synchronize sequenence number (SYN). Segment ny bo cho trm B th t trm A s s dng cho nhng segment ca n gi, s th t ny m bo cho d liu mt trt t thch hp. Trm B p li trm B vi mt segment vi bit Acknowledgment (ACK) v SYN c t. Segment ca B thng bo rng n nhn c thng bo ca A v bo cho

A bit s th t m n s s dng. Cui cng, A gi mt segment bo cho B n nhn c thng bo v truyn gi d liu u tin. Ch rng, gi tin th nht cha bit SYN v cc gi tip theo cha bit ACK. Sau khi trao i, trm A xc nh hin nhin trm ch tn ti v sn sng nhn d liu. Ngay sau khi kt ni c thit lp, d liu c th truyn. Khi kt thc hp tc truyn giao d liu, chng s trao i three way hanshake cha bit thng bo ht d liu truyn No more data from sender gi l (FIN) kt thc kt ni. l s trao i gia hai trm cung cp mt kt ni logic gia hai h thng. TCP cung cp dch v tin cy vi mt c ch gi l "Positive

Ackowledgment with Retransmission" (PAR). n gin l trm ngun tip tc gi thng tin i cho ti khi n nhn c thng bo d liu c nhn chnh xc ti trm ch. n v thng tin chuyn giao gia cc ng dng gi l segment, mi segment cha checksum m bo rng segment khng b ph hu trn ng truyn, nu segment khng b ph hu, trm nhn gi thng bo xc nhn li trm gi, nu segment b ph hu, trm nhn hu b n v sau mt thi gian no , trm gi s gi li gi tin m n khng nhn c thng bo xc nhn.

Ti trm gi

Thng tin trn mng

Ti trm nhn

Send Paket 1 Receive ACK 1 Send Paket 2 Receive ACK 2

Receive Paket 1 Send ACK 1 Receive Paket 2 Send ACK 2

 .V.2.1. 0 4

Gi tin TCP 24 28 31 Desstination Port Sequence Number Acknowledgment Number Reserved Flags Window Checksum Urgent Pointer Opions Padding Data 8 Source Port 12 20

Offset

Destination Address

Source Address

Type field

IP header

TCP Segment

CRC

Gi tin TCP cha trong mt Ethernet frame

Source Port Cng ngun Destination Port Cng Sequence Number Offset S th t

ch ca gi tin S th t ca byte u tin Reserved dnh Flags C ch dn Window S byte ti a trm Checksum Checksum kim tra Urgent Pointer di d liu Option Padding Tu chn Phn in thm vo

ch c th nhn tnh ton vn khn i sau

cc con s 0 Data D liu bt u ti y

 .V.2.2.

Cng, kt ni v im kt ni

TCP cng dng cc port number gn cho cc ng dng v cho php truy cp ti cc ng dng ny thng qua cc port number . Cng 0 1 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 20 21 23 25 37 42 43 53 77 79 93 95 101 102 103 TCP dnh ring Reserved TCP multiplexor RJE Echo Discard Active users Daytime Network status program Quote of the day Character generator FTP - data connection FTP - command connection TELNET Simple mail transport protocol Time Name server Who is Domain name server Any private RJE server Finger - find a active user Device control protocol SUPDUP protocol Network info.center host name server OSI - transport service access point X.400 mail service

104 111 113 117 119 129 139 160-223

X.400 mail sending Sun microsystems remote procedural call Authentication service UNIX to UNIX copy(UUCP)path service Usenet news tranfer protocol Password generater protocol NetBIOS session service Reserved

Tuy cng dng cc port number nh danh cho cc ng dng nhng mt cng khng nh danh cho mt thc th duy nht trn mng, TCP l mt giao thc hng kt ni do n cn phi nh danh cho c hai u ca lin kt. TCP a ra nh ngha endpoint l mt cp s nguyn (host, port) trong , host l a ch IP ca mt my tnh cn port l port number m my tnh s dng. V d: (190.2.2.1,23) nh ngha cng 23 cho my tnh c a ch IP l 190.2.2.1. Chng ta s quay li vi khi nim endpoint trong chng sau. .VI Tng ng dng ca TCP/IP

Phn ln ngi s dng ch quan tm ti cc dch v thng tin c cung cp trn Internet. Cc ng dng c sm nht ca Internet l Telnet, FTP, SMTP, DNS ngoi ra ngy nay c hng ngn ng dng khc ang pht trin v ngy mt nhiu. Sau y chng ta tm hiu v phn tch mt s ng dng ca Internet. .VI.1.Dch v tn min (Domain Name Service - DNS) Vic nh v cc my tnh trn mng bng cc a ch IP c nhiu li im nh trnh by phn trn, tuy nhin vi ngi s dng, vic nh cc con s l mt vic t nht kh chu. Hn na, a ch IP khng mang thng tin v a l, t chc hay ngi dng. V th, ngi ta xy dng h thng t tn gi l Domain Name Server cung

cp cho ngi dng cch t tn cho cc my tnh vi cch t tn thng thng quen thuc. Mt domainame thng thng c dng: Tn_ngi_dng@Tn_min vi tn min c phn lm cc cp ni vi nhau bi du .. Tn min c NIC cung cp. Tn min cao nht l cp quc gia c t bi 2 ch ci:

ar: Argentina at: Austria au: Australia be: Belgium ca: Canada cn: China de: Germany es: Spain fr: France gb: Great britain hk: Honkong il: Israel it: Italy jp: Japan kr: Korea lu: Luxembourg my: Malaysia no: Norway vn: Vit nam

.......

nu khng c g th c hiu nh thuc USA Mc tip theo ch lnh vc hot ng:

edu: gio dc gov: chnh ph com: thng mi mil: qun s org: cc t chc phi li nhun net: cc t chc pht trin mng
Sau c th l tn cng ty v tn my tnh.

vn

gov

edu

com

mil

org

nic

vnuh

hut

vdc

fpt

fit Phn cp domain name

Mt my tnh c th c nhiu tn nhng trn mng, mi tn l duy nht. Vic nh x a ch IP vo tn min c thc hin bi cc Name Server ci t ti my Server v Name Resolver ci t trn my trm.

 .VI.2.ng nhp t xa (Telnet) Telnet cho php ngi s dng t mt trm lm vic ca mnh c th ng nhp (login) vo mt trm xa nh l mt u cui (teminal) ni trc tip vi trm xa .

Client c t trm cui

Users Termin al

Teln et Clie nt

H iu hnh

Server nhn thng bo Client t client gi thng bo n server

Teln et Serv er

H iu hnh

Server gi thng bo ti my tnh thc hin pseudo termin al

TCP/IP Intern et
ng nhp vo mt my tnh ta nh lnh: telnet [domain name | IP address] .VI.3.Th in t (Electronic Mail) y l mt dch v ph bin nht trn Internet trc khi World Wide Web ra i, thng qua dch v ny, ngi s dng trn mng c th trao i cc thng bo cho nhau trn phm vi th gii. y l mt dch v m hu ht cc mng din rng u ci t v cng l dch v c bn nht ca mt mng khi gia nhp Internet. Nhiu ngi s dng my tnh tham gia mng ch dng duy nht dch v ny. Dch v ny s dng giao thc SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) trong h giao thc TCP/IP. Th in t l phng thc trao i thng tin nhanh chng v thun tin. Ngi s dng c th trao i nhng bn tin ngn hay di ch bng mt phng thc duy nht. Rt nhiu ngi s dng thng truyn tp tin thng qua th in t ch khng phi bng cc chng trnh truyn tp tin thng thng.

c im ca dch v th in t l khng tc thi (off-line) - tt c cc yu cu gi i khng i hi phi c x l ngay lp tc. Khi ngi s dng gi mt bc th, h thng s chuyn th ny vo mt vng ring (gi l spool) cng vi cc thng tin v ngi gi, ngi nhn, a ch my nhn... H thng s chuyn th i bng mt chng trnh chy nn (background). Chng trnh gi th ny s xc nh a ch IP my cn gi ti, to mt lin kt vi my . Nu lin kt thnh cng, chng trnh gi th s chuyn th ti vng spool ca my nhn. Nu khng th kt ni vi my nhn th chng trnh gi th s ghi li nhng th cha c chuyn v sau s th gi li mt ln n hot ng. Khi chng trnh gi th thy mt th khng gi c sau mt thi gian qu lu (v d 3 ngy) th n s tr li bc th ny cho ngi gi. Mi th trn Internet u tun theo mt dng chun. Bao gm phn header cha a ch ngi gi, a ch ngi nhn dng domain name v sau l phn ni dung th. C hai phn u l cc k t ASCII chun. Th chuyn trn mng v n c ch l nh vo thng tin cha trong phn header ca th. Ban u th in t ch nhm mc ch trao i cc thng bo (thc cht l cc tp vn bn) gia ngi s dng vi nhau. Dn dn ngi ta pht trin thm cc bin th trn n phc v ngi s dng tt hn hoc dng cho nhng mc ch ring bit. l cc dch v thng tin da trn th in t. Thc cht ca cc dch v ny l s dng th c ni dung tun theo mt c php c bit th hin yu cu ca ngi s dng. Cc th ny c gi ti mt ngi s dng c bit l cc server, cc server ny phn tch ni dung th, thc hin cc yu cu ri gi tr li kt qu cho ngi yu cu cng di dng th in t. C hai server ph bin trong hot ng ny l

 name server cung cp dch v tra cu a ch trn mng archive server cho php ngi s dng tm kim v ly v nhng
tp tin dng chung. .VI.4.Giao thc truyn tp (File Transfer Protocol - FTP) y l mt phng php sao chp tp t mt my tnh xa v my tnh ca ngi dng ta c th ngi ti my tnh ca mnh truyn hoc ly file trn mt my ch no V d ly tp nettcp.c trn my ch sco5 v my tnh ca mnh: $ ftp sco5 Connected to sco5. 220220 sco5.cse.com.vn FTP server (Version 2.1WU(1)) ready. Name(none): binhnn 331 Password required for binhnn. Password: 230 User binhnn logged in. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> get nettcp.c local: nettcp.c remote: nettcp.c 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for nettcp.c (46 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. 46 bytes received in 0 seconds (0.04 Kbytes/s) ftp> bye 221 Goodbye. $

 .VI.5.Nhm tin (News groups) News groups l nhng nhm ngi dng tho lun trc tuyn. Mi ngi gi nhng bi bnh lun v mt vn no , to thnh mt nhm tho lun, nhng nhm tin cho php ngi dng tip xc vi hng triu ngi trn th gii c cng mi quan tm. Internet c gn 20.000 nhm tin nh vy .VI.6.Tm kim tp (Archie) Do trn Internet hin nay c khong trn 3 triu tp v hng nghn ftp server v s lng ngy cng tng nhanh. Archie l mt dch v gip tm kim cc tp tin khc nhau theo mt s cc thng tin no . Thng thng dch v ny cho php tm kim tp theo tn hoc mt xu con ca tn tp. N cha cho php tm kim theo ch hay ni dung. Tuy vy n tr gip cho ftp rt nhiu c th ly tp d dng hn. .VI.7.Tra cu thng tin theo thc n (Gopher) S dng giao thc Gopher protocol tm kim ti nguyn ca mng. Dch v ny cho php tm kim v tra cu thng tin theo ch ca thng tin. Vic tra cu ny c thc hin qua h thng thc n thn thin hn vi ngi s dng. N c u im l c th tra cu trn nhiu my ch cng mt lc. Hn ch ca Gopher l hin th thng tin qu tm tt, cc chc nng cung cp trong thc n cn cha nhiu. .VI.8.Tm kim thng tin theo ch s (WAIS) Khc vi Gopher tm kim thng tin qua cc mc nh sn, WAIS cho php ngui dng tm kim cc tp d liu c cha cc xu nh trc. Ngoi cc ng dng client, server WAIS cn c mt phn c bit l indexer lm nhim v cp nht cc ti liu mi, sp xp chng di dng thch hp thun tin cho vic tm kim. WAIS server khi

nhn c cu hi ca client s tm kim trong c s d liu to ra bi indexer v tr li cho client. .VI.9.Siu vn bn (WWW) Ngi ta ni rng WWW l linh hn ca Internet v n cung cp cho ngi dng mt giao din l tng khi lm vic vi Internet. Ngi dng my tnh khng cn c hiu bit su v my tnh cng c th s dng n nh mt cng c c lc ngi ti nh xem ton b th gii vi s lng thng tin s c cp nht tng giy. WWW da trn tng siu vn bn Hypertext trong cha cc Hyperlink n cc vn bn khc v nh vy, ta c th m rng mi mi trang vn bn ca mnh. WWW ngy nay c m rng vi khi nim siu phng tin Hypermedia bao gm c hnh nh, m thanh.. Ngy nay, phn ln ng dng trn Internet t gii tr n truy cp c s d liu u c thc hin trn WWW.