Chng 7: Ki m th 7.1. i cng v ki m th 7.1.1.

Vai tr v t m quan tr ng c a ki m th

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Ki m th (Test) l m t pha khng th thi u trong qu trnh pht tri n h th ng. Ki m th gip cho ng i xy d ng h th ng v khch hng u th y c r ng h th ng m i tho mn yu c u ra hay cha. M c tiu chnh - Ki m tra tnh ng n - Ki m tra hi u nng

7.1.2. Cc m c ki m th
C 4 c p test nh sau:

1. Unit Test (ki m th m c n v ) 2. Integration Test (ki m th tch h p) 3. System Test (ki m th m c h th ng) 4. Acceptance Test (ki m th ch p nh n)
1. Unit Test ki m th m c n v c th hi u r v Unit Test, khi ni m tr c tin ta c n lm r: th no l m t n v ph n m m (Unit)? M t Unit l m t thnh ph n ph n m m nh nh t m ta c th ki m th c. Theo nh ngha ny, cc hm (Function), th (Method) u c th c xem l Unit. V Unit c ch n ki m tra th ng c kch th c nh v ch c nng ho t ng n gi n, chng ta khng kh khn g trong vi c t ch c, ki m th , ghi nh n v phn tch k t qu ki m th . N u pht hi n l i, vi c xc nh nguyn nhn v kh c ph c cng tng i d dng v ch khoanh vng trong m t n th Unit ang ki m tra. M t nguyn l c k t t th c ti n: th i gian t n cho Unit Test s c n b b ng vi c ti t ki m r t nhi u th i gian v chi ph cho vi c ki m th v s a l i cc m c ki m th sau . t c (Procedure), l p (Class), ho c cc phng th c

Unit Test th ng do l p trnh vin th c hi n. Cng o n ny c n c th c hi n cng s m cng t t trong giai o n vi t code v xuyn su t chu k pht tri n ph n m m. Thng th ng, Unit Test i h i ki m th vin c ki n th c v thi t k v code c a chng trnh. M c 1

ch c a Unit Test l b o m thng tin c x l v xu t (kh i Unit) l chnh xc, trong m i tng quan v i d li u nh p v ch c nng c a Unit. i u ny th ng i h i t t c cc nhnh bn trong Unit u ph i c ki m tra pht hi n nhnh pht sinh l i. M t nhnh th ng l m t chu i cc l nh c th c thi trong m t Unit, v d : chu i cc l nh sau i u ki n If v n m gi a then ... else l m t nhnh. Th c t vi c ch n l a cc nhnh n gi n ha vi c ki m th v qut h t Unit i h i ph i c k thu t, i khi ph i dng thu t ton ch n l a. Cng nh cc m c ki m th khc, Unit Test cng i h i ph i chu n b tr c cc tnh hu ng (test case) ho c k ch b n (script), trong ch nh r d li u vo, cc b c th c hi n v d li u mong ch s xu t ra. Cc test case v script ny nn c gi l i ti s d ng. 2. Integration Test ki m th tch h p Integration test k t h p cc thnh ph n c a m t ng d ng v ki m th nh m t ng d ng hon thnh. Trong khi Unit Test ki m tra cc thnh ph n v Unit ring l th Intgration Test k t h p chng l i v i nhau v ki m tra s giao ti p gi a chng. Integration Test c 2 m c tiu chnh: Pht hi n l i giao ti p x y ra gi a cc Unit. Tch h p cc Unit n l thnh cc h th ng nh (subsystem) v cu i cng l nguyn h th ng hon ch nh (system) chu n b cho ki m th m c h th ng (System Test).

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Trong Unit Test, l p trnh vin c g ng pht hi n l i lin quan n ch c nng v c u trc n i t i c a Unit. C m t s php ki m th n gi n trn giao ti p gi a Unit v i cc thnh ph n lin quan khc, tuy nhin m i giao ti p lin quan n Unit th t s c ki m tra y khi cc Unit tch h p v i nhau trong khi th c hi n Integration Test. Tr m t s t ngo i l , Integration Test ch nn th c hi n trn nh ng Unit c ki m tra c n th n tr c b ng Unit Test, v t t c cc l i m c Unit c s a ch a. M t s ng i hi u sai r ng Unit m t khi qua giai o n Unit Test v i cc giao ti p gi l p th khng c n ph i th c hi n Integration Test n a. Th c t vi c tch h p gi a cc Unit d n n nh ng tnh hu ng hon ton khc. M t chi n l c c n quan tm trong Integration Test l nn tch h p d n t ng Unit. M t Unit t i m t th i i m c tch h p vo m t nhm cc Unit khc tch h p tr c v hon t t (passed) cc t Integration Test tr c . Lc ny, ta ch c n ki m th giao ti p c a Unit m i thm vo v i h th ng cc Unit tch h p tr c , i u ny lm cho s l ng ki m th s gi m i r t nhi u, sai st s gi m ng k . 2

C 4 lo i ki m th trong Integration Test:

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Ki m th c u trc (Structure Test): Tng t White Box Test (ki m th nh m b o m cc thnh ph n bn trong c a m t chng trnh ch y ng), ch tr ng n ho t ng c a cc thnh ph n c u trc n i t i c a chng trnh ch ng h n cc l nh v nhnh bn trong. Ki m th ch c nng (Functional Test): Tng t Black Box Test (ki m th ch ch tr ng n ch c nng c a chng trnh, khng quan tm n c u trc bn trong), ch kh o st ch c nng c a chng trnh theo yu c u k thu t. Ki m th hi u nng (Performance Test): ki m th vi c v n hnh c a h th ng.

Ki m th kh nng ch u t i (Stress Test): ki m th cc gi i h n c a h th ng. 3. System Test - ki m th m c h th ng M c ch System Test l ki m th thi t k v ton b h th ng (sau khi tch h p) c th a mn yu c u t ra hay khng. System Test b t u khi t t c cc b ph n c a PM c tch h p thnh cng. Thng th ng lo i ki m th ny t n r t nhi u cng s c v th i gian. Trong nhi u tr ng h p, vi c ki m th i h i m t s thi t b ph tr , ph n m m ho c ph n c ng c th, c bi t l cc ng d ng th i gian th c, h th ng phn b , ho c h th ng nhng. m c h th ng, ng i ki m

th cng tm ki m cc l i, nhng tr ng tm l nh gi v ho t ng, thao tc, s tin c y v cc yu c u khc lin quan n ch t l ng c a ton h th ng. i m khc nhau then ch t gi a Integration Test v System Test l System Test ch tr ng cc hnh vi v l i trn ton h th ng, cn Integration Test ch tr ng s giao ti p gi a cc n th ho c i t ng khi chng lm vi c cng nhau. Thng th ng ta ph i th c hi n Unit Test v Integration Test b o m m i Unit v s tng tc gi a chng ho t ng chnh xc tr c khi th c hi n System Test. Sau khi hon thnh Integration Test, m t h th ng PM c hnh thnh cng v i cc thnh ph n c ki m tra y . T i th i i m ny, l p trnh vin ho c ki m th vin (Tester) b t u ki m th PM nh m t h th ng hon ch nh. Vi c l p k ho ch cho System Test nn b t u t giai o n hnh thnh v phn tch cc yu c u. Ph n sau ta s ni r hn v m t quy trnh System Test c b n v i n hnh. System Test ki m th c cc hnh vi ch c nng c a ph n m m l n cc yu c u v ch t l ng nh tin c y, tnh ti n l i khi s d ng, hi u nng v b o m t. M c ki m th ny c bi t thch h p cho vi c pht hi n l i giao ti p v i PM ho c ph n c ng bn ngoi, ch ng h n 3

cc l i "t c ngh n" (deadlock) ho c chi m d ng b nh . Sau giai o n System Test, PM th ng s n sng cho khch hng ho c ng i dng cu i cng ki m th (Acceptance Test) ho c dng th (Alpha/Beta Test). i h i nhi u cng s c, th i gian v tnh chnh xc, khch quan, System Test th ng c th c hi n b i m t nhm ki m th vin hon ton c l p v i nhm pht tri n d n. B n thn System Test l i g m nhi u lo i ki m th khc nhau, ph bi n nh t g m: Ki m th ch c nng (Functional Test): b o m cc hnh vi c a h th ng th a mn ng yu c u thi t k . Ki m th kh nng v n hnh (Performance Test): b o m t i u vi c phn b ti nguyn h th ng (v d b nh ) nh m t cc ch tiu nh th i gian x l hay p ng cu truy v n... Ki m th kh nng ch u t i (Stress Test hay Load Test): b o m h th ng v n hnh ng d i p l c cao (v d nhi u ng i truy xu t cng lc). Stress Test t p trung vo cc tr ng thi t i h n, cc "i m ch t", cc tnh hu ng b t th ng nh ang giao d ch th ng t k t n i (xu t hi n nhi u trong test thi t b nh POS, ATM...)... Ki m th c u hnh (Configuration Test) Ki m th kh nng b o m t (Security Test): b o m tnh ton v n, b o m t c a d li u v c a h th ng. Ki m th kh nng ph c h i (Recovery Test): b o m h th ng c kh nng khi ph c tr ng thi n nh tr c trong tnh hu ng m t ti nguyn ho c d li u; c bi t quan tr ng i v i cc h th ng giao d ch nh ngn hng tr c tuy n... Nhn t quan i m ng i dng, cc c p ki m th trn r t quan tr ng: b o m h th ng kh nng lm vi c trong mi tr ng th c. Lu : khng nh t thi t ph i th c hi n t t c cc lo i ki m th nu trn. Ty yu c u v c trng c a t ng h th ng, tu kh nng v th i gian cho php c a d n, khi l p k ho ch, ng i Qu n l d n s quy t nh p d ng nh ng lo i ki m th no. 4. Acceptance Test - ki m th ch p nh n s n ph m Thng th ng, sau giai o n System Test l Acceptance Test, c khch hng th c hi n (ho c y quy n cho m t nhm th ba th c hi n). M c ch c a Acceptance Test l ch ng minh PM th a mn t t c yu c u c a khch hng v khch hng ch p nh n s n ph m (v tr ti n thanh ton h p ng). 4 ch p nh n

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Acceptance Test c ngha h t s c quan tr ng, m c d trong h u h t m i tr ng h p, cc php ki m th c a System Test v Accepatnce Test g n nh tng t , nhng b n ch t v cch th c th c hi n l i r t khc bi t. i v i nh ng s n ph m bn r ng ri trn th tr ng cho nhi u ng i s d ng, thng th ng s thng qua hai lo i ki m th g i l Alpha Test v Beta Test. V i Alpha Test, ng i dng (user) ki m th PM ngay t i ni PTPM, l p trnh vin s ghi nh n cc l i ho c ph n h i, v ln k ho ch s a ch a. V i Beta Test, PM s c g i t i cho ng i dng (user) ki m th ngay trong mi tr ng th c, l i ho c ph n h i cng s g i ng c l i cho l p trnh vin s a ch a. Th c t cho th y, n u khch hng khng quan tm v khng tham gia vo qu trnh PTPM th k t qu Acceptance Test s sai l ch r t l n, m c d PM tr i qua t t c cc ki m th tr c . S sai l ch ny lin quan n vi c hi u sai yu c u cng nh s mong ch c a khch hng. V d i khi m t PM xu t s c v t qua cc php ki m th v ch c nng th c hi n b i nhm th c hi n d n, nhng khch hng khi ki m th sau cng v n th t v ng v b c c mn hnh ngho nn, thao tc khng t nhin, khng theo t p qun s d ng c a khch hng v.v... G n li n v i giai o n Acceptance Test th ng l m t nhm nh ng d ch v v ti li u i km, ph bi n nh h ng d n ci t, s d ng v.v... T t c ti li u i km ph i c c p nh t v ki m th ch t ch . 7.1.3. Cc phng php ki m th Phng php ki Phng php ki Phng php ki Phng php ki Phng php ki m th m th m th m th m th h p tr ng (White box test) h p en (Black box test) h p xm (Gray box test) Static Dynamic

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a) Phng php h p en (Ki m th ch c nng)

Phng php ki m th ny ch d a trn b n c t cc ch c nng. Do , chng ta ch ch tm n pht hi n cc sai st v ch c nng m khng quan tm n cch ci t c th . V i phng php ny chng ta c kh nng pht hi n cc sai st, thi u st v m t ch c nng; sai st v giao di n c a mun, ki m tra tnh hi u qu ; pht hi n l i kh i t o, l i k t thc. Do khng th ki m th m i tr ng h p trn th c t , chng ta s chia khng gian th nghi m d a vo gi tr nh p xu t c a n v c n ki m tra. ng v i m i vng d li u chng ta

s thi t k nh ng b th nghi m tng ng v c bi t l cc b th nghi m t i cc ga tr bin c a vng d li u. ki m ch ng chng trnh gi i phng trnh b c 2 theo phng php h p en, chng ta s phn chia khng gian th nghi m thnh 3 vng nh sau:

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V nghi m

C 2 nghi m phn bi t

C nghi m kp

Sau khi th ki m tra v i cc b th nghi m thi t k , chng ta c n m r ng b th nghi m cho cc tr ng h p c bi t nh: bin c a s trong my tnh (32767,-32768), s khng, s m, s th p phn, d li u sai ki u, d li u ng u nhin.

b) Phng php h p tr ng (Ki m th c u trc)

Theo phng php ny, chng ta s chia khng gian th nghi m d a vo c u trc c a n v c n ki m tra.

n v c n ki m tra

Giao ti p D li u c c b Cc i u ki n bin Cc con ng th c hi n Cc ngo i l

b th nghi m Ki m tra giao ti p c a n v l m b o dng thng tin vo ra n v lun ng (ng gi tr , kh p ki u...) Ki m tra d li u c c b m b o d li u c lu tr trong n v ton v n trong su t qu trnh thu t gi i c th c hi n. V d : nh p d li u sai, tn bi n khng ng, ki u d li u khng nh t qun, cc rng bu c ho c ngo i l .

Ki m tra cc i u ki n bin c a cc cu l nh if, vng l p m b o n v lun ch y ng t i cc bin ny. Ki m tra m b o m i con ng th c hi n ph i c i qua t nh t m t l n. Con ng th c hi n c a m t n v chng trnh l m t dy c th t cc cu l nh bn trong n v s c th c hi n khi kch ho t n v . V d : P1 l1 l2 l3 l4 P2 l1 if (k) l2 else l3 l4

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Con ng th c hi n c a p1 v p2 nh sau: P1: l1 l2 l3 l4 l1 l2 l4 P2 l1 l3 l4

7.1.4. Cc k thu t ki m th Phn chia l p tng ng (Equivalence class partitioning ) Ki m tra lu ng i u khi n (Control flow testing ) Ki m tra lu ng d li u (Data flow testing) Ki m tra s giao d ch (Transaction testing ) Ki m tra mi n (Domain testing ) Ki m tra l p (Loop testing) Ki m tra c php (Syntax testing ) Ki m tra tr ng thi (State machine testing) Ki m tra kh nng ch u t i v v n hnh c a h th ng (Load and stress testing)

7.1.5. T ch c ki m th i v i nh ng d n ph n m m l n, nh ng ng i tham gia c chia thnh 2 nhm:

Nhm th nh t: g m nh ng ng i tham gia trong d n pht tri n ph n m m. Nhm ny ch u trch nhi m ki m tra cc n v c a chng trnh ch c ch n chng th c hi n ng theo thi t k .

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Nhm th hai: c l p g m cc chuyn gia tin h c nhng khng thu c nhm th nh t. Nhm ny c nhi m v pht hi n cc l i do nhm th nh t ch quan cn l i.

Qu n l b ph n

7.2. Quy trnh ki m th

QUY TRNH KI M TH

(1) L p k ho ch Test - Xc nh yu c u test

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- nh gi r i ro v l p m c cho cc yu c u - Xc l p chi n l c test - Xc nh ngu n l c v mi tr ng - L p l ch trnh test - T ng h p thng tin, l p KH test - Xem xt v thng qua k ho ch test (2) Thi t k test - L p danh sch cc lo i test, m b o cho vi c xc l p tnh ng n v th a mn yu c u c a s n ph m - Xy d ng tnh hu ng test - Xy d ng v t ch c cc th t c test - Xem xt tnh hu ng test v th t c test, nh gi t l yu c u c a khch hng s c test d a trn thi t k test l p - Thng qua thi t k test (3) Ci t v chu n b test - L p cc test script th c hi n tnh hu ng test/th t c test - Chu n b d li u test - Chu n b mi tr ng - Ki m tra cc cng c test - Xem xt mi tr ng, i u ki n v d (4) Test tch h p - Nh n bn giao v i i l p trnh - Ci t - Th c hi n test v ghi nh n l i - X l l i - Xem xt cc k t qu th c hi n kh c ph c l i (5) Test h th ng - Nh n bn giao v i i l p trnh - Ch nh s a thi t k test - Ci t - Th c hi n test v ghi nh n k t qu - X l l i 9 li u test

- Xem xt cc k t qu test v th c hi n kh c ph c l i - K t qu test c xem xt (6) Xem xt v nh gi k t qu Test - Phn tch l i v a ra xu t

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- nh gi t l test, nh gi m c t c cc tiu ch hon thnh test - Xem xt bo co k t qu test (7) T ng h p, bo co - T p h p cc d li u k t qu test - L p bo co t ng h p test - T ch c lu tr ti li u, h s

7.3. Phng php thi t k cc tr ng h p ki m th 7.3.1. Phn ho ch tng ng

- Khng th ki m th m i tr ng h p - Chia d li u thnh cc mi n c cng hnh vi - T o m t test case cho t ng mi n - T o test case cho bin c a cc mi n - Nhi u l i xu t hi n v i gi tr bin

7.3.2. Xc nh ng i trong m un
- Phn tch m un xc nh ng i - ng i l th t th c hi n cc l nh t i m b t u n i m k t thc c a m un - Thi t k cc test case ki m th m i ng i - nh s cc kh i l nh: + nh s cc kh i l nh, cu l nh i u ki n + nh s cc h p i m c a lu ng l nh - Rt g n flow chart ( th ) + Cc kh i tu n t c tch h p thnh m t kh i + Tch h p kh i tu n t vo cu l nh i u ki n k ti p

7.4. Cc chi n l c ki m th tch h p

S d ng k thu t h p tr ng v d a vo h s thi t k xy d ng cc b th nghi m sao cho kh nng pht hi n l i l l n nh t. V n v c ki m tra khng l 1 chng trnh y , hn n a n v ny c th c g i b i nh ng n v khc ho c g i n nh ng n v khc nn d chng trnh c hon t t y cc n v , chng ta cng khng nn gi thuy t s t n t i ho c tnh ng n c a cc 10

n v khc m ph i xy d ng cc module gi l p n v g i tn l driver v n v b g i l stub. Driver ng vai tr nh m t chng trnh chnh nh p cc b s th nghi m v g i chng n n v c n ki m tra ng th i nh n k t qu tr v c a n v c n ki m tra. Stub l chng trnh gi l p thay th cc n v c g i b i n v c n ki m tra. Stub th c hi n cc thao tc x l d li u n gi n nh in n, ki m tra d li u nh p v tr k t qu ra.

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7.4.1. Ki m th trn xu ng
Thu t gi i c a h ng ti p c n ny g m nh ng b c sau: - S d ng Module chnh nh 1 driver v cc stub c thay cho t t c cc module l con tr c ti p c a module chnh. - L n l t thay th cc stub, m i l n 1 ci b i cc module th c s . - Ti n hnh ki m tra tnh ng n. - M t t p h p b th nghi m c hon t t khi h t stub. - Ki m tra li c th c ti n hnh m b o r ng khng pht sinh l i m i.

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a) u i m

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Ki m th trn xu ng k t h p v i pht tri n trn xu ng s gip pht hi n s m cc l i thi t k v lm gi m gi thnh s a i. Nhanh chng c phin b n th c hi n v i cc ch c nng chnh. C th th m nh tnh dng c c a s n ph m s m. b) Nh c i m Nhi u mun c p th p r t kh m ph ng: thao tc v i c u trc d li u ph c t p, k t qu tr v ph c t p

7.4.2. Ki m th d i ln
Ki m tra module l tr c do khng c n ph i vi t stub. Thu t gi c a h ng ny l: - Cc module c p th p c nhm thnh t ng nhm (th c hi n cng ch c nng) - Vi t driver i u khi n tham s nh p xu t. - B driver v g n chm vo module cao hn.

a)u i m Trnh xy d ng cc mun t m th i ph c t p. Trnh sinh cc k t qu nhn t o (nh p t bn phm) Thu n ti n cho pht tri n cc mun dng l i

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b) Nh c i m Ch m pht hi n cc l i ki n trc Ch m c phin b n th c hi n

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7.4.3. Ki m th quay lui

Khi m t modul m i c tch h p, m t s ca ki m th c th c hi n l i (quay lui)

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