Dont give up, because nothing never have been written about losers.

- - - Revern

MECHANICS OF BIOMATERIALS List of PROBLEMS

Alexandro Acevedo Torres, Eduardo Revern Guzmn, Gerardo Romn Ramrez and Luis Traverso Aviles

____________________________ Numbers in parentheses refer to the appended references.

1

This review article was prepared on December 8, 2003. Course Instructor: Dr. Megh R. Goyal, Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering, General Engineering Department, PO Box 5984, Mayagez, Puerto Rico, 00681-5984. For details contact: m_goyal@ece.uprm.edu or visit at: http://www.ece.uprm.edu/~m_goyal/home.htm The authors are in alphabetical order.

December 2003

Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

TENSSION, COMPRESSION AND SHEAR

3.

1. A person is supporting his upper body with his prosthetic arm. If the force exerted by the body is 180 N vertically to the surface, the pin is 0.25 cm of diameter, the thickness of the arm is 0.6 cm and the thickness of the forearm is 0.4 cm, what is the bearing stress and shear stress? [Modified from Gere 2001, 42].

A stainless steel adapter lifts a foot weighting 25 N. What is the tensile strength on the cylinder? Assume it is a vertical force. [Modified from Gere 2001, 54]

2. A stainless steel adapter is used for a prosthetic leg. If the force exerted on it is 450 N and the leg has a diameter of 2 cm, what is the stress? [Modified from Gere 2001, 65]

4. A leg prosthesis supports half the body weight of a person weighting 200 lbf. Find: (a) The bearing stress between the leg gusset and the pin, (b) The shear stress in the pin, and (c) The bearing stress between the pin and the foot gusset. [Modified from Gere 2001, 43]

December 2003

Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

5. A person with the same prosthesis tests it by jumping with it, thus applying 200 lb of force vertically. The leg beam measures 13 in, has diameter of 1.5 in, a Poisson's ratio of 0.33, and shrinks 0.02 in. Find the compressive stress , the normal strain , and the lateral strain ' [ Hall, 2000].

8. A guitar player exerts a force of one pound over the fret board of the guitar to obtain the desired tones. Assume a moment where constant force is exerted axially. Also assume a constant circular area on the first phalange of the index finger of 0.3 in2. What is the compressive stress it receives on that moment? [Group L 2003].

6. A man who sustained an injury has his arm leaned on a support so it doesnt move. Assuming the elbow is a fixed point and the weight of an arm is 10 pounds and the cross sectional area of the strap is 0.2 in2. Find the stress applied to the strap [Group L 2003.

9. A weight lifter can lift a weight of 300 lb. When the weight is completely over his body, what is the stress in the bones of his arm if the bone had constant area of 1.05 in2? [Group L 2003].

7. A person lost his left leg, just below his knee on a car accident. Since then he have been using prosthesis similar to the one shown on the drawing. If he weights 180lbs and the material of the prosthesis is aluminum alloy which yield strength is 36,000 psi. What is the minimum diameter needed to support his weight Use a safety factor of 2? [OIME 2001a].

10. The following is a table giving the stress and the strain for cortical bone: strain .000633 .001392 .002405 .003418 .004177 .005063 .008569 .010097 .012006 .015006 .016000 Stress 11.39 25.06 43.29 61.53 75.20 90.00 120.00 128.50 133.59 139.50 fracture (MPa)

Draw the stress versus strain diagram. Estimate the elasticity limit and the yield stress. Classify the bone as brittle or ductile. Estimate the yield stress at a 0.2% offset [Modified from Gere 2001, 42].

December 2003

Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

11. A man is lifting a weight of 30 pounds. The force of the muscle is acting at 3 cm of the elbow. a. Find the force applied by the muscle and the bone. b. Assume no other force acts on the muscle and the muscle has a minimum cross sectional area of 4 in2 Find the maximum stress that occurs on the Muscle [Modified from Gere 2001, 9].

14. A dentist is trying to pull out a molar tooth of the mouth of a patient. How much force can the dentist exert on the pliers without breaking the tooth? Maximum compressive strength that can be applied on the tooth without breaking it is 200 MN/m2 [Gere 2001, 54].

12. Assuming air inside the piston generates a compressive stress of 1450 psi and there is no deformation in body C or in the pedal. Determine (the contraction of bar A). The diameter of bar A is 1.7 in. The bar is a prosthesis made of titanium alloy which has a modulus of elasticity of 14,500 psi [Modified from Gere 2001, 49].

15. A man has prosthesis in his right hand is trying to pull a 200 lb. load of a bar. What will be the shear stress at the pin C? [Modified from Gere 2001, 42].

13. The Poissons ratio of the muscle is 0.49.For biceps that measures 0.9 ft, and has a diameter of 3 in when the arm is extended, what is the lateral contraction of the biceps if the axial contraction is 2 inches which happens when the hands touches the shoulder? [Modified from Gere 2001, 54].

December 2003

Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS 3. If a person has a crystal eyeball that is put it on the eye hole. Considering that the temperature of the room is 23.8 C and the body temperature is 37 C. What is the thermal strain change? [Group L 2003]. Considering that the thermal coefficient of expansion () for the crystal is 8.62 x 10
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1. A man has a screw in his pelvis. He complains of pain in a cold environment the. What can possibly be the reason for this pain? What are the mechanical effects of the temperature? If the man comes from a place where temperature was 100 F and goes to an office where the temperature is 77 F. The screw is of stainless steel [Group L 2003].

4. A person goes to the gymnasium to lift weights of the machine shown. The cable has an effective area of 0.268 in2 and a modulus of elasticity of E = 20 x 106 psi. The cable measures 15 ft. Neglecting friction between the cable and the pulley, how much will the cable stretch for (a) 300 lb. and (b) 500 lb [Gere 2001, p. 899]. 2. A company of prosthesis is designing leg prosthesis. They are considering Titanium alloy and Stainless Steel. Which one is better, considering their change of volume with temperature? Use a change in temperature of 10F [Group l 2003]. Coefficient of thermal Expansion () for Titanium alloy is

9 x 10

-6

F
-6

Coefficient of thermal Expansion () and for Stainless Steel is 9.6 x 10

. 5. A patient uses a stainless steel support to relieve effort from his ailing left foot. The top half of the support is an Aarm while the bottom consists of a hollow cylinder of outer diameter 1.2 in., thickness 0.2 in., maximum yield stress ( y )max of 70 ksi and a margin of safety of 1.5.
Leg Prosthesis, image from <http://www.ossur.com/shared/ImageGallery /SharedImages/Products/HOME%20page%2 0products/ProductsFootTemp.jpg>

Calculate Wallow on the support [Allegro 2003].

December 2003

Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

6. A person hangs on a tubular shaft grabbing it only with his right hand. Thus, he is applying an axial load of 150 lb to the bone of his arm. Assuming the bone segment shown behaves like a solid shaft of 13 inch height, 1.8 inch diameter, and modulus of elasticity of 24x106 psi. Find the elongation on bone [Group L 2003].

9. A person had a surgery where a metal plate of titanium was attached to his left femoral bone with four screws. If the surroundings of the plate experience a change of temperature of 35F when he enters an air conditioned room from ambient temperature [Gere 2001, 121].

7. Find the strain energy density of the piece of gold inserted on the teeth, if it is under compressive stress of 30 psi [Gere 2001, 121].

10. The figure shown is a prosthesis inside a shoulder. The diameter of the stalk of the prosthesis is 0.8. This piece receives 60% of the total force applied to an arm positioned horizontally. If the prosthesis is made of Polyethylene, which has an ultimate stress of 6236.62 psi. What is the maximum load for the prosthesis to avoid failure? [Sawson and Freeman 1977, 44].

8. Find the thermal strain in the gold piece on the teeth of the person. Consider a change in temperature of 5 C [Gere 2001, 93].

11. If a leg hangs as shown in the figure. Calculate the tension on the cable and the tensile stress if the nominal diameter of the cable is 0.5 in and it is a cable made of stainless steel. The weight of the leg is 40 lb [Modified from Gere 2001, 156].

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Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

12. Someone is pulling a man from the arm and generates a force of 133 N which concentrates on the prosthesis as the 60% of the total force. The prosthesis is made of pure titanium (E=100 GN/m2). Calculate the elongation of the stalk when the force is applied and calculate the stiffness of the stalk [Sawson and Freeman 1977, 44].

15. An older woman uses a cane made of aluminum with an inner bar of stainless steel. She puts an initial stress of 80 psi on the aluminum. What will be the actual load that each of the materials is receiving separately? [Modified from Gere 2001, 87]. The Area of the Aluminum bar is 0.736 in2 The Area of the Stainless Steel bar rod is 0.049 in2

13. A 200 lb person has prosthesis in his left leg. Suppose that the length of the prosthesis is 18 inches. What will be the flexibility and stiffness in the middle bar of the prosthesis if it is constructed of a titanium alloy? Modulus of Elasticity for Titanium alloy is 16000 ksi [Modified from Gere 2001, 74].

TORSION

1. The stopping device of a wheelchair is made of a stainless steel cylinder whose diameter is 0.75 in. Determine the torsion in the cylinder after it stops the wheelchair if a torque of 30 lb-ft is applied. What is

max in the bar? [Group L 2003].

14. A weight lifter with prosthesis on his right forearm is pulling a 500 lb bar. The prosthesis has length of 11 inches and a radius of 0.625 in. How much would be the elongation of the bar in the middle of the prosthesis if it is made out of magnesium alloy? Assume that the modulus of elasticity for magnesium alloys is 6.25x106 psi [Modified from Gere 2001, 74]. 2. A company is designing a new model of eyeglasses. The company wants to know how much torsion the eyeglass can handle at the middle because it has to support torsion. If the maximum shear is 30 psi, what is the torsion? [Group L 2003].

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Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

3. A bar used in a leg prosthesis has a diameter of 1.5 in. If it is applied a torque of 250 lb-ft, what is the max? [Group L 2003].

7. A person has a forehand/hand prosthesis. What is the shear stress on the rod if the torque used to open a door handle is 150 N.m and the diameter of the rod is 2 cm [Modified from Gere 2001, 198].

4. An individual twists his body applying torque to his arm. He applies a torque of 50 lb-ft. Calculate the maximum shear stress. The diameter of the arm bone is 1.8 in [Group L 2003].

8. A person has a forehand/hand prosthesis. The rod has a length of 0.45cm and a diameter of 2 cm. Find the torsion flexibility (ft) on the prosthesis if the material used is an Al alloy with a shear modulus of elasticity of 28 GPa [Modified from Gere 2001, 198].

5. A surgeon has to drill a bone to insert a screw. The diameter of the bit is 0.25 cm. The bone opposes the force with a resisting torque of 1.3 N-m. And the shear modulus of elasticity G of the bit is 80 GPa [Group L 2003]. a. What is the maximum shear stress? Max in the bit? b. What is the rate of twist?

6. A Gymnast twists himself as shown in the figure. He creates a torsion of 3 lb-ft upon his Homeruns bone, which is assumed to be cylindrical with a diameter 1.9 in. and length of 10 in. The modulus of rigidity (G) is 478.95 psi. Calculate the total angle of twist? [Sawson and Freeman 1977, 11].

9. Inside a hearth valve there is a bolt-nut holding one of the pieces. What is the shear stress? The diameter of the bolt is 0.165 in and the torque is 10 psi? [Modified from Gere 2001, 255].

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Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

10. The ultimate shear stress for an adult cortical bone is 60 MPa. A bone is a circular cross section with a diameter of 4.6 cm. What is the maximum torque that can be applied to the bone? [Sawson and Freeman 1977, 11 ].

13. A person with prosthesis in the left hand is going to start up a Porsche. The diameter of the prosthesis is 1.5 in, and the torque exerted to start the car T=20 lb-ft. What is the torsion in the prosthesis? [Modified from Gere 2001, 255].

Cortical Bone Cross Section, from: <http://www.mtsinai.on.ca/PublicationsAn dNewsletters/YHRWinter2002/Research/d efault.htm>

11. A knee prosthesis shown in the figure has an axis A which offers a torque to the cylinder. The material of the joint is an aluminum Alloy (G = 28 MPa). A torque of 25 N-m is applied to the leg and 50% of the torque goes to the cylinder which has a diameter of 4.0 cm and a length of 3.0 cm (From the axis to the lower part of the joint). What is the angle of twist of the cylinder in radians? [Sawson and Freeman 1977, 11 ].

14. A dog bites the leg prosthesis of a person and generates a torque of 50 lb-ft and with an angle of 30. If the bar inside the prosthesis has a diameter of 1.5 in and length of 20 in. What is the shear modulus of rigidity (G)? [Modified from Gere 2001, 255].

Image from <http://www.biometmerck.com/english/pr oducts/knee/alpina.htm>

12. An arm is subjected to a Torque T. Ten percent of the torque goes to the stalk of a prosthesis. The prosthesis is made of stainless steel with a shear modulus of elasticity of 70 MPa. The stalk has a diameter of 2 cm and length of 3 cm. Find the torque applied to the arm necessary to get an angle of twist of 0.0003 radians per meter. [Sawson and Freeman 1977, 44].

15. A person using a prosthesis of different diameters on his right leg is playing baseball. When he hits the ball the prosthesis suffer two torsions at different directions. What is the maximum shear stress in the bar and the angle of twist at point C.? As shown on the drawing [Modified from Gere 2001, 255].

December 2003

Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT 1. What is the minimum force that should be exerted by an arm to be in equilibrium and not let fall a case? If its length is 14 inches and hold 100 pounds in the side of the hand and has a distributed force of 10 (lb/in) [Modified from Gere 2001, 303].

4. To maintain the femur bone without relative displacement within himself the plaque with screws must overcome bending moments. The upper plaque is subjected to these loads. To avoid fracture of the bone what should be the relationship between M 1 and M 2 ? Find the maximum bending moment [Modified from Gere 2001, 318].

2. What is the maximum distributed force that can be supported by the arm? Its length is 14 inches and hold 100 pounds on the side of the elbow and 60 pound on the side of the hand [Modified from Gere 2001, 303].

5. Assuming that the elbow have two reactions, one in x axis and one in y axis. The sum of the moments is cero. The force P1 is applied to hand and P2 is applied in the exact center of the arm. a. Prove that 2P1 = P2 b. Find maximum bending moment [Modified from Gere 2001, 278].

3. What is the minimum force that should be exerted by the side of the arm to be in equilibrium and not let fall a case? If the force exerted by the hand is 140 pounds, the length of the arm is 16 inches, and has a growing force from 0 to 50 in the entire arm [Modified from Gere 2001, 306].

6. The figure shows a representative surface replacement type of knee prosthesis. A free body diagram shows how forces are applied in the prosthesis. If component B is subjected a distributed load of 2 lb and the length of B is 3. Draw the shear force diagram of component B. One end of B is completely fixed to the rest of the prosthesis [Sawson and Freeman 1977, 44].

December 2003

Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

7. A prosthetic hand can develop a force of 40 N grabbing an item. The 40 N is distributed along the hands 8 cm. finger. At the fixed end there is a reaction in the Y direction and 0 force reactions in the X direction. Draw the shear force diagram [Modified from Gere 2001, 280].

11. A martial artist hits a person just below the knee with a force of 200 lb and an angle of 55. What is the shear force and the bending moment on the leg? [Group L 2003].

8. The reaction in the bone is 510 lb. and the reaction in the muscle is 540 lb. Note that M=Fx=Fy=0. Draw the bending moment diagram and find maximum bending moment [Modified from Gere 2001, 297].

12. A force is applied to a forearm and a moment of torsion as well. Find shear force and bending moment [Modified from Gere 2001, 307].

9. A gentleman works out his legs at the gym as shown. Assuming the leg behaves like a simple beam, draw the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram. W= 12 lbs, P= 20 lbs [Modified from Gere 2001, 297].

13. A person with a prosthesis in the shape of a solid bar as his arm is carrying a shopping bag as shown on the drawing. Draw the Shear Force diagram [Modified from Gere 2001, 305].

10. In the figure shown bellow and with the given data:

Determine the longitudinal normal strain E at the top surface of the strip [Gere 2001, 271].

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Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

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14. A person has a prosthesis on his arm. And is activating a mechanism as shown in the drawing. Find the shear Force diagram [Modified from Gere 2001, 305].

2. For a load of 1000 pounds and using the same maximum shear stress of the problem before, what is the diameter d0 of a solid circular pole? [Modified from Gere 2001, 403].

15. A person has a prosthesis on his arm. And is activating a mechanism as shown in the drawing. Find the shear Force diagram [Modified from Gere 2001, 305].

3. For a leg prosthesis a company is proving an aluminum tube, the vertical of 2.5 meters high must support a lateral load equal to 12 kN. What is the minimum required outer diameter d2 of the aluminum tube if its wall thickness is to be one eighth of the outer diameter and the allowable bending stress in the aluminum is 50 MPa? [Modified from Gere 2001, 395]

Stresses in Beams

1. A vertical pole used for a leg prosthesis of outer diameter d2 =2 in and inner diameter 1.5 in is loaded by a horizontal force of 1000 pounds. Determine the maximum shear stress in the pole [Modified from Gere 2001, 403].

4. A new prosthesis in development is being redesigned from being a hollow shaft with outer diameter 1.50 in. and inner diameter 1.25 in. to being a solid shaft of unknown diameter. Find the maximum shear stress in the previous design and find what the diameter for the new shaft will be if it has a horizontal load of 600 lb [Modified from Gere 2001, 395].

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Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

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5. A prosthetic forearm 0.5 m. long is being designed to withstand a lateral 20 kN load on the outer end. If it is to be constructed of hollow aluminum tubing with allowable bending stress of 50 MPa, what is the minimum required outer diameter if the inner diameter is one eight of the outer diameter? [Modified from Gere 2001, 395].

8. A group of engineering students test how much distributed force can a prototype shaft for prosthesis withstand. Find max. [Modified from James M. Gere, p.379].

9. A design group is testing a leg prosthesis as shown on the figure [Modified from Gere 2001, 388]. 6. A family owned company has been traditionally making luxurious wooden canes for generations. Nowadays, though, they have to make sure their product complies with certain design standards. One of their canes is tested to support a lateral impact of 10 kN at the bottom end when being grabbed. What would you recommend to be the minimum diameter for a cane measuring a meter tall? [Group L 2003].

10. Beam AB is subjected to two moments Mo. The bar is subjected to pure uniform bending. It has a length of 1.6 ft and a width of 0.12 in. The longitudinal normal strain on the bottom surface of the beam is 0.000125 and the distance from the bottom surface to the neutral surface is 0.06 in. Determine the radius of curvature and the curvature K [Modified from Gere 2001, 318].

7. A titanium hollow tube for a prosthetic leg receives a horizontally oriented 150 lb force. If the external diameter is 1.0, what is the maximum shear stress? [Group L 2003].

11. A plaque with screws is attached to the femur, subjected to a moment Mo=0.01 N-m in pure bending. The cross sectional area of the plaques is a rectangle of b=7.5 cm h=0.2 cm. Calculate the stress at the upper surface [Modified from Gere 2001, 318].

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Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

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12. A cane is subjected to a load P. It has a diameter of 2 in. Calculate the moment of inertia and the section modulus [Group L 2003].

15. What should be the minimum diameter of the bar to have an S of at least 0.15 in3? And with that S and a Maximum bending moment of 15 lb-in, what would be the Stress Maximum? [Modified from Gere 2001, 379].

13. In the prosthesis shown in the diagram, what would be the maximum stress? If we assume the maximum bending moment is 10 lb-in [Modified from Gere 2001, 379].

REFERENCES Allegro Medical Supplies Inc. 2003. Walkers/Canes/Crutches. AllegroMedical.com <http://www.allegromedical.com/walkers_canes_crutches/c rutches/> (Accessed 10.1.2003) Freeman, M.A.R. and Sawson, S.A.V. 1977. The Scientific Basis of Joint Replacement. New York. John Wiley & Sons. Gere, James M. 2001. 5th Ed.Mechanics of Materials. US. Brooks/Cole Thompson Learning. Hall, J., and Minoru Taya. 2000. Experimental and numerical predictions of the ultimate strength of a low-cost composite transtibial prosthesis. Department of Veterans Affairs. <http://www.vard.org/jour/00/37/4/hahl374.htm> (Accessed 9.12.2003) OIME. 2001b. Hand Modules. Orthopedic Industry Moscow Energy. <http://www.oime.ru/eng/upper_1.html> (Accessed 9.12.2003)

14. In the prosthesis shown in the diagram, what would be the maximum stress? If we assume the maximum bending moment is 10 lb-in [Modified from Gere 2001, 379].

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Applications of Engineering in Mechanics of Medicine, GED University of Puerto Rico, Mayagez

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