Chap.

5 Data Communication Interface

1. Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission

Synchronization:
Sender & receiver need to synchronize Different levels of sync
Clock sync: bit level Block sync: block or message level (character/word level)

Asynchronous Transmission
Bits are sent on a character-by-character basis Independent clocks at sender & receiver (but matching reasonably) Clock sync: receiver resyncs its clock every character Block sync: each character is bracketed by start & stop bits Advantage: simple & cheap, usable up to ~20 kbps Disadvantage: not very efficient
Odd,even, or unused 5 to 8 data bits P bit Remain idle or next start bit 1-2 bit times stop

Idle state of line Start bit 0 1

Character format

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0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 start 0 93 186 279 372 465 558 651 744

Effect of timing error

Synchronous Transmission
Sender & receiver have identical clocks
Separate clock line to carry clock signal from sender Self-clocking transmission scheme
Biphase encoding (e.g. Manchester) digital sig. Using carrier signal Analog sig.

Block sync:
Special preamble & postamble bit patterns used to indicate start/end of a block (frame)

8-bit flag

Control fields

Data field

Control 8-bit fields flag

Synchronous frame format

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2. Line Configurations
Topology
Physical arrangements of stations on a transmission medium Point-to-point & Multipoint

Full Duplex and Half Duplex

A A
Send and receive Only one way at a time B Send receive simultaneously

Half-duplex Full-Duplex

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3. Interfacing

Need a interface standard between DTE & DCE which specify in detail
mechanical electrical functional procedural interface

An example of physical layer protocol

Chap. 5 Data Communication Interface

V.24/EIA-232-E
Interface standard between DTE and DCE RS-232 was introduced in 1962 by EIA, and current version is EIA-232-E (5th version), and International version is ITU-T V.24
RS: Recommended Standard EIA: Electronics Industry Association ITU: International Telecommunications Union (which has superseded CCITT) ITU-T: ITU standard for Telecommunications

Originally for modem, but can be used with digital networks Official title for the standard is Interface between DTE and DCE employing serial binary data interchange Mechanical Specification
specifics of the connector, assignment of interchange circuits to pins, size, dimensions, etc. 25-pin connector (known as D-connector) since not all 25 pins are necessary, 9-pin Dconnectors are also available

Chap. 5 Data Communication Interface

Pin assignments Electrical Specification

NRZ-L
Binary 1 (or OFF): -3V ~ -15V, Binary 0 (or ON): +3V ~ +15V

For less than 20 kbps and 15 meters

Functional Specification
Functional specification of each interchange circuit, i.e., meaning of each circuit Circuits can be grouped into the categories of data,control, timing, and ground

Chap. 5 Data Communication Interface

for 9-pin connector

Chap. 5 Data Communication Interface

Loopback testing
Useful fault-isolating tool Local loopback & remote loopbck

Loopback circuit settings for V.24/EIA-232 Local loopback

Circuit Condition ON ON OFF ON Circuit DCE ready Local loopback Remote loopback Test mode

Remote loopback
Local Remote interface interface ON OFF ON ON OFF OFF OFF ON DCE ready Local loopback Remote loopback Test mode

Chap. 5 Data Communication Interface

Procedural Specification
Legal sequence of events for a particular application Example1: Asynchronous private line modem (limited-distance modem)
less than 2.5km apart

DTE Transmitting
Request DTE ready to send Transmit data to DCE time

DTE DCE
DCE ready Clear to send

DTE Receiving
DTE DCE
Set Received-line signal detector

Receive data time

Receive data from channel and send to DTE over Received data

Example 2: Modem over the telephone network

Need additional circuit: ring indicator

Chap. 5 Data Communication Interface

10

V.24/EIA-232 dial-up operation

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11

Null Modems
Allow two DTEs communicate directly (with no networks nor DCEs between them)

DTE

DTE