Ugcih nb Mnfthfts
_dtlk Rgck
Fhpyrdcjt Rgck
Nhrkwhro
Rrkngfk
DHMH@]DR
Gfmihwlkoc`kits
UNS] G + Dur`pd
RDB]G@H > + VDR]DSH DTS@UD
BANU]DS > + Gtnjy
BANU]DS 3 + Lrnhbd
BANU]DS 2 + Thgtdm Ighfm`k Dhfjnhm* Rb`tjnhm* Vnjds* nhm H`rtadrh Grdjnhm
BANU]DS = + Grdjnhm
BANU]DS 4 + Rpngh nhm U`rtufnj
BANU]DS < + Cdjfguk* Juxdkc`urf* nhm tad Hdtadrjnhms
BANU]DS 6 + Rwgtzdrjnhm nhm Jgdbatdhstdgh
RDB]G@H 3 + H@S]ADSH DTS@UD
BANU]DS 1 + Rwdmdh
BANU]DS 7 + Lghjnhm
BANU]DS >5 + H`rwny
BANU]DS >> + Mdhknri* Gbdjnhm* nhm Frddhjnhm
BANU]DS >3 + ]ad Cnjtgb Rtntds
RDB]G@H 2 + BDH]SNJ DTS@UD
BANU]DS >2 + Fdrknhy
BANU]DS >= + Nustrgn
BANU]DS >4 + Auhfnry
BANU]DS >< + Bzdba Sdpucjgb nhm Rj`vnign
BANU]DS >6 + U`jnhm
RDB]G@H = + DNR]DSH DTS@UD NHM ]AD BNTBNRTR
BANU]DS >1 + Sussgn
BANU]DS >7 + Tirnghd* K`jm`vn* nhm Cdjnrus
BANU]DS 35 + ]ad Bnubnsus
RDB]G@H 4 + R@T]ADNR]DSH DTS@UD
BANU]DS 3> + Frddbd
BANU]DS 33 + ]uridy
BANU]DS 32 + Byprus nhm Knjtn
BANU]DS 3= + ]ad L`rkdr Wuf`sjnvgn
BANU]DS 34 + Njcnhgn
BANU]DS 3< + Cujfnrgn
BANU]DS 36 + S`knhgn
B`hbjusg`h t` Unrt G
UNS] GG + ]ad Nkdrgbns
RDB]G@H < + H@S]A NKDSGBN
BANU]DS 31 + ]ad Thgtdm Rtntds
BANU]DS 37 + Bnhnmn
RDB]G@H 6 + KDQGB@* ]AD BNSGCCDNH* NHM BDH]SNJ NKDSGBN
BANU]DS 25 + Kdxgb`
BANU]DS 2> + ]ad Bnrgccdnh
BANU]DS 23 + Bdhtrnj Nkdrgbn
RDB]G@H 1 + R@T]A NKDSGBN
BANU]DS 22 + ]ad H`h+Gcdrgnh B`nst
BANU]DS 2= + Crnzgj
BANU]DS 24 + ]ad Nhmdnh B`uhtrgds
BANU]DS 2< + ]ad R`utadrh B`hd
B`hbjusg`h t` Unrt GG
J``ighf Nadnm
Nurtjkr Ukgodic hi Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi ey Ukcdhi
Rjhth Frkodts
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]ad pdrspdbtgvd `l Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi di Kurhpk gio tjk G`krdfgs gs wdjj sugtdm l`r gts tnsi cdbnusd gts prghbgpnj nuta`r O`ah A( Rtuccs gs nh nbtgvd nhm nbb`kpjgsadm prnbtgtg`hdr gh tad lgdjm* trnghdm wgta ghstgtutg`hnj pdrspdbtgvds `l GBBS@K‗s nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h b`ursd nhm B`jukcgn Thgvdrsgty‗s prdstgfg`us frnmuntd pr`frnk gh agst`rgb prsdrvntg`h tant ad nttdhmdm nhm wadrd ad ans tnufat l`r knhy ydnrs( Mr( Dkgjy F( KninŮ* pr`ldss`r `l nrbagtdbturnj nhm urcnh agst`ry nt Thgvdrsgty `l H`rta Bnr`jghn nt Banrj`ttd nhm nh dxpdrt `h bujturnj adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h gh s`utadnstdrh Dur`pd* sdrvds ns nh dxbdjjdht b`kpjdkdht t` Rtuccs adrd ns ags b`nuta`r( Nmmghf t` tadgr drumgtg`h nrd tad v`gbds `l sdvdrnj b`jjnc`rnt`rs wa` anvd b`htrgcutdm sgfhdm spdbgnjty dssnys tar`ufa`ut tad c``i( Knhy `l tadsd pnrtgbgpnhts nrd mgstghfugsadm lgfurds gh tad lgdjm t`mny(
Ns `hd wa` ans knghjy sdrvdm tad lgdjm gh nmkghgstrntgvd bnpnbgtgds gh sdvdrnj r`jds nt THDRB@* ghbjumghf ns Mgrdbt`r `l tad V`rjm Adrgtnfd Bdhtdr* nhm burrdhtjy ns Mgrdbt`r Fdhdrnj `l GBBS@K* G nk pnrtgbujnrjy pjdnsdm t` sdd tant tad nuta`rs anvd lngrjy rdprdsdhtdm tad brubgnj r`jds `l tadsd ghstgtutg`hs nhm `tadrs* suba ns GB@K@R* ns nk`hf tad idy ghljudhbds gh nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h `vdr tad pnst anjl bdhtury( Ghmddm tad dmubntg`hnj ngks `l tadsd ghstgtutg`hs nrd wdjj rdljdbtdm gh tad prdsdht c``i( Gh tadgr cr`nm vgdw `l tad sucodbt wadrd tad nuta`rs mgsbuss h`t oust want ans anppdhdm cut njs` way Rtuccs nhm KninŮ anvd f`hd cdy`hm mdsbrgcghf want nhy `l tad nc`vd+kdhtg`hdm ghstgtutg`hs* nhm dvdh ags `wh”tad V`rjm K`hukdhts Luhm”b`ujm* mud t` tad jgkgtntg`hs `l tadgr purvgdws(
G lgrst kdt O`ah Rtuccs gh rdjntg`h t` ags dxtdhsgvd w`ri nt Nhfi`r gh Bnkc`mgn `h cdanjl `l tad V`rjm K`hukdhts Luhm( Ags cdghf nt tad bdhtdr `l k`st `l VKL‗s knhy gkprdssgvd ghgtgntgvds l`r `vdr tw` mdbnmds ans fgvdh agk n rnrd* gl h`t uhgqud* dxpdrgdhbd( VKL‗s jdnmdrsagp nk`hf ghtdrhntg`hnj prgvntd h`t+l`r+pr`lgt `rfnhgzntg`hs gh nmv`bntghf l`r nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h nhm dhfnfghf tad prgvntd sdbt`r gh supp`rtghf nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h gs uhpnrnjjdjdm( Crghfghf n pr`mubtg`h+`rgdhtdm nppr`nba t` VKL lr`k w`ri gh tad b`rp`rntd w`rjm `l nrbagtdbturnj prnbtgbd gh Hdw W`ri Bgty* gt gs ags prnbtgbnj lgdjm dxpdrgdhbd tant knids tad `csdrvntg`hs `l tags c``i s` spdbgnj( Ghmddm* gt gs sntgslyghf t` sdd adrd a`w tad systdk `l tad pucjgb nhm prgvntd* nhm tad l`r+pr`lgt nhm h`t l`r pr`lgt sdbt`rs* anvd njj l`uhm hgbads gh nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd tant nmm t` gt cdghf tad r`cust nhm trujy fj`cnj b`hbdrh tant gt gs t`mny( ]ad s`jutg`hs t` b`hsdrvntg`h pr`cjdks t`mny tant nrd bgtdm gh tags c``i nrd c`ta sdhsgcjd nhm usdluj* nhm tad pr`fh`sgs l`r tad luturd gt suffdsts nrd pnrtgbujnrjy str`hf(
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K@THGS C@TBADHNIG
Mgrdbt`r Fdhdrnj* Ghtdrhntg`hnj Bdhtrd l`r tad Rtumy `l tad
Urdsdrvntg`h nhm Sdst`rntg`h `l Bujturnj Ur`pdrty !GBBS@K'
Rrhmfch
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Mgsbussghf mdvdj`pkdhts gh c`ta Dur`pd nhm tad Nkdrgbns t`fdtadr gh tags c``i gs pnrtjy n prnbtgbnj knttdr? tad nuta`rs nhm pucjgsadr wnht t` pr`mubd tags fj`cnj sdrgds gh ns ldw v`jukds ns p`ssgcjd* nssukghf tant nh nmmgtg`hnj c``i nmmrdssghf Nsgn* Nlrgbn* @bdnhgn* nhm tad U`jnr Sdfg`hs wgjj l`jj`w( K`rd gkp`rtnhtjy* tad mgsbussg`h `l Dur`pd nhm tad Nkdrgbns t`fdtadr rdspdbts bdrtngh agst`rgbnj nhm fd`p`jgtgbnj rdnjgtgds( @l tad vnrg`us b`htghdhts `l tad w`rjm* tad agst`rgds nhm bujturds `l Dur`pd nhm tad Nkdrgbns anvd cddh jghidm sghbd tad Nfd `l Dxpj`rntg`h gh tad dnrjy sgxtddhta bdhtury( Vgta tad sprdnm `l bujturd* ghbjumghf jnhfunfds nhm rdjgfg`h* lr`k `hd b`htghdht t` tad `tadrs* bnkd tad trnhskgssg`h `l nrt* nrbagtdbturnj nhm urcnh trnmgtg`hs cdtwddh tad @jm nhm Hdw V`rjms( Adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd ans cddh n pnrt `l tags ghtdrb`htghdhtnj trnhsldr nhm trnhskutntg`h(
]`mny* pr`ldssg`hnjs gh c`ta Dur`pd nhm tad Nkdrgbns nrd lnbdm cy knhy `l tad snkd banjjdhfds nhm usd knhy `l tad snkd t``js nhm tdbahgquds `h cdanjl `l nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd( @h c`ta sgmds `l tad Ntjnhtgb* tad sb`pd `l bujturnj adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h ans dxpnhmdm t` ghbjumd ghtnhfgcjd adrgtnfd ns wdjj ns survgvghf nrtglnbts* nbbdss t` sgtds ans cddh rnmgbnjjy gkpr`vdm* mdvdj`pkdhts gh ghstnht fj`cnj b`kkuhgbntg`hs anvd lnbgjgtntdm ghl`rkntg`h sanrghf* ghbjumghf Vdc+cnsdm djdbtr`hgb ngms t` sgtd ghtdrprdtntg`h* nhm m`bukdhtntg`h strntdfgds nhm st`rnfd systdks anvd gkpr`vdm trdkdhm`usjy( Ns n rdsujt* nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h pr`tdbtg`h t`mny gh Dur`pd nhm tad Nkdrgbns rdjgds adnvgjy `h nh djdbtr`hgb nhm ghstgtutg`hnj hdtw`ri nhm tadrd ans cddh sgfhglgbnht k`vdkdht t`wnrms ghstgtutg`hnjgzdm pnh+Dur`pdnh* nhm t` n jdssdr dxtdht* pnh+Nkdrgbnh adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h pr`frnks nhm l`ruks( ]ad prghbgpnj ghtdrdsts `l tad lgdjm gh c`ta Dur`pd nhm tad Nkdrgbns anvd njs` dv`jvdm gh rdbdht ydnrs t` h`tgbdncjy ghbjumd b`hbdrhs l`r dhdrfy b`hsdrvntg`h”c`ta gh cugjmghf nhdw nhm rdancgjgtntghf ‚frddh*‛ ns wdjj ns `h sustnghncjd adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h gh fdhdrnj( Crgtgsa nrbagtdbt nhm pjnhhdr Mdhhgs S`mwdjj ans rgfatjy bnjjdm tadsd tw` tadkds ‚tad mdlghghf gssuds `l `ur tgkd(‛
Chofd Knehrf< Uah Murrhfmy nb Mnfshrvgtonf
Nrgim @gtkrh
Gl tadrd dvdr wns n k`kdht wadh adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h anm s`kdtaghf t` b`htrgcutd t` tad burrdht knjngsd `l s`bgnj nhm p`jgtgbnj strgld* db`h`kgb rdbdssg`h* nhm dhvgr`hkdhtnj mdstrubtg`h* gt gs h`w( @h tad surlnbd b`hsdrvntg`h gs b`hbdrhdm wgta tad pr`tdbtg`h `l agst`rgb nhm nrtgstgb w`ris lr`k j`ss nhm mnknfd s` tady bnh b`htghud t` ghspgrd* t` nmk`hgsa !lr`k tad Jntgh* `hikrk, tad r``t l`r k`hukdht' `r sgkpjy t` pr`vgmd tad snkd `r mglldrdht usds gh tad prdsdht( Vd nmv`bntd l`r b`hsdrvntg`h cdbnusd `codbts nhm pjnbds a`jm gkp`rtnht ghl`rkntg`h* nss`bgntg`hs* nhm kdnhghf9 cdbnusd tady dkc`my s`bgnj nhm bujturnj kdk`ry wagba* gl j`st* w`ujm knid tad w`rjm jdss uhmdrstnhmncjd(
B`hsgmdr rdbdht w`rjm dvdhts? tad mdstrubtg`h `l tad Cnknynh cummans* tad K`stnr crgmfd* dvdh tad V`rjm ]rnmd ]`wdrs+njj p`tdht bujturnj sykc`js wa`sd tnrfdtdm j`ss snys k`rd nc`ut tad p`wdr nhm sgfhglgbnhbd `l tadsd pjnbds tanh tadgr dxgstdhbd dvdr mgm( B`hsgmdr tad burrdht mgjdkkn `l gl nhm a`w t` rdcugjm tad vdrhnbujnr hdgfac`ra``ms `l Hdw @rjdnhs `r tad Angtgnh bnpgtnj `l U`rt nu Urghbd gh tad nltdrknta `l tad 35>5 dnrtaqunid* `r tad aufd mdcntd `vdr tad mdstrubtg`h `l 3 B`jukcus Bgrbjd l`r tad Kusduk `l Mdsgfh gh Hdw W`ri Bgty9 n mdcntd wagba ans bnusdm n sdrg`us rdb`hsgmdrntg`h `l a`w wd vgdw nhm mdlghd p`st wnr k`mdrhgsk nhm a`w wd wgjj pnss `h tant jdfnby( Njj tadsd dxnkpjds dhfnfd gh tad padh`kdh`h `l j`ss `r rdtdhtg`h `l bujturnj adrgtnfd nhm gts gkpjgbntg`hs(
L`r tad fdhdrnj pucjgb* adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h gs luhmnkdhtnjjy nc`ut tad pnst( J`hf stnhmghf nttgtumds a`jm tant trud pr`frdss gs nc`ut tad hdw nhm tad `hjy rdnj brdntgvgty gs tant wagba pr`mubds s`kdtaghf h`vdj( ]ant wagba gs dxgstghf `r `jm gs lnr lr`k tad hdw nhm tadrdl`rd h`t pnrt `l rdnj pr`frdss `r pr`frdssgvd s`jutg`hs( @l b`ursd tags gs uhtrud( B`hsdrvntg`h gs c`ta brdntgvd nhm k`mdrh( Gh t`mny‗s bjgkntd gt gs gh lnbt sucvdrsgvd gh gts ghtdrdst gh kdhmghf tad ljnwdm rntadr tanh gh mgsbnrmghf nhm stnrtghf nhdw( Ns Djgzncdta Rpdjknh ans nptjy `csdrvdm* tad bnpnbgty `l pr`ldssg`hnjs t` rdpngr taghfs bnh sbnrbdjy cd vnjudm gh nhy s`bgdty wa`sd db`h`ky gs cnsdm `h tad pr`mubtg`h `l nhm tad mdsgrd l`r tad hdw( Sdpngr gs nt `mms wgta tad gkpdrntgvd `l n bnpgtnjgst s`bgdty(3
]` crghf t`fdtadr tad pnst nhm prdsdht cy taghighf nhm nbtghf gh wnys mglldrdht lr`k tad `rgfghnj pr`bdssds tant brdntd hdw w`ris* nhm t` l`rfd n hdw nppr`nba tant gs sdhsgtgvd t` njj b`htdxts nrd tad vdry f`njs `l b`hsdrvntg`h(
Ns nh nbt `l ghtdrvdhtg`h b`hsdrvntg`h sddis t` kdmgntd nhm gh tant kdmgntg`h gt gs brdntgvd( B`hsdrvntg`h p`ssdssds n uhgqudjy ghtdfrntdm sdt `l ih`wjdmfd nhm sigjjs mrnwh lr`k tad sbgdhbds nhm tad auknhgtgds nhm cnsdm `h n vnjuds mrgvdh k`mdj(2 Gts b`hbdrhs nhm kdta`ms `l nhnjysgs* ghtdrvdhtg`h* nhm dspdbgnjjy prdvdhtg`h nrd pnrt `l tad mdlghgtg`h `l sustgdigedldty nhm gt ans kuba t` `lldr njj pr`ldssg`hnjs nhm tad pucjgb gh tad nsbdhmnhby `l tant b`hbdpt( Vagjd b`hsdrvntg`h ans knturdm gh rdsp`hsd t` jnrfdr s`bgnj nhm dhvgr`hkdhtnj b`hbdrhs* gt ans lnr t` f` gh k`st b`uhtrgds t` mddpjy ghljudhbd j`bnj nhm fj`cnj mdvdj`pkdht(
Rghbd tad >765s sustnghncgjgty ans dv`jvdm ns n sgfhglgbnht k`md `l ta`ufat gh hdnrjy dvdry lgdjm `l auknh ghtdjjdbtunj nbtgvgty( Vgta gts `rgfghs gh tad hnturd b`hsdrvntg`h k`vdkdht gh tad dnrjy twdhtgdta bdhtury* sustnghncgjgty nhm sustnghncjd mdvdj`pkdht nrd nc`ut lghmghf wnys t` mdsgfh* pjnh* nhm knhnfd tant njj`w dssdhtgnj `r mdsgrncjd rds`urbds t` cd rdhdwdm lnstdr tanh tady nrd mdstr`ydm( Gh mdsgfh nhm tad cugjmghf ghmustry* sustnghncgjgty ans cdb`kd syh`hyk`us wgta ‚frddh nrbagtdbturd‛ `r hdw cugjmghfs mdsgfhdm wgta adnjtay w`ri dhvgr`hkdhts* dhdrfy b`hsdrvghf systdks* nhm dhvgr`hkdhtnjjy sdhsgtgvd kntdrgnjs( @hjy rdbdhtjy* adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h ans cddh rdb`fhgzdm ns n b`hbdpt b`kpntgcjd wgta tad `codbtgvds `l sustnghncgjgty* dkdrfghf ns n brgtgbnj b`kp`hdht `l ghtdrhntg`hnj mdvdj`pkdht strntdfgds h`w cdghf nmv`bntdm cy s`kd j`bnj nhm ghtdrhntg`hnj f`vdrhkdht nhm h`h+f`vdrhkdht nfdhbgds(
Thjgid tad bnsd l`r hnturnj rds`urbds* sustnghncgjgty l`r tad cugjt dhvgr`hkdht mglldrs gh tant agst`rgb rds`urbds bnhh`t cd paysgbnjjy rdfdhdrntdm* `hjy rdtnghdm* k`mglgdm* `r j`st(= 4 Ghstdnm sustnghncgjgty gh tags b`htdxt kdnhs dhsurghf tad b`htghughf b`htrgcutg`h adrgtnfd bnh knid t` tad prdsdht tar`ufa tad ta`ufatluj knhnfdkdht `l banhfd rdsp`hsgvd t` tad agst`rgb dhvgr`hkdht( Rustnghncgjgty dkpansgzds tad hddm l`r n j`hf+tdrk vgdw( Gl b`hsdrvntg`h gs t` mdvdj`p ns n vgncjd strntdfy l`r rdmdvdj`pkdht* tad jnrfdr db`h`kgb nhm s`bgnj mgkdhsg`hs hddm t` cd nmmrdssdm* wagjd nt tad j`bnj jdvdj* b`kkuhgty ghv`jvdkdht gs bdhtrnj t` sustnghghf b`hsdrvntg`h ghgtgntgvds( Gh tags bnsd* sustnghncgjgty kdnhs nh ghvdstkdht gh b`hsdrvghf auknh ih`wjdmfd ns kuba ns agst`rgb cugjmghfs( Sdb`hbgjghf b`hsdrvntg`h nhm mdvdj`pkdht gs n prdrdqugsgtd l`r nbagdvghf gkpr`vdkdhts gh tad qunjgty `l jgld gh dhvgr`hkdhtnjjy nhm bujturnjjy sdhsgtgvd pjnbds( Cy sagltghf tad l`bus `h pdrbdptg`h nhm vnjuntg`h* b`hsdrvntg`h cdb`kds n myhnkgb pr`bdss ghv`jvghf pucjgb pnrtgbgpntg`h* mgnj`fud* nhm b`hsdhsus* nhm ujtgkntdjy cdttdr stdwnrmsagp( Gt bnjjs l`r tad rdtdhtg`h nhm rdghl`rbdkdht !gl hdbdssnry' `l adnjtay dxgstghf s`bgnj* bujturnj* nhm db`h`kgb luhbtg`hs nhm tad ghtr`mubtg`h `l hdw usds ns hdbdssnry gh `rmdr t` fdhdrntd ghb`kd l`r tad j`bnj b`kkuhgty( Gt rdqugrds tad gkpr`vdkdht `l sdrvgbds nhm pucjgb `pdh spnbds* b`kkuhgty‒supp`rtdm rdancgjgtntg`h `l agst`rgb a`usghf nhm `pdh spnbds* dkpj`ykdht `pp`rtuhgtgds* nhm pr`k`tg`h `l j`bnj ih`wjdmfd nhm brnlt(
Gl sustnghncgjgty ujtgkntdjy kdnhs jdnrhghf t` taghi nhm nbt gh tdrks `l ghtdrrdjntdm systdks* tadh adrgtnfd wgta gts uhgqud vnjuds nhm dxpdrgdhbds kust cd b`htdxtunjgzdm nhm ghtdfrntdm wgta tad hdw( Gh tad trnhsl`rkntg`h `l `ur paysgbnj dhvgr`hkdht* want rdjntg`hsagps sa`ujm dxgst cdtwddh banhfd nhm b`htghugty* cdtwddh tad `jm nhm tad hdw0 Nrd k`mdrhgty nhm trnmgtg`h trujy `pp`sgtg`hnj0 @hjy wadh agst`ry gs rgfatjy vgdwdm ns n pnrt `l tant b`htghu`us banhfd* bnh wd spdni `l nh ghtdfrntdm nhm sustnghncjd cugjt dhvgr`hkdht nhm b`hsdrvntg`h ns nh nppr`prgntd k`mdrh rdsp`hsd t` tags burrdht mgjdkkn(
Vagjd Dur`pd nhm tad Nkdrgbns sanrd nlljudhbd* cdjgdls nhm s`bgnj nkcgtg`hs ns wdjj ns jdfnj cnsds l`r b`kk`hnjgtgds `l nppr`nbads t`wnrm adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h* tadrd nrd bdrtnghjy sgfhglgbnht mglldrdhbds gh tad agst`rgds* mdvdj`pkdhts nhm burrdht gssuds nk`hf tad b`uhtrgds `l tadsd b`htghdhts( Knhy `l tad mdvdj`pghf b`uhtrgds `l Dnstdrh Dur`pd* R`uta Nkdrgbn nhm tad Bnrgccdnh anvd h`t anm tad snkd nbbdss t` lghnhbgnj rds`urbds* trnghghf nhm ghl`rkntg`h nc`ut b`hsdrvntg`h ns ta`sd `l H`rta Nkdrgbn nhm Vdstdrh nhm H`rtadrh Dur`pd( Gh s`kd bnsds tad vnryghf l`bg `l b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbds nk`hf tad @jm nhm Hdw V`rjm anvd njs` cddh tad`rdtgbnj( ]adsd mglldrdhbds stdk cnbi t` tad knighf `l tad \dhgbd Banrtdr `l >7<=* nppr`vdm `hjy tnbgtjy cy mdjdfntds lr`k tad Thgtdm Rtntds nhm tad Thgtdm Ighfm`k cdbnusd `l n pdrbdgvdm b`htghdhtnj Dur`pdnh cgns t`wnrms k`hukdhts tant mgm h`t tnid lujjy ght` nbb`uht s`kd `l tad jdss k`hukdhtnj adrgtnfd l`uhm gh njj b`uhtrgds* `r tad vdrhnbujnr nhm k`st ghmgfdh`us adrgtnfd `l tad Hdw V`rjm(> Rghbd tant tgkd* tad adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h dll`rts `l tad y`uhfdr b`uhtrgds `l tad Thgtdm Rtntds nhm Bnhnmn !nhm Nustrnjgn' anvd jdm tad qudst l`r k`rd rdprdsdhtntgvd strntdfgds l`r tadgr b`uhtrgds( ]ad rdsujt gs tant tad adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h knhnfdkdht systdks `l H`rta Nkdrgbn nhm Dur`pd* wadh vgdwdm ns n b`kcghdm dxpdrgdhbd nhm bnpnbgty* b`vdr k`st njj tad gssuds nhm nrd cy nhy kdnsurd gkprdssgvd gh tadgr r`custhdss nhm ghljudhbd(
Knhy Dur`pdnh nhm Nkdrgbnh b`uhtrgds anvd sanrdm gmdns nc`ut nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h tar`ufa lrdqudht nssgstnhbd t` tad rdst `l tad w`rjm( Lr`k dxdkpjnry pr`odbts nt Ncu Rgkcdj nhm Hucgn* Dfypt gh tad >7<5s t` C`r`cumur* Ghm`hdsgn gh tad >765s t` Nhfi`r Vnt gh Bnkc`mgn sghbd tad >775s”kno`r sgtds `l w`rjm nrbagtdbturnj sgfhglgbnhbd anvd cddh prdsdrvdm wgta tad nssgstnhbd `l Dur`pdnh nhm Nkdrgbnh+cnsdm ghstgtutg`hs( ]ar`ufa tadsd pr`odbts trnghghf `pp`rtuhgtgds nhm ghl`rkntg`h nc`ut cdst b`htdkp`rnry b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbds anvd cddh mgssdkghntdm fj`cnjjy( Ns suba* tad jdnmghf nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h `rfnhgzntg`hs* trnghghf ghstgtutg`hs* sdvdrnj f`vdrhkdhts* nhm vnrg`us prnbtgtg`hdrs gh Dur`pd nhm tad Nkdrgbns anvd pjnydm n bdhtrnj r`jd gh tad ghtdrhntg`hnjgzntg`h `l adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd s` subbdsslujjy gh tad pnst anjl bdhtury tant t`mny tad wa`jd w`rjm gs dhfnfdm gh tad nbtgvgty( ]a`ufa s`kd gkcnjnhbds gh `rfnhgzdm adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h dxgst cdtwddh Dur`pd nhm tad Nkdrgbns nhm tad rdst `l tad w`rjm”nhm s`kd gkcnjnhbds dxgst wgtagh tad b`htghdhts `l Dur`pd nhm tad Nkdrgbns tadksdjvds”tadsd fnps anvd cddh bj`sghf wgta dnba pnssghf ydnr( Bdrtngh db`h`kgb nhm tdbahgbnj nmvnhtnfds gh s`kd mdvdj`pghf b`uhtrgds anvd dvdh mgstghfugsadm b`hsdrvntg`h dll`rts gh ta`sd pjnbds( Dspdbgnjjy gh rdbdht mdbnmds* Nustrnjgn* Hdw _dnjnhm* Ghmgn nhm Onpnh anvd dkdrfdm ns jdnmdrs gh Nsgn nhm tad Unbglgb wagjd gkprdssgvd pr`frdss ans njs` cddh wgthdssdm gh Baghn* R`uta Nlrgbn* O`rmnh nhm `tadr b`uhtrgds gh Vdstdrh Nsgn(
]adrd nrd bdrtnghjy banjjdhfds t` prdsdhtghf Dur`pd nhm tad Nkdrgbns t`fdtadr nhm sdpnrntdm lr`k tad rdst `l tad w`rjm ns gs m`hd adrd( ]ags `rfnhgzntg`h knids br`ss rdldrdhbghf k`rd mgllgbujt* dspdbgnjjy rdfnrmghf tad nbtgvgtgds `l Dur`pdnh nhm Nkdrgbnh f`vdrhkdhtnj nhm h`h+f`vdrhkdhtnj `rfnhgzntg`hs ncr`nm ns wdjj ns `l ta`sd banrtdrs nhm gmdns fdhdrntdm gh tad rdst `l tad w`rjm tant anvd sghbd anm nh gkpnbt `h Dur`pdnh nhm Nkdrgbnh b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd nhm vgbd vdrsn(
Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi di Kurhpk gio tjk G`krdfgs gs `rfnhgzdm ns n sdrgds `l b`uhtry pr`lgjds dxnkghghf idy gssuds* pnrtgbgpnhts* sgtds nhm mdvdj`pkdhts gh tad nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbds gh tad sucodbt b`uhtrgds( ]ad c``is tw` pnrts l`bus lgrst `h Dur`pd nhm tadh `h tad Nkdrgbns* nhm wgtagh tadsd pnrts tad mgsbussg`h gs mgvgmdm ght` sdbtg`hs tant fr`up b`uhtrgds t`fdtadr cy rdfg`h cnsdm `h fd`frnpagbnj* agst`rgbnj* bujturnj* nhm jghfugstgb tgds( Unrt G ghbjumds lgvd sdbtg`hs? Vdstdrh Dur`pd* H`rtadrh Dur`pd* Bdhtrnj Dur`pd* Dnstdrh Dur`pd nhm tad Bnubnsus* nhm R`utadnstdrh Dur`pd( Unrt GG ghbjumds tardd sdbtg`hs tant l`bus `h H`rta Nkdrgbn* tadh `h Kdxgb`* tad Bnrgccdnh nhm Bdhtrnj Nkdrgbn* nhm lghnjjy `h R`uta Nkdrgbn(
]ags burrdht c``i gs prdbdmdm cy* cut gs h`t hdbdssnrgjy mdpdhmdht `h* n l`rdruhhdr v`jukd cy O`ah A( Rtuccs* _d`k Jhihrko1 G Clhegl ^dkw hn Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi !Vgjdy* 3557'( ]ant dnrjgdr c``i dhmdnv`rdm t` k`rd fdhdrnjjy p`rtrny b`htdkp`rnry prnbtgbd gh nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h* ghbjumghf gts rntg`hnjd* strubturd* dnrjy agst`ry* prghbgpjds nhm prnbtgbds* nhm jgidjy luturd mgrdbtg`hs( _d`k Jhihrko ghtr`mubdm knhy `l tad tadkds* tdrks* jdfnj ghstrukdhts* nhm tad wants* ways* wa`s* nhm a`ws `l nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h tant nrd dxpj`rdm gh l`busdm b`uhtry+spdbglgb nhm spdbgnjty dssnys gh Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi di Kurhpk gio tjk G`krdfgs) ]a`ufa c`ta c``is nrd mdsgfhdm t` cd rdnm ghmdpdhmdhtjy `l `hd nh`tadr* rdnmdrs sddighf tad cr`nmdr pgbturd nhm b`htdxtunj lrnkdw`ri l`r tad p`rtrnynjs `l b`htdkp`rnry prnbtgbd mgsbussdm adrdgh wgjj lghm _d`k Jhihrko n usdluj b`kpnhg`h( ]w` `l l`ur Nppdhmgbds wgtagh _d`k Jhihrko* n fj`ssnry `l tad lgdjm‗s h`kdhbjnturd nhm jgsts `l ghtdrhntg`hnj rds`urbds* sa`ujm pr`vd dspdbgnjjy adjpluj gh rdjntg`h t` tags c``i( ]ad jnrfdr rdsdnrba ghgtgntgvd dhb`kpnssghf tags c``i* gts prdmdbdss`r* nhm gts pr`cncjd subbdss`r gs mdsbrgcdm `h n b`kpnhg`h wdcsgtd l`uhm nt attp?//b`hsdrvdcugjtw`rjm(b`k(
Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi di Kurhpk gio tjk G`krdfgs pr`vgmds tad mdtngjdm b`uhtry cy b`uhtry dxnkghntg`h `l tad k`vdkdht hdbdssnry t` spdni fj`cnjjy nhm fdhdrnjjy nc`ut tad lgdjm( Gt bnh cd rdnm gh gts dhtgrdty* `lldrghf n b`kprdadhsgvd sb`pd t` ta`sd sddighf n b`kpnrntgvd uhmdrstnhmghf `l nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h `r n cr`nm `vdrvgdw `l fj`cnj prnbtgbds rgba wgta spdbglgb dxnkpjds( Gt bnh njs` cd usdm ns n rdldrdhbd* s` tant ta`sd sddighf ghl`rkntg`h nc`ut mdvdj`pkdhts gh n bdrtngh b`uhtry `r rdfg`h kny qugbijy nbbdss n ta`r`ufa `vdrvgdw `l tant ghl`rkntg`h wgta mgrdbtg`hs l`r lurtadr rdnmghf nhm `hjghd rds`urbds l`r nmmgtg`hnj rdsdnrba( Gkp`rtnhtjy* tags c``i bnh njs` cd stumgdm ns n s`urbd `l s`jutg`hs l`r dlldbtgvd nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd knhnfdkdht(
]ags c``i‗s b`htdht rdprdsdhts tad vgdws `l gts nuta`rs ns rdsdnrbadrs nhm prnbtgtg`hdrs gh tad lgdjm `l adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h* nhm m`ds h`t hdbdssnrgjy rdljdbt tad p`sgtg`hs nhm `pghg`hs `l tad `rfnhgzntg`hs wgta wagba tady nrd nllgjgntdm( Ns suba tad nuta`rs nrd rdsp`hsgcjd l`r gts b`htdht(
]ags c``i gs h`t tad `hjy rdbdht pucjgbntg`h t` tnid nh ghtdrhntg`hnj vgdw `l nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h* cut tad dkpansgs* sb`pd* nhm b`htdkp`rnry hnturd `l Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi di Kurhpk gio tjk G`krdfgs vnrgds lr`k tad `tadr k`st sgfhglgbnht `l tadsd stumgds nhm b`kpdhmgn( L`r dxnkpjd* gh tad >715s Onkds Knrst`h Lgtba‗s Jdsthrdf Rrkskrvgtdhi1 Furgthrdgl @gigck`kit hn tjk Eudlt Shrlo t``i n tadkntgbnjjy cr`nm nhm fj`cnj vgdw `l tad lgdjm‗s idy lnbdts* nhm uhmdr tad nuspgbds `l TR GB@K@R* S`cdrt Rtgpd dmgtdm n sdrgds `l c`uhm rdp`rts `h Jdsthrdf Rrkskrvgtdhi di Nhrkdci Fhuitrdks tant `lldrdm mdtngjdm pr`lgjds `l mdvdj`pkdhts gh sdvdrnj Dur`pdnh b`uhtrgds murghf tad pdrg`m cdl`rd >775(< Kuba ans anppdhdm sghbd tadsd sdkghnj stumgds wdrd uhmdrtnidh* a`wdvdr( K`rd rdbdhtjy Fg`rfg` Br`bg‗s _jk Fhiskrvgtdhi gio Vtrufturgl Uksthrgtdhi hn Grfjdtkfturgl Jkrdtgck nhm Cdrhnrm Ldgjmdh‗s Fhiskrvgtdhi hn Jdsthrdf Eudlodics prgknrgjy nmmrdss tdbahgqud nhm kntdrgnjs sbgdhbd( Ouiin O`igjdat`‗s Jdsthry hn Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi pr`vgmds n l`uhmntg`hnj p`rtrnynj `l tad agst`ry `l tad lgdjm nhm tad b`htrgcutg`hs `l idy ghmgvgmunjs prgknrgjy gh Dur`pd up uhtgj V`rjm Vnr GG(6 Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi di Kurhpk gio tjk G`krdfgs nmmrdssds tadsd t`pgbs nhm `tadrs `ltdh gh jdss mdtngj* cut b`htdxtunjgzds tadk wgtagh b`htdkp`rnry prnbtgbd ns wdjj ns cr`nmdhs tad fd`frnpagb sb`pd t` ghbjumd mdvdj`pkdhts gh dvdry b`uhtry gh tadsd tardd b`htghdhts(
]ad gkprdssgvd >>+v`jukd tadkntgbnjjy+`rfnhgzdm b`kpdhmguk _rgttgth od Ukstgurh Grfjdtktthidfh !]rdntgsd `h Nrbagtdbturnj Sdst`rntg`h'* b``rmghntdm nhm mgrdbtdm cy Fg`vnhhg Bnrc`hnrn `vdr tad b`ursd `l tad pnst mdbnmd nhm n anjl* gs b`kprdadhsgvd gh gts sb`pd nhm ghbjumds wrgtghfs cy mglldrdht dxpdrts(1 Unrtgbujnrjy gh v`jukd hghd* wagba mgsbussds ghtdrhntg`hnj prnbtgbd gh vnrg`us b`uhtrgds nhm rdfg`hs* gts nppr`nba sddks sgkgjnr t` Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi di Kurhpk gio tjk G`krdfgs, ta`ufa gts b`kpdhmguk+jgid strubturd* gts `vdrnjj jdhfta nhm pucjgbntg`h gh Gtnjgnh knid gt jdss nbbdssgcjd t` knhy prnbtgtg`hdrs nhm stumdhts gh tad lgdjm t`mny(
B`uhtry pr`lgjds l`busdm `h jdfgsjntgvd nhm nmkghgstrntgvd lrnkdw`ris* n b`kp`hdht `l Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi di Kurhpk gio tjk G`krdfgs* anvd njs` prdvg`usjy cddh pucjgsadm cy `tadrs ns wdjj ns knmd nvngjncjd `hjghd( L`r tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* S`cdrt Ugbinrm ans cr`ufat t`fdtadr hntg`hnj dxpdrts t` b`htrgcutd t` n hukcdr `l dmgtdm c``is mdmgbntdm t` tags tadkd* cdfghhghf wgta Rhldfy gio Lgw di Jkrdtgck Fhiskrvgtdhi nhm tad tw`+v`jukd Kurhpkgi Fulturgl Jkrdtgck, wagba dxnkghd rdprdsdhtntgvd b`uhtrgds lr`k tar`ufa`ut Dur`pd9 tadsd wdrd l`jj`wdm gh 3551 cy tardd nmmgtg`hnj c``is l`busdm spdbglgbnjjy `h R`utadnstdrh Dur`pd(7 ]ad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd gs njs` tad sp`hs`r `l tw` `hjghd dll`rts t` b`kpgjd sgkgjnr b`uhtry pr`lgjds* ghbjumghf tad Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Hdtw`ri wdcsgtd* wagba l`busds spdbglgbnjjy `h adrgtnfd knhnfdkdht p`jgbgds* nhm tad B`kpdhmguk `l Bujturnj U`jgbgds gh Dur`pd* wagba mgsbussds adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h gh jgfat `l pnh+Dur`pdnh nkcgtg`hs nhm cr`nmdr bujturnj p`jgbgds(>5 C`ta `l tadsd sgtds ngk t` b`kprdadhsgvdjy b`vdr njj `l Dur`pd !tad l`rkdr ghbjumds tagrty b`uhtry pr`lgjds nhm tad jnttdr l`rty+`hd t` mntd' nhm nrd pdrg`mgbnjjy upmntdm(
K`st `l tadsd pucjgbntg`hs nhm wdcsgtds nrd l`busdm `h Dur`pd* wagjd sgkgjnr b`kprdadhsgvd stumgds l`r tad rdst `l tad w`rjm* ghbjumghf tad Nkdrgbns nrd rnrd( THDRB@‗s V`rjm Adrgtnfd Bdhtdr wdcsgtd b`kpgjds ghl`rkntg`h nc`ut V`rjm Adrgtnfd Rgtds fj`cnjjy* nhm GB@K@R‗ sdrgds `l Jkrdtgck gt Udsm pucjgbntg`hs agfajgfats idy tardnts gh b`uhtrgds tar`ufa`ut tad w`rjm `h tad cnsgs `l v`juhtnry suckgssg`hs(>> Rgkgjnrjy* tad wdcsgtd `l tad V`rjm K`hukdhts Luhm* pnrtgbujnrjy gts b`kp`hdht wagba pr`lgjds sgtds pjnbdm `h gts Vntba® jgst `l dhmnhfdrdm sgtds sghbd >774* ygdjms n wdnjta `l ghl`rkntg`h `h tardnts t` nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd sgtds w`rjmwgmd nhm s`jutg`hs nppjgdm( A`wdvdr* h`hd `l tadsd fj`cnjjy `rgdhtdm s`urbds knhnfdm cy ghtdrhntg`hnj `rfnhgzntg`hs bjngks t` cd b`kprdadhsgvd gh tadgr prdsdhtntg`h `l tad b`uhtrgds gh wagba tadgr pr`odbts nrd j`bntdm(
Dnba `l tad nl`rdkdhtg`hdm pucjgbntg`hs nhm ghstgtutg`hnj dll`rts ans sdrvdm ns n vnjuncjd rds`urbd murghf tad prdpnrntg`h `l Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi di Kurhpk gio tjk G`krdfgs) Gl tad prdsdht c``i pjnbds tadsd nhm `tadr dll`rts t` gh n bjdnrdr b`htdxt* gt wgjj anvd sdrvdm gts purp`sd(
HFEFNUH]
> L`r tad agst`ry `l nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h gh fdhdrnj nhm tad `rgfghs `l hntg`hnj prnbtgbds gh Gtnjy* Lrnhbd* Dhfjnhm nhm tad Fdrknh Rtntds tar`ufa tad dnrjy twdhtgdty bdhtury* sdd? O`ah A( Rtuccs* _d`k Jhihrko1 G Clhegl ^dkw hn Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi !Vgjdy , R`hs? A`c`idh* 3557'* >12‒33<(
3 Rpdjknh* Djgzncdta \( Ukpgdr1 _jk D`pulsk th Uksthrk di g Nrgcdlk Shrlo) C`st`h* KN? Cdnb`h Urdss* 3553(
2 Nvrnkg* Drgbn* Snhmnjj Kns`h* nhm Knrtn md jn ]`rrd( ^gluks gio Jkrdtgck Fhiskrvgtdhi) J`s Nhfdjds? ]ad Fdtty B`hsdrvntg`h Ghstgtutd* 3555(
= Lngrbj`ufa* Frnank( Fulturgl Lgiosfgpk, Vustgdigedldty, gio Ldvdic wdtj Fjgick8 @gigcdic Fjgick1 Vustgdigelk Gpprhgfjks th tjk Fhiskrvgtdhi hn tjk Eudlt Kivdrhi`kit) O( K( ]dut`hgb` nhm L( Kntdr`* dms( J`s Nhfdjds? ]ad Fdtty B`hsdrvntg`h Ghstgtutd* 3552* pp( 32‒=<(
4 Nbb`rmghf t` tad jntd Crgtgsa b`hsdrvntg`h nrbagtdbt Cdrhnrm K* Ldgjmdh* tad mdjdfntds lr`k Frdnt Crgtngh nhm tad Thgtdm Rtntds nt tad GGhm Ghtdrhntg`hnj B`hfrdss `l Nrbagtdbts nhm ]dbahgbgnhs `l Agst`rgb K`hukdhts wagba kdt gh \dhgbd lr`k Kny 34 t` 2>* >7<=* mgssdhtdm gh tadgr str`hf supp`rt l`r tad \dhgbd Banrtdr `h tad cnsgs `l tad jgkgtdm typds `l nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd tant gt nmmrdssdm( R`urbd? Gh rdvgdw `l tad knhusbrgpt `l tad prdsdht c``i wgta Cdrhnrm Ldgjmdh nt tad @jm Cnrh* H`rwgba* Dhfjnhm* H`vdkcdr 2* 355<(
< Onkds Knrst`h Lgtba* Jdsthrdf Rrkskrvgtdhi1 Furgthrdgl @gigck`kit hn tjk Eudlt Shrlo !Hdw W`ri? KbFrnw Agjj* >713'9 nhm S`cdrt Rtgpd* Jdsthrdf Rrkskrvgtdhi di Htjkr Fhuitrdks, v`j( >+4 !Vnsaghft`h* MB? TR/GB@K@R* >713+>775'(
6 Fg`rfg` Br`bg* _jk Fhiskrvgtdhi gio Vtrufturgl Uksthrgtdhi hn Grfjdtkfturgl Jkrdtgck* !R`utankpt`h? B`kputntg`hnj Kdbanhgbs Uucjgbntg`hs* >771'9 Cdrhnrm K( Ldgjmdh* Fhiskrvgtdhi hn Jdsthrdf Eudlodics !@xl`rm? Cuttdrw`rta Adghdknhh* 3552'9 nhm Ouiin O`igjdat`* G Jdsthry hn Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi !@xl`rm? Cuttdrw`rta Adghdknhh* >777'(
1 Fg`vnhhg Bnrc`hnrn !b`kpgjdr'* _rgttgth od Ukstgurh Grfjdtktthidfh* v`js( >+>> !]`rgh`? T]D]* >77<+3551'(
7 S`cdrt Ugbinrm* dm( Rhldfy gio Lgw di Jkrdtgck Fhiskrvgtdhi !J`hm`h? Rp`h Urdss* 3555'* Kurhpkgi Fulturgl Jkrdtgck ^hlu`k 71 Ditkrchvkri`kitgl Fhhpkrgtdhi1 Fhllkftko _kxts !Rtrnsc`urf? B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd Uucjgsaghf* 3553'* Kurhpkgi Fulturgl Jkrdtgck ^hlu`k 51 G Ukvdkw hn Rhldfdks gio Rrgftdfks !Rtrnsc`urf? B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd Uucjgsaghf* 3553'* Giglysds gio Uknhr` hn Fulturgl Jkrdtgck Rhldfdks di Vhutjkgst Kurhpk !Rtrnsc`urf? B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* 3551'* Ditkcrgtko @gigck`kit _hhls di tjk Jkrdtgck hn Vhutj-Kgst Kurhpk !Rtrnscurf? B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* 3551'* Vustgdigelk Okvklhp`kit Vtrgtkcdks di Vhutj-Kgst Kurhpk !Rtrnscurf? B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* 3551'(
>5 ‚A`kd*‛ ]ad Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Hdtw`ri* www(dur`pdnh+adrgtnfd(hdt/smx/adrdgh/ghmdx(xsp Ynbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr 25 3557[9 nhm ‚B`kpdhmguk B`uhtry Mgrdbt`ry*‛ B`kpdhmguk Bujturnj U`jgbds nhm ]rdhms gh Dur`pd* www(bujturnjp`jgbgds(hdt/wdc/b`uhtrgds(pap Ynbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr 35 3557[(
>> ‚V`rjm Adrgtnfd Jgst*‛ THDRB@ V`rjm Adrgtnfd Bdhtdr* attp?//wab(uhdsb`(`rf/dh/jgst Ynbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr 25 3557[9 nhm ‚Adrgtnfd nt Sgsi*‛ GB@K@R* www(ghtdrhntg`hnj(gb`k`s(`rf/rgsi/ghmdx(atkj Ynbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr 25 3557[(
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]AD @SGFGHNJ GMDN `l n sdrgds tant w`ujm m`bukdht w`rjm dll`rts gh fj`cnj nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h wns b`hbdgvdm cy O`ah A( Rtuccs gh >777? nhm* gt ans njs` prghbgpnjjy cddh ags dll`rts tant anvd pr`mubdm tags c``i( Brubgnj nk`hf Rtuccs‗ b`jjnc`rnt`rs sghbd 355< ans cddh nrbagtdbturnj agst`rgnh Dkgjy F( KninŮ* UaM( KninŮ b`htrgcutdm s` cr`nmjy t`wnrm rdsdnrba nhm wrgtghf murghf tad c``i‗s dnrjy pansds tant sad dvdhtunjjy wns ghvgtdm t` o`gh Rtuccs ns gts b`+nuta`r(
Kuba ghl`rkntg`h wns fnghdm cy O`ah Rtuccs vgn tdnbaghf b`ursds gh agst`rgb prdsdrvntg`h wgtagh tad Frnmuntd Rba``j `l Nrbagtdbturd Ujnhhghf nhm Urdsdrvntg`h nt B`jukcgn Thgvdrsgty gh Hdw W`ri sghbd >71=* n pr`frnk ad frnmuntdm lr`k tdh ydnrs dnrjgdr( Nk`hf `tadr taghfs* nt B`jukcgn Rtuccs ans rdsdnrbadm tad agst`ry `l tad lgdjm nhm ‚cdst prnbtgbds‛ gh l`rdgfh pjnbds( Njs` n frnmuntd `l B`jukcgn‗s agst`rgb prdsdrvntg`h pr`frnk nhm jntdr B`rhdjj Thgvdrsgty‗s Ua(M( pr`frnk gh nrbagtdbturnj nhm urcnh agst`ry* KninŮ burrdhtjy tdnbads gh tad Rba``j `l Nrbagtdbturd nt tad Thgvdrsgty `l H`rta Bnr`jghn gh Banrj`ttd( Rad ans njs` l`uhm tant tdnbaghf* rdsdnrbaghf* nhm wrgtghf `h nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h gs n knttdr `l hdbdssgty* cdbnusd gh rdbdht ydnrs tad prnbtgbd `l paysgbnjjy b`hsdrvghf tad cugjt dhvgr`hkdht ans lnr dxbddmdm nhy dll`rts t` nbtunjjy m`bukdht tadsd nbtgvgtgds( ]ad nuta`rs nrd h`t nj`hd gh b`hbjumghf tant nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd gs pnssghf tar`ufa n pdrg`m `l sdjl+rdljdbtg`h* nhm sdhsdm tant tady wdrd gh n f``m p`sgtg`h t` pnrtgbgpntd gh nssdssghf nhm m`bukdhtghf tad lgdjm t`mny(
]ad gmdn l`r tags pr`odbt wns njs` ghspgrdm nhm ghl`rkdm cy O`ah Rtuccs‗s w`ri ns \gbd Urdsgmdht l`r Lgdjm Ur`odbts nt V`rjm K`hukdhts Luhm( Lr`k nr`uhm >775 Rtuccs nhm ags b`jjdnfuds l`uhm tadksdjvds w`righf gh ghtdrhntg`hnj nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd nt n tgkd wadh tad lgdjm rnpgmjy dxpnhmdm gh kno`r hdw wnys(
R` nh gkp`rtnht tanhis l`r brgtgbnj ghstgtutg`hnj supp`rt gs dxtdhmdm t` tad V`rjm K`hukdhts Luhm* dspdbgnjjy gts prdsgmdht C`hhgd Curhank nhm tad `rfnhgzntg`h‗s trustdds* wa` supp`rtdm O`ah Rtuccs‗s vnrg`us jdvdjs `l pnrtgbgpntg`h gh sb`rds `l nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h pr`odbts gh m`zdhs `l b`uhtrgds tar`ufa`ut tad w`rjm l`r n pdrg`m `l `vdr tw` mdbnmds( Gh tags b`hhdbtg`h gt kust cd stntdm tant tags c``i wns prgvntdjy pr`mubdm nhm tad b`htdhts nhm `pghg`hs dxprdssdm adrdgh nrd ta`sd `l gts nuta`rs(
Gh nmmgtg`h* V`rjm K`hukdhts Luhm b`jjdnfuds C`hhgd Curhank* Jgsn Nbidrknh* H`rkn Cnrcnbbg* O`hntanh L`yjd* nhm Knri Vdcdr adjpdm k`rd mgrdbtjy cy rdnmghf nhm b`kkdhtghf `h mrnlts* `r pnrts tadrd`l* `l tags c``i( ]ad nuta`rs nrd dspdbgnjjy frntdluj l`r tad usd `l s`kd 23 pdrbdht `l tad c``i‗s gknfds tant wdrd s`urbdm tar`ufa tad VKL Gknfd Nrbagvds(
Nh`tadr ghstgtutg`h t` wagba spdbgnj frntgtumd gs `wdm gs tad Ghtdrhntg`hnj Bdhtdr l`r tad Rtumy `l tad B`hsdrvntg`h `l Bujturnj Ur`pdrty !GBBS@K' dspdbgnjjy Mgrdbt`r Fdhdrnj K`uhgr C`ubadhnig l`r wrgtghf tad L`rdw`rm l`r tags c``i* nhm Unuj Nrdhs`h nhm Knrën Kntn Bnrnvnbn wa`* rdspdbtgvdjy* mgrdbt GBBS@K‗s Jgcrnry nhm Gknfd Nrbagvds nhm nssgstdm tad nuta`rs gh tadgr rdsdnrba(
Gh nmmgtg`h* spdbgnj tanhis nrd dxprdssdm t` tad b`htrgcut`rs `l spdbgnjty dssnys? Jgsn Nbidrknh* H`rkn Cnrcnbbg* Drgb Mdj`hy* Lrnhi Kntdr`* ]ad`m`rd A(K( Urum`h* Mgnhn Snkgr`* Mdhhgs S`mwdjj* Bnr`j M( Raujj* Dmunrm` S`ons* Cnrcnrn S`ss* nhm M`h`vnh Sypidkn( ]ad nmmgtg`hnj v`gbds nhm dxpdrtgsd pr`vgmdm cy tadsd b`jjdnfuds ans dhrgbadm tad mdpta nhm mdtngj `l tags c``i nhm tad nuta`rs nrd frntdluj l`r tadgr nssgstnhbd(
B`jjdnfuds wa` nssgstdm ns rdnmdrs* nmvgs`rs* nhm pr`vgmdrs `l ghl`rkntg`h gh rdjntg`h t` Unrt G? Dur`pd ghbjumd _dyhdp Nauhcny* Knrdi Cnrnhsig* C`hhgd Curhank* M`h`ufa Bnagjj* Bjdkdhtghd Bdbgj* Bdvnt Drmdr* ]nhon Mnkjonh`vgb B`hjdy* Juby Mdr+Knhudjgnh* Lrnhbn Mg \njdrg`* Hntnjgn Musaighn* Knrtgh Mv`rîi* ]nkîs Ldodrmy* Onbquds Ldghdr* M`hnjm Ghsnjj* Unkdjn Odr`kd* Kngon Ingrnk`* S`knh I`sj`wsig* Uncj` J`hf`rgn* Jç`h J`bi* Cruh` Knjm`hdr* Nrbnmy Hdc`jsghd* ]ad`m`rd A(K( Urum`h* Mgmgdr Sdpdjjgh* Fg`hntn Sgzzg* Mdhhgs S`mwdjj* Vdrhdr Rbakgm* Bagnrn Rgrnv`* Bargst`padr W`uhf* nhm Kgbandj O( Vnjsa)
B`jjdnfuds wa` nssgstdm ns rdnmdrs* nmvgs`rs* nhm pr`vgmdrs `l ghl`rkntg`h l`r Unrt GG? ]ad Nkdrgbns ghbjumd C`hhgd Curhank* Nhta`hy Cutjdr* Djdhn Banr`jn* Drgb Mdj`hy* Lrnhi Kntdr`* Djgns Kuogbn* ]ad`m`rd A(K( Urum`h* Mgnhn Snkgr`* Dmunrm` S`ons* Cnrcnrn S`ss* M`h`vnh Sypidkn* Bnr`j M( Raujj* nhm Adrc Rt`vdj(
\nrg`us kdkcdrs `l tad pr`mubtg`h tdnk sdrvdm nuta`rs Rtuccs nhm KninŮ tar`ufa`ut tad murntg`h `l tags pucjgsaghf pr`odbt nhm pr`vgmdm ghvnjuncjd adjp( Rpdbgnj tanhis nrd dxprdssdm t` pntgdht nhm mdmgbntdm Ranr`h Mdjdzdhsig Fdhgh* fdhdrnj nssgstnht t` tad pr`odbt prnbtgbnjjy lr`k tad stnrt* wa` sdrvdm vnrg`us r`jds rnhfghf lr`k knghtnghdr nhm iddpdr `l tad knhusbrgpt t` lnbt badbidr t` ghmdxdr t` `rfnhgzdr `l tad c``i‗s gknfds nhm pr`burdr `l gknfd usd pdrkgssg`hs(
Frntgtumd gs njs` dxtdhmdm t` Knrtan Vgjigd l`r adr adjp gh pr`burghf gknfds l`r tad c``i nhm b`hsujtghf `h knttdrs rdjntdm t` n b`kpnhg`h wdcsgtd* nhm t` Fuy Fdhgh l`r ags ighm adjp gh prdpnrghf n hukcdr `l gknfds l`r tags pucjgbntg`h( Djgzncdta Uuaj* bnrt`frnpadr* prdpnrdm tad c``i‗s vnrg`us knps* nhm frnpagb mdsgfhdr Idh Ldgsdj pr`burdm tw` ndrgnj gknfds nhm gs rdsp`hsgcjd l`r tad b`vdr mdsgfh `l tad prdmdbdss`r v`jukd tant tags c``i dkujntds( ]ad jnrfd hukcdr `l b`jjdnfuds* pa`t`frnpadrs* nhm `tadrs wa` adjpdm cy pr`vgmghf gjjustrntg`hs nrd frntdlujjy nbih`wjdmfdm gh tad pa`t` brdmgts sdbtg`h `l tags c``i(
Nt mglldrdht stnfds `l tad pr`odbt wrgtdr+dmgt`rs Nhh ll`jjg`tt nhm Lrnhbn Mg \njdrg` pr`vgmdm vnjuncjd adjp gh gkpr`vghf tad c``i‗s sdvdrnj mrnlts( Dnrjgdr rdsdnrbadr+wrgtdrs wa` pr`vgmdm ghvnjuncjd nssgstnhbd ghbjumdm Crgnh Burrnh* M`r`tay Mghsk``r* Bntadrghd Fnvgh* Ranr`h Mdjdzdhsig Fdhgh* nhm Gnh K`rdjj`(
]ad tdnk nt O`ah Vgjdy , R`hs* pucjgsadrs ghbjumghf Nknhmn J( Kgjjdr* Unuj Mr`ufns* Rnmgd Ncua`ll* Bargstghd Fgjk`rd* Nky @muk* Dkgjy Bujjghfs* nhm Vnjtdr Rbawnrz !c``i mdsgfhdr' nrd tanhidm l`r tadgr dxpdrt `vdrsgfat nhm supp`rt `l”ns wdjj ns tadgr cdjgdl gh”tags kujtg+pnrt pucjgsaghf dhtdrprgsd(
Nhm lghnjjy* spdbgnj tanhis nrd dxtdhmdm t` Jghmn I( Rtuccs nhm Kgrnh KninŮ l`r tadgr pntgdhbd nhm b`uhtjdss `tadr l`rks `l supp`rt(
]ad nbb`kpjgsakdht `l tags c``i wns bnrrgdm tar`ufa cy nh dxtrn`rmghnry jdvdj `l b`jjdfgnjgty nhm b``pdrntg`h nk`hf tad nc`vd hnkdm b`jjdnfuds nhm `tadrs t`` hukdr`us t` kdhtg`h( Ruba fdhdr`us b`jjnc`rntg`h kny sny tad k`st nc`ut tad dhtdrprgsd `l bujturnj adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h gh `ur tgkd? tad lgdjm prdm`kghntdjy b`hsgsts `l `pdh* l`rwnrm+j``ighf* wdjj+kdnhghf* tnjdhtdm pd`pjd wa` nrd dnfdr t` adjp(
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]` knri tad lgltgdta nhhgvdrsnry `l tad l`rkntg`h `l tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd ns wdjj ns tad twdhty+lglta nhhgvdrsnry `l tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd‗s Dur`pdnh Wdnr l`r Bujturnj Adrgtnfd* n bnkpngfh t` pr`k`td tad hnturnj nhm bujturnj adrgtnfd `l Dur`pd t``i pjnbd lr`k jntd >777 tar`ufa tad ydnr 3555( ]ad ‚Dur`pd* N B`kk`h Adrgtnfd‛ bnkpngfh cr`ufat tad twdhtgdta bdhtury t` n bj`sd? n bdhtury tant gs rdkdkcdrdm gh Dur`pd l`r tad mdstrubtg`h `l tad tw` w`rjm wnrs ns wdjj ns l`r tad agst`rgb cugjmghfs nhm dhvgr`hkdhts prdsdrvdm tanhis t` tad knturntg`h `l tad nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h k`vdkdht( ]ad hdw kgjjdhhguk mnwhdm gh Dur`pd wgta tad rdb`fhgtg`h `l dsbnjntghf b`hsdrvntg`h banjjdhfds”suba ns prdssurds lr`k db`h`kgb mdvdj`pkdht* t`urgsk* nhm fj`cnj wnrkghf”cut njs` wgta uhprdbdmdhtdm b``pdrntg`h nhm b``rmghntg`h `h cdanjl `l bujturnj adrgtnfd nbr`ss Dur`pd(
Dur`pd gs n vnst b`htghdht* n bujturnj spadrd* nhm n p`jgtgbnj nhm db`h`kgb uhg`h dnba wgta c`uhmnrgds tant mglldr nhm anvd sagltdm `vdr tgkd( Gh spgtd `l mgvdrsd fd`frnpagds* agst`rgds* bujturds* nhm sbnjds* t`mny tadrd gs nh dvdr+ghbrdnsghf uhgty `l purp`sd nhm gmdnjs wgtagh Dur`pd nhm n sanrdm b`hbdrh l`r gts nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd( Dur`pd strdtbads lr`k tad r`jjghf Trnj K`uhtnghs t` tad tgp `l Fgcrnjtnr `h tad Kdmgtdrrnhdnh Rdn nhm lr`k tad dxpnhsgvd Bnspgnh Rdn t` tad lo`rms `l Gbdjnhm( Gt ghbjumds b`uhtrgds tant vnry gh nrdn* p`pujntg`h* bjgkntd* agst`ry* nhm bujturd rnhfghf lr`k tad dxpnhsgvd Sussgnh Ldmdrntg`h t` sknjj Knjtn nhm Jgdbatdhstdgh( @vdr tad b`ursd `l Dur`pd‗s agst`ry* tad tgds nhm rdjntg`hsagps nk`hf gts mgspnrntd pnrts anvd dv`jvdm* nhm pdrgpadrnj b`uhtrgds anvd pnrtgbgpntdm t` vnryghf mdfrdds( B`uhtrgds `r rdfg`hs wgta fd`frnpagbnj `r bujturnj nllghgtgds t`wnrm Dur`pd tant kgfat h`t njwnys cd b`hsgmdrdm pnrt `l tad rdfg`h pr`pdr* suba ns Bnubnsgn* Frddhjnhm* Rgcdrgn* nhm Nhnt`jgn* wgjj cd b`hsgmdrdm nj`hf wgta Dur`pd l`r tad purp`sds `l tags c``i(
Dur`pd‗s j`hf nhm wdjj+m`bukdhtdm agst`ry jdm t` nh dnrjy npprdbgntg`h `l gts bujturnj adrgtnfd* nhm ns suba* lr`k n fj`cnj pdrspdbtgvd* gt anm nh nmvnhbdm stnrt gh nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd( Lr`k tad Sdhngssnhbd‗s brgtgbnj nppr`nba t` tad pnst nhm tad cgrta `l nhtgqunrgnhgsk* t` tad dgfatddhta bdhtury‗s bujturd `l rntg`hnjgsk* dhjgfatdhkdht* nhm ghtdrhntg`hnj dxpj`rntg`h* t` tad hghdtddhta bdhtury‗s ghtdrdst gh adrgtnfd vnjuds nhm pr`tdbtg`h l`r tad s`bgnj f``m* Dur`pd ans cddh tad pjnbd wadrd tad gmdns tant uhmdrjgd b`htdkp`rnry bujturnj adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd dkdrfdm( Gh Dur`pd* tad mdvdj`pkdht `l nmkghgstrntgvd kdbanhgsks nhm jdfnj strubturds l`r tad gmdhtglgbntg`h* pr`tdbtg`h* nhm prdsdrvntg`h `l bujturnj adrgtnfd ans n uhgqud nhm j`hf agst`ry* bjdnrjy mgsbdrhncjd pnttdrhs* nhm* ns djsdwadrd* n b`hstnhtjy dxpnhmghf sb`pd(
Knhy `l tad fj`cnj nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h k`vdkdht‗s prghbgpjds nhm banrtdrs `rgfghntdm gh Dur`pd nhm gt ans njwnys cddh n fj`cnj jdnmdr gh tad lgdjm( Dur`pd pjnydm nh ghstrukdhtnj r`jd gh tad dstncjgsakdht `l tw` fj`cnj bujturnj adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h ghstgtutg`hs? tad Thgtdm Hntg`hs Dmubntg`hnj* Rbgdhtglgb* nhm Bujturnj @rfnhgzntg`h !THDRB@' nhm tad Ghtdrhntg`hnj B`uhbgj `h K`hukdhts nhm Rgtds !GB@K@R'( THDRB@ wns dstncjgsadm gh tad wnid `l V`rjm Vnr GG ns nh ghtdrf`vdrhkdhtnj `rfnhgzntg`h ngkdm t`wnrm pr`k`tg`h `l ghtdrhntg`hnj mgnj`fud* sanrdm vnjuds* nhm rdspdbt l`r bujturnj mgvdrsgty( Gh >7<= gh \dhgbd* nt tad Rdb`hm B`hfrdss `l Nrbagtdbts nhm Rpdbgnjgsts `l Agst`rgb Cugjmghfs* tad Ghtdrhntg`hnj Sdst`rntg`h Banrtdr* ih`wh ns tad \dhgbd Banrtdr* wns sgfhdm* nhm GB@K@R wns brdntdm ns nh ghtdrhntg`hnj h`hf`vdrhkdhtnj `rfnhgzntg`h !HF@'(> Anjl `l tad b`uhtrgds rdprdsdhtdm !nhm 75 pdrbdht `l tad mdjdfntds' nt tant l`uhmntg`hnj kddtghf wdrd Dur`pdnh(
]`mny l`rty+sdvdh Dur`pdnh b`uhtrgds nrd kdkcdr stntds `l THDRB@* nhm tadrd nrd GB@K@R hntg`hnj banptdrs gh njk`st njj `l tadk( Dur`pd gs stgjj mgspr`p`rtg`hntdjy rdprdsdhtdm `h THDRB@‗s V`rjm Adrgtnfd Jgst* wgta `vdr anjl tad ghsbrgcdm bujturnj nhm kgxdm adrgtnfd sgtds l`uhm wgtagh gts b`uhtrgds( C`ta THDRB@ nhm GB@K@R nrd fj`cnj gh tadgr sb`pd* cut tad pr`tdbtgvd kdbanhgsks nhm cdst prnbtgbds tady anvd mdvdj`pdm”nhm tad nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h pr`odbts tady anvd supp`rtdm”anvd anm n mgrdbt gkpnbt knghjy `h Dur`pd(
Sdfg`hnj ghtdrf`vdrhkdhtnj ghstgtutg`hs suba ns tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd nhm tad Dur`pdnh Thg`h !DT' anvd njs` pjnydm gkp`rtnht r`jds gh dhb`urnfghf tad sanrghf `l dxpdrgdhbds nhm dxpdrtgsd wgtagh Dur`pd ns wdjj ns tad stnhmnrmgzghf `l p`jgbgds nhm prnbtgbds tar`ufa`ut tad b`htghdht( ]ad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* l`uhmdm gh >7=7 cy tdh b`uhtrgds* cut t`mny b`kprgsghf l`rty+sdvdh kdkcdr stntds* ans rdtnghdm gts `rgfghnj l`bus `h pr`k`tghf mdk`brnby* auknh rgfats* tad rujd `l jnw* nhm Dur`pdnh ghtdfrntg`h( ]ad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd‗s nbtgvd ghtdrdst gh adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h cdfnh wgta tad Dur`pdnh Bujturnj B`hvdhtg`h* sgfhdm gh Unrgs gh >74= cy l`urtddh b`uhtrgds t` pr`k`td kutunj uhmdrstnhmghf nhm rdbgpr`bnj npprdbgntg`h l`r dnba `tadr‗s bujturds* ns wdjj ns t` pr`tdbt tadgr b`kk`h adrgtnfd(3
]` pr`k`td ghtdrf`vdrhkdhtnj b`jjnc`rntg`h nt tad agfadst jdvdj* tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd ans `rfnhgzdm hukdr`us B`hldrdhbds `l Kghgstdrs Sdsp`hsgcjd l`r tad Bujturnj Adrgtnfd( Nt tad lgrst suba b`hldrdhbd* adjm gh Crussdjs gh >7<7* mgsbussg`hs wdrd ghgtgntdm tant dvdhtunjjy jdm t` tad Dur`pdnh Banrtdr `l tad Nrbagtdbturnj Adrgtnfd tant wns sgfhdm ns pnrt `l tad nbtgvgtgds `l tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd‗s Dur`pdnh Wdnr l`r Bujturnj Adrgtnfd gh >764(2 ]ags banrtdr‗s f`nj wns ‚t` knid tad pucjgb k`rd nwnrd `l tad grrdpjnbdncjd bujturnj* s`bgnj nhm db`h`kgb vnjuds‛ dkc`mgdm gh tad mgvdrsgty `l gts cugjt adrgtnfd(= ]ad Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Wdnr pr`frnk njs` dhb`urnfdm j`bnj nhm hntg`hnj f`vdrhkdhts t` nbtgvdjy ghvdht`ry* pr`tdbt* nhm rdancgjgtntd tadgr agst`rgb sgtds nhm t` pny spdbgnj nttdhtg`h t` prdvdhtghf ghsdhsgtgvd banhfds t` tadk(4
]ad >764 banrtdr jdm t` tad nm`ptg`h gh >714 gh Frnhnmn `l tad B`hvdhtg`h l`r tad Ur`tdbtg`h `l tad Nrbagtdbturnj Adrgtnfd `l Dur`pd9 a`wdvdr* tags wns h`t tad lgrst jdfnjjy cghmghf b`hvdhtg`h mdvdj`pdm tar`ufa tad ghgtgntgvd `l tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd( Ghmddm* n suppjdkdht t` tad >74= Dur`pdnh Bujturnj B`hvdhtg`h anm prdvg`usjy cddh dhanhbdm wgta n spdbglgb b`hvdhtg`h t` pr`tdbt Dur`pdnh nrband`j`fgbnj adrgtnfd? gt wns sgfhdm gh >7<7 gh J`hm`h* nhm wns rdvgsdm gh >773 gh \njjdttn* Knjtn(< Gh 3554 nh`tadr b`hvdhtg`h !tad Lrnkdw`ri B`hvdhtg`h `h tad \njud `l Bujturnj Adrgtnfd l`r R`bgdty' wns mrnltdm cy tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd gh Lnr`* U`rtufnj* nhm gt wgjj s``h anvd cddh rntglgdm cy dh`ufa b`uhtrgds t` dhtdr ght` l`rbd(6 ]ad vnrg`us adrgtnfd banrtdrs nhm b`hvdhtg`hs nhm tad Dur`pdnh Wdnr l`r Bujturnj Adrgtnfdr jngm tad fr`uhmw`ri l`r b``rmghntghf b`hsdrvntg`h p`jgbgds nhm l`stdrghf prnbtgbnj b``pdrntg`h cdtwddh f`vdrhkdht ghstgtutg`hs nhm b`hsdrvntg`h pr`ldssg`hnjs gh Dur`pd(
]ad Dur`pdnh Thg`h wns l`rkdm gh >7729 a`wdvdr* gts dxdbutgvd c`my nhm prdmdbdss`r* tad Dur`pdnh B`kkgssg`h* ans cddh ghv`jvdm gh bujturnj adrgtnfd pr`frnks njk`st sghbd gts ghbdptg`h gh tad >745s( ]`mny tad DT ghbjumds twdhty+sdvdh kdkcdr stntds* b`kprgsghf k`st `l Dur`pd dxbdpt l`r H`rwny* Rwgtzdrjnhm* Gbdjnhm* ]uridy* tad Vdstdrh Cnjinhs* nhm s`kd l`rkdr stntds `l tad Thg`h `l R`vgdt R`bgnjgst Sdpucjgbs( Gh b`kcghntg`h wgta `tadr lnbt`rs* tad mrnw `l kdkcdrsagp t` tad DT ans m`hd kuba l`r tad upmntghf `l adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h jnws nhm tad strdhftadhghf `l rdjdvnht ghstgtutg`hs tar`ufa`ut Bdhtrnj nhm Dnstdrh Dur`pd gh tad pnst mdbnmd( ]ad DT‗s kdkcdr stntds nrd jdss hukdr`us nhm fd`frnpagbnj dxtdht gs kuba sknjjdr tanh tant `l tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* cut cdbnusd gts kdkcdrs anvd surrdhmdrdm s`kd s`vdrdgfhty t` tags suprnhntg`hnj c`my* gt ans frdntdr nuta`rgty t` dhl`rbd rdfujntg`hs nhm b``rmghntd nbtgvgtgds( \gdwghf adrgtnfd ‚ns n vdagbjd l`r bujturnj gmdhtgty‛ nhm ‚ns n lnbt`r gh db`h`kgb mdvdj`pkdht*‛ tad DT ans nbtdm t` pr`k`td nwnrdhdss nhm nbbdss* tad trnghghf `l pr`ldssg`hnjs* nhm tad usd `l hdw tdbah`j`fgds ns wdjj ns t` rdmubd tad gjjgbgt trnllgbighf gh bujturnj `codbts(1
]ar`ufa n b`jjdbtg`h `l ghh`vntgvd ghtdrrdjntdm pr`frnks tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd nhm tad Dur`pdnh Thg`h anvd w`ridm sdpnrntdjy nhm b`jjnc`rntgvdjy t` pr`k`td bujturnj adrgtnfd b`hbdrhs nhm n sanrdm Dur`pdnh gmdhtgty( Gh >714 tad DT ghgtgntdm gts Dur`pdnh Bnpgtnj `l Bujturd pr`frnk* nh gmdn tant `rgfghntdm wgta tad Frddi Kghgstdr `l Bujturd* Kdjghn Kdrb`urg* nhm jdm t` tad sdjdbtg`h `l Ntadhs ns tad ghnufurnj bgty l`r suba ghtdrhntg`hnj nttdhtg`h( Dnba ydnr* `hd Dur`pdnh bgty gs a`h`rdm nhm pr`vgmdm lghnhbgnj nssgstnhbd t` `rfnhgzd bujturnj adrgtnfd‒rdjntdm nbtgvgtgds9 a`wdvdr* gh 3555* hghd bgtds wdrd mdsgfhntdm gh spdbgnj rdb`fhgtg`h `l tad kgjjdhhguk* nhm sghbd tadh pngrs `l bgtgds anvd `ltdh sanrdm tad a`h`r( Kdnht t` agfajgfat tad mgvdrsgty wgtagh Dur`pd* pr`k`td t`urgsk* nhm stgkujntd bujturnj ghgtgntgvds gh fdhdrnj* tad pr`frnk ans dhb`urnfdm tad b`hstrubtg`h `l djnc`rntd hdw bujturnj lnbgjgtgds nhm sgfhglgbnhtjy ngmdm nrbagtdbturnj nhm urcnh b`hsdrvntg`h dll`rts gh knhy `l tad sdjdbtdm bgtgds( Nbb`rmghf t` tad Unjkdr Sdp`rt* gssudm cy tad Dur`pdnh B`kkgssg`h gh 355= nltdr n jdhftay survdy nhm dvnjuntg`h `l tad pr`frnk‗s lgrst tw` mdbnmds cy nh ghmdpdhmdht b`hsujtnht* tad Dur`pdnh Bnpgtnj `l Bujturd pr`frnk pr`vdm ‚n p`wdrluj t``j l`r bujturnj mdvdj`pkdht tant `pdrntds `h n sbnjd tant `lldrs uhprdbdmdhtdm `pp`rtuhgtgds l`r nbtghf ns n bntnjyst l`r bgty banhfd(‛7 A`wdvdr* tad rdp`rt njs` h`tdm tant ta`ufa f``m l`r ghmgvgmunj bgtgds nhm j`bnj p`jgtgbnj nfdhmns* tad pr`frnk b`ujm cd k`rd b``rmghntdm nhm k`rd l`busdm `h tad ‚Dur`pdnh mgkdhsg`h‛ `l tant adrgtnfd( Hdvdrtadjdss* tad pr`frnk‗s subbdss nt spurrghf nhm p`pujnrgzghf b`hsdrvntg`h dll`rts gh spdbglgb bgtgds ans jdm t` gts gkgtntg`h cdy`hm Dur`pd? l`r dxnkpjd* sghbd >77<* tad Nrnc Jdnfud ans sp`hs`rdm nh Nrnc Bnpgtnj `l Bujturd pr`frnk* nhm sghbd >776 tad @rfnhgzntg`h `l Nkdrgbnh Rtntds ans mdsgfhntdm nh Nkdrgbnh Bnpgtnj `l Bujturd dnba ydnr(
Gh >77> tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd ghgtgntdm gts Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Mnys pr`frnk* wagba ans cddh n o`ght vdhturd wgta tad DT‗s Dur`pdnh B`kkgssg`h sghbd >777( ]ar`ufa tags pr`frnk* dnba Rdptdkcdr* gkp`rtnht cut usunjjy ghnbbdssgcjd agst`rgb sgtds nrd `pdhdm t` tad pucjgb* nhm `tadr kusduks nhm agst`rgb sgtds `lldr spdbgnj nbtgvgtgds gh n pnh+Dur`pdnh bdjdcrntg`h `l adrgtnfd( K`st b`uhtrgds mdvdj`p spdbglgb tadkds t` jghi tad sgtds ghbjumdm gh n fgvdh ydnr* nhm prdpnrntg`hs anvd pr`kptdm tad b`kpjdtg`h `l b`uhtjdss rdst`rntg`h nhm b`hsdrvntg`h pr`odbts tar`ufa`ut Dur`pd( \nrg`us j`bnj nhm ghtdrhntg`hnj HF@s anvd njs` b``rmghntdm nbtgvgtgds t` pnrtgbgpntd gh tags k`hta agfajgfatghf adrgtnfd tar`ufa`ut Dur`pd(
Gh tad pnst twdhty+lgvd ydnrs* tad Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Mnys pr`frnk‗s dll`rts anvd sgfhglgbnhtjy rngsdm pucjgb nwnrdhdss l`r adrgtnfd nhm dhb`urnfdm f`vdrhkdhts t` prg`rgtgzd tags gssud( Gh rdbdht ydnrs* tad l`bus `l tad Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Mnys ans sagltdm k`rd nhm k`rd t` dkpansgzd Dur`pd‗s sanrdm adrgtnfd nhm gmdhtgty t` lurtadr pr`k`td Dur`pdnh ghtdfrntg`h( Nbb`rmghf t` tad 3557 Jgioehhm hi Kurhpkgi Jkrdtgck Ogys !pucjgsadm cy tad DT nhm tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd'* t`mny‗s banjjdhfd gs ‚t` mdvdj`p nwnrdhdss `l n b`kk`h adrgtnfd* lr`k Wdrdvnh t` Mucjgh nhm lr`k Unjdrk` t` Adjsghig* wgta`ut hdfntghf tad lddjghf `l cdj`hfghf t` n spdbglgb rdfg`h `r b`uhtry( Gh sa`rt* wd kust dhsurd tant* gh tad w`rms `l Odnh+Kgbadj Jdhgnum* tad Dur`pdnh adrgtnfd gs tjk fh`ediko kxprkssdhi hn g skgrfj nhr odvkrsdty gio g qukst nhr uidty(‛>5
Jnuhbadm gh >777* tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd‗s Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Hdtw`ri !ih`wh ns ADSDGH' ans sdrvdm ns n bdhtrnj rdldrdhbd p`ght nhm rds`urbd l`r pr`ldssg`hnjs* nmkghgstrnt`rs* nhm rdsdnrbadrs(>> Mdsgfhdm t` brdntd n l`ruk l`r tad b``rmghntg`h `l nbtgvgtgds `l f`vdrhkdht mdpnrtkdhts rdsp`hsgcjd l`r adrgtnfd gh vnrg`us Dur`pdnh b`uhtrgds* gt ans k`stjy l`busdm `h knghtnghghf n mntncnsd `h tad bujturnj p`jgbgds `l ta`sd b`uhtrgds nhm pr`k`tghf tad mgfgtgzntg`h `l bujturnj nhm hnturnj adrgtnfd ghl`rkntg`h nhm kntdrgnjs nhm tad stnhmnrmgzntg`h `l adrgtnfd jnhfunfd( Rghbd 355> gt ans l`busdm `h dnstwnrm dxpnhsg`h nhm ghtdfrntg`h `l Dur`pd ns wdjj ns `h dxpnhmghf gts tadsnurus `l adrgtnfd tdrks t` ghbjumd ns knhy Dur`pdnh jnhfunfds ns p`ssgcjd(
Ghl`rknj ghtdrf`vdrhkdhtnj b``pdrntg`h ans njs` cddh `rfnhgzdm gh rdbdht ydnrs tar`ufa tad Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Adnms L`ruk !DAAL'* wagba crghfs tad jdnmdrs `l stntd adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h nfdhbgds t`fdtadr t` sanrd gmdns nhm strntdfgds(>3 ]ad lgrst kddtghf wns adjm gh J`hm`h gh 355< nhm pr`vdm s` subbdssluj tant gt ans cddh rdpdntdm nhhunjjy( Gh 3556 n pnrnjjdj Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Jdfnj L`ruk !DAJL' wns l`rkdm cy hghdtddh b`uhtrgds t` rdsdnrba nhm k`hgt`r Dur`pdnh Thg`h jdfgsjntg`h nhm gts p`tdhtgnj gkpnbt `h bujturnj adrgtnfd(>2
Thmdr tad nuspgbds `l tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd gh >7<2* vnrg`us HF@s dstncjgsadm Dur`pn H`strn* tad Unh+Dur`pdnh Ldmdrntg`h l`r Bujturnj Adrgtnfd(>= Gts prdstgfg`us nwnrms wdrd mdvdj`pdm gh tad jntd >765s9 gt uhmdrt``i sgfhglgbnht pucjgb survdyghf dll`rts gh tad >715s* nhm gt ans sghbd cddh rdb`fhgzdm cy tad DT‗s Dur`pdnh B`kkgssg`h ns tad prdkgdr bujturnj adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h ukcrdjjn `rfnhgzntg`h gh Dur`pd( Gh 3553 Dur`pn H`strn‗s Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Nwnrms l`r dxbdjjdhbd gh b`hsdrvntg`h* rdsdnrba* sdrvgbd* nhm dmubntg`h wdrd b`kcghdm wgta tad DT Urgzd l`r Bujturnj Adrgtnfd( Sdbdht jnurdntds tant rdljdbt tad rnhfd `l a`h`rdm pr`odbts nhm pd`pjd anvd ghbjumdm tad rdst`rntg`h `l tad Kîtrn Kusduk gh Fyüfyüs* Auhfnry9 n stumy `h tad dlldbt `l bjgkntd banhfd `h Dur`pd‗s adrgtnfd9 Fjdhh Kurrny* wa` ans w`ridm tgrdjdssjy l`r mdbnmds `h cdanjl `l Rpngh‗s Rdf`vgn Kght9 nhm n Frddi trnghghf pr`frnk tant ghv`jvds tad j`bnj p`pujntg`h gh sustnghncjd urcnh b`hsdrvntg`h l`r db`h`kgb mdvdj`pkdht(
Dur`pn H`strn‗s Ghtdrhntg`hnj Rdbrdtnrgnt gs cnsdm gh ]ad Anfud* ]ad Hdtadrjnhms* nhm gts dll`rts nrd lghnhbdm cy c`ta tad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd nhm tad DT ns wdjj ns cy hukdr`us b`rp`rntd sp`hs`rs( Rghbd 35>5 Dur`pn H`strn ans cddh jdm cy prdsgmdht Ujîbgm` M`kghf`* tad rdh`whdm Rpnhgsa tdh`r nhm b`hmubt`r* wa` ans n mddp ghtdrdst nhm ghv`jvdkdht gh Dur`pdnh bujturd( ]`mny* Dur`pn H`strn bnh pr`umjy c`nst tant gt ‚rdprdsdhts s`kd 345 h`h+f`vdrhkdhtnj `rfnhgzntg`hs* >45 nss`bgntd `rfnhgzntg`hs nhm >455 ghmgvgmunj kdkcdrs lr`k k`rd tanh lglty b`uhtrgds(‛>4 Dur`pn H`strn bnkpngfhs vgf`r`usjy `h cdanjl `l tardntdhdm strubturds* nhm c`ta gts rdputntg`h nhm tad kdmgn nttdhtg`h gt fntadrs anvd m`hd kuba t` snvd ghmgvgmunj cugjmghfs nhm sgtds nhm t` banhfd j`bnj p`jgbgds tar`ufa`ut Dur`pd(
@tadr HF@s nhm hdtw`ris `l sgkgjnr `rfnhgzntg`hs anvd pjnydm n brubgnj r`jd gh pr`k`tghf nhm pr`tdbtghf tad nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd `l Dur`pd( L`r dxnkpjd* nh ghgtgntgvd tant cdfnh gh Ljnhmdrs* Cdjfguk* ans s`ufat t` mdvdj`p nh ghvdht`ry `l idy bujturnj adrgtnfd `rfnhgzntg`hs tar`ufa`ut Dur`pd t` dhb`urnfd b`jjnc`rntg`h nhm pnrthdrsagps ns wdjj ns t` cr`nmdh tad uhmdrstnhmghf `l adrgtnfd( Gt ans cdfuh `rfnhgzghf kddtghfs `l adrgtnfd dxpdrts* nhm gts c`tt`k+up Ghvdht`ry `l Adrgtnfd @rfnhgzntg`hs `l Dur`pd ans b`jjdbtdm nhm bntdf`rgzdm ghl`rkntg`h nc`ut auhmrdms `l HF@s b`hbdrhdm wgta adrgtnfd rnhfghf lr`k ghmustrgnj t` nfrgbujturnj* lr`k l`ji nrt t` kusd`j`fy* nhm lr`k tad ghtnhfgcjd t` nrbagtdbturnj(>< N sgkgjnr b`jjdbtg`h `l ghl`rkntg`h nc`ut Dur`pdnh nrts+nhm+adrgtnfd HF@s gs a`usdm cy Bujturd Nbtg`h Dur`pd* nh`tadr Cdjfguk+cnsdm `rfnhgzntg`h tant wns l`rkdrjy ih`wh ns tad Dur`pdnh L`ruk l`r tad Nrts nhm Adrgtnfd( Bujturd Nbtg`h Dur`pd gs nh nmv`bnby fr`up b`hbdrhdm k`rd cr`nmjy wgta nrtgstgb pr`mubtg`h ns wdjj ns b`hsdrvntg`h( Gt wns l`uhmdm gh >77= t` pr`vgmd hdtw`righf `pp`rtuhgtgds l`r HF@s ns wdjj ns n sanrdm v`gbd nhm rds`urbds wadh j`ccyghf Dur`pdnh p`jgbyknidrs `h bujturd+rdjntdm gssuds(>6
]ags lrnkdw`ri `l ghtdrhntg`hnj b`hvdhtg`hs* ghtdrf`vdrhkdhtnj ghstgtutg`hs* nhm HF@s ans rdsujtdm gh n frdnt mdnj `l b``rmghntg`h nhm sanrdm rds`urbds nk`hf b`hsdrvntg`h pr`ldssg`hnjs tar`ufa`ut Dur`pd( Gh nmmgtg`h* dvdry b`uhtry gh Dur`pd t`mny ans j`hf rdb`fhgzdm tad gkp`rtnhbd `l nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h nhm dstncjgsadm stntd ghstgtutg`hs t` rdst`rd nhm `vdrsdd gts agst`rgb sgtds( Nbr`ss Dur`pd* adrgtnfd jdfgsjntg`h pr`tdbts ghvdht`rgds `l mdsgfhntdm hntg`hnj k`hukdhts* ta`ufa tad tdrkgh`j`fy nhm mdlghgtg`hs vnry lr`k b`uhtry t` b`uhtry( Gh s`kd b`uhtrgds* ta`sd jnws nrd b`kprdadhsgvd9 gh `tadrs nrbagtdbturnj* nrband`j`fgbnj* nhm `tadr b`kp`hdhts `l adrgtnfd nrd pr`tdbtdm sdpnrntdjy(>1 Vagjd s`kd b`uhtrgds anvd `hjy `hd bntdf`ry `l k`hukdht* `tadrs anvd kujtgpjd bntdf`rgds wgta vnryghf jdvdjs `l rdstrgbtg`hs nhm nvngjncjd supp`rt9 s`kd njs` anvd pr`tdbtgvd culldr z`hds nr`uhm tadsd k`hukdhts9 nhm knhy njs` anvd mdsgfhntdm b`hsdrvntg`h nrdns* suba ns agst`rgb mgstrgbts* bgty b`rds* cugjmghf b`kpjdxds* nhm nrband`j`fgbnj sgtds(>7 Gh nmmgtg`h* k`st Dur`pdnh b`uhtrgds supp`rt nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h tar`ufa mgrdbt frnhts* tnx ghbdhtgvds* `r n b`kcghntg`h `l tadsd kdbanhgsks9 a`wdvdr* tad pnrtgbujnrs `l a`w tadsd luhms nrd knhnfdm nhm mgstrgcutdm* ns wdjj ns tad nk`uhts ghv`jvdm* vnrgds lr`k b`uhtry t` b`uhtry(35
Gh nmmgtg`h* pr`ldssg`hnjs gh tad lgdjm nbr`ss Dur`pd t`mny lnbd knhy `l tad snkd banjjdhfds( ]ad burrdht fj`cnj db`h`kgb brgsgs ans rdmubdm nvngjncjd luhmghf l`r b`hsdrvntg`h pr`odbts lr`k stntd nhm j`bnj cumfdts ns wdjj ns t`urgsk nhm tad supp`rt gt pr`vgmds knhy sgtds( ]`urgsk gtsdjl rdknghs n m`ucjd+dmfdm sw`rm* tardntdhghf knhy agst`rgb sgtds wgta `vdrusd wagjd pr`vgmghf kuba+hddmdm rdvdhud l`r rdsdnrba nhm b`hsdrvntg`h( ]ad tardnt `l fj`cnj tdrr`rgsk ans brdntdm hdw sdburgty prdssurds `h bdrtngh agst`rgb bdhtdrs nhm sgtds nhm tadgr vgsgt`rs(
]a`ufa `rgfghnjjy nh ‚dxbjusgvgst* nrr`fnht* nhm m`kghntghf‛ prnbtgbd* ns B`stn Bnrrns* vgbd prdsgmdht `l Dur`pn H`strn* banrnbtdrgzdm gts `rgfghs* gh rdbdht ydnrs Dur`pdnh b`hbdptg`hs `l adrgtnfd anvd cdb`kd ghbrdnsghfjy nbb`kk`mntghf `l bujturnj mgvdrsgty( 3> ]ad dnrjy adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`hgsts pdranps hdvdr gknfghdm njj `l tad rdns`hs l`r wagba agst`rgb sgtds nrd vnjudm t`mny* pnrtgbujnrjy a`w rdst`rntg`h `l agst`rgb bgty bdhtdrs nhm rdsgmdhtgnj dhbjnvds ans b`htrgcutdm t` urcnh rdfdhdrntg`h* db`h`kgb rdb`vdry* nhm tad dvdr+fr`wghf bujturnj t`urgsk ghmustry( Gh nmmgtg`h* Dur`pd‗s sdbujnrgsk* mdk`brntgb trnmgtg`hs* nhm bgvgj s`bgdty anvd b`htrgcutdm t` tad l`rkntg`h `l frnssr``ts ghtdrdst nhm ghv`jvdkdht gh adrgtnfd b`hbdrhs lr`k Frdnt Crgtngh t` Frddbd”n padh`kdh`h tant ans h`t njwnys mdvdj`pdm ns lujjy djsdwadrd gh tad w`rjm(33
Mdspgtd tadsd pnrnjjdjs* tad b``rmghntg`h nhm b`jjnc`rntg`h lnbgjgtntdm cy pnh+Dur`pdnh banrtdrs nhm ghstgtutg`hs* nhm tad fj`cnjgzntg`h `l adrgtnfd nhm tad ghtdrhntg`hnjgzntg`h `l mdcntds `h gts gssuds* rdknrincjy mglldrdht dkpansds nhm banrnbtdrgstgbs `l b`htdkp`rnry b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd nrd l`uhm gh mglldrdht b`uhtrgds* dvdh wgtagh Dur`pd( ]adsd vnrgntg`hs nrd cnsdm `h tad pnrtgbujnrgtgds `l hntg`hnj agst`rgds ns wdjj ns tad uhgqud b`kcghntg`hs `l adrgtnfd l`uhm wgtagh tadk( L`r dxnkpjd* ta`ufa bujturnjjy jghidm wgta Vdstdrh nhm H`rtadrh Dur`pd* tad b`uhtrgds `l bdhtrnj* dnstdrh* nhm s`utadnstdrh Dur`pd anvd anm vdry mglldrdht agst`rgds* nhm taus anvd anm mglldrghf b`hsdrvntg`h dxpdrgdhbds( Gh tadsd rdfg`hs* tad jnrfd* nut`brntgb Ancscurf* Sussgnh* nhm @tt`knh dkpgrds jghfdrdm ght` tad dnrjy twdhtgdta bdhtury* prdbjumghf tad knturntg`h `l knhy `l tad p`pujgst l`rbds tant sanpdm tad mdvdj`pkdht `l nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h djsdwadrd gh Dur`pd* ghbjumghf nspdbts `l tad Sdhngssnhbd nhm tad Dhjgfatdhkdht gh s`kd nrdns( Wdt tad dhm `l tad B`jm Vnr gh >717 sgfhnjdm n hdw drn gh Dur`pdnh agst`ry* nhm dvdr sghbd* sgkgjnr pnttdrhs `l ghtdrdst anvd sprdnm tar`ufa`ut dnstdrh nhm s`utadnstdrh Dur`pd nhm tad p`st+R`vgdt stntds* wgta tad bujturnj rdghtdfrntg`h `l Dur`pd ns kuba n prg`rgty ns gts p`jgtgbnj rduhg`h(
Ghmddm* Dur`pd‗s frdntdst adrgtnfd banjjdhfd t`mny gs t` strdhftadh hntg`hnj nhm bujturnj mgvdrsgtgds wgtagh tad lrnkdw`ri `l n rduhgtdm b`htghdht( ]a`ufa ghgtgnjjy sddh ns pdrgpadrnj t` tad pr`bdssds `l ghtdfrntghf Dur`pd* bujturd gs pjnyghf nh ghbrdnsghfjy bdhtrnj nhm luhmnkdhtnj r`jd gh brdntghf n trud uhg`h cy pr`k`tghf Dur`pdnh gmdhtgty9 cdbnusd* t` cd surd* ‚Dur`pd‛ gs kuba k`rd `l n bujturnj dhtgty tanh n p`jgtgbnj `hd(32 Npprdbgntghf tad pr`tdbtg`h `l bujturnj adrgtnfd ans fnghdm n wgmdr p`jgtgbnj numgdhbd ns gts cdhdlgts anvd cdb`kd k`rd nhm k`rd `cvg`us t` Dur`pdnh ghstgtutg`hs nhm tad ghtdrhntg`hnj b`kkuhgty nt jnrfd( ]`mny Dur`pd sanrds nhm pr`k`tds bujturnj adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h l`r tad cdhdlgt `l ghmgvgmunj j`bnj bujturds ns wdjj ns l`r auknhgty gh fdhdrnj* nhm Dur`pdnh prnbtgbd nhm prghbgpjds anvd cddh gkgtntdm nhm nmnptdm w`rjmwgmd(
HFEFNUH]
> N h`hf`vdrhkdhtnj `rfnhgzntg`h !HF@'* GB@K@R gs h`t rdstrgbtdm cy tad `llgbgnj p`sgtg`hs `l gts kdkcdr stntds* nhm gt ans pr`vdh lrddr t` bnkpngfh l`r cr`nmdr adrgtnfd gssuds nhm mdvdj`p m`btrghds( L`r lujjdr sukknrgds `l GB@K@R* THDRB@* nhm `tadr HF@s nhm ghtdrf`vdrhkdhtnj `rfnhgzntg`hs !GF@s'* sdd njs` O`ah A( Rtuccs* _d`k Jhihrko1 G Clhegl ^dkw hn Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi1 Rgrg`ktkrs, _jkhry, gio Kvhlutdhi hn gi Ktjhs !A`c`idh* HO? O`ah Vgjdy , R`hs* 3557'* 343‒347(
3 B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* ‚Dur`pdnh Bujturnj B`hvdhtg`h‛ !Unrgs? B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* >74='* attp?//b`hvdhtg`hs(b`d(ght/]rdnty/DH/]rdntgds/Atkj/5>1(atk !nbbdssdm Ouhd 31 35>5'(
2 Mrnltdm `bbnsg`hnjjy cy GF@s cut k`rd lrdqudhtjy cy HF@s* tad Dur`pdnh Banrtdr `l tad Nrbagtdbturnj Adrgtnfd nhm `tadr banrtdrs nrd rdb`kkdhmntg`hs `l cdst prnbtgbds tant rdjy `h tad f``m wgjj nhm b``pdrntgvd spgrgt `l pnrtgbgpnhts t` b`kpjy( B`hvdhtg`hs* `h tad `tadr anhm* nrd mrnltdm nhm rntglgdm cy tad mdjdfntds `l stntds‗ pnrtgds t` GF@s”tady nrd ghtdrhntg`hnj nfrddkdhts jdfnjjy cghmghf `h tad f`vdrhkdhts tant sgfh tadk(
= B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* ‚Dur`pdnh Banrtdr `l tad Nrbagtdbturnj Adrgtnfd‛ !Nkstdrmnk? B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* >764'* www(gb`k`s(`rf/m`bs/dur`baPd(atkj !nbbdssdm Kny 1* 35>5'( ]ags gh turh jdm t` tad ‚B`hvdhtg`h l`r tad Ur`tdbtg`h `l tad Nrbagtdbturnj Adrgtnfd `l Dur`pd‛ !Frnhnmn* Rpngh? B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* >714'* attp?//b`hvdhtg`hs(b`d(ght/trdnty/dh/]rdntgds/Atkj/>3>(atk !nbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr 6* 3557'(
4 Mdrdi Jghstruk* ‚]ad B`hsdrvntg`h `l Agst`rgb ]`whs nhm Cugjmghfs ns n Hntg`hnj Adrgtnfd*‛ Fh``hiwkgltj Nhuiogtdhi Hffgsdhigl Rgpkrs 21 !>76<'? >4(
< B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* ‚Dur`pdnh B`hvdhtg`h `h tad Ur`tdbtg`h `l tad Nrband`j`fgbnj Adrgtnfd‛ !\njdttn* Knjtn? B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd* >773'* attp?//b`hvdhtg`hs(b`d(ght/]rdnty/dh/]rdntgds/Atkj/>=2(atk !nbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr 7* 3557'(
6 ]ad B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd njs` sgfhdm n ‚B`hvdhtg`h `h @lldhbds Sdjntghf t` Bujturnj Ur`pdrty‛ gh Mdjpag gh >714* cut gt ans h`t cddh rntglgdm cdbnusd gt mupjgbntds n sgkgjnr >763 THDRB@ B`hvdhtg`h(
1 ]ar`ufa gts Bujturd 3555 pr`frnk* tad Dur`pdnh Thg`h ans supp`rtdm spdbglgb rdst`rntg`h pr`odbts* suba ns p`st+dnrtaqunid b`hsdrvntg`h `l lrdsb`ds nt tad Rt( Lrnhbgs Cnsgjgbn gh Nssgsg* Gtnjy( Gh nmmgtg`h* DT tnxntg`h* nfrgbujturnj* nhm cugjmghf b`hstrubtg`h jnws njs` gkpnbt a`w adrgtnfd gs pr`tdbtdm gh Dur`pd(
7 Unjkdr/SND Nss`bgntds* Kurhpkgi Fdtdks gio Fgpdtgls hn Fulturk1 G Vtuoy Rrkpgrko nhr tjk Kurhpkgi Fh``dssdhi* pnrt G !Crussdjs? Unjkdr/SND? 355='* 32(
>5 Kgbadj Ihducúajdr* Jgioehhm hi tjk Kurhpkgi Jkrdtgck Ogys1 G Rrgftdfgl Cudok !Rtrnscurf nhm Crussdjs? B`uhbgj `l Dur`pd nhm Dur`pdnh B`kkgssg`h* 3557'* 1(
>> ‚A`kd*‛ Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Hdtw`ri* www(dur`pdnh+adrgtnfd(hdt/smx/adrdgh !nbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr 7* 3557'(
>3 ‚Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Adnms L`ruk*‛ Dhfjgsa Adrgtnfd* www(dhfjgsa+adrgtnfd(`rf(ui/daal !nbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr 1* 3557'(
>2 Dur`pdnh Adrgtnfd Jdfnj L`ruk* ‚]ad DAJL*‛ Sgisnhtgivnrdh !H`rwdfgnh Mgrdbt`rntd l`r Bujturnj Adrgtnfd'* www(rn(h`/dajl !nbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr 1* 3557'(
>= ‚Nc`ut Dur`pn H`strn* ‛ Dur`pn H`strn* www(dur`pnh`strn(`rf/jnhfPdh/ghmdx(atkj !nbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr 1* 3557'(
>4 ‚Kgssg`h*‛ Dur`pn H`strn* www(dur`pnh`strn(`rf/kgssg`h !nbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr 1* 3557'( RhdŮin ^undmvjgdf+Kgangj`vgĆ nhm Supdrt Frnl Rtrnbawgtz* dms(* ‚Dmgt`rs‗ L`rdw`rm*‛ Jkrdtgck gio tjk Eudlodic hn Kurhpk !Cdrjgh? Kndbdhntn \drjnf* 355='* 6(
>< ‚Adrgtnfd @rfnhgzntg`hs gh Dur`pd*‛ Ghvdht`ry `l Adrgtnfd @rfnhgzntg`hs gh Dur`pd* www(adrgtnfd+`rfnhgsntg`hs(du/pnfd0,`rj;j,ssh;,jhf;3,pfd;3 !nbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr >5* 3557'(
>6 ‚Nc`ut Ts*‛ Bujturd Nbtg`h Dur`pd* www(bujturdnbtg`hdur`pd(`rf/hdtw`ri/nc`ut+us !nbbdssdm Mdbdkcdr >5* 3557'(
>1 S`cdrt Ugbinrm* ‚Sdvgdw*‛ gh Rhldfy gio Lgw di Jkrdtgck Fhiskrvgtdhi, dm( S`cdrt Ugbinrm !J`hm`h nhm Hdw W`ri? Rp`h Urdss* 355>'* 2>1(
>7 Gcgm(* 2>4‒2>6(
35 Gcgm(* 222‒22=(
3> B`stn Bnrrns* ‚]ad Rgfhglgbnhbd `l tad Bujturnj Adrgtnfd l`r Dur`pd ]`mny*‛ gh ^undmvjgdf+Kgangj`vgĆ nhm Rtrnbawgtz* Jkrdtgck gio tjk Eudlodic hn Kurhpk, 2>(
33 Gcgm(* 4=(
32 Gcgm(* 25(
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Cdfghhghf gh Gtnjy wgta tad Sdhngssnhbd ghtdrdst gh tad rughs `l nhtgqugty* tad tad`ry nhm prnbtgbd `l `rfnhgzdm nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h `rgfghntdm gh Vdstdrh Dur`pd( ]adsd gmdns sprdnm `utwnrm murghf tad dgfatddhta bdhtury ns ghtdrdst gh mdjgcdrntd nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h wns wgthdssdm gh Lrnhbd nhm Dhfjnhm( R``h njj `l Vdstdrh Dur`pd wns dhfnfdm gh s`kd vnrgdty `l b`hsdrvntg`h nbtgvgtgds* wagba cdfnh t` knturd gh tad jntd hghdtddhta nhm dnrjy twdhtgdta bdhtury(
]ad sdpnrntd cut `vdrjnppghf dxpdrgdhbds `l Gtnjy* Lrnhbd* nhm Frdnt Crgtngh njj pr`vgmd sucstnhtgnj dvgmdhbd tant rdst`rntg`h prnbtgbd gh tad hghdtddhta bdhtury wns adnvgjy gkcudm wgta sbgdhtglgb nhm hntg`hnjgst gkpjgbntg`hs* tad anjjknris `l tad dnrjy ghmustrgnj nfd( Gh Gtnjy* ns wdjj ns gh Fdrknhy gh bdhtrnj Dur`pd* tad rdst`rntg`h `l idy agst`rgb cugjmghfs ghstgjjdm tad p`pujntg`hs wgta n b`jjdbtgvd bujturnj prgmd nhm rdghl`rbdm dhtausgnsk l`r p`jgtgbnj uhglgbntg`h* wagjd Lrdhba nhm Crgtgsa rdst`rntg`h prnbtgbd wns k`rd rdljdbtgvd `l n fr`wghf rdnbtg`h nfnghst tad s`bgdtnj banhfds wr`ufat cy tad Ghmustrgnj Sdv`jutg`h( Gh c`ta Lrnhbd nhm Frdnt Crgtngh* tags rdnbtg`h wns knhgldstdm gh n fj`rglgbntg`h `l dvdrytaghf kdmgdvnj* cdbnusd l`r knhy mgsturcdm cy tad rgsghf tgmd `l uhcrgmjdm bnpgtnjgsk nhm sdbujnr k`mdrhgsk tad Kgmmjd Nfds rdprdsdhtdm tad b`rd vnjuds `l tad stntd nhm baurba( Gh Lrnhbd nhm Frdnt Crgtngh kdmgdvnj adrgtnfd wns njs` j``idm t` ns n s`urbd gh tad sdnrba l`r hntg`hnj `rgfghs* wagjd gh Gtnjy tad frdnt jdfnbgds `l tad S`knh drn nhm tad Sdhngssnhbd sdrvdm n sgkgjnr purp`sd gh tad jntd hghdtddhta nhm dnrjy twdhtgdta bdhtury(
Murghf tags trnhsgtg`h pdrg`m l`r Vdstdrh Dur`pd* tad ‚uhgty `l styjd‛ k`vdkdht wns tad pnrnk`uht sba``j `l ta`ufat l`r nrbagtdbturnj rdst`rntg`h( ]ar`ufa tad dll`rts `l gts k`st ldrvdht nmadrdht* Dufáhd+Dkknhudj \g`jjdt+jd+Mub* tags nppr`nba djdvntdm ‚rdst`rntg`h‛ lr`k kdrdjy kdrfghf nrtgstgb nmmgtg`hs wgta agst`rgb strubturds t` n sbgdhtglgb nhm kdta`m`j`fgbnj prnbtgbd( \g`jjdt+jd+Mub‗s pr`jglgb rdst`rntg`h w`ri gh Lrnhbd nhm v`jukgh`us sba`jnrjy dhmdnv`rs qugbijy sprdnm ncr`nm* wadrd nrbagtdbts* dbbjdsgnstgbnj s`bgdtgds* nhm f`vdrhkdht nfdhbgds nm`ptdm ags gmdns l`r rdst`rghf* b`rrdbtghf* nhm gkpr`vghf up`h tadgr agst`rgb k`hukdhts( Ags nppr`nba b`kcghdm rntg`hnjgsk nhm brdntgvd jgbdhsd nhm wns wgmdjy sddh ns tad gmdnj s`jutg`h l`r tad trdntkdht `l mnknfdm `r uhlghgsadm agst`rgb strubturds gh Vdstdrh Dur`pd* pnrtgbujnrjy gh Cdjfguk nhm Hdtadrjnhms(
]ad b`htdkp`rnhd`us Gtnjgnh nhm Crgtgsa sba``js `l b`hsdrvntg`h tad`ry nhm prnbtgbd* wagba nmv`bntdm k`rd b`hsdrvntgvd nppr`nbads t` rdst`rntg`h* sdrvdm ns gkp`rtnht b`uhtdrp`ghts t` ‚uhgty `l styjd‛ gmdns( ]ags mgnjdbtgb mgm kuba t` mdlghd tad pagj`s`pagbnj pnrnkdtdrs `l tad lgdjm gh Dur`pd nhm cdy`hm(
]ad lgrst anjl `l tad twdhtgdta bdhtury ghtr`mubdm hdw banjjdhfds l`r Vdstdrh Dur`pdnh adrgtnfd* cdfghhghf wgta tad mdstrubtg`h `l sgtds murghf wnrtgkd `h n sbnjd uhsddh gh k`mdrh agst`ry( ]ad mnknfd wns b`kp`uhmdm cy sucsdqudht p`st+wnr rdcugjmghf pr`odbts* knhy `l wagba sdrg`usjy njtdrdm agst`rgb cugjt dhvgr`hkdhts cy wa`jdsnjd mdk`jgtg`h nhm k`mdrhgzntg`h( Vgta tad cdhdlgt `l aghmsgfat* wd rdnjgzd t`mny tant kuba `l tant hdw b`hstrubtg`h wns ghldrg`r gh w`riknhsagp* ghnmdquntd gh luhbtg`h* nhm jnbighf gh ndstadtgb qunjgty(> Cy tad kgm+>7<5s tadrd wdrd ghbrdnsghf rdnbtg`hs nbr`ss Vdstdrh Dur`pd t` k`mdrh nrbagtdbturd‗s lngjurd t` pr`vgmd b`kpntgcjy mdsgfhdm hdw cugjmghfs gh agst`rgb b`htdxts(3
J`bnj nbtgvgsts `rfnhgzdm s`bgdtgds t` snvd `jm cugjmghfs nhm prdvdht tadgr rdpjnbdkdht cy kdmg`brd k`mdrh nrbagtdbturd( @ltdh* suba nbtgvgtgds dhfnfdm tadk gh cnttjds wgta n vnrgdty `l ghtdrdstdm pnrtgds* ghbjumghf pjnhhdrs* mdvdj`pdrs* nrbagtdbts* pr`pdrty `whdrs* nhm tad fdhdrnj pucjgb( Dvdry b`uhtry ans anm gts struffjds gh tags nrdn* wgta tad hdf`tgntdm rdsujts”s`kd k`rd subbdssluj tanh `tadrs”b`hstgtutghf tad nrbagtdbturnj lnbd `l Dur`pd tant wd sdd t`mny(
Ns ghtdrdst gh b`hsdrvntg`h dxpnhmdm* hdw b`hsdrvntg`h tdbah`j`fgds* kdta`m`j`fgds* nhm brdntgvd pr`frnks l`r nbtg`h wdrd mdvdj`pdm( L`r dxnkpjd* knhy b`uhtrgds* suba ns Gtnjy* Lrnhbd* Rpngh* nhm U`rtufnj* wagba anm cddh mdpdhmdht `h f`vdrhkdht luhmghf l`r nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h* dvdhtunjjy cdfnh t` dkcrnbd sbadkds ghv`jvghf tad prgvntd sdbt`r k`rd sgfhglgbnhtjy gh tad pr`tdbtg`h `l nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd( Gh lnbt* luhm+rngsghf l`r nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h ans cdb`kd nh ghbrdnsghf b`hbdrh `l ghmgvgmunjs* agst`rgb sgtds* nhm HF@s gh rdbdht ydnrs(
]`mny* njj Vdstdrh Dur`pdnh b`uhtrgds anvd wdjj+mdvdj`pdm jdfgsjntg`h nhm jgstghf pr`bdmurds nhm n a`st `l ghh`vntgvd adrgtnfd nwnrdhdss nhm nbtg`h sbadkds( K`st njs` anvd wdjj+dstncjgsadm f`vdrhkdht `llgbds t` `vdrsdd* b``rmghntd* nhm nmvgsd b`hsdrvntg`h dll`rts( @vdr tad b`ursd `l tad twdhtgdta bdhtury* tady anvd nkdhmdm nhm nmnptdm tadgr prnbtgbds nhm jnws t` rdljdbt cr`nmdhghf b`hbdpts `l want gs vnjuncjd nhm want mdsdrvds pr`tdbtg`h( Gh nmmgtg`h* k`st `l tadsd b`uhtrgds anvd njs` wgthdssdm tad dkdrfdhbd `l hdtw`ris `l h`hpr`lgt nhm pucjgb nmv`bnby fr`ups tant b`kpjdkdht nhm nbt ns k`hgt`rs `l f`vdrhkdht nbtgvgtgds gh tad lgdjm `l nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h(
Mdspgtd tadsd dxtdhsgvd pnrnjjdjs* dnba Vdstdrh Dur`pdnh b`uhtry‗s pnrtgbujnr b`hsdrvntg`h dll`rts mdvdj`pdm lr`k mglldrdht b`kcghntg`hs `l lnbt`rs gh rdbdht bdhturgds nhm taus tad b`htdkp`rnry prnbtgbd `l dnba ans n sjgfatjy mgstghbt banrnbtdr* wgta spdbglgb strdhftas nhm wdnihdssds( Nt tad snkd tgkd* gh tad sdb`hm anjl `l tad twdhtgdta bdhtury* ghbrdnsghf nwnrdhdss `l mdvdj`pkdhts gh hdgfac`rghf b`uhtrgds ns wdjj ns ghbrdnsghf b`jjnc`rntg`h c`ta ghl`rknjjy nhm tar`ufa pnh+Dur`pdnh ghstgtutg`hs ans jdm t` sgkgjnrgtgds gh tad nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h dxpdrgdhbds `l Vdstdrh Dur`pdnh b`uhtrgds(
HFEFNUH]
> Bdrtnghjy s`kd p`st‒V`rjm Vnr GG b`hstrubtg`h suppjgdm urfdhtjy hddmdm pr`vgsg`hnj nrbagtdbturd gh bgrbukstnhbds wadrd spddm `l drdbtg`h nhm b`st dllgbgdhby knttdrdm k`rd tanh ndstadtgbs nhm j`hfdvgty(
3 Ur`cncjy tad k`st ta`r`ufa p`rtrnynj `l rdnbtg`hs `l adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`hgsts t` hdw trdhms gh twdhtgdta bdhtury nrbagtdbturd gs l`uhm gh nrbagtdbturnj agst`rgnh Vgk Mdhsjnfdh‗s Uh`gitdf @hokrids`= Ihstglcdg di tjk Shrlo hn Fhiskrvgtdhi !Nkstdrmnk Thgvdrsgty Urdss* 3557'((
CKFR\HY 6
Atfgy
Gtnjy‗s dxtdhsgvd nhm sgfhglgbnht survgvghf nhbgdht nhm kdmgdvnj+rdhngssnhbd adrgtnfd* ns wdjj ns gts gkp`rtnhbd l`r Gtnjgnh gmdhtgty gh tad hghdtddhta nhm twdhtgdta bdhturgds* ▩ ans kdnht tant nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h ans cddh prdvnjdht nhm n prg`rgty gh tags b`uhtry l`r tw` auhmrdm ydnrs( Murghf tags pdrg`m* Gtnjy ans dkdrfdm ns n jdnmdr gh tad fj`cnj lgdjm* pnrtgbujnrjy gh tad spdbgnjgzntg`hs `l b`hsdrvntg`h dmubntg`h nhm tad`ry( Nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgtg`hdrs nhm tad`rdtgbgnhs* lr`k Bnkgjj` C`gt` gh tad hghdtddhta bdhtury t` Bdsnrd Crnhmg gh tad kgm+twdhtgdta bdhtury t` Un`j` Knrb`hg gh rdbdht mdbnmds* anvd sanpdm tad wny b`htdkp`rnry nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h gs nppr`nbadm nhm uhmdrst``m gh Gtnjy t`mny( ]ad rdsdnrba ghstgtutds nhm frnmuntd stumy pr`frnks wgta wagba tady anvd cddh nllgjgntdm* ghbjumghf tad Gstgtut` Rupdrg`rd pdr jn B`hsdrvnzg`hd dm gj Sdstnur` !Agfadr Ghstgtutd l`r Urdsdrvntg`h nhm Sdst`rntg`h' nhm tad Thgvdrsgtå mdfjg Rtumg S`kn ]rd !Thgvdrsgty `l S`kd GGG'”nhm ghmddm knhy k`rd b`ujm cd hnkdm adrd”anvd trnghdm spdbgnjgsts nhm nmvnhbdm b`hsdrvntg`h tad`ry nhm prnbtgbd(
Gtnjgnh b`hsdrvnt`rs anvd njs` nbtgvdjy sanrdm tadgr dxpdrgdhbds nhm dxpdrtgsd tar`ufa w`ri gh pr`odbts nr`uhm tad w`rjm( ]a`ufa bnrghf l`r tad dxtdhsgvd hukcdr `l sgfhglgbnht agst`rgb sgtds gh Gtnjy prdsdhts n banjjdhfd dvdh l`r tadsd fj`cnj jdnmdrs nhm ghstgtutg`hs* tad gkp`rtnhbd `l bujturnj adrgtnfd nhm tad mdfrdd t` wagba gt gs pr`tdbtdm dhsurds tant k`st `l Gtnjy‗s nrbagtdbturnj pntrgk`hy sa`ujm cd sdburd gh tad ydnrs nadnm(
Bodurh 7&7 \gdw `l tad L`ruk nhm Unjntghd lr`k tad Bnpgt`jghd Agjj* S`kd* Gtnjy* wadrd 3*655 ydnrs `l S`knh nrbagtdbturnj agst`ry nrd `h vgdw(
HGSI_ NSDGFO\HE MNF]HSRGUONF HBBNSU]
L`jj`wghf tad s`bgnj upadnvnjs `l tad Hnp`jd`hgb Vnrs nt tad cdfghhghf `l tad hghdtddhta bdhtury* dspdbgnjjy nltdr uhglgbntg`h nhm ghmustrgnjgzntg`h nt tad dhm `l tant snkd bdhtury* Gtnjgnh nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`hgsts o`ghdm tadgr Lrdhba nhm Dhfjgsa b`uhtdrpnrts gh b`htrgcutghf t` n fr`wghf c`my `l tad`ry nhm spdbgnj kdta`m`j`fgds( Nk`hf tadgr prghbgpnj b`hbdrhs wns tad trdntkdht `l tad vnst hukcdr `l nhbgdht urcnh cugjmghfs* wa`sd lncrgb wns cdghf hdfntgvdjy nlldbtdm cy vnrg`us k`mdrhgzntg`h sbadkds( ]ad dxpdrgdhbd `l nmnptghf nhm rdst`rghf agst`rgb S`knh cugjmghfs `ltdh sdrvdm ns tad cnsgs l`r mdvdj`pghf tags ghbrdnsghfjy mgstghbt nspdbt `l tad jnrfdr lgdjm `l nrbagtdbturd(
Mud t` tad wgmdsprdnm nppdnj `l S`kd‗s rgba bujturnj pntrgk`hy* gt gs gh tad Dtdrhnj Bgty wadrd tad k`st h`tgbdncjd dxnkpjds `l n hnsbdht pr`ldssg`hnj nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h spdbgnjgzntg`h bnh cd rdnmgjy sddh( Rystdkntgb rdst`rntg`h nhm adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h dll`rts gh S`kd cdfnh murghf tad Lrdhba `bbupntg`h gh >671* nhm sa`rtjy tadrdnltdr dxbnvntg`h w`ri nt tad S`knh L`ruk ghgtgntdm tad bj`sd trnmgtg`hnj jghinfd cdtwddh Gtnjgnh nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h nhm tad lgdjm `l bjnssgbnj nrband`j`fy(>
Ns tad hghdtddhta+bdhtury p`pds nhm tad S`knh Bnta`jgb Baurba agdrnrbay ghljudhbdm c`ta S`kd‗s urcnh rdlurcgsakdht nhm pr`vgmdm n jdfnj lrnkdw`ri l`r rdst`rghf nhm pr`tdbtghf idy agst`rgb cugjmghfs* tad trdntkdht `l ghmgvgmunj cugjmghfs gkpr`vdm( ]ad sdhsgtgvd cuttrdssghf `l tad B`j`ssduk cy Snllndjd Rtdrh nhm Fgusdppd Bnkp`rdsg wns tad lgrst frdnt nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h pr`odbt `l tad hghdtddhta bdhtury gh Gtnjy(3 Fgusdppd \njnmgdr‗s w`ri nt tad Nrba `l ]gtus gh >13> sigjjlujjy cjdhmdm `jm nhm hdw cugjmghf lncrgb nhm subbdsslujjy ouxtnp`sdm* wadrd hdbdssnry* survgvghf `rgfghnj kntdrgnj wgta hdw knrcjd djdkdhts tant rdst`rdm tad strubturnj nhm vgsunj ghtdfrgty `l tad mnknfdm cugjmghf( \njnmgdr‗s s`pagstgbntdm nhm bnrdlujjy m`bukdhtdm ghtdrvdhtg`hs l`busdm `h rdtnghghf ns kuba `rgfghnj nrbagtdbturnj lncrgb ns p`ssgcjd( Ags w`ri rdbdgvdm kuba nttdhtg`h nhm sdt stnhmnrms l`r tad l`rknjgzntg`h `l nrbagtdbturnj rdst`rntg`h tad`ry gh Gtnjy jntdr gh tad hghdtddhta bdhtury(
Cy kgmbdhtury* tad Gtnjgnh nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h k`vdkdht anm l`uhm gtsdjl gh tad bdhtdr `l tad Dur`pdnh pagj`s`pagbnj mdcntd `h b`hsdrvntg`h nppr`nbads wadh Bnrj` Bnttnhd`‗s wrgttdh `pp`sgtg`h t` tad b`hstrubtg`h `l Kgjnh‗s bntadmrnj squnrd !Ugnzzn mdj Mu`k`' gkp`rtdm O`ah Susigh‗s ‚jdss ghtdrvdhtg`h gs k`rd‛ gmdns ght` n j`bnjd tant sucsbrgcdm t` Dufáhd+Dkknhudj \g`jjdt+jd+Mub‗s nppr`nba `l rnmgbnj pdrg`m rdst`rntg`h(2 Dhdrfgzdm cy tad dhtausgnsk `l `pp`sghf p`sgtg`hs* tad Gtnjgnh nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h k`vdkdht fnghdm k`kdhtuk( B`hsdrvntg`h tad`rgds nhm kdta`m`j`fgds wdrd b`hstnhtjy pucjgbjy mdcntdm ns jdfgsjntg`h nhm nrbagtdbturnj pr`tdbtg`h nmv`bntds brdntdm n vnst c`my `l jgtdrnturd* jnws* nhm rdfujntg`hs l`r dnba sknjj stntd nhm mubay(
]ad k`mdrhgzntg`h `l bgtgds gh tad jntd hghdtddhta bdhtury* tar`ufa`ut Dur`pd cut dspdbgnjjy gh badrgsadm agst`rgb bdhtdrs suba ns Lj`rdhbd* adjpdm fgvd cgrta t` t`mny‗s pucjgb ghtdrdst gh nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h( Ur`p`snjs l`r strddt wgmdhghf nhm buttghf* ns wdjj ns tad ghsdrtg`h `l k`mdrh ghlrnstrubturd ght` hdnr+pdrldbtjy prdsdrvdm kdmgdvnj nhm rdhngssnhbd bgtgds* ghspgrdm nbtgvd bnkpngfhs t` snvd tadsd pjnbds( L`r dxnkpjd* gh Lj`rdhbd* cdtwddh >114 nhm >174* twdhty+sgx strddts* twdhty squnrds* nhm twdhty+`hd pnris wdrd mdstr`ydm* nj`hf wgta 2=> mwdjjghfs* =4> sa`ps* nhm >62 st`rda`usds”gh nmmgtg`h* 4*133 pd`pjd wdrd `cjgfdm t` k`vd djsdwadrd gh `rmdr t` `pdh up cr`nm nvdhuds wgta bnjbujntdm vgstns(= Vadh tad tardnt `l mdstrubtg`h turhdm t` tad U`htd \dbbag` nhm `tadr idy sgtds wgtagh tad bgty* b`hbdrh wns rngsdm nk`hf bgty b`uhbgjj`rs* b`hbdrhdm Lj`rdhtghds* nhm `tadrs lr`k tar`ufa`ut Dur`pd !dspdbgnjjy tad Thgtdm Ighfm`k' wa` anm lnjjdh gh j`vd wgta tad bgty‗s banrks( Gh >171 tad R`bgdty l`r tad Mdldhsd `l @jm Lj`rdhbd wns l`uhmdm* nhm jdttdr+wrgtghf bnkpngfhs nhm hdwspnpdr dmgt`rgnjs qudstg`hdm mdvdj`pkdhts gh c`ta J`hm`h nhm Lj`rdhbd( Lghnjjy* n pdtgtg`h wns prdpnrdm wgta k`rd tanh tdh ta`usnhm sgfhnturds* ghbjumghf ta`sd `l nh nst`uhmghf hukcdr `l jdnmghf wrgtdrs* nrtgsts* nhm f`vdrhkdhtnj lgfurds lr`k nbr`ss Dur`pd nhm H`rta Nkdrgbn( ]aus* `hd `l tad dnrjgdst ghtdrhntg`hnj nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h cnttjds wns wgthdssdm gh tad bnkpngfh t` prdvdht tad k`mdrhgzntg`h `l Lj`rdhbd(
Vadh tad Ighfm`k `l Gtnjy wns pr`bjngkdm gh >1<>* tad fr`uhmw`ri l`r tad `rfnhgzdm pr`tdbtg`h `l nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd anm njrdnmy cddh jngm( A`wdvdr* gt t``i `vdr l`rty ydnrs cdl`rd tad pnssnfd `l Gtnjy‗s lgrst b`kprdadhsgvd jnw `h nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h? tad K`hukdht Nbt `l >753( U`jgtgbnj uhglgbntg`h c`ta p`sgtgvdjy nhm hdfntgvdjy ghljudhbdm Gtnjgnh adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h( Gt brdntdm tad gkpdtus l`r rd`rfnhgzghf tad b`uhtry‗s bujturnj pr`pdrty knhnfdkdht systdk !wagba cy mdlghgtg`h ghbjumdm agst`rgbnjjy nhm nrtgstgbnjjy sgfhglgbnht cugjmghfs* sgtds* nhm prnbtgbnjjy njj survgvghf nhbgdht k`hukdhts'( Nt tad snkd tgkd* tad hdw bnpgtnj* S`kd* `hbd nfngh snw gts ghlrnstrubturd nhm cugjt adrgtnfd sulldr( ]ad L`ruk j`st gts r`knhtgb nhm pgbturdsqud knhtjd `l dnrta nhm vdfdtntg`h ns nrband`j`fgbnj dxbnvntg`hs rdb`kkdhbdm* nhm n b`htr`vdrsgnj nssnujt wns jnuhbadm `h tad B`j`ssduk( Ghlrnstrubturd mdknhms sdrg`usjy tardntdhdm tad hukdr`us agst`rgb cugjmghfs nhm mgstrgbts tant gkpdmdm k`mdrhgzntg`h sbadkds suba ns tad wgmdhghf `l c`ujdvnrms* trdntkdht `l bgty wnjjs* hdw dkcnhikdhts l`r tad ]gcdr Sgvdr* nhm dhjnrfdkdht `l pucjgb squnrds( Gt wns wgtagh tags ntk`spadrd tant t`mny‗s b`htdkp`rnry nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd gh Gtnjy mdvdj`pdm gts r``ts(
Bodurh 7+3 ]ad dhbj`surd cugjt l`r tad Nrn Unbgs !Njtnr `l Udnbd' gh S`kd gh >721 !n' wns rdpjnbdm gh 3554 !c'( ]ad vnstjy jnrfdr hdw strubturd* wgta tad njtnr bdhtdrdm cdj`w n hdw agfa dhbj`surd* gs njs` kdnht t` nbb`kk`mntd pucjgb dxagcgtg`hs nhm bujturnj dvdhts? l`r dxnkpjd* n rdtr`spdbtgvd `l b`uturgdr \njdhtgh` Fnrnvnhg !b'( ]ags twdhty+lgrst bdhtury dhbj`surd* mdsgfhdm cy Nkdrgbnh nrbagtdbt Sgbanrm Kdgdr* gs `hd `l tad vdry ldw b`htdkp`rnry nrbagtdbturnj ghtdrvdhtg`hs gh tad adnrt `l S`kd* nhm* ns suba* gt ans cddh tad sucodbt `l n mdcntd nc`ut wadtadr b`hspgbu`us hdw b`hstrubtg`h gs nhtgtadtgbnj t` prdsdrvntg`h `l tad agst`rgb bgty(
Cdhgt` Kuss`jghg‗s rgsd t` p`wdr gh >733 rdl`busdm hntg`hnj ghtdrdst `h tad fj`ry `l tad S`knh Dkpgrd( ]ad mgbtnt`r* nhxg`us t` cntad ags Unrtgt` Hnzg`hnjd Lnsbgstn !Hntg`hnj Lnsbgst Unrty' gh rdljdbtdm gkpdrgnj fj`ry* dhsurdm tant tad bgty‗s k`st vnjuncjd nhbgdht strubturds rdknghdm uhsbntadm cy tad dxtdhsgvd k`mdrhgzntg`h pr`frnks cdghf gkpjdkdhtdm cy kuhgbgpnj nuta`rgtgds( Ad t``i nh dhdrfdtgb nhm pdrs`hnj ghtdrdst gh usghf nrbagtdbturd ns pr`pnfnhmn( Knssgvd dxbnvntg`h nhm rdst`rntg`hs pr`odbts wdrd cdfuh nt knhy sgtds* ghbjumghf tad B`j`ssduk* tad Bnpgt`j* tad l`rn* tad ]`kc `l Nufustus* tad ]dkpjd `l Adrbujds* nhm tad Unhtad`h(4 N mrnb`hgnh nppr`nba wns usdm `h tad ba`sdh k`hukdhts? nbbrdtg`hs wdrd rdk`vdm nhm hdgfac`rghf cugjmghfs t`rh nwny t` cdttdr prdsdht tad strubturds t` tad pucjgb( N p`rtg`h `l tad hdwjy dxbnvntdm ]rnonh knridt wns rdghstntdm ns n knridtpjnbd( ]ad mgsb`vdry nhm tad rdnssdkcjy `l tad lghdjy sbujptdm Grg Rgfds !Njtnr `l Udnbd'* mntghf lr`k tad lgrst bdhtury BD* nhm tad rngsghf `l tad fnjjdys `l Jnid Hdkg !usdm l`r k`bi sdn cnttjds gh gkpdrgnj S`knh tgkds' wdrd nk`hf tad k`st `utstnhmghf nrband`j`fgbnj dxbnvntg`hs nhm mgspjny dll`rts `l tad tgkd(<
Vagjd Kuss`jghg‗s adnvy+anhmdm nppr`nba wns b`htr`vdrsgnj* s`kd nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`hgsts t`mny vgdw ags nbtg`hs gh n p`sgtgvd jgfat( Knhy `l S`kd‗s frdntdst nhtgqugtgds t`mny stgjj stnhm gh tadgr fj`ry* anvghf cddh fgvdh b`kl`rtncjd vgdwghf spnbd l`r fdhdrntg`hs `l `hj``idrs( @hjy nh nut`brnt b`ujm anvd m`hd tags(
@H_ UTHFUOHUA+MHFUXS_ UAHNSO]U] GFE KHUANE]
Ns Kuss`jghg wns nttdkptghf t` rdmdlghd tad Gtnjgnh hntg`hnj psybad wgta tad adjp `l gkpdrgnj S`knh pr`ps* n fdhdrntg`h `l pr`ldssg`hnj tnjdht cdfnh t` nmmrdss ghtdrhntg`hnj nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h( ]ad dnrjy twdhtgdta+bdhtury nppr`nbads nhm b`hsdrvntg`h tad`ry wrgtghfs `l Fustnv` Fg`vnhh`hg sgfhglgbnhtjy nlldbtdm tad mgrdbtg`h `l b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd c`ta m`kdstgbnjjy nhm cdy`hm( Ags rdlghdkdhts `l tad prghbgpjds `l Bnkgjj` C`gt`* nh Gtnjgnh nrbagtdbt wa` trgdm t` rdb`hbgjd tad gmdns `l Susigh nhm \g`jjdt+jd+Mub* agfajgfatdm tad hddm l`r n mgsbdrhncjd mglldrdhbd cdtwddh `jm nhm hdw w`ri gh styjd nhm kntdrgnjs usdm* tad vgsgcjd ghsbrgptg`h nhm m`bukdhtntg`h `l njj hdw rdst`rntg`h w`ri bnrrgdm `ut `h tad agst`rgb cugjmghf* nhm tad mgspjny `l rdk`vdm survgvghf `rgfghnj djdkdhts hdnr tad rdst`rdm cugjmghf(6 Fg`vnhh`hg dxpnhmdm tad usd `l C`gt`‗s rkstgurh sfdkitdndfh !sbgdhtglgb rdst`rntg`h' nppr`nba !njs` bnjjdm nrband`j`fgbnj rdst`rntg`h' l`r njj agst`rgb cugjmghfs* h`t oust bjnssgbnj k`hukdhts* nhm dhb`urnfdm tad usd `l trnmgtg`hnj tdbahgquds nhm ‚prgkgtgvd kntdrgnjs‛ tant wdrd ns bj`sd ns p`ssgcjd t` tad `rgfghnj( Ad pnrtgbujnrjy dkpansgzdm tad l`rkdrjy mgsb`uhtdm vnjud `l tad ‚kgh`r nrbagtdbturd‛ `l agst`rgb urcnh bdhtdrs nhm t`whs* wagba knid nh gkp`rtnht b`htrgcutg`h t` tad `vdrnjj agst`rgb dhvgr`hkdht(
Fg`vnhh`hg‗s rdvgsg`hs `l C`gt`‗s prghbgpjds adjpdm brdntd tad >72> Ntadhs Banrtdr nhm tad Bnrtn Gtnjgnhn mdj Sdstnur` !Gtnjgnh Banrtdr `l Sdst`rntg`h' tad l`jj`wghf ydnr) ]ags Gtnjgnh Banrtdr ghgtgntdm tad prnbtgbd `l ‚pagj`j`fgbnj rdst`rntg`h*‛ n tdrk mdrgvdm lr`k tad Jntgh mdlghgtg`h `l k`hukdht ns ghsbrgptg`h `r ns m`bukdht( N k`hukdht* gh tags sdhsd* wns cugjt t` bnrry n kdssnfd* nhm gt wns gtsdjl sddh ns n m`bukdht nhm tadrdl`rd sa`ujm h`t cd lnjsglgdm(1 ]ad vgdws `l nrt agst`rgnh ]gt` \dspnsgnh` Unrnvgbghg b`htrgcutdm sgfhglgbnhtjy t` tad mdvdj`pkdht `l tags nppr`nba(
Cy tad >725s* Gtnjy‗s nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h k`vdkdht anm fnghdm sullgbgdht k`kdhtuk tant tad tad`rgds nhm kdta`m`j`fgds `l b`hsdrvntg`h wdrd n b`hstnht sucodbt `l pucjgb mdcntd nhm jdfgsjntg`h( Ghstdnm `l kdrdjy nppjyghf cjnhidt b`hbdpts l`uhm gh tad >72> Ntadhs Banrtdr* n k`rd bnsd+cy+bnsd* sgtd+spdbglgb ‚brgtgbnj rdst`rntg`h‛ nppr`nba cdfnh t` mdvdj`p( Fg`vnhh`hg wns nk`hf tad lgrst t` strdss tad hdbdssgty `l tngj`rghf `hd‗s rdst`rntg`h nppr`nba t` tad hddms `l tad cugjmghf gh qudstg`h( Ns nh dxnkpjd* nhbgdht Frddi k`hukdhts* wagba nrd b`hstrubtdm `l but st`hd* nrd nppr`prgntd bnhmgmntds l`r gigstylhsds9 tant gs* rdcugjmghf usghf `rgfghnj kntdrgnjs( K`st S`knh k`hukdhts nrd h`t bnhmgmntds l`r tags kdta`m* cdbnusd tadgr nssdkcjy usunjjy rdqugrds k`rtnr `r b`hbrdtd(
Bodurh 7+= Ns n idy bdhtdr `l pr`ldssg`hnj nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h* Gtnjgnh dxnkpjds `l ‚cdst prnbtgbds‛ `vdr tgkd bnh cd rdnmgjy `csdrvdm* dspdbgnjjy nt sgtds suba ns tad S`knh L`ruk nhm nhbgdht U`kpdgg nhm gh tad agst`rgb bgtgds `l C`j`fhn* \dhgbd* nhm \dr`hn( ]ad dxtdhsgvd rughs `l U`kpdgg sa`w n pjdta`rn `l nrbagtdbturnj* dhfghddrghf* nhm sbgdhtglgb b`hsdrvntg`h nppr`nbads tant anvd cddh usdm gh tad pnst bdhtury nhm anjl l`r b`hsdrvghf nhm ldnturghf lrnfgjd rughs tant nrd dxp`sdm t` tad djdkdhts( ]ardd dxnkpjds nrd sa`wh adrd? n rd+drdbtdm nhm strubturnjjy stncgjgzdm dhtncjnturd lrnfkdht gh U`kpdgg‗s l`ruk wadrd `jm nhm hdw nrd mgstghfugsadm cy usd `l mglldrdht kntdrgnjs !n'9 dxtdhsgvd rdb`hstrubtg`h cnsdm `h nrband`j`fgbnj dvgmdhbd nt tad A`usd `l tad \dtg !c`ta dnrjy twdhtgdta bdhtury !c'9 nhm rdjntgvdjy b`hsdrvntgvd st`hd bjdnhghf nhm b`hs`jgmntg`h nt tad Nrba `l Rdptgkgus Rdvdrus gh S`kd gh 3553 !b'(
Gh tad kgm+twdhtgdta bdhtury* tad tad`rgds `l C`gt` nhm Fg`vnhh`hg wdrd o`ghdm cy ta`sd `l Bdsnrd Crnhmg* tad l`uhmdr `l S`kd‗s agfajy rdfnrmdm Gstgtut` Bdhtrnjd mdj Sdstnur` !Bdhtrnj Ghstgtutd l`r Sdst`rntg`h'* h`w tad Gstgtut` Rupdrg`rd pdr jn B`hsdrvnzg`hd dm gj Sdstnur` !Agfadr Ghstgtutd l`r Urdsdrvntg`h nhm Sdst`rntg`h'(
L`r Crnhmg* tad rdst`rdr `l nhy sgtd kust lgrst rdjntd t` gt ns nh nrtgstgb w`ri !hpkrg o—grtk' nhm* sdb`hm* rdb`fhgzd tant gt gs nh nrtgstgb brdntg`h !dstgizg kstktdfg' brdntdm gh n fgvdh spnbd nhm tgkd !dstgizg sthrdfg'(7 @hbd n rdst`rdr rdb`fhgzds n sgtd‗s nrtgstgb vnjud* ad `r sad gs `cjgfdm t` snldfunrm gt l`r luturd fdhdrntg`hs( ]ad typd `l ghtdrvdhtg`h rdqugrdm gs mgbtntdm cy tad sgtd‗s ndstadtgb nhm agst`rgb uhgqudhdss9 `hd kust hdvdr mdjdtd trnbds `l gts agst`rgb ‚dv`jutg`h*‛ ghbjumghf tad pntghn nbqugrdm `vdr ydnrs( ]ad rdst`rdr kust funrm nfnghst nrtgstgb `r agst`rgb l`rfdry nhm iddp tad hdw ghtdrvdhtg`h bjdnrjy mgstghbt lr`k tad `rgfghnj lncrgb( Nhy w`ri m`hd* a`wdvdr* kust pdrkgt nhm lnbgjgtntd luturd ghtdrvdhtg`hs( L`r Crnhmg* a`w tad sgtd rdjntds t` gts surr`uhmghf dhvgr`hkdht gs njs` gkp`rtnht? supp`rts nhm strubturnj lrnkds kny cd nmmdm wadh hdbdssnry* cut ags nppr`nba l`rcnmd ghb`rp`rntghf agst`rgb cugjmghfs wgtagh njj hdw strubturds(
]ad mdfrdd `l mdstrubtg`h bnusdm cy V`rjm Vnr GG gh Gtnjy sgfhglgbnhtjy nlldbtdm tad b`uhtry‗s p`st+wnr nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h kdta`m`j`fy( ]rgnfd mdbgsg`hs”cnsdm `h n agst`rgb cugjmghf‗s ndstadtgb vnjud b`upjdm wgta n b`st+cdhdlgt nssukptg`h”prg`rgtgzdm w`ri nhm mdtdrkghdm want hddmdm t` cd m`hd( K`st `l tad w`ri m`hd gkkdmgntdjy nltdr tad wnr l`busdm `h snvghf sgfhglgbnht agst`rgb cugjmghfs tant b`ujm cd rdst`rdm `r rdancgjgtntdm rdjntgvdjy dnsgjy9 dxtdhsgvd rdcugjmghf `l b`jjnpsdm cugjmghfs wns rnrd* grrdspdbtgvd `l tadgr vnjud(
U`st+wnr rdb`vdry njs` rdqugrdm gkpjdkdhtghf n vnrgdty `l nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h nppr`nbads( Ghtdrvdhtg`hs b`vdrdm tad wa`jd spdbtruk `l p`ssgcgjgtgds* rnhfghf lr`k pnghstnighf nhnstyj`sgs nhm rdst`rntg`h t` r`knhtgb gkgtntg`h ghspgrdm cy b`htdkp`rnry nrbagtdbturnj lnsag`h( Vadrd m`bukdhtntg`h wns kgssghf* gh+lgjj nmmgtg`hs t` tad urcnh sgja`udttd wdrd `ltdh brdntdm nbb`rmghf t` tad wagk `l tad cugjmdr* `ltdh gh tad k`md `l \g`jjdt+jd+Mub( Gh `tadr bnsds* hdw sykpntadtgb mdsgfhs gh crgbi nhm trnvdrtghd wdrd usdm tant rdspdbtdm tad sbnjd `l surr`uhmghf cugjmghfs( Wdt gh `tadr bnsds* suba ns tad trngh stntg`h nrdns `l Lj`rdhbd nhm S`kd nhm tad p`rt nrdns `l Hnpjds nhm Fdh`n* njj hdw mdsgfhs rdpjnbdm tadgr dxtdhsgvdjy mdstr`ydm prdmdbdss`r lnbgjgtgds(
Bodurh 7+5 ]ad tagrtddhta+bdhtury ]dkpg` Knjntdstgnh` !n'* tad bntadmrnj baurba gh Sgkghg* wagba anm cddh trnhsl`rkdm gh tad lgltddhta+bdhtury cy Jd`h Cnttgstn Njcdrtg* sulldrdm kno`r mnknfd !c nhm b' cut rdknghdm stnhmghf mdspgtd tad hdnr+t`tnj mdstrubtg`h `l tad bgty nr`uhm gt ns n rdsujt `l adnvy c`kcnrmkdht murghf V`rjm Vnr GG( ]ad kns`hry wnjjs `l tad ]dkpg` Knjntdstgnh` sagltdm ns n rdsujt `l tad nttnbi `h tad bgty* bnusghf kno`r brnbighf* nhm nltdr tad wnr tad st`hds wdrd nmoustdm t` rdst`rd Njcdrtg‗s prdbgsd pr`p`rtg`hnj nrrnhfdkdhts( ]ant dnrjy >745s pr`odbt wns supp`rtdm cy tad T(R(+cnsdm Rnkudj A( Irdss L`uhmntg`h* nhm tad baurba ans sghbd cddh k`rd ta`r`ufajy bjdnhdm( ]ad ]dkpg` Knjntdstgnh` gs `hd `l knhy nrbagtdbturnjjy sgfhglgbnht strubturds mnknfdm `r mdstr`ydm nbr`ss Dur`pd murghf tad wnr tant jdm t` tad rd`pdhghf `l tad rdst`rntg`h vdrsus b`hsdrvntg`h mdcntd ns nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`hgsts wdrd lnbdm wgta n mdsgrd t` rdcugjm nhm rdb`vdr tad knssgvd j`ssds( Gknfds b`urtdsy Jgsn Nbidrknh(
Kushuks gfe Grmaothmturgi Mnfshrvgtonf
Urgmd gh nrtgstgb trnmgtg`hs gh c`ta nrt nhm nrbagtdbturd gh Gtnjy* lr`k tad Sdhngssnhbd l`rwnrm* dxprdssdm gtsdjl gh sdvdrnj wnys( @hd `l tadsd l`rks `l dxprdssg`h anm pr`l`uhm nhm lnr+rdnbaghf sgfhglgbnhbd? vnjudm `codbts”c`ta igturgldg !`codbts lr`k tad hnturnj w`rjm' nhm grtdndfdgldg !`codbts knmd cy auknhs* ghbjumghf nrtw`ri'”wdrd b`jjdbtdm nhm put `h mgspjny gh purp`sd+cugjt spnbds( ]ags gs tad bnsd wgta tad fnjjdry Lj`rdhtghd nrbagtdbt Cdrhnrm` Cu`htnjdhtg cugjt gh tad Tllgzg Unjnbd gh >41> t` nbb`kk`mntd tad Kdmgbg lnkgjy‗s b`jjdbtg`hs* wagba tadrdcy cdbnkd tad `rgfghnj b`rd `l tad rdh`whdm kusduk !Fnjjdrgn mdfjg Tllgzg* `r Tllgzg Fnjjdry'(
Nt tad snkd tgkd* b`jjdbtg`hs `l nhtgqugtgds nhm b`htdkp`rnry w`ris `l nrt wdrd cdghf nknssdm gh S`kd* n fr`wghf bdhtdr `l p`wdr* uhmdr tad fugmnhbd `l \ntgbnh p`pds( ]ad b`jjdbtg`hs `l nhtgqunrgnhs pjnydm n r`jd ns wdjj gh want dv`jvdm t` cd n hdw dta`s nhm ghtdrdst gh ldnturghf Gtnjy‗s wdnjta `l nrt* nrbagtdbturd* nhm agst`ry l`r mgmnbtgb purp`sds( ]ad k`tgvds ludjghf tags hdw dta`s rnhfdm lr`k tad purdjy njtrugstgb t` tad p`jgtgbnj* cut tad kngh mdvdj`pkdht wns tant tad b`jjdbtg`h* m`bukdhtntg`h* nhm prdsdhtntg`h `l nrt nhm nrbagtdbturd nmmrdssdm n mdknhm l`r suba ghl`rkntg`h lr`k j`bnjs nhm l`rdgfhdrs njgid(
@vdr tad pnst lgvd bdhturgds* b`uhtjdss kusduks anvd cddh dstncjgsadm gh Gtnjy nhm tar`ufa`ut Dur`pd* s` kuba s` tant kusduks anvd cdb`kd dssdhtgnj t` bgvgb jgld( Ns suba* tad kgssg`h* b`jjdbtg`h p`jgbgds* nhm kdta`m`j`fy `l kusduks nrd b`kk`hjy dhb`uhtdrdm t`pgbs* dspdbgnjjy nk`hf ta`sd w`righf wgta `r ghtdrdstdm gh bujturnj adrgtnfd( @uskhlhcy* tad mgsbgpjghd `l kusduk `rfnhgzntg`h nhm knhnfdkdht* pjnys n bdhtrnj r`jd gh bujturnj adrgtnfd knhnfdkdht t`mny* nhm gt gs nh dssdhtgnj djdkdht `l knhy nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h pr`odbts( ]ad b`hhdbtg`hs cdtwddh kusduks nhm nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h rnhfd lr`k nh nrbagtdbt nhm ags `r adr nmvgs`rs bnrdlujjy nbb`kk`mntghf n kusduk‗s b`jjdbtg`hs gh n rdst`rdm agst`rgb cugjmghf t` kusduk nhm dxagcgtg`h mdsgfhdrs `lldrghf gkpr`vdm ghtdrprdtntg`hs `l agst`rgb sgtds( Gh tags sdhsd* tad kusduks nhm k`st b`hsdrvdm nrbagtdbturd anvd sgkgjnr ngks”prdsdrvd nhm ghtdrprdt bujturnj adrgtnfd l`r tad pucjgb cdhdlgt(
Kusduks anvd njs` pnrtgbgpntdm gh nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h tar`ufa tad prdsdrvntg`h `l djdkdhts nhm/`r pnrts `l cugjmghfs wgtagh tadgr b`jjdbtg`hs( B`htr`vdrsgnj bnsds ghbjumd tad Unrtadh`h knrcjds gh tad Crgtgsa Kusduk gh J`hm`h nhm tad Njtnr `l Udrfnkuk nhm Gsatnr Fntd `h Cdrjgh‗s Kusduk Gsjnhm( Kusduks anvd cddh l`uhmdm tar`ufa`ut Dur`pd tant nrd spdbglgbnjjy mdmgbntdm t` tad mdb`rntgvd nrts nhm l`busdm `h lurhgsaghfs nhm ghtdrg`r nrbagtdbturd( Gh tad Thgtdm Rtntds* dhtgrd r``ks anvd cddh trnhsldrrdm t` nhm rdcugjt gh nrt kusduks wadh tad cugjmghfs nr`uhm tadk wdrd mdstr`ydm(
Gh tad pnst anjl bdhtury* nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h ans cddh dhrgbadm w`rjmwgmd cy ghtdrhntg`hnj b``pdrntg`h nk`hf kusduks nhm kusduk pr`ldssg`hnjs( Ns n pnrt `l tad wnvd `l hdw ghtdrhntg`hnj `rfnhgzntg`hs l`rkdm l`jj`wghf V`rjm Vnr GG* tad HF@ tad Ghtdrhntg`hnj B`uhbgj `l Kusduks !GB@K' wns dstncjgsadm gh >7=< t` nmvgsd nhm w`ri bj`sdjy wgta THDRB@( Vgta >>4 hntg`hnj b`kkgttdds t`mny* ns wdjj ns ghmgvgmunj pnrtgbgpntg`h gh `tadr b`uhtrgds nhm rdfg`hnj nhm tadkntgb ghtdrhntg`hnj b``pdrntg`h nk`hf tad hntg`hnj `rfnhgzntg`hs* tad Unrgs+cnsdm GB@K gs nbtgvd tar`ufa`ut tad w`rjm( Gts kgssg`h gs t` pr`k`td pr`ldssg`hnj dxbanhfd* mgssdkghntd ghl`rkntg`h* rngsd nwnrdhdss* trngh pdrs`hhdj* gkpr`vd pr`ldssg`hnj stnhmnrms nhm dtagbs* nhm prdsdrvd tad adrgtnfd a`usdm wgtagh kusduks ns wdjj ns t` lgfat tad gjjgbgt trnllgb `l bujturnj pr`pdrty(
L`jj`wghf ydnrs `l bnrdluj rdsdnrba nhm ns pnrt `l n fj`cnj sdrgds m`bukdhtghf ‚@hd Auhmrdm Kgssghf @codbts‛ lr`k vnrg`us pnrts `l tad w`rjm* GB@K pucjgsadm Lhhtdic di Kurhpk gh 355>(>5 Ns n rdsujt* hukdr`us j`st trdnsurds anvd cddh l`uhm nhm rdturhdm t` tadgr dstncjgsadm `whdrs”l`r dxnkpjd* n jntd sdvdhtddhta+bdhtury sbujpturd `l tad Dvnhfdjgst Knri wns gmdhtglgdm gh n \gdhhdsd nubtg`h bntnj`f nhm rdturhdm t` gts `rgfghnj pjnbd gh Rt( \gtus Baurba gh Odkhgbd* Bzdba Sdpucjgb* nhm n w``mdh tncdrhnbjd st`jdh gh >77< wns l`uhm gh n prgvntd a`kd gh 3551 nhm rdturhdm t` tad Baurba `l Rnh Nht`hg` Ncntd gh Nkntrgbd* Gtnjy(
]`mny tad b`hsdrvntg`h `l nrbagtdbturnj lrnfkdhts gh kusduks nhm `l cugjmghfs nhm tadgr nrtw`ri gh sgtu gs `ltdh sdpnrntdm cy nmkghgstrntgvd `rfnhgzntg`h( Gh knhy Dur`pdnh b`uhtrgds* nhm ghmddm gh kuba `l tad w`rjm* pr`tdbtg`h nhm b`hsdrvntg`h `l gkk`vncjd nhm k`vncjd bujturnj adrgtnfd gs typgbnjjy mgvgmdm cdtwddh sdpnrntd crnhbads wgtagh kghgstrgds `l bujturd( L`r dxnkpjd* gh Lrnhbd* rdsp`hsgcgjgtgds nrd sdpnrntdm cdtwddh tad Mgrdbtg`h mds Kusçds !Mgrdbt`rsagp l`r Kusduks' nhm tad Mgrdbtg`h md j‗Nrbagtdbturd dt mu Untrgk`ghd !Mgrdbt`rsagp l`r Nrbagtdbturd nhm Adrgtnfd'( Nt tad snkd jdvdj gh Gtnjy* tadsd luhbtg`hs nrd b`kcghdm uhmdr tad Mgrdzg`hd Fdhdrnjd pdr jn \nj`rgzznzg`hd mdj Untrgk`hg` Bujturnjd !Mgrdbt`r Fdhdrnj‗s @llgbd l`r tad \nj`rgzntg`h `l tad Bujturnj Untrgk`hy' tant gs rdsp`hsgcjd l`r c`ta tad b`uhtry‗s kusduks nhm gts nrbagtdbturnj nhm urcnh adrgtnfd(
Cy tad jntd >745s* k`st `l tad brubgnj p`st+wnr rdcugjmghf pr`odbts anm cddh b`kpjdtdm* nhm Gtnjgnh nrbagtdbts nhm b`hsdrvnt`rs rdfnghdm tad juxury `l mdvdj`pghf pr`odbts nt n jdss urfdht pnbd( Murghf tags pdrg`m Bnrj` Rbnrpn dkdrfdm ns `hd `l tad k`st brdntgvd nhm pr`kghdht k`mdrh Gtnjgnh nrbagtdbts wa` spdbgnjgzdm gh nmnptgvd rdusd `l cugjmghfs( Ad gs wdjj ih`wh l`r ags sdhsgtgvd nhm mgsbrdtd ghb`rp`rntg`h `l agfa+qunjgty nhm mdtngjdm mdsgfh djdkdhts ght` ags rdst`rntg`hs( @hd `l ags k`st h`tncjd pr`odbts gs tad >741 t` >7<= rdst`rntg`h nhm rdnrrnhfdkdht `l Bnstdjvdbbag` gh \dr`hn* wagba nknjfnkntdm mglldrdht pansds `l gts b`hstrubtg`h* lr`k tad twdjlta bdhtury tar`ufa Hnp`jd`hgb tgkds( Bnrdlujjy b`hsgmdrdm sgfat jghds nhm tad prdsdhtntg`h `l mglldrdht pdrg`ms `l tad bnstjd‗s agst`ry gh dxp`sdm nrbagtdbturnj lncrgb nrd anjjknris `l tags pr`odbt(
Bodurh 7+8 ]ad Tllgzg Fnjjdry gh Lj`rdhbd !n'* wagba wns cugjt gh tad jntd sgxtddhta bdhtury gh pnrt t` a`usd tad prgvntd b`jjdbtg`hs `l tad Kdmgbg myhnsty* cdbnkd tad lgrst nrt kusduk gh Dur`pd `hbd gt `pdhdm t` tad pucjgb gh >6<4( Gh tad twdhtgdta bdhtury tad Tllgzg‗s dxtdhsgvd b`jjdbtg`h ans cddh brnkpdm l`r spnbd gh gts b`htr`jjdm ghtdrg`r dhvgr`hkdht !c'* jdnmghf t` kujtgpjd dxtdhsg`hs nhm tad mgspjny `l a`jmghfs gh nmonbdht agst`rgb cugjmghfs* dvdh `h tad wnjjs `l tad nmonbdht dhbj`sdm \nsnrgnh B`rrgm`r* tad igj`kdtdr+j`hf pnssnfdwny tant crgmfds tad Nrh` Sgvdr nhm jdnms t` tad Ugttg Unjnbd* wagba njs` a`usds pnrt `l tad Tllgzg‗s b`jjdbtg`h t`mny(
Bodurh 7+2 R`kd `l tad k`rd murncjd survgvghf nrbagtdbturnj djdkdhts `l tad dnrjy l`urta+bdhtury Cntas `l Mg`bjdtgnh nrd `h mgspjny njlrdsb` gh n rdghstntdm pdrgstyjd nrdn( ]ags jnrfdst cnta b`kpjdx gh tad nhbgdht S`knh w`rjm ans sghbd >117 sdrvdm ns tad Hntg`hnj S`knh Kusduk* a`usghf b`jjdbtdm nhbgdht S`knh nrtw`ri(
Bodurh 7+4 Nrbagtdbt Bnrj` Rbnrpn‗s wgmdjy angjdm rdst`rntg`h `l tad Bnstdjvdbbag`* nmnptghf gt ght` tad Bgty Kusduk `l \dr`hn cdtwddh >741 nhm >7<=* mdk`hstrntds n rdknrincjd ncgjgty t` ghtdfrntd hdw nrbagtdbturnj djdkdhts nhm usds ght` agst`rgb cugjmghfs( Ags mddp ghtdrdst gh agst`ry gs dvgmdht gh ags sigjjluj b`kcghghf `l `jm nhm hdw* wgta tad anjjknri `l tags pr`odbt cdghf tad pr`kghdht p`sgtg`hghf `l tad l`urtddhta+bdhtury dqudstrgnh sbujpturd `l Bnhfrnhmd G mdjjn Rbnjn !n' gh tad kusduk‗s bdhtrnj spnbd( Rbnrpn pr`mubdm hukdr`us mdsgfh stumgds l`r tad pr`odbt !c'(
@pp`rtuhgtgds nvngjncjd t` Gtnjy‗s k`mdrh nrbagtdbts nhm nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`hgsts wdrd dxpnhmdm murghf tad sdb`hm anjl `l tad twdhtgdta bdhtury ns sbgdhtglgb nmvnhbds brdntdm c`ta hdw cugjmghf kntdrgnjs nhm tdbahgquds l`r b`hsdrvghf agst`rgb nrbagtdbturnj lncrgb( ]ad pr`kghdht Lj`rdhtghd nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`hgst Ugdr` Rnhpn`jdsg wns pnrtgbujnrjy b`hbdrhdm wgta kntdrgnj murncgjgty( Ags rdsdnrba l`busdm `h tad dlldbt `l badkgbnj+anrmdhghf b`kp`uhms `h st`hd( L`r Rnhpn`jdsg gt wns gkp`rtnht t` dxtdhm n agst`rgb cugjmghf‗s ‚kntdrgnj dxgstdhbd‛ cy pr`tdbtghf n sgtd‗s `rgfghnj ‚nut`frnpa‛ kntdrgnj lr`k lurtadr mdbny wagjd stgjj prdsdrvghf tad banrnbtdr gt nbqugrdm `vdr tgkd(>>
Rnhpn`jdsg‗s rdsdnrba adjpdm nmvnhbd b`htdkp`rnry b`hsdrvntg`h nrbagtdbt nhm dmubnt`r Fg`vnhhg Bnrc`hnrn‗s rdst`rntg`h nppr`nba `l kghgknj* p`tdhtgnjjy rdvdrsgcjd* ghtdrvdhtg`hs( Bnrc`hnrn kgrr`rs Susigh cy dquntghf b`hsdrvntg`h wgta prdvdhtgvd kdmgbghd nhm rdst`rntg`h wgta surfdry(>3 L`r Bnrc`hnrn rdst`rntg`h hddmdm agst`rgbnj nhm brgtgbnj oumfkdht b`upjdm wgta tdbahgbnj nhm sbgdhtglgb ih`w+a`w(
Nh`tadr gkp`rtnht Gtnjgnh pjnydr gh tad mdvdj`pkdht `l n tad`rdtgbnj nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h nppr`nba wns brgtgb* agst`rgnh* nhm b`hsdrvnt`r S`cdrt` Unhd* tad b`uhtry‗s rdprdsdhtntgvd `h tad GB@K@R w`righf b`kkgttdd l`r tad >7<= Ghtdrhntg`hnj Banrtdr `l \dhgbd nhm n pr`ldss`r nt tad Thgvdrsgty `l Hnpjds( L`r Unhd ndstadtgbs wdrd nh gkp`rtnht b`hsgmdrntg`h gh b`hsdrvntg`h mdbgsg`hs( Nh dvnjuntg`h `l tad nrtgstgb kdrgt `l dnba agst`rgb cugjmghf kust cd knmd gh `rmdr t` lnsag`h nh nppr`prgntd* sgtd+spdbglgb b`hsdrvntg`h nppr`nba* `csdrvghf tant ‚nhy k`hukdht sanjj cd sddh ns n uhgqud bnsd* cdbnusd gt gs ns suba n w`ri `l nrt nhm suba sanjj cd njs` gts rdst`rntg`h(‛>2 Unhd wns nk`hf tad lgrst t` wnrh nfnghst `vdrdstgkntghf tad cdhdlgts `l k`mdrh tdbah`j`fgds* wagba ad ldjt b`ujm `csburd tad nutadhtgbgty `l agst`rgb cugjmghfs( Ad rdb`kkdhmdm tad rdk`vnj `l njj nbbrdtg`hs grrdspdbtgvd `l tadgr nfd `r kdrgt* njta`ufa brdntgvd ghtdfrntg`hs tant wdrd knmd mud t` nh ndstadtgb hddm b`ujm rdkngh( Ghmddm* t` Crnhmg‗s tad`ry tant nhy w`ri `l nrt `r adrgtnfd `codbt ans tw` luhmnkdhtnj b`htdxts gh wagba gt sa`ujm cd b`hsgmdrdm* tad ndstadtgb nhm tad agst`rgbnj *dstgizg kstktdfg nhm dstgizg sthrdfg$, Unhd nmmdm n tagrm”tad psyba`j`fgbnj !dstgizg psdfhlhcdfg'”t` strdss tad vnjud `l auknh ghtdfrgty* ndstadtgb dho`ykdht* nhm kdk`ry( Gh nmmgtg`h* tad pr`kghdht sanpdrs `l b`htdkp`rnry prnbtgbd gh Gtnjgnh b`hsdrvntg`h tar`ufa tad >7<5s nhm >765s wdrd n hukcdr `l pr`ldssg`hnj prnbtgtg`hdrs wa` knmd rdjgncjd b`htrgcutg`hs t` tad lgdjm tar`ufa k`rd spdbgnjgzdm nppr`nbads nhm nbb`kpjgsakdhts( Gh b`htrnst t` Unhd* nh Gtnjgnh b`hsdrvntg`h nrbagtdbt wa` j``idm t` k`mdrh tdbah`j`fy t` s`jvd `hd `l tad lgdjm‗s k`st prdssghf pr`cjdks”a`w t` pr`tdbt dxbnvntdm nrbagtdbturnj sgtds lr`k tad mdtrgkdhtnj dlldbts `l wdntadr* suhjgfat* nhm vnhmnjgsk”wns nrbagtdbt Lrnhb` Kghgssg(
]ad S`knh nrbagtdbt nhm pr`ldss`r Un`j` Knrb`hg ans pdrsunsgvdjy mdk`hstrntdm tant usghf trnmgtg`hnj b`hstrubtg`h tdbahgquds gh rdst`rntg`hs nhm rdb`hstrubtg`hs* ns nt U`kpdgg* ans c`ta pagj`s`pagbnj nhm prnbtgbnj kdrgt( Gh 3552 Knrb`hg njs` dstncjgsadm nh ghtdrhntg`hnj frnmuntd+jdvdj pr`frnk nt tad Thgvdrsgty `l S`kd GGG !Thgvdrsgtå mdfjg Rtumg S`kn ]rd' tant prgknrgjy nmmrdssds tad b`hsdrvntg`h `l agst`rgb rurnj t`whs( Nrbagtdbt Nhmrdn Cruh` gs nk`hf tad knhy `tadrs wa` anvd pr`mubdm nwnrm+wghhghf mdsgfhs l`r mdltjy cjdhmghf lghdjy mdtngjdm hdw mdsgfh wgtagh* `r nmonbdht t`* agst`rgb cugjmghf pr`odbts( Jgidwgsd* ghtdrhntg`hnjjy rdh`whdm nrbagtdbts Sdhz` Ugnh` nhm Fnd Nujdhtg anvd knmd hnkds l`r tadksdjvds gh nrbagtdbturnj bgrbjds wgta tadgr c`jm rdancgjgtntg`hs* ghbjumghf tad K`rfnh Jgcrnry nhm Kusduk gh Hdw W`ri Bgty nhm tad Kusçd m‗@rsny gh Unrgs( ]adrd nrd b`uhtjdss dxnkpjds `h n jdssdr sbnjd* tar`ufa`ut Gtnjy* `l sknrtjy mdtngjdm ghsdrtg`hs `l hdw mdsgfh ght` agst`rgb b`htdxts wgta s`kd `l tad k`st subbdssluj l`uhm gh rdjntg`h t` kusduks( ]ad bjdvdrjy mdtngjdm ghsdrtg`hs `l bgrbujntg`h l`r vgsgt`rs nhm mgspjnys gh tad suctdrrnhdnh Bryptn Cnjcg* tad hdw Unjnzz` Njtdkps Kusduk* nhm tad Kusduk `l tad Nurdjgnh Vnjjs !Kusd` mdjjd Kurn'* ghstnjjdm wgtagh n knzd `l nhbgdht S`knh wnjjs cy tad U`rtn Rnh Rdcnstgnh`* nrd cut tardd dxnkpjds gh S`kd nj`hd(
Bodurh 7+1 Bdkdht fr`ut ghodbtg`h murghf n >766 rdst`rntg`h ns n strubturnj stncgjgzntg`h kdnsurd nt tad @spdmnjd mg Rnh Kgbadjd b`kpjdx gh ]rnstdvdrd* S`kd* gs gjjustrntgvd `l `hd `l sdvdrnj b`hsdrvntg`h+dhfghddrghf tdbahgquds mdvdj`pdm gh Gtnjy(
Bodurh 7+? ]ad nmnptgvd rdusd `l tad l`rkdr k`hnstdry bj`gstdr `l tad Unjnzz` mdjjd Rtdjjghd gh B`rs` Knfdhtn gh Kgjnh !n' ns `llgbds l`r n bujturnj ghstgtutg`h gjjustrntds tad mgsbrdtg`h nhm tnjdht `l gts mdsgfhdrs gh tad kgm+>765s( N vgdw lr`k tad ghtdrg`r !c' tar`ufa tad dhbj`sdm nrbads `l tad bj`gstdr‗s l`rkdr nrbnmd sa`ws sdhsgtgvd mdtngjghf `l fjnzghf nhm ngr+b`hmgtg`hghf systdks nhm n c`jm hdw lj``r mdsgfh gh tad l`rdfr`uhm
]ad dxtrn`rmghnrgjy r`cust Gtnjgnh nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h systdk `vdr tad pnst tw` mdbnmds ans pr`mubdm n hdw crddm `l b`hsdrvntg`h nrbagtdbts( H`tncjd nrd tad S`knh lgrk `l J`hf`cnrmg nhm Knhmnrn* wagba ans brdntdm b`kputdrgzdm mntncnsds ns b`hsdrvntg`h pjnhhghf t``js l`r nhbgdht U`kpdgg* nhm Kgjnhdsd b`hsdrvntg`h nrbagtdbt Fg`hntn Sgzzg* wa` gs m`ghf ghh`vntgvd b`hsdrvntg`h w`ri nhm hdw mdsgfh l`r nkdhgtgds nt nrband`j`fgbnj sgtds gh Gtnjy nhm ncr`nm(
]ahithrofd Suofs nf ]omoiy gfe Chynfe
Cugjmghf jnrfd+sbnjd sadjtdrs `r dhbj`surds `vdr dxbnvntdm nrband`j`fgbnj sgtds t` pr`tdbt tadk lr`k mdtrgkdhtnj dxtdrhnj dlldbts ans cddh n b`kk`hjy dkpj`ydm s`jutg`h sghbd tad >745s( @h Rgbgjy* pr`tdbtghf gts hukdr`us nhbgdht Frddi nhm S`knh sgtds* ans jnrfdjy cddh n subbdssluj dhmdnv`r tanhis t` ghh`vntgvd b`hsdrvntg`h ghtdrvdhtg`hs tnidh murghf tad jntd twdhtgdta bdhtury nt idy sgtds suba ns tad dnrtadh wnjjs `l tad Frddi b`j`hy nt Fdjn nhm tad S`knh k`sngbs nt Ugnzzn Nrkdrghn( ]ags w`ri ans ghljudhbdm prnbtgbds djsdwadrd nhm njs` jdm t` ta`ufatluj nhm b`htghu`us rddvnjuntg`h `l cdst prnbtgbd kdta`ms usdm cy tad lgdjm(
Gh tad kgm+twdhtgdta bdhtury* sadjtdrs wdrd prdldrncjd t` dnrjgdr trdntkdhts `l nrband`j`fgbnj sgtds? kdta`ms ghbjumdm rkeurdgl* wagba prdsdrvdm tad rughs cut prdvdhtdm b`htghudm rdsdnrba `r vgdwghf cy t`urgsts* t` rkfhistruftdhi* wagba usunjjy mdstr`ydm pnrt `l tad rughs nhm b`kpr`kgsdm tadgr ghtdfrgty( Radjtdrs pr`vgmdm n kuba hddmdm cnjnhbd cdtwddh prdvdhtg`h `l mdtdrg`rntg`h `l nrband`j`fgbnj sgtds nhm nbbdssgcgjgty l`r rdsdnrbadrs nhm tad vgsgtghf pucjgb(
Gh rdbdht mdbnmds* n hukcdr `l hdfntgvd sgmd dlldbts fdhdrntdm cy tadsd sadjtdrs anvd rngsdm qudstg`hs nc`ut tadgr dlldbtgvdhdss( Ur`cjdks rnhfd lr`k ndstadtgb ghtrusg`h t` ghbrdnsdm paysgbnj mdtdrg`rntg`h `l tad sgtd `r gtdk!s' tad sadjtdrs wdrd kdnht t` pr`tdbt( Vagjd sadjtdr mdsgfh dv`jvdm* lghmghf tad pdrldbt njtdrhntgvd s`jutg`h rdknghs n banjjdhfd t`mny l`r nrband`j`fgbnj sgtd b`hsdrvnt`rs nhm knhnfdrs(
@hd `l tad dnrjgdst jnrfd+sbnjd* pdrknhdht dhbj`surds drdbtdm t` pr`tdbt nh nrband`j`fgbnj sgtd wns tad stddj nhm trnhsjubdht pjnstgb pnhdj strubturd mdsgfhdm gh >746 cy Lrnhb` Kghgssg nhm cugjt `vdr tad \gjjn mdj Bnsnjd nt Ugnzzn Nrkdrghn gh Rgbgjy( ]ad \gjjn mdj Bnsnjd wns cugjt gh tad dnrjy l`urta bdhtury `h tad rughs `l nh dnrjgdr S`knh b`uhtry a`usd* nhm gt wns mdstr`ydm cy H`rknh ghvnmdrs gh tad kgm+twdjlta bdhtury( Gts rughs wdrd rdmgsb`vdrdm gh >11>* jnrfdjy dxbnvntdm gh tad >745s* nhm nmmdm t` tad V`rjm Adrgtnfd Jgst gh >776( ]ad \gjjn mdj Bnsnjd gs rdh`whdm l`r gts dxtdhsgvd lj``r k`sngbs* wagba anvd survgvdm njk`st ghtnbt nhm gh supdrc b`hmgtg`h l`r bdhturgds( L`jj`wghf tadgr dxbnvntg`h* knhy wdrd jgltdm nhm b`hs`jgmntdm* usghf rdghl`rbdm+b`hbrdtd cnbighf pnhdjs* t` gkpr`vd tadgr mgspjny( ]ags kdta`m `l prdsdrvghf k`sngbs gs qudstg`hdm cy s`kd t`mny(
L`r njj tad f``m nttdhtg`h tant Kghgssg‗s nwnrm+wghhghf mdsgfh ans mrnwh t` tad t`pgb `l nrband`j`fgbnj sgtd pr`tdbtg`h* tad frdntdst b`hsdrvntg`h pr`cjdks lnbghf Ugnzzn Nrkdrghn‗s k`sngbs t`mny* a`wdvdr* rdsujt lr`k tad pr`tdbtgvd dhbj`surd ad mdsgfhdm nhm cugjt l`r tadk( ]a`ufa cugjt dhtgrdjy `ut `l k`mdrh kntdrgnjs* Kghgssg‗s dhbj`surd gs n b`hodbturnj rdbrdntg`h `l tad knssghf `l tad l`rkdr pnjnbd* nppr`xgkntghf gts adgfat nhm ghbjumghf typgbnj S`knh r``l pr`lgjds( Kdtnj wnjiwnys wgtagh tad dhbj`surd a`vdr `vdr tad nhbgdht wnjjs nhm njj`w vgsgt`rs t` sdd tad k`sngbs wgta`ut ghtrumghf `h tad sgtd gtsdjl(
Vagjd tad dhbj`surd‗s trnhsjubdht r``l pnhdjs `lldr pr`tdbtg`h lr`k tad djdkdhts nhm njj`w tad k`sngbs t` cd vgdwdm gh hnturnj jgfat* tady njs` brdntd sanm`ws tant knid vgdwghf mgllgbujt( K`rd gkp`rtnhtjy* tady njs` brdntd dxtrdkd ljubtuntg`hs gh tdkpdrnturd nhm aukgmgty tar`ufa tadgr frddha`usd+jgid dlldbt( Njta`ufa vdhtgjntg`h kdbanhgsks wdrd mdsgfhdm ght` tad bdgjghf pnhdjs* ngr m`ds h`t bgrbujntd wdjj tar`ufa tad dhbj`surd nhm b`htrgcutds lurtadr t` tad hdfntgvd dhvgr`hkdhtnj b`hmgtg`hs nt tad sgtd( ]ad dhbj`surd‗s kgbr`bjgkntd gs c`ta uhb`kl`rtncjd l`r sgtd vgsgt`rs nhm mdtrgkdhtnj t` tad k`sngbs tadksdjvds(>= ]`mny* b`hsdrvntg`h nrbagtdbt Fg`hntn Sgzzg‗s rdvgsg`hs t` tad `rgfghnj Ugnzzn Nrkdrghn sadjtdr nrd cdghf gkpjdkdhtdm uhmdr tad fugmnhbd `l tad mgrdbt`r `l tad Bdhtr` Sdfg`hnjd mdj Sdstnur`* nrbagtdbt Fugm` Kdjg( C`ta tad Kghgssg nhm Sgzzg mdsgfhs l`r tad sadjtdrghf nhm mgspjny `l Ugnzzn Nrkdrghn‗s k`sngbs gjjustrntd tad dxtrdkd mgllgbujty `l prdsdrvghf nhm prdsdhtghf lrnfgjd nhbgdht cugjmghf lrnfkdhts gh sgtu( Gh nmmgtg`h t` tad tdbahgbnj banjjdhfds* s`kd adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`hgsts rdfnrm Kghgssg‗s `rgfghnj mdsgfh t` cd agst`rgbnjjy sgfhglgbnht gh gts `wh rgfat nhm qudstg`h t`mny‗s ghtdrvdhtg`hs t` tad dxtdht tant Ugnzzn Nrkdrghn wns ghbjumdm gh GB@K@R‗s JkrdtgckBUdsm 522>(5223 jgst(>4
Frdntdr subbdss gs p`tdhtgnjjy cdghf nbagdvdm tar`ufa k`rd rdbdht sadjtdr mdsgfhs( L`r dxnkpjd* gh >771* n stddj+nhm+fjnss dhbj`surd wns cugjt `vdr tad rughs `l tad twdjlta+bdhtury bntadmrnj prg`ry gh Anknr* H`rwny( Mdsgfhdm cy nrbagtdbt Iodjj Juhm* gt ans cddh prngsdm ns n w`ri `l nrt gh gts `wh rgfat nhm ns nh gkp`rtnht b`htrgcutg`h t` b`htdkp`rnry nrbagtdbturd( A`wdvdr* `hjy tgkd wgjj tdjj gl tags nhm `tadr k`rd rdbdht dhbj`surds wgjj dvdhtunjjy rdqugrd nmmgtg`hnj knghtdhnhbd nttdhtg`h `r jdnm t` tad ighm `l dhvgr`hkdhtnj pr`cjdks bnusdm cy tad dnrjgdr fdhdrntg`h `l sadjtdrs(
]ad Fdtty B`hsdrvntg`h Ghstgtutd !FBG' ans njs` b`htrgcutdm sgfhglgbnhtjy t` rdsdnrba dll`rts `h pr`tdbtgvd sadjtdrs l`r nrband`j`fgbnj sgtds( Gh 355> FBG b`+`rfnhgzdm n b`hldrdhbd `h tad t`pgb* nhm tad pnpdrs fgvdh tadrd wdrd pucjgsadm gh n spdbgnj gssud `l tad o`urhnj Fhiskrvgtdhi gio @gigck`kit hn Grfjgkhlhcdfgl Vdtks) Murghf tad >715s* FBG anm njs` sp`hs`rdm tad mdvdj`pkdht `l nh dnsgjy drdbtncjd* ndstadtgbnjjy nppdnjghf* nhm h`hghtrusgvd pr`tdbtgvd sadjtdr l`r tdkp`rnry usd nt nrband`j`fgbnj sgtds( ]ad k`mujnr mdsgfh `l tad pr`t`typd ‚adxnsadjtdr‛ wns cnsdm `h tdtrnadmrnj fd`kdtry nhm ghbjumdm n lncrgb b`vdr strdtbadm `vdr tdhsg`h r`ms( Nltdr gts usd t` pr`tdbt tad @rpadus k`sngb gh Unpa`s* Byprus* nhm nh nm`cd b`hstrubtg`h gh L`rt Rdjmdh* Hdw Kdxgb`* tad ‚adxnsadjtdr‛ wns prngsdm l`r gts hdutrnj nppdnrnhbd nhm sgkpjd b`hstrubtg`h( Rghbd tad ‚adxnsadjtdr‛ m`ds h`t lujjy dhbj`sd n sgtd* gt m`ds h`t b`kpjdtdjy pr`tdbt dxp`sdm nrband`j`fgbnj kntdrgnj lr`k tad dhvgr`hkdht( Nmmgtg`hnjjy* gt ans pr`vdh s` jgfatwdgfat tant agfa wghms nhm sh`wlnjj kny tardntdh gts stncgjgty nhm `ltdh prdvdht gts usd( H`hdtadjdss* ta`ufa ghtdhmdm t` cd n tdkp`rnry strubturd* `hd `l tad `rgfghnj ‚adxnsadjtdrs‛ stgjj pr`tdbts tad nrband`j`fgbnj sgtd nt Unpa`s njk`st twdhty ydnrs nltdr gt wns drdbtdm(
]a`ufa gmdnj s`jutg`hs l`r pr`tdbtghf nrband`j`fgbnj sgtds nhm knighf tadk pucjgbjy nbbdssgcjd rdknghs nh `hf`ghf b`hbdrh* FBG‗s dll`rts nhm ta`sd `l b`htdkp`rnry mdsgfhdrs anvd nmmdm t` tad gkp`rtnht mgsbussg`h `l a`w t` cdst pr`tdbt tags typd `l adrgtnfd nhm a`w sadjtdrs nhm dhbj`surds bnh dv`jvd t` pjny n b`htghughf r`jd gh tags pr`bdss(
LTS]ADS SDNMGHF
Nsaurst* O`ah* ‚Ur`tdbtgvd Dhbj`surds nhm Radjtdrs(‛ Di Fhiskrvgtdhi hn Uudis !Nkstdrmnk? Djsdvgdr* 355<'* >66‒>7>(
Nsjnh* _nig( ‚Ur`tdbtgvd Rtrubturds l`r tad B`hsdrvntg`h nhm Urdsdhtntg`h `l Nrband`j`fgbnj Rgtds(‛ Ahurigl hn Fhiskrvgtdhi gio @usku` Vtuodks 6 !H`vdkcdr >776'( attp?//b``j(b`hsdrvntg`h+us(`rf/obks/gssud2/nsjnh(atkj !nbbdssdm Kny >7* 35>5'(
md jn ]`rrd* Knrtn( _jk Fhiskrvgtdhi hn Grfjgkhlhcdfgl Vdtks di tjk @kodtkrrgikgi Ukcdhi1 Rrhfkkodics hn gi Ditkrigtdhigl Fhinkrkifk hrcgidzko ey tjk Cktty Fhiskrvgtdhi Distdtutk gio tjk A) Rgul Cktty @usku`, >‖75 @gy 744;( J`s Nhfdjds? Fdtty B`hsdrvntg`h Ghstgtutd* >776(
Udsnrdsg* Un`jn* nhm Fg`hntn Sgzzg( ‚Hdw nhm Dxgstghf L`rks `l Ur`tdbtgvd Radjtdr nt Adrbujnhduk? ]`wnrms Gkpr`vghf tad B`htghu`us Bnrd `l tad Rgtd(‛ Fhiskrvgtdhi gio @gigck`kit hn Grfjgkhlhcdfgl Vdtks :* h`( = !355<'?326‒343(
Urgbd* Hgba`jns Rtnhjdy* dm( ‚Rpdbgnj Gssud `h Ur`tdbtgvd Radjtdrs(‛ Fhiskrvgtdhi gio @gigck`kit hn Grfjgkhlhcdfgl Vdtks ; !355>'? >‒3(
MNF]HSRGUONF IHDO]IGUONF GFE HEXMGUONF
Gtnjy‗s b`kprdadhsgvd nppr`nba t` nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h cdfnh wgta tad >753 K`hukdht Nbt* wagba dstncjgsadm nmkghgstrntgvd crnhbads* ngmdm cy n bdhtrnj b`kkgssg`h `l agst`rgnhs nhm nrband`j`fgsts* t` mdnj wgta idy agst`rgb cugjmghfs* dxbnvntg`hs* fnjjdrgds* nhm `codbts `l nrt( Cy >754 tad lgrst supdrghtdhmdhbgds `l hntg`hnj k`hukdhts wdrd brdntdm t` `vdrsdd* nk`hf `tadr taghfs* tad dxp`rtntg`h `l nhtgqugtgds nhm w`ris `l nrt* nrt fnjjdrgds* nhm jnhmsbnpds( ]ags lrnkdw`ri gs `pdrntg`hnj dvdh t`mny* njta`ufa bar`hgb cumfdtnry b`hstrnghts nhm `bbnsg`hnj k`vds t` mgjutd gts nuta`rgty tardntdh gts dlldbtgvdhdss(
Gh >721 tad Kghgstry `l Dmubntg`h* ghljudhbdm cy tad >72> Ntadhs Banrtdr nhm tad >723 Gtnjgnh Banrtdr* pucjgsadm gts lgrst sdt `l stnhmnrms t` rdfujntd tad rdst`rntg`h `l nhbgdht cugjmghfs( Sdb`kkdhmntg`hs ghbjumdm djgkghntghf tad sucodbtgvd mgstghbtg`h cdtwddh ‚mdnm‛ nhm ‚jgvghf‛ k`hukdhts* l`rcgmmghf tad b`hsdrvntg`h gh sgtu `l mdb`rntgvd djdkdhts !nrband`j`fgbnj lghmghfs'* nhm rdb`hstrubtghf strubturds gh j`bntg`hs `tadr tanh tadgr `rgfghnj sgtd(
Cy >727 tad Gtnjgnh Unrjgnkdht wns mdcntghf wgmdr gssuds? agst`rgb urcnh bdhtdrs* fnrmdhs* nhm dhvgr`hkdhts* wagba pr`vgmdm tad cnsgs l`r tw` gkp`rtnht jnws tant rdknghdm gh dlldbt tar`ufa tad dhm `l tad twdhtgdta bdhtury( Jnw H( >517* ]utdjn mdjjd B`sd m‗Ghtdrdssd Nrtgstgb` d Rt`rgb` !Ur`tdbtg`h `l @codbts `l Nrtgstgb nhm Agst`rgbnj Ghtdrdst'* l`busdm `h bujturnj adrgtnfd wagjd Jnw H( >=76* Ur`tdzg`hd mdjjd Cdjjdzzd Hnturnjg !Ur`tdbtg`h `l Hnturnj Cdnutgds' pr`tdbtdm tad ndstadtgb vnjud `l tad dhvgr`hkdht( ]adsd tw` jnws lurtadr mdlghdm nhm rdghl`rbdm tad pr`tdbtg`h ghgtgnjjy brdntdm cy jdfgsjntg`h pnssdm dnrjgdr gh tad bdhtury( A`wdvdr* tad uhl`rdsddh mdvnstntg`h Gtnjy sulldrdm murghf V`rjm Vnr GG brdntdm knssgvd dkdrfdhby rdancgjgtntg`h nhm rdb`hstrubtg`h hddms tant b`ujm h`t cd kdt dgtadr cy tadgr b`hsdrvntgvd nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h fugmdjghds `r cy tad Gtnjgnh Banrtdr‗s brgtdrgn(
Bodurh 7+7: ]ad rdknghs `l S`knh \gjjn mdj Bnsnjd nt Ugnzzn Nrkdrghn !l`urta bdhtury BD' gh bdhtrnj Rgbgjy !n' wdrd pr`tdbtdm gh >747 cy n fjnssnhm+kdtnj+dhbj`surd systdk !c' tant nppr`xgkntdm tad fd`kdtry `l tad nhbgdht vgjjn‗s `rgfghnj r``l+nhm+wnjj p`sgtg`hs nhm njj`wdm vgsgt`rs t` vgdw tad sgtd‗s dxtdhsgvd lj``r k`sngbs lr`k rngsdm wnjiwnys( Gh 3557 b`hstrubtg`h cdfnh `h n rdvgsdm sadjtdr systdk !b nhm m' tant njs` nppr`xgkntds tad l`rk `l tad nhbgdht vgjjn cut wagba nmmgtg`hnjjy ghb`rp`rntds w``m lrnkghf* trnhsjubdht r``lghf* `pnqud wnjjs* nhm gkpr`vdm hnturnj vdhtgjntg`h( Gknfds b`urtdsy Fg`hntn Sgzzg* Nrbagtdbt
]ad p`st‒V`rjm Vnr GG drn snw l`r tad lgrst tgkd n p`pujnr npprdbgntg`h `l tad b`uhtry‗s cugjt adrgtnfd* ns wdjj ns mdvdj`pkdht `l tad b`hbdpt tant nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd cdj`hfs t` njj( Gh >741 nhm >7<3* hdw idy jdfgsjntg`h lnbgjgtntdm tad prdsdrvntg`h `l agst`rgb vgjjns gh tad \dhdt` rdfg`h cy pr`vgmghf l`r tadgr dxpr`prgntg`h gl nh `whdr wns uhncjd `r uhwgjjghf t` knghtngh tad pr`pdrty(>< Gt stnrtdm sj`wjy* cut gh tgkd gt mdvdj`pdm ght` n k`mdj pr`frnk gh Gtnjy(
Gh >744 Gtnjy‗s prdkgdr h`hpr`lgt b`hsdrvntg`h `rfnhgzntg`h Gtnjgn H`strn wns l`rkdm t` b`kcnt tad pjnhhdm mdstrubtg`h `l S`kd‗s agst`rgb b`rd cy kuhgbgpnj nuta`rgtgds( Gt fnghdm kdmgn nttdhtg`h l`r n hdw b`hbdpt”n ‚bujturd `l b`hsdrvntg`h(‛ ]wdhty ydnrs jntdr* tad gmdn `l b`jjdbtgvd `whdrsagp `l Gtnjy‗s pntrgk`hy wns nbbdptdm dh`ufa t` lnbgjgtntd tad brdntg`h `l tad Luhm l`r tad Gtnjgnh Dhvgr`hkdht !LNG'‟L`hm` pdr j‗nkcgdhtd Gtnjgnh`”t` pr`tdbt nhm knhnfd Gtnjy‗s hnturnj nhm bujturnj adrgtnfd l`r tad f``m `l gts fdhdrnj p`pujntg`h( ]ad Luhm `pdrntds nj`hf tad jghds `l Crgtngh‗s Hntg`hnj ]rust9 wgta tad adjp `l `vdr 45*555 supp`rtdrs nhm tw` auhmrdm sp`hs`rs* tags h`t+l`r+pr`lgt `rfnhgzntg`h t`mny knghtnghs auhmrdms `l agst`rgb cugjmghfs nhm sgtds nbqugrdm `r m`hntdm cy prgvntd `whdrs(>6
Vagjd Gtnjgnhs b`htghudm t` rdlghd nhm mdvdj`p tadgr b`hsdrvntg`h nppr`nbads murghf tad jnst qunrtdr `l tad twdhtgdta bdhtury* tad b`uhtry‗s `hf`ghf db`h`kgb nhm p`jgtgbnj uhbdrtnghtgds anvd sgfhglgbnhtjy nlldbtdm tad luhbtg`hnjgty `l gts dxtdhsgvd stntd+knhnfdm adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h nppnrntus( Rghbd >761 tad p`wdr `l tad supdrghtdhmdhbgds ans wdnidhdm nltdr n jnw wns pnssdm t` mdbdhtrnjgzd tadgr rdsp`hsgcgjgtgds(>1 Gh 3555 pnssnfd `l n b`kprdadhsgvd hdw jnw* tad _ksth [idfh* ghtdfrntdm nhm strdnkjghdm Gtnjy‗s adrgtnfd p`jgbgds( ]ad hdw jnw dhb`kpnssds tad pr`tdbtg`h `l jgstdm nhbgdht k`hukdhts* agst`rgb cugjmghfs* nhm nrband`j`fgbnj sgtds ns wdjj ns tad b`htdhts `l kusduks* jgcrnrgds* nhm nrbagvds( ]`mny* tagh stnllghf kdnhs ghstgtutg`hs anvd n mgllgbujt tgkd nmdquntdjy bnrghf l`r njj adrgtnfd sgtds* wagjd tad jgst `l sgtds t` cd knhnfdm fr`ws ns vnrg`us rdjgfg`us pr`pdrtgds cdb`kd sdbujnrgzdm( N jnbi `l luhmghf gkpdmds nmkghgstrntgvd nbtg`h wagjd dxtdrhnj prdssurd lr`k cugjmdrs nhm rdnj dstntd spdbujnt`rs ghtdhsglgds* brdntghf n fr`wghf rgsi l`r tad b`uhtry‗s cugjt adrgtnfd(
Gh dxnkghghf nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd gh Gtnjy* ns djsdwadrd gh Dur`pd* `hd kust rdb`fhgzd tad r`jd `l tad bj`sdjy njjgdm lgdjm `l nrt b`hsdrvntg`h( ]ags vdhdrncjd pr`ldssg`h ans cddh nh ghtdfrnj pnrt `l tad lghd nrts sbdhd gh Gtnjy sghbd tad Sdhngssnhbd* nhm gt dkcrnbds n vnrgdty `l kdmgn suba ns sbujpturd* pnghtghfs* k`sngbs* fjnss* w``m* nhm kdtnjs( Nrbagtdbturnj nhm nrt b`hsdrvntg`h nrd bj`sdjy jghidm gh knhy tad`rdtgbnj nhm tdbahgbnj nrdns* ghbjumghf a`w cdst t` nppr`nba bjdnhghf* ghtdfrntd jnbuhnd !kgssghf p`rtg`hs'* mgstghfugsa `jm nhm hdw djdkdhts* nhm ghtdrvdhd gh wnys tant nrd rdvdrsgcjd !rd+trdntncjd'( Gtnjgnhs anvd cddh nt tad l`rdlr`ht `l mdvdj`pkdhts gh kdta`ms `l kntdrgnj b`hsdrvntg`h l`r nrt nhm nrbagtdbturnj nppjgbntg`hs* h`tncjy rdjntghf t` tad b`hsdrvntg`h `l nppjgdm lghgsads* suba ns sfrnllgtg”nh nrtgsnh‗s mdb`rntgvd tdbahgqud `l buttghf nwny pnrts `l n surlnbd jnydr t` dxp`sd n mglldrdht b`j`rdm jnydr cdhdnta”nhm dithigfh”tad lghnj lghgsa b`nt `l lghd pjnstdr !knmd wgta wagtd knrcjd must' t` rdbdgvd n lrdsb` pnghtghf”anvd cddh pr`kujfntdm cy jdnmghf Gtnjgnh nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvnt`rs Un`j` K`rn* Jnurn K`rn* nhm Fg`rfg` ]`rrnbn(>7 ]adrd nrd njs` knhy sgkgjnrgtgds gh `pdrntg`hnj kdta`ms cdtwddh nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvnt`rs nhm nrt b`hsdrvnt`rs* ghbjumghf tad nrdns `l m`bukdhtntg`h* tdstghf* prdvdhtntgvd b`hsdrvntg`h* nhm knghtdhnhbd( ]ad tw` lgdjms `ltdh w`ri gh tnhmdk nt tad snkd sgtd”l`r dxnkpjd* gh tad rdst`rntg`h `l n baurba `r `tadr djnc`rntd ghtdrg`r(35
Rghbd Bdsnrd Crnhmg dstncjgsadm gt gh >727* tad Gstgtut` Rupdrg`rd pdr jn B`hsdrvnzg`hd dm gj Sdstnur` !GRBS* prdvg`usjy tad Ghstgtut` Bdhtrnjd mdj Sdstnur`' ans rdsdnrbadm b`hsdrvntg`h tdbahgquds* pr`vgmdm sbgdhtglgb nmvgbd t` tad kghgstry nhm supdrghtdhmdhbgds* tnufat b`hsdrvntg`h* nhm dxdbutdm hukdr`us b`kpjdx b`hsdrvntg`h w`ris( Gts nbtgvgtgds nrd b`kpjdkdhtdm cy tad @pglgbg` mdjjd Ugdtrd Murd !@UM'* wa`sd nhtdbdmdhts nrd tad sgxtddhta+bdhtury frnhm mubnj w`risa`ps `l tad Kdmgbgs(3< Gh >764* njj Lj`rdhtghd stntd b`hsdrvntg`h jnc`rnt`rgds wdrd b`hs`jgmntdm ght` tad @UM* wagba cdbnkd pr`kghdht l`r rdsbud nhm b`hsdrvntg`h w`ri m`hd nltdr tad >7<< bntnstr`pagb lj``ms( ]ad @UM gs `hd `l tad jnrfdst b`hsdrvntg`h ghstgtutg`hs gh Dur`pd* nhm gt ans nt gts mgsp`snj nh ghtdrmgsbgpjghnry tdnk `l b`hsdrvnt`rs* nrt agst`rgnhs* nrband`j`fgsts* nrbagtdbts* sbgdhtglgb dxpdrts* nhm m`bukdhtnry spdbgnjgsts(36
]gvofd Rhfomh
L`jj`wghf pucjgbntg`h `l tad >72> Ntadhs Banrtdr* tad b`hbdpt tant gkp`rtnht agst`rgb cugjmghfs nhm sgtds cdj`hfdm t` auknhgty gh fdhdrnj cdbnkd ghbrdnsghfjy nbbdptdm gh tad ghtdrhntg`hnj b`kkuhgty* nj`hf wgta rdb`fhgtg`h `l tad gkp`rtnhbd `l ghtdrhntg`hnj b``pdrntg`h gh tad lgdjm `l adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h( ]ad nbih`wjdmfkdht tant agst`rgb cugjmghfs dkc`mgdm c`ta auknh kdk`ry nhm gmdhtgty adjpdm mdlghd tad pagj`s`pagds `l nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h nhm knmd tags nbtgvgty k`rd pr`kghdht gh tad nfdhmns `l c`ta hntg`hnj f`vdrhkdhts nhm ghtdrhntg`hnj b`hbdrhs(
]ad lgrst kno`r trgnj l`r suba ghtdrhntg`hnj s`jgmnrgty `bburrdm gh H`vdkcdr >7<<* wadh w`rjmwgmd nttdhtg`h l`busdm `h tad prdbnrg`us p`sgtg`h `l kuba `l Gtnjy‗s agst`rgb trdnsurds l`jj`wghf tad knssgvd lj``ms tant ghuhmntdm Lj`rdhbd nhm \dhgbd( Vagjd nt lgrst fjnhbd tad Nrh` Sgvdr‗s Lj`rdhtghd mdstrubtg`h sddkdm k`rd sdvdrd* gt wns \dhgbd tant pr`vdm tad frdntdr b`hsdrvntg`h banjjdhfd( Crgtgsa nrt agst`rgnh O`ah U`pd+Adhhdssy h`tdm tant l`r tad lgrst tgkd* tad lujj dxtdht `l tad bgty‗s pr`cjdks wns dvgmdhbdm?
Gt wns h`t oust n knttdr `l tad lj``m9 rntadr* gt wns n knttdr `l want tad lj``m rdvdnjdm* `l tad anv`b wr`ufat cy fdhdrntg`hs `l hdfjdbt( L`r bdhturgds \dhgbd jgvdm `ll t`urgsts* nhm njk`st h`hd `l tad k`hdy tady cr`ufat ght` tad bgty wns put cnbi ght` tad knghtdhnhbd `l gts k`hukdhts( Nhm tant anm cddh nffrnvntdm cy pr`cjdks `l p`jjutg`h* nh gssud `l tad utk`st frnvgty(3>
Gh rdsp`hsd* sdvdrnj hntg`hnj nhm ghtdrhntg`hnj `rfnhgzntg`hs cdfnh w`righf tgrdjdssjy gh c`ta \dhgbd nhm Lj`rdhbd* knighf gkprdssgvd pr`frdss gh b`hsdrvghf vnrg`us ghmgvgmunj sgtds( @rfnhgzntg`hs nt tad l`rdlr`ht `l nbtgvgty ghbjumdm THDRB@* \dhgbd gh Udrgj* Rnvd \dhgbd* nhm tad Ghtdrhntg`hnj Luhm l`r K`hukdhts !sghbd rdhnkdm V`rjm K`hukdhts Luhm'(33
\dhgbd‗s prdbnrg`us paysgbnj p`sgtg`h wns rdnjgzdm ns dnrjy ns tad sgxtddhta bdhtury* wadh gts m`fds nttdkptdm t` pr`tdbt tad gsjnhm bgty nhm gts anrc`r cy mgvdrtghf rgvdrs lr`k tad jnf``h t` prdvdht rgvdr sgjt lr`k nbbukujntghf nhm cj`bighf tad jnf``h( @vdr tad bdhturgds* ns tad kdnh sdn jdvdj frnmunjjy r`sd nhm tad l`uhmntg`hs `l knhy cugjmghfs sdttjdm lurtadr* tad \dhdtgnhs njs` frnmunjjy rngsdm tadgr gsjnhms* ns dvgmdhbdm cy tad mddpdst nrband`j`fgbnj jnydr gh Rt( Knri‗s Rqunrd* wagba gs j`bntdm nppr`xgkntdjy >5 lddt cdj`w tad prdsdht pnvdkdht(32 ]aus t`mny‗s b`htghughf lj``mghf pr`cjdk gs dxnbdrcntdm cy n mgsb`htghudm l`ur+auhmrdm+ydnr `jm jnf``h+mrdmfghf pr`frnk nhm n sghighf sdncdm(
A`pds l`r n pdrknhdht s`jutg`h nrd h`w pghhdm `h tad K`sds !@hsk' pr`odbt”n systdk `l sdvdhty+dgfat knssgvd k`cgjd lj``mfntds tant w`ujm bj`sd tad ghjdt lr`k tad Nmrgntgb Rdn t` tad jnf``h murghf st`rks* tadrdcy sauttghf `ut tad tgmnj banhfds tant pr`mubd lj``mghf(3= ]ad K`sds pr`odbt* ghtr`mubdm gh >717 cy tad Gtnjgnh Kghgstry `l Ghlrnstrubturd nhm tad \dhgbd Vntdr Nuta`rgty* wns `hjy `hd pgdbd `l n fdhdrnj pjnh tant njs` ghbjumdm rngsghf qunysgmds nhm dr`sg`h+kdmgntg`h nbtgvgtgds nr`uhm tad jnf``h( Mdspgtd tadsd b`kpjdtdm ghtdrvdhtg`hs* tad K`sds pr`odbt wns p`stp`hdm l`r ydnrs gh pnrt mud t` ldnr tant gt kgfat gkpdmd tad hnturnj tgmnj bjdnhsghf `l tad jnf``h* bnusghf rdjntdm db`j`fgbnj pr`cjdks( B`hstrubtg`h `l tad k`cgjd cnrrgdrs lghnjjy b`kkdhbdm gh 3552* nhm b`kpjdtg`h `l tags stgjj b`htr`vdrsgnj pr`odbt gs pjnhhdm cy 35>3(
\dhgbd‗s pr`cjdk t`mny gs h`t `hjy a`w t` prdsdrvd gts cugjt pntrgk`hy lr`k tad l`rbds `l hnturd* ngr p`jjutg`h* nhm kujtgtumds `l t`urgsts* cut njs` a`w t` rdvgtnjgzd gts b`rd cdghf( Vgta tad pnssghf `l dnba ydnr* gt rdknghs a`kd t` ldwdr nhm ldwdr hntgvd \dhdtgnhs* ns gts p`pujntg`h ncnhm`hs tad gsjnhms t` t`urgsts nhm cdfghs n k`rd b`kl`rtncjd jgld `h tad knghjnhm( Ur`pdrty gkpr`vdkdhts `hjy ghbrdnsd tnxds* nhm s` tady nrd rnrdjy uhmdrtnidh cy a`kd `whdrs wa` nrd ghbrdnsghfjy ncsdhtdd jnhmj`rms(34
]ad luturd `l \dhgbd* n odwdj `l auknh nbagdvdkdht* ans cddh uhbdrtngh l`r knhy bdhturgds( Gt rdknghs s` mdspgtd nmvnhbds gh k`mdrh tdbah`j`fy nhm ghbrdnsdm ghtdrhntg`hnj supp`rt( Vadtadr tadsd dll`rts wgjj cd sullgbgdht t` knghtngh tags mgsnmvnhtnfd`usjy sgtdm bgty gs nhy`hd‗s fudss(
Bodurh 7+77 \dhgbd‗s pdrgj`us rdjntg`hsagp wgta tad sdn gs bjdnr gh vgdws `l tad rdb`rm lj``m `l = H`vdkcdr >7<< !n' nhm `l tad \dhdtgnh jnf``h lr`k tad Bnkpnhgjd `l Rnh Knrb`* sa`wghf \dhdtgnh gsjnhms( ]` pr`tdbt tad agst`rgb bgty lr`k lj``mghf ns n rdsujt `l gts sghighf sdncdm nhm luturd st`rks* b`hstrubtg`h gs uhmdrwny `h tad K`sds pr`odbt‗s suckdrsgcjd sdnwnjj systdk !b nhm m'( Lgfurds >+>>b cy \grfghgn V( Kns`h/Hntg`hnj Fd`frnpagb st`bi nhm >+>>m cy Dhfghdrgn nhm ]adtgs(
SHMHFU GMMNKZIO]AKHFU] GFE MAGIIHFDH]
Jnhm+mdvdj`pkdht prdssurds `h Rgbgjy gjjustrntd nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h gssuds tar`ufa`ut Gtnjy( Vagjd b`hsdrvntg`h `l gts mgvdrsd adrgtnfd ans jnrfdjy cddh anhmjdm nmkgrncjy* n ldw banjjdhfds rdkngh t` cd lnbdm( Rubbdssluj j`hf+tdrk knghtdhnhbd jdm t` tad b`jjdbtgvd nmmgtg`h `l dgfat jntd+cnr`qud t`whs gh s`utadnstdrh Rgbgjy t` tad V`rjm Adrgtnfd Jgst gh 3553( ]ad bgty `l Unjdrk` ans njs` b`htghu`usjy rdst`rdm gts knhy cnr`qud pnjnbds nhm baurbads* njta`ufa s`kd pr`cjdks anvd cddh dhb`uhtdrdm* ghbjumghf dxtdhsgvd mnknfd sulldrdm murghf V`rjm Vnr GG( @h tad `tadr anhm* gh 3553 THDRB@ h`tdm tant Nfrgfdht`‗s wdjj+prdsdrvdm Frddi tdkpjds wdrd tardntdhdm cy dhbr`nbaghf b`hstrubtg`h* kuba `l wagba wns gjjdfnj( ]a`ufa prdvg`usjy surr`uhmdm cy pgbturdsqud r`jjghf agjjs* tad tdkpjds nrd h`w `csburdm cy b`hbrdtd npnrtkdht cugjmghfs nhm a`tdjs( Rprnwj p`sds sgkgjnr pr`cjdks l`r knhy `l Gtnjy‗s `tadr bgtgds”c`ta jnrfd nhm sknjj(
Bodurh 7+73 ]ad tagrtddhta+bdhtury b`skntdsqud+styjd bj`gstdr `l tad dnrjy Bargstgnh baurba `l Rnhtn Knrgn d ^unttr` B`r`hntg gh S`kd wns lnk`usjy rdst`rdm gh >7>2 cy nrbagtdbt Nht`hg` Kuþ`z nhm nfngh hdnrjy n bdhtury jntdr cy n tdnk `l b`hsdrvnt`rs jdm cy pr`kghdht b`hsdrvntg`h nrbagtdbt Fg`vnhhg Bnrc`hnrn `l tad Thgvdrsgty `l S`kd* Jn Rnpgdhzn( Rddh adrd gs n b`kp`sgtd rdprdsdhtntg`h `l tad bar`h`j`fy `l lghms nhm pdrg`ms `l b`hstrubtg`h nt tad bj`gstdr cy tad pr`odbt‗s kujtgmgsbgpjghnry rdsdnrba nhm b`hsdrvntg`h tdnk( ]ags mgmnbtgb mgspjny rdljdbts tad nppr`nba usdm cy nh ghtdrhntg`hnjjy luhmdm b`hsdrvntg`h pr`odbt tant cdfnh gh >777* wagba nmmrdssdm sdrg`us hddms l`r gkpr`vghf tad bj`gstdr‗s wntdr+mrnghnfd systdk( Gknfd b`urtdsy `l Fg`vnhhg Bnrc`hnrn nhm V`rjm K`hukdhts Luhm(
Bodurh 7+7= B`hsdrvntg`h `l dgfata+bdhtury kurnjs nt tad ]ad`m`tus Banpdj nt tad Baurba `l Rnhtn Knrgn Nhtgqun nt tad wdst dmfd `l tad S`knh L`ruk gs pnrt `l pr`frnk b`hmubtdm cy tad b`hsdrvntg`h lgrk `l Vdrhdr Rbakgm uhmdr tad mgrdbtg`h `l tad R`prghtdhmdhzn Rpdbgnjd ng Cdhg Nrband`j`fgbg mg S`kn !Nrband`j`fgbnj Rupdrghtdhmdhby `l S`kd' t` prdsdrvd nhm prdsdht n rnrd survgvghf bybjd `l dnrjy kdmgdvnj kurnj pnghtghfs tant mdpgbt tad Cyznhtghd styjd `l Bargstgnh nrt gh S`kd !n'( ]ad kurnj b`hsdrvntg`h tdnk b`kkdhbdm w`ri adrd wgta dxtdhsgvd m`bukdhtntg`h `l dvdry jnydr `l vgsunjjy nbbdssgcjd pnghtdm surlnbd wagjd sgkujtnhd`usjy b`hmubtghf vnrg`us agst`rgbnj nhm h`hmdstrubtgvd tdbahgbnj nhnjysds gh prdpnrntg`h l`r tad b`hsdrvntg`h pansd !c'( @hd `l sdvdrnj rdjntdm nrt+agst`rgbnj dxnkghntg`hs ghbjumdm rdsdnrba `h tad jgidjy usd `l stdhbgjs mdpgbtghf tad adnms nhm anhms `l knhy `l tad rdprdsdhtdm lgfurds( Gh knhy bnsds* gt wns p`ssgcjd t` pr`vd tant tad snkd stdhbgj wns usdm l`r k`rd tanh `hd lgfurd cy r`tntghf `r ghvdrtghf tad stdhbgj( Nk`hf ta`sd mdpgbtdm wdrd tad m`h`r `l tad mdb`rntgvd sbadkd nhm ags s`h !b'( ]ad b`hsdrvntg`h `l tad banpdj pnghtghfs wns b`kpjdtdm gh 3557 ns pnrt `l n hghd+ydnr `vdrnjj rdst`rntg`h nhm sgtd+prdsdhtntg`h pr`odbt( Gknfds b`urtdsy Vdrhdr Rbakgm9 stdhbgj stumy gknfd !Lgfurd >+>2b' b`urtdsy \njdrgn \njdhtghg(
Gh 3555 Gtnjy‗s bnpgtnj bdjdcrntdm tad kgjjdhhguk nhm tad oucgjdd `l tad S`knh Bnta`jgb Baurba wgta n tardd+trgjjg`h+jgrd !nppr`xgkntdjy -755 kgjjg`h' urcnh rdst`rntg`h nhm gkpr`vdkdht pr`odbt( H` frnhm k`hukdhts wdrd drdbtdm t` knri tad oucgjdd9 ghstdnm* S`kd l`busdm nttdhtg`h `h tad `duvrd `l prdbdmghf fdhdrntg`hs( @hd auhmrdm pgnzzns* ghbjumghf Fgusdppd \njnmgdr‗s dnrjy+hghdtddhta+bdhtury Ugnzzn mdj U`p`j`* wdrd rdbjngkdm l`r pdmdstrgnhs nhm a`rsd+mrnwh bnrrgnfds* ns nut` trnllgb wns r`utdm nwny( Ns wdjj* tad sdvdhtddhta+bdhtury lnbnmd `l Rt( Udtdr‗s Cnsgjgbn wns bjdnhdm nhm rdst`rdm t` gts `rgfghnj nppdnrnhbd( ]ad B`j`ssduk wns njs` sucstnhtgnjjy bjdnhdm nhm rdnmgdm t` a`st n hukcdr `l b`hbdrts9 tad M`kus Nurdn !F`jmdh A`usd' `l Hdr` wns `pdhdm nltdr cdghf bj`sdm l`r sdvdrnj mdbnmds(31 Hukdr`us `tadr agst`rgb cugjmghfs wdrd bjdnhdm nhm rdst`rdm* nhm tady a`stdm dxagcgtg`hs l`r oucgjdd nttdhmdds( ]ad rdst`rdm nhm gkpr`vdm p`st+oucgjdd S`kd gs dxpdbtdm t` rdkngh nh dhanhbdm trdnsurd l`r j`bnjs nhm t`urgsts l`r knhy ydnrs t` b`kd(
Cy tad jntd twdhtgdta bdhtury* tad nbagdvdkdhts `l tad Gtnjgnh adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h k`vdkdht anm cdb`kd n t`pgb `l gkp`rtnhbd t` k`st `l tad b`uhtry‗s bgtgzdhs( ]ad mdvdj`pkdht `l hukdr`us v`juhtddr+cnsdm `rfnhgzntg`hs gh tad jnst anjl `l tad bdhtury wns tgkdjy* ns Gtnjy‗s b`htghughf db`h`kgb pr`cjdks sdvdrdjy nlldbtdm tad f`vdrhkdht‗s ncgjgty t` bnrd l`r tad b`uhtry‗s wdnjta `l dxtrn`rmghnry bujturnj pntrgk`hy( L`rtuhntdjy* gh s`kd bnsds* `tadr b`uhtrgds anvd b`htrgcutdm t` nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h dll`rts gh Gtnjy* k`st rdbdhtjy l`jj`wghf tad 3557 dnrtaqunid gh tad Ncruzz` rdfg`h tant mnknfdm tad a`kds `l tdhs `l ta`usnhms ns wdjj ns sgfhglgbnht agst`rgb sgtds( ]ad Gtnjgnh Kghgstry l`r Bujturnj Adrgtnfd mrdw up n jgst `l l`rty+lgvd pr`tdbtdm k`hukdhts rdqugrghf rdst`rntg`h nltdr tad dnrtaqunid nhm s`ufat ghtdrhntg`hnj m`h`rs t` ngm gh tadgr rdb`vdry( L`r dxnkpjd* tad dgfatddhta+bdhtury Baurba `l Rnhtn Knrgn mdj Rullrnfg` gh J‗Nqugjn* wagba anm cddh cugjt t` rdpjnbd `hd mdstr`ydm cy nh dnrtaqunid gh >652* gs burrdhtjy cdghf rdst`rdm wgta luhms lr`k tad Lrdhba f`vdrhkdht* nhm gts b`jjnpsdm dnrjy hghdtddhta+bdhtury m`kd* mdsgfhdm cy Fgusdppd \njnmgdr* gs njs` cdghf rdb`hstrubtdm( @tadr jnrfd nrbagtdbturnj nhm b`hsdrvntg`h pr`odbts gh Gtnjy nrd uhmdrwny ns wdjj* wgta tw` gh ]urgh gh pr`bdss sghbd tad >775s? rdst`rntg`h `l tad lnk`us Banpdj `l tad A`jy Rar`um !Bnppdjjn mdjjn Rnbrn Rghm`hd' nhm tad aufd b`kpjdx `l tad S`ynj Unjnbd `l \dhnrgn !Sdffgn mg \dhnrgn Sdnjd'(
Bodurh 7+75 ]ad trnfgb lgrd `h Nprgj >>* >776* !vgdwdm adrd lr`k tad hdnrcy S`ynj Unjnbd' !n' tant mdstr`ydm tad m`kd !c' nhm nmonbdht nrdns `l tad Banpdj `l tad A`jy Rar`um gh ]urgh !b'9 tad knstdrpgdbd `l Ugdmk`htdsd cnr`qud nrbagtdbt Funrgh` Funrghg ans tnidh `vdr n mdbnmd t` rdst`rd( U`st+mgsnstdr stncgjgzntg`h w`ri !m' nhm sucsdqudht rdst`rntg`h ans dhtngjdm dxtdhsgvd nhnjysgs* pjnhhghf* nhm tad rdb`hstrubtg`h `l j`st djdkdhts nhm b`hsdrvntg`h nhm dvdry p`ssgcjd survgvghf nrbagtdbturnj mdtngj( Gknfds b`urtdsy Njdssg` Sç* RG]G(
Bodurh 7+78 Sdst`rntg`h nhm rdancgjgtntg`h* sghbd tad kgm+>775s* `l tad dxtdhsgvd b`kpjdx `l tad S`ynj Unjnbd `l \dhnrgn `h tad `utsigrts `l ]urgh* rdprdsdhts `hd `l tad k`st dxpdhsgvd sghfjd nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h pr`odbts gh Dur`pd( Gh 35>5 tad b`kpjdx a`jms nh nrrny `l bujturnj lnbgjgtgds* ghbjumghf pucjgb kddtghf spnbds* dmubntg`hnj lnbgjgtgds* nhm tad `llgbds `l tad Dhvgr`hkdhtnj nhm Nrbagtdbturnj Rdrvgbd `l Ugdmk`ht !tad rdfg`h gh wagba ]urgh gs j`bntdm'( Hukdr`us mglldrdht tdnks `l Gtnjgnh nrbagtdbts* dhfghddrs* nhm b`hsdrvntg`h spdbgnjgsts anvd cddh ghv`jvdm gh ghtdrvdhtg`hs rnhfghf lr`k tad rdst`rntg`h `l dxtdrg`rs nhm ghtdrg`rs t` ghsdrtghf c`jm k`mdrh ghtdrg`r nkdhgtgds( Gknfds b`urtdsy Njdssg` Sç* RG]G(
Nh`tadr rdbdht nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h subbdss gh Gtnjy wns tad sgx+ydnr rdb`hstrubtg`h nhm rdst`rntg`h* nhm sucsdqudht 3557 rd`pdhghf* `l tad dnrjy twdhtgdta+bdhtury* nrt h`uvdnu‒styjdm ]dntr` Udtruzzdjjg gh Cnrg* wagba wns hdnrjy mdstr`ydm cy nrs`h gh >77>( \dhgbd‗s Jn Ldhgbd `pdrn a`usd wns b`kpjdtdjy rdst`rdm nhm rd`pdhdm gh 355= nltdr n lgrd sgkgjnrjy rdmubdm gt t` gts sadjj gh tad kgm+>775s(
Mnfshrvofd Otgiy‟s Aostnrom Surgi Unwfs
Gtnjy jdnms `tadr Dur`pdnh b`uhtrgds gh tad qunhtgty `l agst`rgb rurnj t`whs tant nrd hdnrjy `r b`kpjdtdjy ncnhm`hdm( Agjj t`whs* lr`k tad Njpghd l``tagjjs t` tadgr b`uhtdrpnrts tar`ufa`ut s`utadrh Gtnjy* anvd hdnrjy njj lnbdm qudstg`hs `l survgvnj murghf tad mdbnmds nltdr tad dhm `l V`rjm Vnr GG* wadh trnmgtg`hnj wnys `l jgld gh wnjjdm t`whs* `ltdh mntghf t` tad Kgmmjd Nfds* cdfnh t` banhfd ns tady cdbnkd jdss mdpdhmdht `h nmonbdht nfrgbujturnj nbtgvgty( Ghmustrgnjgzntg`h* urcnhgzntg`h* nhm k`t`rgzdm trnhsp`rtntg`h ans anm ns kuba `l nh dlldbt ns nhytaghf djsd(
]ad fd`frnpay `l tad Gtnjgnh pdhghsujn nhm tad b`uhtry‗s j`hf agst`ry mdtdrkghdm Gtnjy‗s rurnj sdttjdkdht pnttdrhs* nhm ns suba tad nrbagtdbturnj nhm bujturnj sgfhglgbnhbd `l tadsd t`whs gs `ltdh rdknrincjd( Kdmguk+sgzdm t`whs mntghf t` Dtrusbnh nhm nhbgdht S`knh tgkds* suba ns @rvgdt` gh Tkcrgn* Nrdzz` nhm Jubbn gh ]usbnhy* nhm Cdhdvdht` nhm Rnjdrh` gh Bnkpnhgn* nrd sdburd ns rdfg`hnj sdnts `l b`kkdrbd nhm f`vdrhkdht( Gt gs tad kujtgtumd `l sknjjdr t`whs nhm vgjjnfds tant `ltdh struffjd t` survgvd* dspdbgnjjy cdbnusd y`uhfdr kdkcdrs `l tad p`pujntg`h anvd mdpnrtdm l`r uhgvdrsgty dmubntg`h* cdttdr w`ri `pp`rtuhgtgds* nhm tad jurd `l bgty jgld( @tadr gssuds nlldbtghf tadsd t`whs nhm vgjjnfds ghbjumd db`h`kgb stnfhntg`h* sucstnhmnrm ghlrnstrubturd* nhm tad dxpdhsd `l rdst`rghf nfghf strubturds `l njj typds t` k`mdrh snldty nhm jgvghf stnhmnrms(
]ad myghf rurnj t`whs `l Gtnjy nrd h`t wgta`ut tadgr supp`rtdrs `r p`tdhtgnj l`r luturd vgncgjgty( Gtnjgn H`strn wns tad lgrst t` sgfhnj tad gssud `h nh ghtdrhntg`hnj cnsgs gh nh dxagcgtg`h dhtgtjdm? Gtnjgnh Agjj ]`whs* ]`` Jntd t` cd Rnvdm0 nhm ans sustnghdm l`busdm `h tad gssud sghbd( Dur`pn H`strn ans njs` agfajgfatdm tad gkp`rtnhbd `l tags adrgtnfd nhm sghbd >77< tad V`rjm K`hukdhts Luhm ans jgstdm sdvdh Gtnjgnh t`whs `h gts cgdhhgnj V`rjm K`hukdhts Vntba Jgst `l Dhmnhfdrdm Rgtds? Ugtgfjgnh`* Bgvgtn mg Cnfh`rdfg`* R`rnh`* nhm Knhbgnh` gh Bdhtrnj Gtnjy nhm Kntdrn* Brnb`* nhm tad dhtgrd trnhsauknhbd agjj+t`wh nrdn gh R`utadrh Gtnjy(
R`jutg`hs anvd cddh nmmrdssdm rdbdhtjy vgn n fr`wghf hukcdr `l spdbgnjty ghstgtutg`hnj rdsdnrba ghgtgntgvds suba ns ta`sd b`hmubtdm cy tad Gstgtut` Rupdrg`rd sug Rgstdkg ]drrgt`rgnjg pdr j‗Ghh`vnzg`hd !RG]G'* cnsdm gh ]urgh* wagba nrd l`busdm `h tad bujturnj jnhmsbnpds `l Bghqud ]drrd !Jgfurgn' nhm Njcdr`cdjj` !Npujgn'( Sdstnur` Nrbagtdtt`hgb` d Sdbupdr` mdjjn Cdjjdzzn mdg Bdhtrg Rt`rgbg !Nrbagtdbturnj Sdst`rntg`h nhm Sdancgjgtntg`h `l Agst`rgb Bdhtdrs'* sgtuntdm wgtagh tad lnbujty `l nrbagtdbturd nt tad Thgvdrsgty `l S`kd GGG* gs n uhgvdrsgty+jdvdj pr`frnk tant b`hbdhtrntds `h trnghghf gh b`hsdrvntg`h `l Gtnjgnh agjj t`whs nhm rurnj nrbagtdbturd(
Bodurh 7+72 ]ad agjj t`wh `l Bgvgtn mg Cnfh`rdfg`* sgtdm cdtwddh \gtdrc` nhm @rvgdt`* gs nh dspdbgnjjy pgbturdsqud dxnkpjd `l Gtnjy‗s rurnj agst`rgb t`whsbnpds( J`bntdm nt`p n pdmdstnj `l v`jbnhgb tull tant gs pr`hd t` jnhmsjgmds* tags t`wh ans lnbdm bdhturgds `l mdtdrg`rntg`h( L`r tad pnst ldw ydnrs* tad Gtnjgnh Kghgstry l`r Bujturnj Adrgtnfd nhm Nbtgvgtgds ans k`hgt`rdm suctdrrnhdnh b`hmgtg`hs nt Bgvgtn mg Cnfh`rdfg`( Mud t` tad dll`rts `l nh ghtdrhntg`hnj pnrthdrsagp* tad H`rtawdst Ghstgtutd l`r Nrbagtdbturd nhm Trcnh Rtumgds gh Gtnjy ans b`kpjdtdm pjnhs l`r b`hsdrvghf tags agjj t`wh( B`urtdsy H`rkn Cnrcnbbg(
Udranps tad k`st h`tdw`rtay rdbdht adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h pr`odbt gh Gtnjy* nhm `hd `l tad jnrfdst nrbagtdbturnj rdst`rntg`h pr`odbts gh Dur`pdnh agst`ry* ans cddh tad sdrgds `l ghtdrvdhtg`hs nt tad cnr`qud b`kpjdx `l tad S`ynj Unjnbd `l \dhnrgn gh ]urgh cdfghhghf gh tad >775s(37 Sdst`rghf tags 15*555+squnrd+kdtdr b`kpjdx b`st `vdr -2<4 kgjjg`h !₪ 345 kgjjg`h' nhm ghv`jvdm n pnrthdrsagp `l kuhgbgpnj* rdfg`hnj* nhm hntg`hnj p`jgtgbnj ghstgtutg`hs ns wdjj ns supp`rt lr`k tad Dur`pdnh Thg`h( Gh 3554 tad l`rkdr stncjds `l tad pnjnbd wdrd b`hvdrtdm ght` tad \dhnrgn Sdnjd Bdhtdr l`r B`hsdrvntg`h nhm Sdst`rntg`h `l Bujturnj Adrgtnfd* wagba w`ris h`t `hjy `h tad \dhnrgn b`kpjdx cut njs` `h pr`odbts gh tad rdfg`h nhm ghbjumds b`hsdrvntg`h jnc`rnt`rgds ns wdjj ns n frnmuntd trnghghf pr`frnk gh rdst`rntg`h( ]a`ufa b`hsdrvntg`h gs `hf`ghf* tad \dhnrgn b`kpjdx rd`pdhdm t` tad pucjgb gh 3556 nhm gs sjntdm t` sdrvd n bdhtrnj r`jd gh ]urgh‗s bdjdcrntg`h `l tad >45ta nhhgvdrsnry `l Gtnjgnh uhglgbntg`h gh 35>>(
Mdspgtd tad s`jgm pr`frdss* Gtnjgnh nrbagtdbturnj adrgtnfd gs stgjj lnbdm wgta nh nrrny `l auknh nhm hnturnj tardnts* h`tncjy ghbjumghf tad snkd prdssurds l`r urcnh k`mdrhgzntg`h tant jnuhbadm tad dnrjgdst jnrfd+sbnjd bnkpngfhs `h cdanjl `l b`hsdrvntg`h `vdr n bdhtury nf` gh Lj`rdhbd( Gh tant snkd bgty t`mny* b`hbdrhs nrd cdghf rngsdm nc`ut tad b`hstrubtg`h `l n hdw jgfat rngj hdtw`ri* tad lgrst jghd `l wagba `pdhdm dnrjy gh 35>5( ]ags lgrst trnk jghd ans njrdnmy uhmdrkghdm tad mdsgfh ghtdfrgty nhm tad lnuhn `l Jd Bnsbghd Unri* mdstr`ydm tad rdknghs `l tad bgty‗s lgrst ghmustrgnj mgstrgbt* ]ad Ugfh`hd* nhm njtdrdm bdhtury+`jm vgdws `l tad bgty nhm tad rgvdr lr`k tad Nrh` Sgvdr pr`kdhnmd(25 Ns b`hstrubtg`h gs pjnhhdm l`r nh nmmgtg`hnj tw` jghds* wa`sd pntas tardntdh t` ghv`jvd trnghs pnssghf wgtagh n ldw lddt `l tad Mu`k`* Cnptgstdry* nhm `tadr gb`hgb sgtds gh Lj`rdhbd* n hdw pdtgtg`h gs bnjjghf l`r ‚lrgdhms `l Lj`rdhbd nhm tad Lj`rdhtghds”gh Lj`rdhbd nhm ncr`nm‛ t` o`gh t`fdtadr ‚t` adjp t` prdsdrvd tad bgty lr`k wr`hf nmkghgstrntgvd ba`gbds suba ns tad jgfat rngj pr`odbt(‛2> ]ags ghtdrhntg`hnj pdtgtg`h nhm cnttjd sddk nh ddrgd rdpdtgtg`h `l tad pdtgtg`h `vdr n bdhtury nf` tant wns k`tgvntdm cy sgkgjnr tardnts t` tad snkd adrgtnfd* nhm gt sdrvds ns n rdkghmdr tant nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`hgsts kust cd dvdr vgfgjnht gh tadgr dll`rts* dvdh gh b`uhtrgds suba ns Gtnjy wgta j`hfstnhmghf trnmgtg`hs `l rdspdbt nhm pr`tdbtg`h `l adrgtnfd
OUGIOGF MNF]HSRGUONF GCSNGE
L`r bdhturgds Gtnjy ans dxp`rtdm gts tnjdhts gh tad nrts* nk`hf tadk gts dxtdhsgvd rdst`rntg`h nhm b`hsdrvntg`h sigjjs(23 Dnrjy dxnkpjds ghbjumd tad L`ssntg cr`tadrs* Gtnjgnh+dmubntdm Rwgss hntg`hnjs wa` rdst`rdm tad k`sngbs nhm `tadr ghtdrg`r lghgsads nt tad Anfgn R`pagn b`kpjdx gh Gstnhcuj gh tad >1=5s* ns wdjj ns tad pnrtgnj rdst`rntg`hs `l cugjmghfs nt Gtnjgnh+ruh nrband`j`fgbnj dxbnvntg`hs gh Jdptgs Knfhn nhm Byrdhd gh Jgcyn gh tad >735s( K`rd rdbdht dxnkpjds ghbjumd S`knh dhfghddr Fg`rfg` Br`bg‗s w`ri nt m`zdhs `l sgtds w`rjmwgmd9 tad k`mglgbntg`hs l`r tad b`htdkp`rnry usd `l tad nhbgdht S`knh tadntdr nt ]nrrnf`hn* Rpngh* gh tad >775s cy ]`rghdsd nrbagtdbt Nhmrdn Cruh`9 nhm tad m`bukdhtntg`h `l Knrkdsanh Baurba gh Fukrg* Nrkdhgn* cy tad Kgjnh+cnsdm Bdhtr` mg Rtumg Nrkdhg !Bdhtdr l`r Nrkdhgnh Rtumgds'* nhm gts rdst`rntg`h gh 355= cy nrbagtdbt Fndhd Bnshntg(22 Gh nmmgtg`h* Gtnjgnh b`hsdrvnt`rs nrd w`righf `h rdst`rghf k`sngbs nt tad nhbgdht S`knh sgtd `l _dufkn gh ]uridy uhmdr tad mgrdbtg`h `l Gtnjgnh b`hsdrvntg`h spdbgnjgst S`cdrt` Hnrmg nhm Crgtgsa nrband`j`fgst Sgbanrm A`mfds(2=
Gtnjy‗s j`hf+stnhmghf ghtdrhntg`hnj pdrspdbtgvd `h nrbagtdbturnj b`hsdrvntg`h gs rdljdbtdm gh tad pnrtgbgpntg`h `l tad b`uhtry‗s jdnmghf lgfurds nt tad sdkghnj ghtdrhntg`hnj b`hldrdhbds tant rdsujtdm gh tad Ntadhs Banrtdr `l >72> nhm tad \dhgbd Banrtdr `l >7<=( Rghbd tadh* tad Gtnjgnh f`vdrhkdht ans npprdbgntdm tad gkp`rtnhbd nhm p`tdhtgnj `l gts b`hsdrvntg`h tnjdht( C`ta tad Gtnjgnh kghgstrgds `l l`rdgfh nllngrs nhm l`r bujturnj adrgtnfd anvd cddh nbtgvdjy usghf tags vnjuncjd hntg`hnj ghtdjjdbtunj nssdt ncr`nm nhm ghbjumghf bujturnj adrgtnfd dll`rts ns n kno`r b`kp`hdht `l Gtnjgnh l`rdgfh p`jgby(
Bodurh 7+74 K`sngb rdtrgdvnj nt tad nhbgdht S`knh sgtd `l _dufkn `h tad Duparntds gh prdsdht+mny ]uridy cy Gtnjgnh b`hsdrvnt`rs uhmdr tad mgrdbtg`h `l Gtnjgnh b`hsdrvntg`h spdbgnjgst S`cdrt` Hnrmg* vgbd prdsgmdht `l tad Ghtdrhntg`hnj B`kkgttdd l`r tad B`hsdrvntg`h `l K`sngbs* nhm Crgtgsa nrband`j`fgst Sgbanrm A`mfds(2=
Ruba nh nppr`nba lgts wdjj wgta THDRB@‗s ngks gh b`hsdrvghf adrgtnfd `l uhgvdrsnj vnjud* wagba gkpjgbgtjy nssukds ghtdrhntg`hnj pnrtgbgpntg`h* `ltdh tar`ufa c`ta lghnhbgnj nhm tdbahgbnj nssgstnhbd(
Gh tad >745s tad Gstgtut` Gtnjgnh` pdr gj Kdmg` dm Dstrdk` @rgdhtd !GRKD@* Gtnjgnh Ghstgtutd l`r tad Kgmmjd nhm Lnr Dnst' wns nbtgvd gh sp`hs`rghf l`rdgfh nrband`j`fgbnj dxbnvntg`hs nhm sucsdqudht sgtd+b`hsdrvntg`h dll`rts gh Unigstnh* Nlfanhgstnh* Grnh* nhm hukdr`us `tadr b`uhtrgds( GRKD@* l`uhmdm gh >722* kdrfdm gh >774 wgta tad Gstgtut` Gtnj`+Nlrgbnh` !Gtnjgnh+Nlrgbnh Ghstgtutd'”wagba anm cddh b`hmubtghf sgkgjnr rdsdnrba gh Nlrgbn sghbd tad >715s”t` l`rk tad hdw Gstgtut` Gtnjgnh` pdr j‗Nlrgbn d j‗@rgdhtd !GRGN@* tad Gtnjgnh Ghstgtutd l`r Nlrgbn nhm tad @rgdht'( GRGN@ `pdrntds wgtagh tad Gtnjgnh Kghgstry `l L`rdgfh Nllngrs cut gh bj`sd nss`bgntg`h wgta tad kghgstrgds l`r bujturnj adrgtnfd nhm `l dmubntg`h ns wdjj ns wgta Gtnjgnh uhgvdrsgtgds(
]ad Gtnjgnh f`vdrhkdht ans njs` w`ridm l`r tad pr`tdbtg`h `l l`rdgfh bujturnj adrgtnfd tar`ufa pnrthdrsagps wgta ghtdrhntg`hnj `rfnhgzntg`hs( Vgtagh tad Kghgstry `l L`rdgfh Nllngrs* tad Mgrdbt`rntd Fdhdrnj l`r Mdvdj`pkdht B``pdrntg`h luhms Gtnjy+THDRB@ b``rmghntdm pr`odbts nhm tad Mgrdbt`rntd Fdhdrnj l`r Bujturnj Ur`k`tg`h nhm B``pdrntg`h lghnhbds b`hsdrvntg`h+rdjntdm rdsdnrba nhm lgdjm pr`odbts bnrrgdm `ut cy Gtnjgnh uhgvdrsgtgds nhm nfdhbgds( Gh nmmgtg`h* tad V`rjm Cnhi‗s Gtnjgnh ]rust Luhm l`r Bujturd nhm Rustnghncjd Mdvdj`pkdht wns dstncjgsadm gh 3555 wgta n m`hntg`h `l -2(2 kgjjg`h lr`k tad Gtnjgnh f`vdrhkdht( ]ad ]rust Luhm* wagba stgpujntds tant Gtnjgnh b`hsdrvntg`h pr`ldssg`hnjs sa`ujm cd ghv`jvdm gh nhy pr`odbts gt supp`rts* ans cddh ghv`jvdm gh k`rd tanh twdhty pr`odbts gh l`urtddh b`uhtrgds* ghbjumghf tad rdb`hstrubtg`h `l tad @jm Crgmfd gh K`stnr* C`shgn nhm Adrzdf`vghn9 tad rdancgjgtntg`h `l tad kdmghn gh Ldz* K`r`bb`9 nhm tad mdvdj`pkdht `l b`kprdadhsgvd adrgtnfd strntdfgds l`r Ba`hfqghf nhm Rgbaunh gh Baghn( Gh 355= tad Gtnjgnh ]rust Luhm rdbdgvdm nmmgtg`hnj supp`rt tnrfdtdm spdbglgbnjjy l`r V`rjm Adrgtnfd sgtds gh tad B`hf`(
Gh 3554 tad Gtnjgnh Kghgstry l`r Bujturnj Adrgtnfd* tad V`rjm Cnhi* nhm THDRB@ b``rfnhgzdm n b`hldrdhbd `l bujturnj kghgstdrs lr`k R`utadnstdrh Dur`pdnh b`uhtrgds t` mgsbuss tadgr rdfg`h‗s sanrdm adrgtnfd b`hsdrvntg`h b`hbdrhs nhm dll`rts( L`jj`wghf tags ghgtgnj b`hldrdhbd* tad Gtnjgnh Kghgstry `l L`rdgfh Nllngrs dstncjgsadm n R`utadnstdrh Dur`pd ]rust Luhm t` cd nmkghgstdrdm cy THDRB@‗s \dhgbd `llgbd( Nmmgtg`hnj luhms wdrd sdt nsgmd l`r tags trust cy tad Gtnjgnh l`rdgfh kghgstdr gh 3557(
]ad Gtnjgnh Kghgstry l`r Bujturnj Adrgtnfd gs njs` w`righf bj`sdjy t`mny wgta THDRB@ cy b``rmghntghf gts dkdrfdhby adrgtnfd `pdrntg`hs t` gkpr`vd dll`rts t` rdsp`hm qugbijy nhm dlldbtgvdjy t` hnturnj mgsnstdrs `r b`hljgbts tant tardntdh bujturnj adrgtnfd w`rjmwgmd( ]ad nfrddkdht `h want ans cddh muccdm tad ‚bujturnj cjud cdrdts‛ wns rdnbadm gh @bt`cdr 355=* cut gt wns cnsdm `h subbdssluj THDRB@ nhm Gtnjgnh b``pdrntg`h `h dkdrfdhby pr`odbts tad ydnr cdl`rd* ghbjumghf tad trnhsldr `l dxpdrtgsd lr`k pr`ldssg`hnjs w`righf `h tad Jdnhghf ]`wdr `l Ugsn gh Gtnjy t` stncgjgzntg`h `l Nlfanhgstnh‗s Kghnrdt `l Onk wadh gt wns gh gkkghdht mnhfdr `l b`jjnpsd(
Nh dxagcgtg`h wgta bntnj`fud dhtgtjdm Dxbdjjdhbd gh Gtnjgnh Sdst`rntg`h gh tad V`rjm adjm gh S`kd gh H`vdkcdr 3554 `lldrdm n sukknry `l knhy `l tad gkp`rtnht rdbdht Gtnjgnh nbagdvdkdhts gh nrbagtdbturd nhm nrt b`hsdrvntg`h ncr`nm( ]ad dxagcgtg`h ghbjumdm mdsbrgptg`hs `l suba mgvdrsd pr`odbts ns tad rdst`rntg`h `l wnjj pnghtghfs nt tad Djj`rn nhm Nonhtn bnvds gh Ghmgn9 b`hsdrvntg`h `l ghtdrg`rs gh tad L`rcgmmdh Bgty gh Cdgoghf9 rdst`rntg`h `l hntg`hnj kusduk b`jjdbtg`hs gh Incuj* Nlfanhgstnh* nhm Cnfamnm* Grnq9 tad nrband`j`fgbnj pnri l`r Bnrtanfd* ]uhgsgn9 baurba nhm k`squd rdst`rntg`hs gh wnr rnvnfdm Udb* I`s`v`9 nhm tad rdturh t` Dtag`pgn `l tad rdst`rdm ><5+t`h `cdjgsi `l Nisuk* wagba st``m hdnr U`rtn Bnpdhn `h tad Bndjgnh Agjj gh S`kd sghbd >726 cut wns rdturhdm nhm rddrdbtdm `h gts `rgfghnj sgtd gh 3551(
Ruba w`ri m`ds kuba t`wnrm dxtdhmghf ghtdrhntg`hnj f``mwgjj nhm gkpr`vdm trnmd nhm mgpj`kntgb rdjntg`hs( ]`mny b`hsdrvntg`h nssgstnhbd gs njs` n h`tncjd pnrt `l tad l`rdgfh rdjntg`hs `l `tadr Vdstdrh Dur`pdnh b`uhtrgds ns wdjj ns Nustrnjgn* Rwdmdh* Lghjnhm* Bnhnmn* Onpnh* nhm Rghfnp`rd( Vagjd `tadrs b`ujm cd hnkdm* tadgr pnrtgbgpntg`h gh ghtdrhntg`hnj b`hsdrvntg`h prnbtgbd gs cdttdr trnbdm tar`ufa tad w`ri `l spdbgnjty adrgtnfd pr`tdbtg`h `rfnhgzntg`hs suba ns tad Fdhdvn+cnsdm Nfn Ianh ]rust l`r Bujturd nhm Unrgs+cnsdm Untrgk`ghd Rnhs Lr`htgárds* ns wdjj ns tar`ufa tad idy pr`ldssg`hnj kdkcdrsagp `rfnhgzntg`hs suba ns GB@K@R nhm tad Nss`bgntg`h l`r Urdsdrvntg`h ]dbah`j`fy Ghtdrhntg`hnj(
HFEFNUH]
> Bdvnt Drmdr* Hur Grfjdtkfturgl Jkrdtgck1 Nrh` Fhisfdhusikss th Fhiskrvgtdhi* trnhs( Nyldr Cniinjbg`fju !Unrgs? THDRB@* >71<'* 72(
3 Ouiin O`igjdat`* G Jdsthry hn Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi, 3hm dm( !@xl`rm? Cuttdrw`rta+Adghdknhh* >777'* 67(
2 Gh tad hghdtddhta bdhtury* tags mdcntd wns banrnbtdrgzdm ns sbrnpd vdrsus nhtgsbrnpd* pgttghf ta`sd gh lnv`r `l rdstrnght nfnghst tad k`rd adnvy+anhmdm wa` nmv`bntdm ‚sbrnpghf‛ nwny jntdr nbbrdtg`hs t` rdst`rd tad njjdfdm `rgfghnj* agst`rgb nppdnrnhbd `l cugjmghfs( ]adsd mgnkdtrgbnjjy `pp`sdm p`sgtg`hs wdrd k`st h`tncjy nss`bgntdm wgta tad nppr`nbads `l Dufáhd+Dkknhudj \g`jjdt+jd+Mub nhm O`ah Susigh( Susigh nmv`bntdm tad jngssdz+lngrd nppr`nba `l `hjy sgkpjd knghtdhnhbd wagjd \g`jjdt+jd+Mub nmv`bntdm ‚pdrg`m‛ rdst`rntg`h tant b`ujm dhtngj rdst`rghf nhm rdcugjmghf `l n k`hukdht t` nh nppdnrnhbd gt kny anvd hdvdr anm* b`hsgstdht wgta ags styldstdf uidty pagj`s`pay( Rdd O`ah A( Rtuccs* _d`k Jhihrko1 G Clhegl ^dkw hn Grfjdtkfturgl Fhiskrvgtdhi* 3>=‒3>6 !A`c`idh* HO? O`ah Vgjdy , R`hs* 3557'(
= Vnjtdr Ingsdr* ‚Rnvghf tad Knfgb Bgty*‛ Ikw Thrm Ukvdkw hn Ehhms, Mdbdkcdr 2* 3557* 47‒<59 Cdrhm S`dbi* Nlhrkifk 74221 _jk Wukst nhr Grfgodg !Hdw Anvdh* B]* nhm J`hm`h? Wnjd Thgvdrsgty Urdss* 3557'(
4 Kuss`jghg agksdjl ghnufurntdm tad w`ri nt tad ]`kc `l Nufustus* wagba ad kny anvd pjnhhdm t`