THE PHILIPPINES (RIZALS TIME) 1.

INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION = reign of King Ferdinand VII (1808-1833) =1834-1862 adopted 4 constitutions =brought periodic shifts in colonial policies and a periodic rigodon of colonial officials Example: 1835-1897 =ruled by 50 governors-general (1yr &3mos/gov.gen.) Dec. 1853-Nov 1854= 4 governors-general 2. CORRUPT COLONIAL OFFICIALS =highly corrupt, incompetent, cruel, venal a. Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-73) boastful and ruthless -Executed: Frs. Mariano Gomez, Jacinto Zamora & Jose Burgos (1872) b. Fernando Primo de Rivera (1880-83 & 1897-98) enriched himself by accepting bribes from gambling casinos in Manila c. Valeriano Weyler (1888-1891) cruel, and corrupt - arrived in Manila a poor man and returned to Spain a millionaire - received huge bribes and gifts from wealthy Chinese who evaded the anti-Chinese law - brutally persecuted the Calamba tenants (Rizal family) - The Butcher in Cuba because of his ruthless reconcentration policy which caused the deaths of thousands of Cubans d. Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1898) able militarist but heartless governor -had Jose Rizal executed *after the loss of Mexico, Guatemala, Chile, Argentina and other colonies in Latin America, numerous job-seekers and penniless Spanish sycophants came to the Philippines* PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION IN THE SPANISH CORTES Spains purpose: to win the support of her colonies during the Napoleonic invasion = 1810-13 (1st period of representation in the Cortes) = Ventura de los Reyes 1st Philippine delegate - Took active part: Constitution of 1812 (Spains first democratic institution) - Abolition of Galleon trade = 2nd and 3rd : less fruitful = 1837: abolished except for Cuba and Puerto Rico HUMAN RIGHTS DENIED TO FILIPINOS NO EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW Leyes de Indias promulgated by the Christian monarchs to protect the rights of the natives in Spains colonies and promote their welfare MALADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE = costly, partial and slow

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Major factors in winning a case in court : wealth, social prestige and color of skin JUSTICE DELAYED IS JUSTICE DENIED (Ex. Juan de la Cruz, 18861898) 7. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION 8. FRAILOCRACY = government by the friars 9. FORCED LABOR/POLO Falla = sum of money paid to the government to be exempted from the polo 2pesetas/50centavos- daily stipend 10. HACIENDAS OWNED BY THE FRIARS 11. GUARDIA CIVIL (CONSTABULARY)