Notes: vomiting/diarrhoea are associated with avid Na + retention; hence urine Na+ will be low.

SIADH: diagnosis requires normal renal, adrenal and thyroid function. Patient must be euvolaemic. Diuretic therapy must be excluded. Investigations: Serum U&Es including Mg2+ (K+ and Mg2+ can provoke ADH release), TFTs and serum osmolality. Urinary U&Es and urine osmolality. Cautions with treatment: over-rapid correction of hyponatraemia can lead to central pontine myelinosis.