STATEMENTS AND CONLUSIONS

STATEMENTS AND CONCLUSIONS

WITHOUT TRUTH

WITH TRUTH (SYLLOGISM)

BY RULES

BY VENN DIAGRAM

Most of the problems are on without truth statements (statements that are far from reality), as much as 99.99%.

PROPOSITION It is a logical statement which has 3 items (must) Subject, predicate , coupler Eg: All boys are girls. (without truth statement) Here, boys is subject, are is coupler, and Girls are predicate. The important role in the statement is known as subject. The sub_important role in the statement is known as predicate. The connection between subject and predicate is known as coupler.

TYPES OF PROPOSITONS

UNIVERSAL PROPOSITION

PARTICULAR PROPOSITION

UNIVERSAL POSITIVE (A)

UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE (E)

PARTICULAR POSITIVE (I)

PARTICULAR NEGATIVE (O)

Eg: All boys are girls. Any Every

Eg: No Boys are girls

Eg: Some boys are girls Eg: Some boys are not girls. Much More A few

Words which specify the type of Statement

Universal Positive(A) Universal Negative(E) Particular Positive(I) Some, Much, More, A few Particular Negative(O)

All, Any, Every.

No, None

Some and not.

CONVERSIONS: If subjects and predicate of a proposition are interchanged, then resulting statement is called conversion of that proposition.

Principle of conversion y y y y A will change into I . E will be E only. I will be I only. In case of O conversion is not possible.

STATEMENT CONVERSION Eg: Statement Conversion

A I All boys are girls. Some boys are girls.

E E No boys are girls. No girls are boys.

I I Some boys are girls. Some girls are boys.

O Not Possible Some boys are not girls Not possible.

Combining two statements: Rules Statement A E I O A A+A=A A+E=E A+I= no result A+O= no result E E+A=O* E+E=no result E+I=O* E+O=no result I I+A=I I+E=O I+I=no result I+O= no result O O+A=no result O+E=no result O+I=no result O+O=no result

Instead of learning this 4X4=16 results, it is sufficient to remember only 6 results, and in other cases combine results is not possible. These are

A+A A A+E E E+A O* E+I O* I+A I I+E O