GT ThuyVanMoiTruong

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC CN TH
--- oOo ---
BI GING MN HC
THY VN MI TRNG
ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGY
Bin son:
L ANH TUN, PhD.
Cn Th, 2008
Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG
Trng I HC CN TH
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LI M U V GII THIU
MC LC
LI M U V GII THIU........................................................................................ ii
MC LC .......................................................................................................................... ii
Danh sch hnh................................................................................................................... iv
Danh sch bng ................................................................................................................... v
Chng 1.
NHP MN THY VN MI TRNG............................................ 7
1.1
c trng ca mi trng nc .............................................................................. 7
1.1.1
nh ngha v tnh cht ca nc .................................................................. 7
1.1.2
Mi trng nc............................................................................................ 8
1.1.3
Vai tr ca nc trong cuc sng.................................................................. 8
1.2
Gii thiu mn hc Thy vn mi trng .............................................................. 9
1.3
c im ca hin tng thy vn ....................................................................... 10
1.4
Phng php nghin cu ...................................................................................... 11
1.5
Lch s mn hc.................................................................................................... 13
1.6
Mng li kh tng thy vn Vit Nam .......................................................... 14
Chng 2.
TI NGUYN NC TRN TH GII................................................ 15
1.1
Cc th cha nc trn tri t ............................................................................. 15
1.1.1
Nc trong kh quyn .................................................................................. 15
1.1.2
Nc trong thy quyn ................................................................................ 15
1.1.3
Nc trong a quyn .................................................................................. 15
1.1.4
Nc trong sinh quyn ................................................................................ 15
1.2
Chu trnh thy vn ................................................................................................ 16
1.2.1
Chu trnh thy vn ....................................................................................... 16
1.2.2
Minh ha chu trnh thy vn........................................................................ 16
1.3
Phn phi nc trn tri t.................................................................................. 17
1.3.1
Cc s liu v lng nc trn tri t........................................................ 17
1.3.2
Nhn xt s phn phi nc trong thin nhin............................................ 19
1.3.3
Vn s dng ngun nc ........................................................................ 20
1.4
Bo v mi trng nc ....................................................................................... 21
Chng 3.
CC YU T KH HU NH HNG N DNG CHY.............. 23
3.1
Ma ....................................................................................................................... 23
3.1.1
S ging thy v ma .................................................................................. 23
3.1.2
S hnh thnh ma....................................................................................... 23
3.1.3
Tnh ton lng ma bnh qun .................................................................. 25
3.2
m khng kh .................................................................................................. 28
3.2.1
Cc c trng ca m khng kh ............................................................ 28
3.2.2 S thay i m khng kh theo thi gian ........................................................ 30
3.3
Bc hi.................................................................................................................. 30
3.3.1 nh ngha............................................................................................................ 30
3.3.3 Ch bc hi v nhn t nh hng n bc hi.............................................. 31
3.4 Gi, bo....................................................................................................................... 32
3.4.1 S hnh thnh gi ................................................................................................. 32
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bin son: TS. L Anh Tun
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.2 Cc c trng ca gi .......................................................................................... 32

3.4.3 Cc loi gi .......................................................................................................... 35
3.4.4 Dng..................................................................................................................... 37
3.3.5 Bo t ................................................................................................................... 38
Chng 4.
LU VC SNG V PHNG TRNH CN BNG NC ............ 44
4.1
H thng sng ngi ............................................................................................... 44
4.2
Lu vc sng v cc c trng ca sng .............................................................. 46
4.2.1
Lu vc sng ............................................................................................... 46
4.2.2
S hnh thnh dng chy sng ngi............................................................. 47
4.2.3
Cc c trng hnh hc ca lu vc ............................................................ 48
4.2.3.1 Din tch lu vc....................................................................................... 48
4.2.3.2 Chiu di sng chnh v chiu di lu vc ............................................... 48
4.2.3.3 Chiu rng bnh qun lu vc................................................................... 49
4.2.3.4 H s hnh dng lu vc ........................................................................... 49
4.2.3.5 cao bnh qun lu vc ......................................................................... 49
4.2.3.6 dc bnh qun lu vc J ...................................................................... 50
4.2.3.7 Mt li sng ....................................................................................... 50
4.2.4
Cc c trng biu th dng chy ................................................................ 51
4.2.4.1 Lu lng nc ........................................................................................ 51
4.2.4.2 Tng lng dng chy .............................................................................. 52
4.2.4.3 su dng chy...................................................................................... 52
4.2.4.4 Module dng chy..................................................................................... 52
4.2.4.5 H s dng chy........................................................................................ 52
4.3
Phng trnh cn bng nc ................................................................................. 53
4.3.1
Nguyn l .................................................................................................... 53
4.3.2
Phng trnh cn bng nc thng dng..................................................... 53
4.3.3
Phng trnh cn bng nc ca lu vc kn v h trong thi on bt k 54
4.3.3.1 Lu vc kn............................................................................................... 54
4.3.3.2 Lu vc h................................................................................................ 54
4.3.4
Phng trnh cn bng nc trong nhiu nm............................................. 54
4.4
Cc hot ng ca con ngi nh hng n cn bng nc khu vc................. 55
Chng 5.
THY TRIU V S XM NHP MN VNG CA SNG........... 57
5.1 Khi nim v vng ca sng....................................................................................... 57
5.1.1
Vng ven bin ngoi ca sng..................................................................... 57
5.1.2
Vng ca sng ............................................................................................. 57
5.1.3
Vng trn ca sng...................................................................................... 57
5.2
Thu triu.............................................................................................................. 58
5.2.1
nh ngha thu triu................................................................................... 58
5.2.2
Phn loi thu triu...................................................................................... 59
5.2.2.1 Bn nht triu u ..................................................................................... 59
5.2.2.2 Bn nht triu khng u .......................................................................... 59
5.2.2.3 Nht triu u............................................................................................ 60
5.2.2.4 Nht triu khng u................................................................................. 60
5.2.3
Nguyn nhn gy ra thu triu .................................................................... 62
5.3 c tnh thy vn vng ca sng c thy triu .......................................................... 63
5.3.1
Hin tng thu triu ca sng ................................................................ 63
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S thay i mc nc ca sng chu nh hng triu ................................ 64
5.4 S xm nhp mn vo ca sng.................................................................................. 64
5.4.1
Hin tng xm nhp mn........................................................................... 64
5.4.2
Mi trng nc vng ca sng.................................................................. 66
Chng 6.
CH THY VN VNG NG BNG SNG CU LONG....... 67
6.1
Gii thiu .............................................................................................................. 67
6.2
H thng Mekong ................................................................................................. 67
6.3
iu kin t nhin vng BSCL.......................................................................... 70
6.4
c im kh hu vng BSCL ........................................................................... 73
6.5
c im ch thy vn vng BSCL.............................................................. 76
6.5.1
Mng li sng v knh .............................................................................. 76
6.5.2
c im ch thy vn ........................................................................... 78
6.5.3
Phn phi dng chy.................................................................................... 80
6.5.4
Nc ngm vng BSCL............................................................................ 82
6.5.5
Bn ct trong sng Cu Long...................................................................... 83
6.6
Thy triu v s truyn triu vo sng Cu Long ................................................ 84
6.6.1
Thy triu vng ven bin BSCL ............................................................... 84
6.6.2
S truyn triu vo sng Cu Long v bn o C Mau............................. 84
Danh sch hnh

Hnh 1.1 Quan h mn hc vi cc chuyn ngnh ........................................................... 10
Hnh 1.2 Minh ha cc quan h hnh thnh dng chy..................................................... 11
Hnh 1.3 Cc phng php nghin cu thy vn............................................................. 12
Hnh 1.4 Mng thng tin kh tng .................................................................................. 14
Hnh 2.1 Minh ha chu trnh thy vn trn tri t .......................................................... 16
Hnh 2.2 S h thng ca chu trnh thy vn.............................................................. 17
Hnh 2.3 Minh ha chiu dy lp nc trong chu trnh thy vn..................................... 18
Hnh 2.4 c trng phn phi chnh v lng nc dng tnh v ng trn tri t. .. 18
Hnh 2.5 S H thng ngun nc trong Qui hoch ngun nc .............................. 21
Hnh 2.6. Minh ha quan h 3E ........................................................................................ 22
Hnh 2.7 Minh ha s tng quan vic qun l nc vi cc yu t khc nhau.............. 22
lin quan n mi trng, Klemes (1973). ....................................................................... 22
Hnh 3.1 Ma a hnh .................................................................................................... 23
Hnh 3.2 Ma i lu...................................................................................................... 24
Hnh 3.4 S thay i lng ma bnh qun thng cc trm ............................................. 25
Hnh 3.5 V d tnh lng ma bnh qun vi 3 phng php khc nhau ....................... 27
Hnh 3.6 Cc loi nhit k m k t trong trm o kh tng......................................... 29
Hnh 3.7 Thng o bc hi loi A .................................................................................... 30
Hnh 3.8 Thay i lng bc hi trung bnh thng (mm) ti Cn Th v Sc Trng ..... 31
Hnh 3.9 Nguyn nhn sinh ra gi .................................................................................... 32
Hnh 3.10 Hng gi quy c theo ............................................................................ 32
Hnh 3.11 Hng gi ........................................................................................................ 33
Hnh 3.12 o tc v hng gi.................................................................................... 33
Hnh 3.13 Gi hnh tinh................................................................................................... 35
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hnh 3.14 S chnh lch p sut gy nn cc lung gi t t lin ra bin .................... 35

Hnh 3.15 Gi t, Gi bin............................................................................................ 36
Hnh 3.16 Hng gi v m mt thung lng di sn ni........................................ 36
Hnh 3.17 Gi a hnh (gi foehn)................................................................................... 37
Hnh 3.20 Hnh dng v v tr cc loi my khc nhau..................................................... 40
Hnh 3.12 o ma............................................................................................................. 41
Hnh 4.1 Cc dng phn b sng nhnh trong mt lu vc sng ..................................... 44
Hnh 4.2 Mt dng phn b sng gia hnh cnh cy v hnh lng chim ....................... 44
Hnh 4.3 H thng sng Mekong...................................................................................... 45
Hnh 4.4 S phn cp cc nhnh sng .............................................................................. 45
Hnh 4.5 Lu vc sng v khi nim ng phn nc.................................................. 46
Hnh 4.6 Lu vc sng vi cc ng ng cao ......................................................... 47
Hnh 4.7 nh din tch lu vc bng phng php phn vung.................................. 48
Hnh 4.8 Cch xc nh chiu di sng v chiu di lu vc .......................................... 48
Hnh 4.9 Hnh dng ca lu vc nh hng n kh nng tp trung nc l .................. 49
Hnh 4.10 Xc nh cao bnh qun lu vc bng ng ng mc ............................ 50
Hnh 4.11 Mt li sng cho bit s phong ph ca ngun nc ca lu vc ........... 51
Hnh 4.12 Lu tc k kiu c st ...................................................................................... 51
Hnh 4.13 Tng qut ha phng trnh cn bng nc .................................................... 53
Hnh 4.14 Minh ha cc gi tr trong phng trnh cn bng nc thng dng............... 54
Hnh 4.15 Hot ng ca con ngi lm nhim nc trong chu trnh thu vn ........... 56
Hnh 4.16 Qu trnh th ho lm thay i lng chy trn v thm rt ....................... 56
Hnh 5.1 Khu vc ca sng .............................................................................................. 57
Hnh 5.2 Din bin mt con triu trong mt ngy ............................................................ 58
Hnh 5.3 Din bin thay i mc nc triu thng (triu Bin ng thng 1/1982) ....... 59
Hnh 5.4 Bn nht triu u .............................................................................................. 59
Hnh 5.5 Bn nht triu khng u ................................................................................... 60
Hnh 5.6 Nht triu u..................................................................................................... 60
Hnh 5.7 Triu Bin Ty vng BSCL l dng nht triu khng u .......................... 61
Hnh 5.8 Lc ht tng h ca mt trng v mt tri to nn s thay imc nc triu62
Hnh 5.9 Hin tng xm nhp mn t bin vo lng sng vng ca sng..................... 64
Hnh 5.10 Hnh dng ng nm mn vng tip gip dng triu v dng sng .............. 65
Hnh 5.11 Phn b vn tc theo chiu su dng sng chu nh hng thy triu ........... 65
Hnh 5.12 Nc ngm ven bin v s xm nhp mn vo tng nc ngm ................... 66
Hnh 6.1 Lu vc sng Mekong ....................................................................................... 68
Hnh 6.9 Phn b dng chy kit tnh ton theo m hnh triu bn nht.......................... 80
Hnh 6.10 Mc nc nh l nhiu nm qua Tn Chu v Chu c.............................. 82
Danh sch bng

Bng 2.1: Phn phi nc trn tri t (theo A. J. Raudkivi, 1979)................................. 19
Bng 2.2 Phn phi lng nc ngt trn lc a ........................................................... 19
Bng 2.3 Cn bng nc (mm/nm) cc i dng ......................................................... 19
Bng 3.1 Bng cp gi (Beaufort Scale).......................................................................... 34
Bng 5.1 Thy triu mt s cng chnh Vit Nam ..................................................... 61
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 6.1 Lu vc Mekong qua 4 quc gia duyn h ...................................................... 70

Bng 6.2 Thng k hin trng canh tc la ton nm 1996 vng BSCL ...................... 70
Bng 6.3 T l s dng rung t nng nghip ca BSCL ........................................... 73
Bng 6.4 So snh nhit trung bnh thng (t C) mt s trm vng BSCL ............... 73
Bng 6.5 So snh bc hi trung bnh (mm/thng) mt s trm vng BSCL ................ 73
Bng 6.6 So snh m trung bnh thng (%) mt s trm vng BSCL ................... 74
Bng 6.7 So snh tc gi trung bnh thng (m/s) mt s trm vng BSCL............. 74
Bng 6.8 Tn sut xut hin thp nht i qua trung v h lu sng Mekong.................. 74
Bng 6.9 So snh lng ma trung bnh thng (mm) mt s trm vng BSCL........... 75
Bng 6.10 Lng ma gy ng ngp (mm) mt s trm vng BSCL....................... 76
Bng 6.11 Mt s c trng mt ct nhng knh chnh vng BSCL ........................... 78
Bng 6.13 Khong vi lng trong nc sng Mekong................................................... 83
Bng 6.14 Bin triu trn sng Cu Long .................................................................. 85
Bng 6.15 Bin triu trn sng vo ma l................................................................. 85
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Chng 1.
NHP MN THY VN MI TRNG
1.1 c trng ca mi trng nc

1.1.1 nh ngha v tnh cht ca nc
Nc c xem nh mt ti nguyn qu gi v cn thit cho s sng. Nc chi phi
nhiu hot ng ca con ngi, thc v ng vt v vn hnh ca thin nhin. Theo nh
ngha thng thng: " Nc l mt cht lng thng dng. Nc tinh khit c cng thc
cu to gm 2 nguyn t hydro v mt nguyn t oxy, nc l mt cht khng mu,
khng mi, khng v. Di p sut kh tri 1 atmosphere, nc si 100C v ng c
0C, nc c khi lng ring l 1000 kg/m3." Khi nim n gin v nc l nh vy,
nhng i su nghin cu, ta thy nc c nhiu tnh cht k diu bo m cho s sng
c tn ti v pht trin.
Nc l mt dung mi vn nng
Nc c th ha tan c rt nhiu cht, c bit l cc cht khong v cht kh cung
cp dinh dng v gip cho s trao i cht trong c th sinh vt.
Nc c nhit dung rt ln
Nc c kh nng hp thu rt nhiu nhit lng khi nng ln v ng thi cng ta ra
nhiu nhit lng khi lnh i. Kh nng ny gip cho nhit ban ngy trn tri t t
nng hn v ban m lnh i, gip cho s sng khi s tiu dit mc chnh lnh
nhit qu ln.
Nc rt kh bay hi
20C, mun 1 lt nc bc hi phi tn 539.500 calori. c tnh ny ca nc
cu thot s sng khi b kh ho nhanh chng v gip cho cc ngun nc khng b kh
hn, lm tiu dit cc sinh vt sng trong n.
Nc li n ra khi ng c
Khi h nhit xung thp di 4C th th tch nc li tng ln. n dim ng
c 0C, th tch nc tng ln khong 9 % so vi bnh thng, lm bng ni ln mt
nc. Nc c nhit cao hn s chm xung y gip cc thy sinh vt tn ti v lp
bng - c tnh dn nhit rt km - tr thnh chic p gip bo v s sng pha di n.
Nc c sc cng mt ngoi ln
Nh c sc cng mt ngoi ln nn nc c tnh mao dn mnh. Hin tng na c
mt ngha rt ln trong vic duy tr s sng trn tri t, nc t di t c th thm
n tng ngn cy. Trong c th ngi v ng vt, mu v dch m vn chuyn c
n cc c quan ni tng cng nh kh nng mao dn ca nc.
Nc c kh nng t lm sch
Nc trong qu trnh vn chuyn ca n khp ni trong thin nhin cn c kh nng
t lm sch, loi b mt phn cht bn, to iu kin cho mi trng sinh thi c ci
thin.
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1.1.2 Mi trng nc
Nc bm m vic duy tr s sng v pht trin ca cc loi thc v ng vt. S phong
ph ti nguyn nc l tin cho vic pht trin nng nghip, cng nghip, thy in,
giao thng vn ti, thy hi sn v pht trin c dn, ... Nc ng thi cng l mt tai
ng cho loi ngi v cc sinh vt khc. Nc l ngun sng cho tt c mi sinh gii v
l mt ti nguyn quan trng ca mi quc gia. Nc ng vai tr then cht trong vic
iu ha nhit trn tri t. Nc c s dng trong sinh hot, nng nghip, lm
nghip, ng nghip, dim nghip, thy in, giao thng vn ti,
Ti nguyn nc trn tri t c nh gi bi ba c trng: lng, cht lng v ng
thi.
S lng l c trng biu th mc phong ph ca ti nguyn nc trn mt
lnh th;
Cht lng nc bao gm cc c trng v hm lng cc cht ho tan hoc khng
ho tan trong nc c li hoc c hi theo tiu chun ca i tng s dng;
ng thi ca nc c nh gi bi s thay i cc c trng dng chy theo
thi gian, s trao i nc gia cc khu vc cha nc, s vn chuyn v quy lut
chuyn ng ca nc trong sng, nc ngm, cc qu trnh trao i cht ho tan,
truyn mn,
Mi trng nc c hiu l mi trng m nhng c th tn ti, sinh sng v tng tc
qua li u b nh hng v ph thuc vo nc. Mi trng nc c th bao qut trong
mt lu vc rng ln hoc ch cha trong mt git nc. Mi trng nc l i tng
nghin cu ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc t nhin, k thut v c kinh t - x hi.
Tri t ca chng ta thng xuyn chu s tc ng ca s chuyn ha ca dng kh
quyn v thy quyn to nn. Chnh cc hot ng t nhin ny lm thay i ng k
cc tnh cht kh hu, dng chy, t ai, mi trng t nhin v x hi. Con ngi
ch tm t lu ghi nhn, tm hiu, phn loi v i ph vi cc din bin thi tit, cc
thay i dng chy v cc bin ng mi trng t chc x hi, sn xut, iu chnh
cuc sng v ci to iu kin t nhin v phng chng cc thin tai thm ha c th xy
ra.
1.1.3 Vai tr ca nc trong cuc sng

Nc l yu t hng u quyt nh s tn ti v pht trin ca sinh gii. Khng c nc
s sng lp tc b ri lon, ngng li v tiu dit.
Nc chim thnh phn ch yu trong cu to c th thc v ng vt. Con ngi

c khong 65 - 75 % trng lng nc trong c th, c bit nc chim ti 95 %
trong huyt tng, c c khong 80 % nc trong c th, cy trn cn c 50 - 70
% nc, trong rong ru v cc loi thy thc vt khc c 95 - 98 % l nc.
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Mun c thc phm cho ngi v gia sc cn c nc: mun c 1 tn la m, cn

300 - 500 m3 nc, 1 tn go cn tiu th 1.500 - 2.000 m3 nc v c 1 tn
tht trong chn nui cn tn 20.000 - 50.000 m3 nc.
Lng nc trn tri t l mt my iu ha nhit v lm cho cn cn sinh thi

c cn bng. S sng thng tp trung cc ngun nc, phn ln cc nn vn
minh, cc trung tm kinh t, cng nghip, nng nghip, khoa hc k thut, vn
ha x hi, dn c, ... u nm dc theo cc vng tp trung nc.
S thay i cn cn phn phi nc hoc s ph hoi ngun nc c th lm tn

li cc vng tr ph, bin cc vng t mu m thnh cc vng kh cn. Trong
nhng thp nin sp ti, chin tranh, xung t gia cc quc gia v cc vng khu
vc c th do nguyn nhn tranh ginh ti nguyn nc qu bu ny.
1.2 Gii thiu mn hc Thy vn mi trng

Thy vn mi trng (Environmental hydrology) l mn hc gii thiu cc tnh cht, c
im ngun nc, cc din bin lin quan n mi trng nc, phng php tnh cn
bng ti nguyn nc trong h thng phc v cho cc hot ng sn xut x hi, v tin
lng cc hin tng vt l xy ra trong kh quyn v dng chy sng ngi, cng nh nh
hng qua li ca cc hin tng ny vi nhau.
Mn hc Thy vn mi trng rt cn thit cho nhiu ngnh trong x hi nh nng
nghip, cng nghip, giao thng vn ti, hng khng, ng nghip, y t, v.v... Cc k
hoch pht trin sn xut, hnh thnh m rng th, iu chnh c cu nng thn, b tr
dn c ... iu cn phi c cc d liu din bin ca tnh cht kh tng - thy vn khu
vc.
Mn hc ny c bin son cho sinh vin cc ngnh khoa hc mi trng, qun l mi
trng v ti nguyn thin nhin, k thut mi trng, k thut ti nguyn nc. Mc
tiu ca mn hc l gip cho sinh vin hiu r cc din bin phc tp ca thin nhin
nhm phng, chng, trnh mt phn thin tai, gim nh cc ri ro trong cuc sng sn
xut v ci to mi trng sinh sng.
Mn hc Thy vn mi trng chuyn nghin cu cc hin tng v qu trnh vt l din
bin trn khng trung v mt t. Do vy, mn hc s c lin quan n mt loi cc mn
khoa hc t nhin nh Ton hc (hnh hc, gii tch, i s, ...), Vt l (c hc, nhit hc,
quang hc,...), Ha hc (v c, hu c), Sinh hc (thc vt, ng vt hc) v Tin hc (x
l d liu, ha, GIS, ...). Mt khc, mn hc ny li l mn c s cho cc chuyn
ngnh khc nh sinh thi, qun l ti nguyn, bo v mi trng, quy hoch pht trin,
kin trc, thy li, giao thng vn ti, (hnh 1.1)...
Trong cc d n pht trin, phn nh gi c im mi trng, kh tng - thy vn khu
vc l mt chng khng th thiu trong l lun thc tin.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CC MN C BN
TON HC - VT L- HA HC - SINH HC - TIN HC - A L -
THY VN MI TRNG
(MN HC C S)
CC CHUYN NGNH
NNG NGHIP SINH THI - QUN L TI NGUYN THIN NHIN
K THUT MI TRNG - THY LI - QUY HOCH - V.V...
Hnh 1.1 Quan h mn hc vi cc chuyn ngnh
1.3 c im ca hin tng thy vn

Hin tng thy vn l mt qu trnh rt phc tp lin quan n nhiu yu t khc nhau
ca t nhin. Dng chy l kt qu tng tc ca 3 nhn t chnh (hnh 1.2):
1. Nhn t kh tng: nh nhit , ma, bc hi, gi, p sut khng kh, ... Yu t ny
bin ng ln theo thi gian, xy ra, din bin v chm dt nhanh, va mang tnh chu
k va mang tnh ngu nhin.
2. Nhn t mt m: nh din tch khu vc, a hnh, a cht, th nhng, lp ph thc
vt, ... Yu t ny thay i chm so vi thi gian, mang tnh qui lut ca khu vc, ca
min c iu khin tng t.
3. Nhn t con ngi: bao gm tt c cc hot ng do con ngi gy ra nh xy dng
cc cng trnh thy li, khai hoang m rng din tch canh tc, xy dng nh my
cng nghip, trng hoc ph rng, ... . Nhn t ny c th thay i nhanh hoc chm,
c th mang tnh qui lut hoc qui lut khng r rng. tt c ty thuc vo tnh hnh
kinh t - x hi v cc bin ng ca nhng quyt nh ch quan ca con ngi. Con
ngi cng l mt nhn t nh hng n 2 nhn t kh tng v nhn t mt m.
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DNG CHY
NHN T
KH TNG
+ MA
+ BC HI
+ GI, NHIT
+ v.v...
(BIN I NHANH)
NHN T
MT M
+ DIN TCH LU VC
+ A HNH - A MO
+ T AI
+ v.v...
(BIN I CHM)
NHN T
CON NGI
+ CNG TRNH THY

+ CANH NNG
+ XD CNG NGHIP
+ v.v..
(BIN I ??? !!! )
Hnh 1.2 Minh ha cc quan h hnh thnh dng chy
1.4 Phng php nghin cu

Ba nhn t hnh thnh dng chy nh kh tng, mt m v con ngi, do vy cc hin
tng thy vn u mang c 2 tnh cht: tnh ngu nhin v tnh tt nh. Hin nay, c 3
phng php chnh trong nghin cu thy vn hc: (a) phng php phn tch nguyn
nhn hnh thnh, (b) phng php tng hp a l, (c) phng php thng k xc sut.
(a) Phng php phn tch nguyn nhn hnh thnh
Phng php ny xem s hnh thnh mt hin tng thy vn nh l kt qu tc ng ca
mt lot cc nhn t vt l, bao gm cc nhn t vt l chnh v nhn t ph cho nhn t
chnh. Phng php ny tm cc mi tng quan gia cc nhn t v biu th chng di
dng cc biu thc, phng trnh ton hc, cc bng tra cu hoc cc th. Cc m hnh
ton hc hoc vt l m phng mt hay nhiu hin tng thy vn cng c th xy
dng t phng php ny.
(b) Phng php tng hp a l
Phng php ny c th chia lm 3 phng php khc:
Phng php tng t a l: Gi s c 2 trm thy vn (mt trm ang xt
v 1 trm tham kho), nu 2 trm ny c nhng iu kin a l t nhin (a
hnh, a mo, kh hu, ...) tng t ging nhau th ta c th suy on l cc
iu kin thy vn ca chng cng tng t nh nhau. Da vo s liu ca
trm tham kho ta c th suy ra s liu ca trm ang xt trong iu kin cha
c hoc khng s liu.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phng php ni suy a l: Phng php ny cc c trng thy vn c tnh

cch l c trng a l nn c th phn khu vc, phn vng thy vn hoc
xy dng cc bn ng tr ca cc i lng thy vn.
Phng php tham s a l tng hp: Phng php ny coi i lng thy
vn l hm ca nhiu yu t a l. Cc yu t chnh c xem xt chi tit
ring bit, cn cc yu t a l tp hp thnh cc tham s tng hp.
(c) Phng php thng k xc sut

Phng php ny xem c trng thy vn xut hin nh mt i lng ngu nhin. V
vy, ta c th p dng cc l thuyt xc sut v thng k tm qui lut din bin ca
hin tng thy vn, xem s xut hin mt gi tr thy vn no c tin cy v xc
sut xut hin khc nhau. Phng php ny s dng nhiu trong tnh ton cc c trng
thy vn cho cc cng trnh thy li.
PHNG PHP NGHIN CU THY VN
PHNG PHP PHN TCH NGUYN NHN HNH THNH
+ Quan h ton hc
+ M hnh ton
+ M hnh vt l
PHNG PHP TNG HP A L
+ Phng php tng t a l

+ Phng php ni suy a l
+ Phng php tham s a l tng hp
PHNG PHP THNG K XC SUT
+ L thuyt thng k
+ Phn tch tn sut
Hnh 1.3 Cc phng php nghin cu thy vn
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.5 Lch s mn hc
T thu hoang s, con ngi phi i mt vi thin nhin, theo di s thay i thi
tit v cc din bin dng chy. T khi c hot ng sn xut nng nghip, con ngi
dn dn tch ly c t nhiu cc kinh nghim, cc qui lut ca thin nhin, kh hu, ...
v hn na c th d on mt phn cc thay i thi tit, dng chy phc v sn xut
v bo v ma mng. Cc cu ca dao, tc ng v thin nhin, thi tit chnh l cc ghi
chp, truyn ming ban u ca ngnh kh tng thy vn ca mi dn tc.
S pht trin ca x hi loi ngi, cng cuc m mang b ci, pht trin sn xut, con
ngi cng lc cng vn xa hn hn ni c nh ban u ca mnh v dn dn hnh
thnh cc bn ghi chp u tin t nn mng cho ngnh khoa hc kh tng thy vn.
Ngi c Ai Cp bit tm quan trng ca vic o c, nh du, ghi chp v tin on
cc din bin dng chy trn sng Nile t giai on 1800 trc Cng nguyn. Tc phm
Brihatsamhita ca Varahamihira (n , 505 - 587) m t cc trm o ma, hng
gi v tin trnh phng on ma. Cc ti liu kho c khc cng cho thy, cc quan st
ghi chp v kh tng - thy vn tm thy Trung Quc, Ai Cp, n , Hy Lp v
mt s quc gia khc t th k th IV - V. n th k th XV - XVI, ngi ta c cc
dng c o thi tit tuy cn th s nhng cng nh du mt bc tin quan trng ca
lch s ngnh. Tht s n th k XVII tr i, cc dng c chnh xc hn v cc nghin
cu c tnh h thng thc s hnh thnh khoa hc v kh tng - thy vn. Van Te
Chow (1964) phn chia lch s ngnh hc Kh tng - Thy vn Chu u ra lm 8
giai on sau:
1. Giai on suy on (speculation):
trc nm 1400
2. Giai on quan st (observation):
t 1400 - 1600
3. Giai on o ghi (measurement):
t 1600 - 1700
4. Giai on thc nghim (experimentation):
t 1700 - 1800
5. Giai on hin i ha (modernization):
t 1800 - 1900
6. Giai on kinh nghim (empiricism):
t 1900 - 1930
7. Giai on suy lun ha (rationalization):
t 1930 - 1950
8. Giai on l thuyt ha (theorization):
t 1950 - nay
Ti Vit nam, t trc th k th 20 cha tm thy cc ti liu ghi chp v kh tng v
thy vn. Tuy nhin, lch s cng chng minh ng cha ta c nhng quan st v
phn tch cc hin tng thi tit v dng chy. Ng Quyn p dng qui lut thy triu
trn sng Bch ng trong trn chin thng qun xm lc Nam Hn. Cc cu ht, cu
h, ca dao v thi tit c lu i. H thng iu min Bc c c phi t cc
nghin cu v dng chy sng ngi. Trong th k 19 n gia th k 20, cc triu nh
khc nhau u lu dng cc quan H . Tuy nhin, khi ngi Php cai tr nc ta, h
thng quan trc kh tng thy vn mi thc s hnh thnh. Ti liu kh tng c ghi
nhn u tin t nm 1902, v t 1010 n nay, hu ht cc khu vc u c mng li o
c kh tng thy vn.
Ngy nay, cc phng tin v tinh, h thng my tnh nhanh v mnh, cc dng c o
theo di thi tit t ng k thut s gip con ngi ngy cng hon thin hn trong
cng tc theo di, nh gi v d bo cc din bin ca thin nhin. Ngnh Kh tng
Nng nghip th gii chnh thc thnh lp nm 1921, tr s ti Rome (). phc v
13
Trng I HC CN TH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------sn xut nng nghip hiu qu, T chc Kh tng Nng nghip th gii c t trong
T chc Lng thc v Nng nghip (Food and Agriculture Organization - FAO) di s
hp tc chuyn mn ca T chc Kh tng Th gii (World Meteorological
Organization - WMO). n nay, t chc WMO c i din v cc trm quan trc, trao
i s liu nhiu nc v khu vc trn th gii. Tt c cc s liu quan trc v kt qu
phn tch u c lu tr. H thng ghi nhn s liu v trao i c th minh ha nh
hnh 1.4. Mn hc khoa hc v kh tng thy vn c hnh thnh t lu v c
ging dy trong hu ht cc trng o to chuyn ngnh v khoa hc - k thut.
Hnh 1.4 Mng thng tin kh tng
1.6 Mng li kh tng thy vn Vit Nam

Vit Nam, c quan qun l vic o t, phn tch v nghin cu kh tng thy vn ca
chng ta l Tng cc Kh tng Thy vn (Department of Meteorology and Hydrology).
Hin nay, cc tnh thnh v khu vc u c cc trm o c theo nhiu ch tiu khc
nhau. Cc cn b khoa hc kh tng thy vn cng cc phng tin o c, tnh ton
ngy cng hin i phc v cho sn xut, n nh x hi, hn ch thit hi do thin tai v
cc gii php khc phc. Nc ta c 9 vng kh tng - thy vn, c nhim v theo di,
o dt, phn tch d liu v d bo din bin kh hu, mc nc, ... Mi vng c mt i
kh tng c nhim v thng tin thi tit, phn b nh sau:
1.
i KTTV vng Ty Bc, tr s ti th x Sn La.
2.
i KTTV vng Vit Bc, tr s ti thnh ph Vit Tr.
3.
i KTTV vng ng Bc, tr s ti thnh ph Hi Phng.
4.
i KTTV vng Trung du v ng bng Bc B, tr s ti H Ni.
5.
i KTTV vng Bc Trung B, tr s ti thnh ph Vinh.
6.
i KTTV vng Trung Trung B, tr s ti thnh ph Nng.
7.
i KTTV vng Nam Trung B, tr s ti thnh ph Nha Trang.
8.
i KTTV vng Ty nguyn, tr s ti th x Pleyku.
9.
i KTTV vng Nam B, tr s ti thnh ph H Ch Minh.
==========================================================
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 2.
TI NGUYN NC TRN TH GII
1.1 Cc th cha nc trn tri t

Nhn t v tr v tri t, ta c th thy nc hin din t mi pha. i dng v bin
chim ht 2/3 din tch b mt tri t, ngoi ra nc cn hin din cc sng sui, ao
h, m ly, trong t , trong cc mch nc ngm, trong khng kh v c trong c th
sinh vt na.
Hnh tinh chng ta c gi ch tri t v khong khng gian dy chng 80 - 90 km
bao quanh. Trong tri t, nc tn ti 4 quyn: kh quyn, thy quyn, a quyn v
sinh quyn.
1.1.1 Nc trong kh quyn

Trong kh quyn, nc tn ti dng hi trong sng m hay cc git lng li ti trong
my, dng cng tinh th trong tuyt hay bng. Mt hi nc gim dn theo chiu cao.
Kh quyn cha khong 12.000 - 14.000 km3 nc, bng 1/41 lng ma ri hng nm
xung tri t.
1.1.2 Nc trong thy quyn

Thy quyn bao gm i dng, bin c, sng ngi, khe sui, ao h, m ly, v.v... k c
cc khi bng bao ph hai cc ca a cu. y l quyn tch nhiu nc nht. i
dng v bin c cha 1,37 t km3 nc tri ra trn 360 km2 din tch, chim n 70,8 %
din tch a cu. Nc trong sng sui c khong 1.200 km3, trong cc ao h trn
230.000 km3, th tch khi bng trong 2 cc c chng 26 triu km3, c chiu dy trung
bnh 2 - 3 km, nu cc khi bng ny tan ra s lm mc nc bin dng cao trn 60 m,
din tch bin v i dng tng thm 1,5 triu km2.
1.1.3 Nc trong a quyn

Trong t , nc cha trong cc mch ngm, sng ngm, ao h ngm, nc cn hin
din trong cc khe h ca , trong cc lin kt l ha ca khong v lng m trong
cc lp th nhng. Lng nc cha trong a quyn ton b a cu c khong 64 triu
km3, trong lng nc trong i trao i - t mt t n su 800 m - l khong 4
triu km3 v lng m trong cc lp t th nhng c chng 80 ngn km3.
1.1.4 Nc trong sinh quyn

Nc hin din trong c th ng vt v trong t bo thc vt. Lng ny tuy rt t so vi
ton th lng nc trn tri t nhng rt quan trng, nu c s bin ng v lng
nc ny trong c th s gy ri lon trong s trao i cht v e da s sng ngay.
Lng nc trong sinh quyn c chng 10.000 km3.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.2 Chu trnh thy vn

1.2.1 Chu trnh thy vn
Nc trong t nhin khng ngng tun hon do tc dng ca nng lng mt tri v
trng lc tri t. Nc trn mt bin, i dng, trn mt sng, h mt t v t trong
sinh vt c mt tri t nng, khng ngng bc hi v pht tn vo kh quyn. Hi
nc trong kh quyn tp trung thnhcc khi my. Khi gp lnh, hi nc ngng t
thnh ma ri xung mt bin, i dng v mt t. Mt phn nc ma bc hi tr li
kh quyn, mt phn thm xung t thnh dng chy ngm ri ra sng bin, mt phn
khc chy trn trn mt t theo trng lc ri ra sng, bin. C nh th, nc t tri
t bay vo kh quyn, ri t h quyn vo t li to ra mt chu trnh khp kn, hnh
thnh vng tun hon nc trong thin nhin, ta gi l chu trnh thy vn
(hydrological cycle). Chu trnh thy vn c minh ha hnh 2.1 v 2.2. Hu ht cc
loi nc u tham gia vo vng tun hon, ch tr cc loi nc trng thi lin kt ha
hc trong cc tinh th khong vt, nc nm trong cc tng su ca tri ot v nc
trong cc ni bng vnh cu 2 cc.
1.2.2 Minh ha chu trnh thy vn
Hnh 2.1 Minh ha chu trnh thy vn trn tri t

16
Trng I HC CN TH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BC X MT TRI
KHNG KH
MA
BC - THOT HI
MA
NG NC
CHY LP MT
BIN
THM
CHA TRONG T
NC NGM
MA
LN
CHY TRN MT
S CHY LN
CHY NGM
V
CHA
TRONG
SNG
CHY
TRONG
SNG
I
DNG
A QUYN
Hnh 2.2 S h thng ca chu trnh thy vn
1.3 Phn phi nc trn tri t

1.3.1 Cc s liu v lng nc trn tri t
Rt kh c kt qu chnh xc v lng nc c trn tri t, nhng qua nhiu kt qu
kho st, tnh ton v suy din cho ta con s tng lng nc c trn hnh tinh ny c
chng 1,4 - 1,8 t km3 nc. Khi lng nc ny chim chng 1 % khi lng tri t.
Nu em ri u trn ton b b mt a cu ta s c mt lp nc dy vo khong
4.000 m v nu em chia u cho mi u ngi hin nay trn tri t (trn 6 t ngi)
th bnh qun s c xp x 30 triu m3 nc/ngi.
Cc s liu trn y ch l cc s liu khi qut. Tht s, s liu v s phn phi nc
trn tri t lc no cng bin ng do tri t lun lun vn ng lm cc iu kin kh
hu nh nhit , bc x, bc thot hi, gi, thay i lm khi lng nc thay i.
Hnh 2.3 v 2.4 cho thy s phn phi nc trn tri t theo chiu dy lp nc trong
chu trnh thy vn. Cc bng 2.1, bng 2.2 v bng 2.3 l cc s liu cho s phn nc
trn tri t, trn lc a v i dng.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh 2.3 Minh ha chiu dy lp nc trong chu trnh thy vn

KH QUYN
V = 14 x 103 km3
T = 10 ngy
1,8 x 103
km3/nm
108 x 103
km3/nm
0,1 x 103
km3/nm
454 x 103
km3/nm
BNG
V = 24 x 103 km3
T = 10.000 nm
416 x 103
km3/nm
1,2 x 103
km3/nm
38 x 103
km3/nm
BIN v I DNG
V =1370 x 106 km3
T 2600 nm
71,7 x 103
km3/nm
A QUYN
V = 88,32 x 103 km3
SNG
V= 230 km3, T 12 ngy
H
V=230x106km3, T 10 nm
M TRONG T
V= 75x106km3, T 2-50 tun
SINH QUYN
V = 10 km3, T vi tun
NC NGM
V = 64x106km3,
T 5-10 ngn nm
NC NGM TRAO I
V = 4 x106km3, T 300 nm
Hnh 2.4 c trng phn phi chnh v lng nc dng tnh v ng trn tri t.
V l th tch khi nc tnh bng km3 v T l thi gian tun hon ca nc.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 2.1: Phn phi nc trn tri t (theo A. J. Raudkivi, 1979).

TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
NI CHA NC
TH TCH
(Triu m3)
1.370.322,0
64.000,0
(4.000,0)
24.000,0
125,0
105,0
75,0
14,0
10,0
1,2
1.458.652,2
Bin v i dng
Nc ngm
(Lng nc n 800 m)
Bng h
H nc ngt
H nc mn
Hi m trong t
Hi m trong kh quyn
Sinh vt
Nc sng
TNG CNG
DIN TCH
(Triu km2)
360
129
16
510
T L
(%)
93.93
4.39
(0.27)
1.65
0.009
0.008
0.005
0.001
0.0008
0.0001
# 100
Bng 2.2 Phn phi lng nc ngt trn lc a (theo Livovich, 1973)
Din tch Lng ma
Chy trn
Bc hi
Triu
Tng s
Chy ngm
km2
mm
km3
mm km3 mm km3
mm
km3
Chu u
9,8 734
7165 319 3110 109 1065 415 4055
Chu
45,0 726 32690 293 13190
76 3410 433 19500
Chu Phi
30,3 686 20780 139 4225
48 1465 547 16555
Bc M
20,7 670 13910 287 5960
84 1740 383 7950
Nam M
17,8 1648 29355 583 10380 210 3740 1065 18975
Chu c
8,7 736
6405 226 1965
54
465 510 4440
Lin X (c)
22,4 500 10960 198 4350
46 1020 300 6610
TNG S *
132,3 834 110305 294 38830
90 11885 540 71468
Lc a
* Tng phn t trong bng ny khng k phn t ca Qun o Antarctica, Greenland

v Canidian.
Bng 2.3 Cn bng nc (mm/nm) cc i dng (theo K. Subgramanya, 1994)
i dng
i Ty Dng
Bc Bng Dng
n Dng
Thi Bnh Dng
Din tch
(triu km2)
107
12
75
167
Lng
ma
780
240
1010
1210
Chy trn
t lc a
200
230
70
60
Bc hi
1040
120
1380
1140
Trao i vi cc
i dng khc
- 60
350
- 300
130
1.3.2 Nhn xt s phn phi nc trong thin nhin

1. Lng nc trn tri t tp trung ch yu i dng v bin c, chim n
94% tng lng nc trn tri t.
2. a s lng l nc mn khng s dng cho sinh hot v sn xut nng nghip
v cng nghip c. Nc mn c th gy ngh c mui cho c th sinh vt v
gy n mn cc thit b kim loi trong cng nghip.
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Trng I HC CN TH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Lng nc ngt trong lng t v bng h 2 cc l lng nc ngt kh tinh

khit, chim trn 1,6 % tng lng nc trn tri t, tuy nhin do xa ni ca
loi ngi, v tr thin nhin khc nghit nn chi ph khai thc rt ln.
4. Con ngi v cc loi thc v ng vt khc tp trung ch yu khu vc sng
ngi nhng lng nc sng ch chim 0,0001 % tng lng nc, khng cho
c nhn loi s dng trong sinh hot v sn xut cng nng nghip. nhim
ngun nc thng l nhim nc sng.
5. Lng nc ma phn phi trn tri t khng u v khng hp l. Ty theo v
tr a l v bin ng thi tit, c ni ma qu nhiu gy l lt, c ni kh kit,
hn hn ko di.
1.3.3 Vn s dng ngun nc

Con ngi ch mi khai thc c 0,017 % lng nc c trn a cu. Theo s liu bo
ng ca Lin hip quc, hin nay c trn 50 quc gia trn th gii ang lm vo cnh
thiu nc, c bit nghim trng cc vng Chu Phi, vng Trung ng, vng Trung
, Chu c v c cc quc gia pht trin nh M, Php, Nht, c, Singapore, v.v....
Lch s th gii cng ghi nhn c cc cuc xung t gia mt s nc cng nh lnh
th v mun tranh ginh ngun nc. Mi ngy trn th gii cng c hng trm ngi
cht v nhng nguyn nhn lin quan n nc nh i, kht, dch bnh, ...
Cc nh khoa hc - k thut trn th gii ang lm ht sc mnh khai thc, b sung
nhu cu nc cho loi ngi. Mt s phng n to bo c xut nhm mc tiu
phn phi ngun nc hp l nh:
Lm thy li, thc hin cc knh o khng l a nc vo hoang mc, xy

dng cc h cha, tho nc cc vng ngp ng, ci to cc m ly, ...
Khai thc cc ngun nc ngm.
Lc, kh nc bin thnh nc ngt.
Vn chuyn cc khi bng h v dng.
Cc cng vic trn phc v cho kinh t x hi loi ngi v mt ln na khng nh vai
tr ca con ngi trong vic chinh phc thin nhin, hoc hn ch thin ti, ci to th
gii. Ngun nc cn c hiu nh mt ngun ti nguyn qu gi cn phi c bo v
v khai thc hp l. Ty vo vn cn gii quyt, cc nh thy hc thng phi c mt
tp hp cc d liu khu vc kho st, gm:
Cc ghi nhn v thi tit: nhit , m, vn tc gi, ...

Chui s liu v lng ma
Cc s liu v dng chy mt t
S liu v bc thot hi nc
Tnh cht thm lc ca khu vc
c im ngun nc ngm
Tnh cht a l v a cht khu vc kho st
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Trng I HC CN TH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vic khai thc ng mc v khoa hc ti nguyn nc s to thm nhiu lng thc v

thc phm cng nh ca ci cho loi ngi. S thiu cn nhc, qun l km trong khai
thc c th gy cc hu qu xu v mi trng sinh thi. Cn phi c mt chng trnh
qui hoch s dng ngun nc khoa hc, trong vic phn tch cc tc ng qua li
gia cc thnh phn cu thnh h thng.
Qui trnh xem xt nh hnh 2.5 sau:
H THNG NGUN NC
H THNG TI NGUYN
Ti nguyn nc
Dng:
-Nc mt
-Nc ngm
-i dng
H THNG CNG TRNH

THY LI
- Kho nc, cc cng trnh
cp nc v u mi
- X l cht lng v
ci to mi trng
- Phng l, chng ng ...
c trng:
- Lng
- Cht
- ng thi
H THNG CC
NHU CU NC
-
S dng nc
Tiu hao nc
Phng l, chng ng
Bo v v ci to
mi trng
- Cc yu cu khc
CN BNG NC
c trng cn bng
- Lng
- Cht lng
- ng thi
H thng ch tiu nh gi
- Kinh t
- Chc nng
- Mi trng
- tin cy
Phng php nh gi
- Phng php ti u
- Phng php m phng
Phng php xc nh cn bng hp l
Hnh 2.5 S H thng ngun nc trong Qui hoch ngun nc
1.4 Bo v mi trng nc
Nc cn thit cho s sng v hot ng ca con ngi. Nhu cu s dng nc sch
cho n ung, sinh hot v sn xut ngy cng gia tng trc s gia tng dn s trn th
gii v nhu cu pht trin ton din ca nhn loi. S tc ng qua loi gia nc, con
ngi v ti nguyn sinh thi hin nay ang b e da mt qun bnh. Cc ngun nc s
dng hin nay t nhiu u b nhim vi cc mc khc nhau, nhiu ni rt trm
trng, e da cuc sng sc kho con ngi, ph hoi s cn bng trong sinh gii. Do ,
vn bo v mi trng nc hin nay rt quan trng v cp bch, i hi s quan tm
ca tt c mi ngi trn hnh tinh chng ta. Cc d n u t thy li hin nay u cn
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Trng I HC CN TH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------phi c xem xt cn thn c 3 kha cnh cho cn i (hay cn gi l quan h 3E) l:

K thut (Engineering), Kinh t (Economic) v Mi trng (Environment).
Minh ha hnh 2.6 cho thy mi tng quan y. Vic qun l nc, cc lnh vc khoa
hc c bn, khoa hc ng dng v cc ngnh s dng nc u c mi quan h vi nhau
nh trnh by hnh 2.7.
K thut
(Engineering)
Kinh t
(Economic)
Mi trng
(Environment)
Hnh 2.6. Minh ha quan h 3E
Chnh tr
Kinh t
X hi
Lut l
T chc
a l
a cht
Kh hu
Sinh thi
Sinh vt
T NHIN
X HI
MI TRNG
NGUN
NC
NHU CU
NC
Dng thng tin

Dng phn hi
S LNG V
CHT LNG NC
CC NGNH KHOA
HC K THUT V
SINH HC NG DNG
QUN L
TI NGUYN NC
Cc hat ng s dng ngun nc:

CP NC TI TIU THY IN GIAO THNG THY
SN PHNG L X L NHIM SINH THI MI TRNG
Hnh 2.7 Minh ha s tng quan vic qun l nc vi cc yu t khc nhau
lin quan n mi trng, Klemes (1973).
============================================================
22
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 3.
CC YU T KH HU NH HNG N
DNG CHY
3.1 Ma
3.1.1 S ging thy v ma
S ging thy (precipitation) hay l s ngng kt hi nc trong kh quyn l qu trnh
nc t th hi chuyn sang th lng (ma, sng) hoc th rn (ma , tuyt) v ri
xung mt t. Trong mt khi nim gn ng nc ta, lng ging thy v lng ma
ri (rainfall) c gi tr gn nh nhau. Ma l hin tng cc ht nc nc c t s
ngng t hi nc trong my v ri xung t.
Ma l ngun cung cp nc ngt chnh trn th gii v l yu t quan trng nht ca s
hnh thnh dng chy sng ngi nc ta. Ma cng l i tng nghin cu c bn lin
quan n vn khai thc ti nguyn nc v chng thin tai nh l lt, hn hn.
3.1.2 S hnh thnh ma

My (cloud) l mt khi m khng kh tp hp bi s bc thot hi ca nc. Phn ln
hi nc bc ln t cc i dng v bin vng nhit i. Mt khi khng kh m t khi
gp lnh s c s ngng t hnh thnh ma.
(Xem Bi c thm: "S hnh thnh v phn bit cc loi my" cui chng)
C 3 tin trnh chnh to nn s lm lnh, gy ra ma:
Do a hnh (nng sn: Orographic lifting)

Khi mt khi khng kh m ang di chuyn gp mt dy ni chn li, khi kh s b nng
ln gy hin tng lnh i v ng lc (Hnh 3.1). Hi nc ngng t gy ma mt nn
sn dy ni, bn kia li kh. Loi ny gi l ma a hnh, rt c trng khu vc
Trng sn nc ta. Ma a hnh thng ln v ko di.
My
a hnh
cao
Gi
Ma
Ni
Hnh 3.1 Ma a hnh
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Do i lu (Convection)
Do s gia tng nhit trong ma kh to nn s bc hi nc mnh m, khi khng kh
m st mt t b nng ln cao gy hin tng mt nhit, hi nc ngng t gy ma km
sm chp (Hnh 3.2).
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
My
Nhit thp
Hi nc bc cao
Ma
Nhit cao
Mt t
Hnh 3.2 Ma i lu
Do hi t (Convergence)
Khi c bo, cc cn gi hi t li to ra cc xoy ln (Cyclone) nng khng kh m ln
cao v gy ma ln. y l hin tng thng xy ra nc ta trong ma ma. Khi mt
khi khng kh lnh ang di chuyn gp mt khi khng kh nng v m s to ra mt
vng tip xc gi l front. Khi khi khng kh lnh di chuyn vo vng khng kh nng
s to ra hin tng front lnh v ngc li khi mt khi khng kh nng i vo vng
khng kh lnh ng yn hay di chuyn chm s to front nng. Ma xy ra mt tip
xc gia khi khng kh nng v lnh (Hnh 3.3).
Kh nng
mt tip xc
front nng
Ma ri
Kh lnh
(di chuyn chm)
Hnh 3.3 Ma front
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.1.3 Tnh ton lng ma bnh qun

Lng ma trong mt thi on no l chiu dy lp nc ma o c ti mt hay
nhiu trm o ma trong thi on , lng ma c n v tnh l mm. Dng c o
ma gi l thng o ma (raingauge) c t gia tri o ma o lp nc ma
ri xung t. (xem hnh trong phn ph lc). C th xc nh lng ma bnh qun khi
c 1 trm hay nhiu trm o ma.
a. Lng ma bnh qun theo thi on:
Trong thi on 1 nm, 1 ma, 1 thng hay 1 tun, lng ma bnh qun ca mt
trm o ma c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
n
X tb =
trong :
X
i =1
n
Xtb l lng ma bnh qun, Xi l lng ma thi on th i
n l s thi on tnh ton.
(3-1)
Nhng nm lin tc c lng mua Xi Xtb lp thnh nhm nm ma nhiu, ngc li l

nhm nm ma t. Trong tnh ton thy nng, lng ma bnh qun thng hay tun c
ngha nhiu hn lng ma tnh theo ma hay nm (Hnh 3.4).
400
C a n th o
350
R a ch g ia
300
S o c tr a n g
250
200
150
100
50
0
1
10
11
12
Thng
Hnh 3.4 S thay i lng ma bnh qun thng cc trm:

Cn Th (1949-1987),Rch Gi (1960-1987) v Sc Trng (1977-1987)
b. Phng php tnh bnh qun lu vc

Lu vc l phn din tch m lng ma ri trn s tp trung vo mt h thng
sng. Phn lu vc s ni r hn chng sau. Trn mt lu vc c th c nhiu trm o
ma. cc tnh lng ma bnh qun trn lu vc nh sau:
Phng php bnh qun s hc (Arithmetical-Mean Method)

Phng php ny s dng khi trm o ma kh nhiu v t tng i ng u trn lu
vc:
25
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------n
X tb =
trong :
X
i =1
(3-1)
n l s trm o ma trn lu vc
Xi l lng ma trm th i
Phng php a gic Thiessen (Thiessen Polygons Method)

Phng php ny xem cc im o ma ti mt v tr no l i din cho lng ma
ch khu vc nht nh chung quanh n. Khu vc ny c khng ch bi cc ng
trung trc ni lin cc trm vi nhau.
Trnh t v v tnh ton nh sau:
+ Ni cc trm o ma trn bn thnh cc tam gic,
+ V cc ng trung trc ca cc tam gic thnh cc a gic.
+ Lng ma ti trm o ma nm trong mi a gic s i din cho lng ma
trn phn din tch a gic .
+ o din tch tng a gic.
+ Lng ma bnh qun lu vc s c tnh theo cng thc:
n
X bq =
trong :
f .X
i =1
n
fi = F
i =1
(3-2)
Xi l lng ma ti trm th i i din cho mng din tch th i

n l s a gic hoc s trm ma
fi l din tch ca khu vc th i
F l din tch khu vc tnh bng km2
Phng php ng ng v (Isohyetal Method)

ng ng v l ng cong ni lin cc im c lng ma bng nhau, cc ng ny
c v bng cch ni suy khi trn vng c nhiu trm o ma.
Lng ma bnh qun tnh theo cng thc:
n
X + X i +1
fi i
i =1
X bq =
F
(3-3)
vi fi l din tch gia 2 ung ng v c lng ma tng ng l Xi v Xi+1.

Hnh 3.5 l mt v d cho c trng hp tnh lng ma bnh qun.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16.5
48.8
Phng php bnh qun s hc
71.6
37.1
37.1 + 48.8 + 68.3 + 114.3 + 75.7 + 127.0

6
X = 78.5 mm
X=
68.3
39.1
114.3
127.0
75.1
49.5
Phng php a gic Thiessen
44.5
16.5
Lng
ma o
(mm)
(1)
16.5
37.1
48.8
68.3
39.1
75.7
127.0
114.3
48.8
71.6
37.1
68.3
39.1
114.3
127.0
75.1
49.5
Din tch
a gic
(km2)
(2)
18
311
282
311
52
238
212
197
1621
% tng
din tch
(%)
(3)
1.1
19.1
17.3
19.1
3.2
14.6
13.0
12.1
# 100.00
Lng ma
gia trng
(mm)
(4) = (1) x (3)
0.18
7.11
8.48
13.10
1.25
11.11
16.60
13.89
71.76
X = 71.76 mm
114.3
44.5
25
16.5
51
48.8
71.6
37.1
76
68.3
25
102
39.1
114.3
75.1
127.0
102
51
76
44.5
127
49.5
Phng php ng ng v
Tr
ng v
(mm)
(1)
127
102
76
51
25
> 25
Din tch
bao bc
Din tch
ma thc
(km2)
(2)
34
233
534
1041
1541
1621
(km2)
(3)
34
199
300
508
500
80
(a)
(b)
Ma trung
bnh
(mm)
Th tch
ma
(3) x (4)
(4)
135
117
89
64
38
20
Tng =
(5)
4590
23283
26000
32448
19000
1600
107621
Lng ma bnh qun: X = 107621 = 66 mm
1621
(a) l din tch gii hn bi ng bin ng ng v
(b) l din tch gia 2 ng ng v v bin ca lu vc
Hnh 3.5 V d tnh lng ma bnh qun vi 3 phng php khc nhau
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2 m khng kh
3.2.1 Cc c trng ca m khng kh
m khng kh (air humidity/ moisture) l lng hi nc cha trong khng kh. tng
khng kh st mt t lc no cng c hi nc: nc t h ao, sng, bin, ... bc hi
ta ra, thot hi nc t s h hp ca thc v ng vt v hi nc t cc hot ng
cng nghip, l hi pht ra. Ngi ta dng 3 c trng sau xc nh m khng kh.
p sut hi nc (e): cn gi l sc trng hi nc l phn p sut do hi nc

cha trong khng kh gy ra v c biu th bng milimt ct thy ngn (mmHg) hoc
milibar (mb):
1 mb = 10-3 bar = 102 N/m2 = 3/4 mmHg
mt nhit nht nh, p sut hi nc ng vi gii hn ti a ca hi nc trong
khng kh gi l p sut hi nc bo ha hay p sut cc i ca hi nc trong khng
kh v c k hiu l E, tnh theo cng thc:
E = 6 ,1 10
trong
6,1
7,6 v 242
t
7 , 6 .t
242 + t
(3-5)
l p sut bo ha nhit 0 C
l cc h s thc nghim
l nhit khng kh
m tuyt i (a): cn gi l mt hi nc, l lng nc c trong mt n

v th tch khng kh, n v thng dng l g/m3 hay g/cm3. Gia m tuyt i a v
p sut hi nc c mi lin h sau:
a=
1,06
e (g/m3)
1 + .t
(3-6)
t l nhit khng kh (t C)
l h s dn n ca khng kh, = 0,0036
e l p sut hi nc o bng mmHg, trng hp e tnh bng milibar th
h s trc e (l 1,06) c thay bng 0,8.
trong
Ghi ch:
1,06
1, nn tr s m tuyt i a v p sut hi nc e gn bng nhau.
T s
1 + .t
m tng i (R): l t s gia p sut hi nc trng thi thc t e vi p
sut hi nc trng thi bo ha E, trong cng mt nhit . R thng c tnh bng

%:
e
R = 100%
(3-7)
E
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V e E nn R% 100 %. Trong nng nghip, ta thng s dng m tng i ch

s lng hi nc trong khng kh. m tng i R c th tnh gn ng t:
8
112 0,1. T + Td
(3-8)
R 100
112 + 0,9. T
trong :
T l nhit khng kh tnh theo Celsius

Td l nhit im sng (dewpoint).
Td c nh ngha l nhit m hi nc trong khng kh t ti
trng thi bo ha. Td l nhit c p sut hi nc bo ha E bng p sut hi nc
thc t e.
thiu ht bo ha (d): hay cn gi l ht m, l hiu s gia p sut hi
nc bo ha E v p sut hi nc e trong khng kh mt nhit nht nh.
d=E-e
(mmHg) hoc (mb)
(3-9)
Trong mt trm kh tng, thit b ghi m c t chung vi cc nhit k khc nhau

nh hnh 3.6 di.
Hnh 3.6 Cc loi nhit k m k t trong trm o kh tng

Nhit k max & min (Maximum & minimum thermometers),
Nhit k bu kh & t (Wet & dry bulb thermometers),
Nhit k t ghi (Thermograph - records temperature),
m k t ghi (Hydrograph - records humidity)
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.2.2 S thay i m khng kh theo thi gian

Hng ngy, m khng kh cao nht t 4 - 5 gi sng (min Nam Vit Nam) v khong
6 - 7 gi sng (min Bc Vit Nam), m thp nht vo khong 13 - 14 gi.
Trong nm, ti min Bc Vit Nam m tng i cao nht vo ma ng (thng 12,
thng 1), thp nht vo ma h (thng 6 - 7). Min Nam Vit Nam chu s nh hng r
rt ca gi ma, m cao nht vo ma ma (thng 8 - 9) v thp nht vo ma kh
(thng 3 - 4).
3.3 Bc hi
3.3.1 nh ngha
Bc hi (Evaporation) l hin tng chuyn ha cc phn t nc t th lng sang th
hi do tc dng chnh ca nhit , gi v i vo khng kh. Thot hi (Transpiration) l
s bc hi xy ra b mt cc m ca thc v ng vt. Trong cn bng nc ngi ta
gi chung l bc thot hi (Evapotranspiration), hoc ni tt hn l bc hi, l tng
lng nc mt i do s bc hi nc t mt nc, mt t, qua l cy ca lp ph thc
vt, ...
Lng bc hi thng tnh bng chiu dy lp nc bc hi, n v l mm. Tc bc

hi l lng nc bc hi trong mt n v thi gian (mm/ngy). Nc khng ngng bc
hi ln kh quyn, lng bc hi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t:
thi gian (ngy, m, ma nng, ma ma, ...)
*
c im a l (vng ni, ng bng, xch o, n i, ...)
*
din bin ca kh tng (nhit , gi, m , ...)
*
lp t mt (t st, t ct. ...)
*
lp ph thc vt (rng cy, hoang mc, ...)
*
Cc trm kh tng Vit Nam thng o bc hi bng thng bc hi loi A (hnh 3.7).
Hnh 3.7 Thng o bc hi loi A
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mt s cng thc kinh nghim xc nh bc hi:

Cng thc Maietikhomirov:
Z = d.(15 + 3 w)
Cng thc Poliacov:
Z = 18,6 (1 + 0,2.w) d2/3
Cng thc Davis:
Z = 0,5 d
trong 3 cng thc trn:
Z - lng bc hi thng (mm/thng)
d - thiu ht bo ha bnh qun thng (d = E - e)
w - tc gi trung bnh thng (m/s) cao 8 - 10 m.
(3-12)
(3-13)
(3-14)
Tng lng bc hi Wz trn mt din tch b mt F (km2) trong mt thi on

no c xc nh theo cng thc:
Wz = 103 . E . F
trong
(m3)
(3-15)
E (mm) l tng lng bc hi trong thi on tnh ton.
3.3.3 Ch bc hi v nhn t nh hng n bc hi

Din bin bc hi hng ngy tng ng vi din bin nhit ngy. bc hi ln nht
thng thy vo nhng bui tra v nh nht vo thi im trc khi mt tri mc.
Trong ngy, vo nhng lc c gi ln th bc hi cng gia tng.
Ma h din bin ca bc hi ngy r nt hn ma ng (hnh 3.8). Trong nm bc hi
cao nht vo cc thng 2 - 4 (min Nam VN), thng 5 - 7 (min Bc VN) v thp nht
vo thng 9 - 10 (min Nam VN), thng 12 - 1 (min Bc VN).
200
Can Tho
Soc trang
150
100
50
0
1
10 11 12
Thng
Hnh 3.8 Thay i lng bc hi trung bnh thng (mm) ti Cn Th v Sc Trng
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.4 Gi, bo
3.4.1 S hnh thnh gi
S chuyn ng ca khng kh tng i vi mt t theo phng nm ngang gi l gi.
Khi mt t b t nng khng u to nn cc khi khng kh c nhit khc nhau, dn
n s chnh lch p sut khng kh. Khng kh c khuynh hng chuyn ng t ni c
p sut cao n ni c p sut thp. Chnh s chuyn ng ca khng kh to ra gi (hnh
3.9). S dch chuyn khi khng kh din ra cho n khi c s cn bng p sut mi chm
dt.
BC X MT TRI
Gi
DNG
THNG
MT T
DNG
GING
Hnh 3.9 Nguyn nhn sinh ra gi
3.4.2 Cc c trng ca gi
+ Hng gi : c biu th bng hng m t gi thi n, v d gi thi t phng
bc n gi l gi bc. Ngi ta nh hng gi theo v theo phng php phng v.
Hng gi c th biu th bng vi qui c: ly 0 (hoc 360) l hng Bc, 90 l
hng ng, 180 l hng Nam v 270 l hng Ty (hnh 3.10).
N ( 0 /360)
E ( 90)
W ( 270)
S ( 180)
Hnh 3.10 Hng gi quy c theo
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Theo phng php phng v, ta qui c chia mt phng tri t theo 16 hng, trong
c 4 hng chnh theo 4 phng tri l : Bc (N - North), Nam (S - South), ng (E East) v Ty (W - West), cc hng cn li gia l cc hng nhnh, nh hnh 3.11
sau:
Ghi ch:
NE - ng Bc
NW - Ty Bc
SE - ng Nam
SW - Ty Nam
NNW - Bc Ty Bc
NNE - Bc ng Bc
WNW - Ty Ty Bc
ENE - ng ng Bc
WSW - Ty Ty Nam
ESE - ng ng Nam
SSW - Nam Ty Nam
SSE - Nam ng Nam
Hnh 3.11 Hng gi

o gi l mt trong cc cng vic quan trng trong o c kh hu (hnh 3.12).
Hnh 3.12 o tc v hng gi
33
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Tc gi : Tc gi o bng s mt gi di chuyn c trong 1 giy (m/s) hoc s

kilmt trong mt gi (km/g). Tc gi cn c th biu th bng cp gi theo 12 cp do
c hi qun Anh Francis Beaufort (1774 - 1857) ngh. Bng ny c T chc
Kh tng Th gii (WMO) chp nhn t nm 1894 trong mt cuc hp ti Utrecht, H
Lan (Bng 3.1).
mt s nc, cp gi c ghi nhn n cp 14, cp 15. cc cp ny gi c gi l

cung phong (sc gi c khi t trn 200 250 km/gi).
Bng 3.1 Bng cp gi (Beaufort Scale)
Cp gi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Tc (m/s)
(km/g)
0 - 0,2
(0 - 2,9)
0,3 - 1,5
(3,0 - 8,9)
1,6 - 3,3
(9,0 - 15,9)
3,4 - 5,4
(16,0 - 13,9)
5,5 - 7,9
(24,0 - 33,9)
8,0 - 10,7
(34,0 - 43,9)
10,8 - 13,8
(44,0 - 54,9)
13,9 - 17,1
(55,0 - 67,9)
17,2 - 20,7
(68,0 - 81,9)
20,8 - 24,4
(82,0 - 95,9)
24,5 - 28,4
(96,0 - 109,9)
> 28,5
(> 110,0)
Phn hng
Lng gi
Gi rt nh
Gi nh
Gi nh
Gi va
Gi kh
mnh
Gi mnh
Gi kh to
Gi to
Gi rt ln
Gi bo
Gi bo to
M t
Mi vt yn tnh, khi ln thng, h nc phng
lng nh gng
Khi hi b ri ng, mt nc gn ln nh vy c
Mt cm thy c gi, l cy xo xc, sng gn
nhng khng c sng v
L v cnh cy nh bt u rung ng. C lay nh.
Sng rt nh
Bi v mnh giy nh bt u bay. Cnh nh lung
lay, sng nh v di hn
Cy nh c l lung lay, mt nc h ao gn sng.
Ngoi bin sng va v di
Cng ln lung lay, dy in ngoi ph thi vi vu.
Ngn sng bt u c bi nc bn ln
Cy to rung chuyn, kh i b ngc chiu gi.
Sng kh cao
Cnh nh b b gy. Khng i ngc gi c.
Ngoi bin sng cao v di
Lm h hi nh ca, git ngi trn mi nh. Sng
ln c bt dy c. Hn ch ra khi
Lm bt r cy. Ph nh ca. Sng rt ln v reo
d di. Cm tu thuyn ra khi
Sc ph hoi rt ln. Sng cc k ln, c th ph
v cc tu nh, thit hi ln v rt ln
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.4.3 Cc loi gi
+ Gi hnh tinh (planet wind): l gi quanh
nm thi theo mt hng t min p cao n
min p thp. Gi hnh tinh hnh thnh do
lc Coriolis (lc hnh thnh do s quay tri
t), lm cho cc lung khng kh bc bn
cu b lch v bn phi v nam bn cu
lch v bn tri (Hnh 3.13).
Hnh 3.13 Gi hnh tinh
+ Gi ma (monsoon wind): l nhng lung khng

kh di chuyn theo ma kh n nh, i hng
ngc chiu hoc gn nh ngc chiu t ma
ng qua ma h. Gi ma hnh thnh do s khc
nhau v nhit dn n s chnh lch p sut
khng kh trn t lin v trn bin. V ma ng,
gi ma thi t lc a ra bin v ma h gi ma
thi t bin v t lin (hnh 3.14).
Hnh 3.14 S chnh lch p sut gy nn cc lung

gi t t lin ra bin
+ Gi a phng (local wind): l gi hnh thnh do cc tc nhn vt l, a hnh, a l

ca t a phng cc b. Gi a phng c th k ra nh sau:
-
Gi t, gi bin: l gi quan st c vng ven bin tip gip vi t lin.

Gi bin thi vo ban ngy t bin vo t lin, gi t thi vo ban m t t
lin ra n bin. Nguyn nhn chnh l s s nng ln v lnh i khng u ca
t lin v mt nc trong mt ngy m (Hnh 3.15).
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bin
t lin
Hnh 3.15 Gi t, Gi bin

(Mi tn ch hng gi v m, ban ngy ngc li)
- Gi ni, gi thung lng: l gi i chiu mt cch tun hon, thi cc vng

ni trong cc ngy quang ng v n nh, r rt nht l vo ma h. Ban ngy
gi thi t thung lng ln cao dc theo sn ni nng, ban m gi thi t
sn ni lnh xung thung lng (Hnh 3.16).
- Gi Foehn (gi a hnh): cng l mt loi gi a phng hnh thnh do s
hon lu ng lc. y l mt th gi nng, kh thi t trn ni xung. Bn
kia ni, do nh hng ca a hnh cng lc cng cao lm nhit gi gim
dn, m gia tng dn dn n gy ma ti ch (Hnh 3.17). Kt qu khi gi
ln n nh ni th kh kh v gia tng nhit khi i dn xung ni. y l loi
gi rt c trng ca dy Trng Sn nc ta, nht l on tnh Qung Tr Qung Bnh (gi Lo).
Hng gi v m
Ni cao
Ni cao
Thung lng
Hnh 3.16 Hng gi v m mt thung lng di sn ni

(Ban ngy hng gi thi theo chiu ngc li)
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
My
Gi
Vng
t
Ma
Ni cao
Vng
kh
Hnh 3.17 Gi a hnh (gi foehn)
3.4.4 Dng
Dng (storm) l hin tng thng xy ra trong ma h, Vit Nam khong t thng 4
n thng 8. Dng hnh thnh do s phng in trong cc m my dy c, to thnh
chp sm, i khi i km vi gi mnh v ma ro. Nguyn nhn gy ra dng l trong
ma h, mt t b nng ln do hp thu nhiu bc x mt tri lm cc lung khng kh
nng v m bc ln cao, khng kh c nhit thp hn trn ti pha di (Hnh 3.18).
y l mt dng i lu, hnh thnh dng nhit. Trng hp, lung khng kh nng v
m bc ln cao dc theo cc sn ni, gi l dng a hnh. Khi ln n mt cao no
, cc m my tch in chm nhau gy nn chp sm, nhit khi khng kh gim
gy nn cc trn ma ro ln.
Hnh 3.18 Ba giai on ca mt cn dng
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Giai on khi pht: Hin tng i lu to nn nhng m my tch (cumulus),

sau pht trin thnh my v tch (cumulonuums). Hi nc chuyn thnh cc
git nc gii phng nng lng.
Giai on chn mui: Cc git nc b ng li. Trn nh my bt u tri rng
ra nh hnh "ci e". Cc tinh th nc v nc ma ho ln ri xung mnh
m. Ma bt u ri.
Giai on suy tn: Cc cm my mt dn hi nc v r tan dn. Cn dng c
th tip tc nu c cc cm my mi pht trin chung quanh cc b cnh ca
chng.
Dng c th gy tc hi i vi ma mng v con ngi. Trong cn dng c ma ln, gi

git mnh c th lm gy cy ci, gy sm chp nguy him. Tuy nhin, ngi ta ghi
nhn nc ma trong cc cn dng c nhiu lng m hn cc cn ma bnh thng.
3.3.5 Bo t
Bo (hurricane/typhoon) l mt xoy thun nhit i pht trin mnh to nn mt vng
gi ln, xoy mnh v ma to tri ra mt din rng. Trong ma nng, nhit nc
bin tng cao (t 25C), lng khng kh m v nng bc ln cao, gp tc dng ca lc
ly tm ca tri t to thnh cc xoy, cc xoy ny di chuyn gp cc dng khng kh di
chuyn thng ng s to thnh cc di hi t lm cho vng xoy mnh ln v hnh thnh
bo.
ng knh mt cn bo c th ln n vi trm kilmt, chiu cao t 3 - 9 km, tc di
chuyn ca cn bo khong 10 - 20 km/gi, din tch nh hng ca cn bo c th rng
t 800 - 1.500 km2. Cch khu vc trung tm bo khong 100 - 200 km, thng c gi cp
6, cp 7. Vng trung tm bo gi git ln cp 10, cp 11, c khi n cp 12 (vn tc gi
c th t 100 - 200 km/gi). Trong khu vc bo, lng ma rt ln, c khi t n vi
trm milimt nc trong 1 ngy m. Ti Vit Nam, bo thng xut hin t thng 7 n
thng 11 hng nm, khong 60% cn bo xut pht t vng bin ca qun o Caroline,
Philippines, cn li khong 40% cn bo t cc ni khc pha nam Bin ng.
(Xem Bi c thm: " Nhng iu cn bit v bo" cui chng)
Hnh 3.19:
Hnh nh cn bo
Andrew b vo
vng bin Florida
(nh v tinh kh tng
Meteosat)
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi c thm
S HNH THNH V PHN BIT CC LOI MY

--- oOo ---
My l sn phm ca s ngng kt hi nc trong lp kh quyn c cao vi trm mt

tr ln. My tp hp bi cc git nc nh li ti c ng knh ln hn 0,005 mm hoc
nhng tinh th bng c knh thc c 0,25 - 0,50 mm. Nhng phn t nc trong my
t thnh tng m, c hnh th thay i ty theo cao v l lng trong khng kh.
Nhng ht nc trang my ln hn 0,1 mm c th ri xung t thnh ma. Ht ma khi
ri xung t c ng knh t 1 - 7 mm. My c hnh thnh do cc nguyn nhn sau:
Do hin tng i lu nhit. Cc khi kh mang hi nc bc ln theo phng thng

ng. My c dng mi bng, cun thnh tng ng, ngn trn, chn my ngang.
Do nh hng bc x. Trong iu kin thi tit n nh, my c dng tng, tng lp.
Do s hnh thnh front. Thng do khng kh nng chuyn ng i ln trn mt dc
ca khng kh lnh, hnh dng v mu sc my thay i, c dng si, mu trng n
xm xanh m. My ny thng bao ph bu tri.
Tu theo cao, ngi ta chia ra lm 4 loi my chnh v 10 dng my c bn (Hnh

3.20):
+ Loi 1: my tng cao
Chn my cao trn 6 km, cu to bi nhng tinh th bng, khng gy ma, gm 3 dng:
+ My ti (Cirrus - Ci): l nhng m my c dng my phn, hay hnh si lng
t mng, khng che khut mt tri, khng cho ma, bo hiu thi tit tt. Trng hp
my ti c dng b lng di nm song song, u hi cun th bo trc c th c con dng
hoc bo s n.
+ My ti tch (Cirro-cumulus - Cc): c dng mi bng, n my trng mng phn
b thnh hng, cm. T di t nhn ln, my ti tch ging nh mt bi ct c sng,
khng che khut nh sng mt tri, khng cho ma, thi tit tt nu c mu trng.
Trng hp my chuyn qua mu xm kt hp vi may ti dng b lng di th bo trc
tri c th c bo.
+ My ti tng (Cirro-stratus - Cs): mng my mng, mu trng nht hoc xm
trng, c khi che ph c bu tri nhng khng che khut ht nh sng mt tri hoc mt
trng gy hin tng qung vin sng khng cho ma nhng c th sp c ma.
+ Loi 2: my tng gia
Chn my c cao t 2 - 6 km, tng ny my ln v dy hn, mang hi nc v tinh th
bng, my c mu xm v to bng rm mt t, gm 2 dng:
+ My trung tch (Alto-cumulus - Ac): gm nhiu mng m trng v xm thp
hn my ti, c kch thc ln hn v phn b thnh hng hay gn sng c dng lung
cy hoc cun trn nh n cu. Hin tng tiu biu ca my ny l c tn v ng sng
ng sc. Nu c dng n cu th bo hiu tri sp ma. dng chng cht nh tng th
s c dng.
+ My trung tng (Alto-stratus - As): c hnh dng si t mng, mu xm hi
xanh nh mt tm mn hoc c mu trng c nh nhn qua ca knh m. My ny cho
ma.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Loi 3: my tng thp

Chn my cao di 2 km, gm nhng may ln, khng c ng vin, c 3 dng:
+ My tng (Stratus - St): cha nhiu hi nc, dy, c dng ng nht v mu
xm ti. My thng sinh ra ma phn v thng xut hin vo ma xun.
+ My tng tch (Strato-cumulus - Sc): thng xp thnh nhng di song song
nhng cc lung cy hay xp tng lp sng hoc dng hnh nm. My tng tch c mu
trng, gia c mu xm dy c. My ny cho ma nh ri rc.
+ My v tng (Nimbo-stratus - Ns): lp my xm thm, dy c bao trm bu
tri khng cho ng sng chiu xung. My ny cho ma ln v ko di.
+ Loi 4: my pht trin theo chiu thng ng
Chn my thp di 2 km nhng nh ca my c th cao t 6 - 8 km, c 2 dng:
+ My tch (Cumulus - Cu): c dng cun bng ln, nh cun khi nh ln cao
nh u bp ci, phn trn c vin r rt, ni bc trn nn tri xanh, y phng. v ma
h, my tch thng xut hin bui sng, khong gia tra pht trin mnh nht, v chiu
ta rng nh mt qu ni. My ny biu hin thi tit tt.
+ My v tch (Cumulo-nimbus - Cb): khi my trng ln, chn mu thm. my
Cb l s pht trin ca my Cu. Dng my pht trin thnh hnh khi, thng ng nh
mt ct thp khng l. My ny c th kt thc bng cc cn dng v ma ro c sm
chp, gi lc v i khi c vi rng.
My ti (Cirrus - Ci)
My ti tch
(Cirro-cumulus - Cc)
My ti tng
(Cirro-stratus - Cs)
My trung tch
(Alto-cumulus - Ac)
My v tch
(Cumulo-nimbus - Cb)
My tng tch
(Strato-cumulus - Sc)
My tch (Cumulus - Cu)
My v tng
(Nimbo-stratus - Ns)
Hnh 3.20 Hnh dng v v tr cc loi my khc nhau
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi c thm
CC QUI NH GI MA TRONG CC BN TIN THI TIT

Lng ma c tnh bng chiu dy o bng mm ca lp nc ri trn mt mt phng
nm ngang, khng bc hi, khng thm v chy trn i. Dng c o ma gi l v lng
k (rain gauge) (hnh 3.21). Cng ma l lng ma tnh ra mm ri trong 1 pht.
Cng ma vt qu 1 mm/pht gi l ma ro.
Tn gi
Ma vi ni
Ma ri rc
Ma nhiu ni
Qui nh v din ma (khu vc ma)

S trm c ma 1/3 tng s trm o ma khu vc.
S trm c ma > 1/3 hoc = 1/2 tng s trm o ma khu vc.
S trm c ma > 1/2 tng s trm o ma khu vc.
Tn gi
Ma khng ng k
Ma nh
Ma va
Ma to
Ma rt to
Qui nh v lng ma
Lng ma t 0,0 - 0,5 mm.
Lng ma t 0,5 - 10,0 mm
Lng ma t 10,0 - 50,0 mm
Lng ma t 50,0 - 100,0 mm
Lng ma > 100,0 mm
Hnh 3.12 o ma
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi c thm
NHNG IU CN BIT V BO
--- oOo ---
1. Thi gian thng c bo ti cc a phng Vit Nam
T Qung Ninh n Thanh Ha:

T Thanh Ha n Tha Thin - Hu:
T Nng n Thun Hi:
T Thun Hi n C Mau:
thng 7, 8, 9
thng 7, 8, 9, 10
thng 9, 10, 11
thng 10, 11, 12
2. Phn bit p thp nhit i v bo

Vng p sut thp ca khng kh pht sinh trn cc bin nhit i, khi c sc gi mnh t
cp 6 n cp 7 (tc l t 39 n 61 km/gi) gi l p thp nhit i. Khi sc gi mnh
t cp 8 tr ln (tc l t 62 km/gi tr ln) gi l bo; sc gi mnh n cp 12 tr ln
(trn 118 km/gi) th c gi l bo mnh.
3. Phn bit tin p thp nhit i v cc loi tin bo

3.1 Tin bo
Cn c vo v tr, tnh hnh pht trin c th ca bo, cc bn tin bo c phn thnh 5
loi:
1. Tin bo theo di: Khi bo cn pha ng kinh tuyn 120 ng, nhng pht hin
bo c kh nng di chuyn vo bin ng th pht tin bo theo di. Loi tin ny
khng ph bin rng ri.
2. Tin bo xa: Khi v tr trung tm bo pha ty kinh tuyn 120 ng, cn cch b
bin t lin nc ta trn 1.000 km v c kh nng di chuyn v pha nc ta; hoc
khi v tr trung tm bo cch im gn nht thuc b bin t lin nc ta t 500 n
1.000 km nhng cha c kh nng di chuyn v pha t lin nc ta.
3. Tin bo gn: Khi v tr trung tm bo pha Ty kinh tuyn 117 ng, cch im
gn nht thuc b bin t lin nc ta t 500 n 1.000 km v c kh nng di
chuyn v pha t lin nc ta; hoc khi v tr trung tm bo cch im gn nht
thuc b bin t lin nc ta t 300 n 500 km, nhng cha c kh nng di chuyn
v pha t lin nc ta trong mt vi ngy ti.
4. Tin bo khn cp: Khi v tr trung tm bo pha Ty kinh tuyn 115 ng, cch
im gn nht thuc b bin t lin nc ta t 300 km tr ln v c kh nng di
chuyn v pha t lin nc ta trong mt vi ngy ti; hoc khi v tr trung tm bo
cch im gn nht cch im gn nht thuc b bin t lin nc ta di 300 km.
5. Tin cui cng v cn bo: Khi bo tan hoc khng cn kh nng nh hng n
nc ta na.
3.2 Tin p thp nhit i
i vi cc bn tin p thp nhit i khng chia thnh cc loi khc nhau nh i vi cc
bn tin bo m ch c mt loi duy nht l "tin p thp nhit i".
(Theo Phn Vin Kh tng Thy vn TP. H Ch Minh)
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi c thm
SN XUT NNG NGHIP V 24 TIT KH HU

--- oOo --Trong sn xut nng nghip theo kiu c truyn, ngi nng dn Vit Nam thng quan
st s vn ng v v tr ca mt trng theo tng ma nh thi gian gieo trng, cy
bn, chm sc v c tnh thi k thu hoch ma mng ng vi m - dng lch m sng
to ra mt kiu "nng lch" ca ring mnh. Ngi Chu u xa cch y vi trm nm
trc Cng nguyn cn c vo v tr bng mt tri hoc chm sao Bc u cng mt
s hin tng thin nhin khc xc nh c cc ngy xun phn, h ch, thu phn v
ng ch.
Ngi Trung hoa xa, t nhng nm 130 trc Cng nguyn c nhng sch Thin vn
ghi chp t v tr lu vc sng Hong H xy dng lch. H nhn v tr Mt tri chuyn
ng biu kin gia cc chm sao, vch ra mt ng trn gi l ng Hong o. Chia
ng Hong o ra lm 12 cung, mi cung di 30 v gi tn 12 con vt tng trng
cho 12 cung: T (chut), Su (tru), Dn (cp), Mo (mo - theo ngi Vit nam, cn
ngi Trung hoa th ly con th -), Thn (rng), T (rn), Ng (nga), Mi (d), Thn
(kh), Du (g), Tut (ch), Hi (heo). Mt tri di chuyn t ng sang Ty, ngc chiu
kim ng h, c th theo th t t cung Hi sang cung Tut, ri n cung Du v cui
cng n cung T. Ngy m Mt tri i qua 2 cung gi l Trung kh, ngy i qua im
gia mi cung gi l Tit kh. Tng cng c 12 Trung kh v 12 Tit kh xen k nhau
trong 1 nm, gp chung gi l 24 tit, c ngy thng dng lch v tn gi nh sau:
4/2
6/3
3/4
6/5
6/6
8/7
8/8
8/9
8/10
8/11
8/12
6/1
Tit kh
Lp xun (u xun)
Kinh trp (su n)
Thanh minh (trong sng)
Lp h (u h)
Mang chng (la tr)
Tiu th (nng va)
Lp thu (u thu)
Bch l (ma ngu)
Hn l (mt m)
Lp ng (u ng)
i tuyt (tuyt nhiu)
Tiu hn (lnh va)
Trung kh
20/2 V thy (m t)
21/3 Xun phn (gia xun)
21/4 Cc v (ma thun)
22/5 Tiu mn (la xanh)
22/6 H ch (gia h)
23/7 i th (nng to)
24/8 X th (nng yu)
23/9 Thu phn (gia thu)
24/10 Sng ging (sng ri)
23/11 Tiu tuyt (tuyt nh)
22/12 ng ch (gia ng)
21/1 i hn (gi rt)
Mt iu lu l 24 tit kh hu ny u c ghi trong m lch, trong khi ngy xut hin

ca n li hu nh ri vo nhng ngy nht nh trong nm ca dng lch. Nhng phn
nh c trng kh hu, vt hu ch ph hp vi vng lu vc sng Hong H nn nu p
dng Vit Nam th phi c iu chnh, sa i cho ph hp. Tuy nhin hin nay, cch
theo di kh hu kiu ny, cng ngy cng t c nng dn s dng hn l theo di cc
bn tin d bo thi tit ca cc c quan chuyn mn.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 4.
LU VC SNG V PHNG TRNH CN

BNG NC
4.1 H thng sng ngi

Hi nc t mt thong a cu bc ln kh quyn, tp hp li thnh my. Trong cc iu
kin thch hp, hi nc trong my ngng t li thnh ma ri xung t. Lng nc
ma mt phn b tn tht do bc hi tr li trn khng trung, mt phn ng li cc khu
trng v thm xung t, phn cn li s chy trn theo sn dc theo tc dng ca trng
lc. Phn chy trn ny s i theo cc khe rnh, dn dn hp thnh sui, sng ... v tip
tc ra h hoc bin. Tt c cc khe, sui, h, m, sng rch ln nh khc nhau ... hp
li thnh h thng sng ngi (river system). H thng sng c th c dng hnh nan qut,
dng hnh lng chim, dng phn b song song hoc dng hn hp (hnh 4.1, hnh 4.2).
Dng hnh nan
Dng hnh song song
Dng hnh lng
Dng phn b hn hp
Hnh 4.1 Cc dng phn b sng nhnh trong mt lu vc sng
Hnh 4.2 Mt dng phn b sng gia hnh cnh cy v hnh lng chim
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tn ca h thng sng thng ly t tn con sng chnh trong h thng . Thng thng
con sng chnh l con sng di nht, c lu lng dng chy ln nht trc tip ra bin
hoc cc h ni a. V d sng Mekong (hnh 4.3), sng Hng, sng Nil, ...
Hnh 4.3 H thng sng Mekong

Cc sng vo sng chnh gi l sng nhnh cp I, sng chy vo sng nhnh cp I gi
l sng nhnh cp II, tng t nh vy, sng nhnh cp III s vo sng nhnh cp
II,.... (hnh 4.4). S phn b ca cc sng nhnh dc theo sng chnh quyt nh tch cht
dng chy trn h thng sng.
Sng nhnh
cp III
Sng nhnh
cp II
Sng nhnh
cp I
Sng nhnh
cp I
Sng chnh
Hnh 4.4 S phn cp cc nhnh sng
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4.2 Lu vc sng v cc c trng ca sng

4.2.1 Lu vc sng
Lu vc sng (river basin) l phn mt t m nc trn (k c nc mt v nc
ngm) s chy ra sng. Ni cch khc, lu vc sng l phn din tch khu vc tp trung
nc ca sng. Lu vc sng c gii hn bng ng phn nc (water-shed line) ca
lu vc. C 2 loi ng phn nc: ng phn nc mt v ng phn nc ngm
(Hnh 4.5):
ng phn nc mt l ng ni lin tc cc im cao nht chung quanh lu

vc v gii hn bi cc lu vc khc. Nc ma ri xung ng phn nc s
chy v 2 pha ca ng phn nc v i v 2 lu vc khc k cn nhau theo
sn dc ca chng.
ng phn nc ngm phn chia s tp trung nc ngm gia cc lu vc.

Thng thng ng phn nc mt v ngm khng trng nhau.
Thc t, ngi ta thng ly ng phn nc mt xc nh din tch lu vc v gi

l ng phn lu. Mun xc nh ng phn lu phi cn c vo bn a hnh c v
cc ng ng cao (Hnh 4.6).
Bc thot
hi
My
ng phn
nc mt
im phn
nc ngm
Ma
ng lt
t thm
t thm
t khng thm
Hnh 4.5 Lu vc sng v khi nim ng phn nc
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Hnh 4.6 Lu vc sng vi cc ng ng cao
4.2.2 S hnh thnh dng chy sng ngi

Dng chy trong sng nc ta u do ma xung khu vc to thnh. Khi ma ri
xung t, mt phn to thnh dng chy mt ra sng, phn cn li ngm xung t v
to thnh dng chy ngm cung cp cho h thng sng.
S hnh thnh dng chy mt sinh ra trong thi gian c ma. Khi c ma, lc u do
m ca t nh, lng ma b ngm vo t v khng sinh ra dng chy. Sau mt thi
gian k t lc bt u ma, cng thm gim i v trn mt t bt u sinh ra dng
chy mt. Lng nc chy trn mt lu vc mt phn b tn tht do phi lp vo cc
ch trng trn mt t, mt phn b ngm xung t trong qu trnh chuyn ng trn mt
lu vc, mt phn b bc hi, phn cn li chy vo cc khe nh v tp trung dn vo cc
khe ln hn v dn dn vo h thng sng sui. Thi gian tp trung nc ma v h
thng sng sui kh nhanh, bi vy dng chy mt s khng cn na sau mt khong
thi gian khng di khi ma kt thc.
Lng nc ma ngm vo t s b sung cho lng nc ngm c trong t, lm cho
mc nc ngm tng ln. Mt phn lng nc ngm xung b bc hoi qua mt t, mt
phn mt i do r cy ht. Nc ngm vn chuyn v h thng sng vi thi gian tp
trung ty thuc ln vo tng quan gia mc nc sng v mc nc ngm. Do , s
tn ti dng chy ngm trn h thng sng ngi ko di sau mt khong thi gian kh
di. i vi cc sng nh hoc khe sui, thi gian duy tr dng chy ngm c th ch mt
vi thng, cn cc sng ln dng chy ngm c th ko di c nm.
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4.2.3 Cc c trng hnh hc ca lu vc

4.2.3.1
Din tch lu vc
Din tch lu vc F (km2) l din tch c khng ch bi ng phn lu ca khu vc

(Hnh 4.7). Din tch lu vc c xc nh t bn c t l xch trong khong 1/10.000
n 1/100.000. C th dng phng php phn vung hoc dng my o din tch
xc nh din tch lu vc.
Hnh 4.7 nh din tch lu vc bng phng php phn vung
4.2.3.2
Chiu di sng chnh v chiu di lu vc
Chiu di sng chnh L (km) l chiu di tnh theo chiu dng chy o t ngun sng n
ca sng. Sng chnh l con sng c chiu di di nht (hoc ti lu lng ln nht).
Chiu di lu vc L' (km) l tng cc chiu di cc on gp khc t ca sng qua cc
im gia cc on thng ct ngang lu vc cho im ngun ca sng. Cc ng ct
ngang lu vc ly vung gc vi trc dng chnh ti v tr v ng ct ngang (Hnh
4.8). Thng thng, ngi ta coi chiu di sng chnh l chiu di lu vc, tc L' = L1.
Ln
L' (km) = L1 + L2 + L3 + ... + Li + ... + Ln

Ln-2
Ln-1
L3
Ngun sng
L1
Li
L2
L (km)
Ca sng
Hnh 4.8 Cch xc nh chiu di sng v chiu di lu vc
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4.2.3.3
Chiu rng bnh qun lu vc
Chiu rng bnh qun lu vc B (km) l t s din tch v chiu di lu vc.

F
B=
L1
4.2.3.4
(4-1)
H s hnh dng lu vc
H s hnh dng lu vc Kd l t s gia b rng lu vc v chiu di lu vc. Kd biu th

hnh dng ca lu vc, thng thng th Kd 1. Lu vc cng c hnh dng vung th Kd
1.0, ngc li cng hp v cng di th Kd cng nh v kh nng tp trung nc l
cng ln (Hnh 4.9).
B L1 . B F
= 2 = 2
L1
L1
L1
Kd =
(4-2)
H (m)
Kd << 1
t
H (m)
Kd # 1
t
Hnh 4.9 Hnh dng ca lu vc nh hng n kh nng tp trung nc l
4.2.3.5
cao bnh qun lu vc
cao bnh qun lu vc Hbq xc nh t bn ng ng mc cao (Hnh 4.10).

n
H bq =
trong :
f .h
i =1
n
f i = F
i =1
( m)
(4-3)
hi - cao trnh bnh qun gia 2 ng ng mc cao

fi - din tch gia 2 ng ng mc cao
n - s mnh din tch
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hi
1100
fi
hi+1
li
1400
1200
1600
1500
1300
Hnh 4.10 Xc nh cao bnh qun lu vc bng ng ng mc
4.2.3.6
dc bnh qun lu vc J
n
J = h.
l
i =1
n
f i = F
i =1
(4-4)
li - khong cch bnh qun gia 2 ng ng mc gn nhau.

h - chnh lch cao gia 2 ng ng mc (trn bn a hnh
thng c cc gi tr nh nhau i vi mi ung ng mc, ngha l cc gi tr tng
gim ca ng ng mc u nh nhau).
trong :
4.2.3.7
Mt li sng
Mt li sng D (km/km2) bng tng chiu di ( Li) ca tt c cc sng sui trn lu

vc chia cho din tch lu vc F.
n
D=
L
i =1
(4-5)
Sng sui cng dy, mt li sng cng ln. Nhng vng c ngun nc phong ph
th D thng c gi tr cao (Hnh 4.11).
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Hnh 4.11 Mt li sng cho bit s phong ph ca ngun nc ca lu vc
4.2.4 Cc c trng biu th dng chy

4.2.4.1
Lu lng nc
Lu lng nc (water discharge) l lng nc chy qua mt ct ca ra trong mt n

v thi gian l 1 giy (m3/s). Lu lng l tch s ca vn tc trung bnh dng chy nhn
cho din tch mt ct t ca dng chy. Vn tc dng chy c o bng lu tc k
(Hnh 4.12)
Hnh 4.12 Lu tc k kiu c st

Lu lng nc ti mt thi im bt k gi l lu lng tc thi. Qu trnh thay i ca
lu lng nc theo thi gian ti tuyn ca ra gi l qu trnh lu lng, k hiu l Q(t)
hoc Q ~ t. th ca s thay i gia lu lng nc v thi gian l ng qu trnh
lu lng nc.
Lu lng bnh qun trong mt khong thi gian T bt k l gi tr trung bnh ca lu
lng nc trong khong thi gian . Lu lng bnh qun c tnh theo cng thc
tch phn hoc biu thc sau:
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------n
1 T
Q = . Q( t ) dt
T o
hoc
Q=
Q
i =1
(4-6)
trong Q l gi tr bnh qun ca lu lng, n l s thi gian tnh ton, Qi l lu lng

bnh qun ti mi thi on th i bt k.
4.2.4.2
Tng lng dng chy
Tng lng dng chy W (m3 hay km3) l lng nc chy qua mt ct ca ra trong mt
khong thi gian T no t thi im t1 n t2, T = t2 - t1.
t2
W = Q( t ) dt
t1
hoc
W = Q (t 2 t1 )
(4-7)
trong Q l lu lng bnh qun trong khong thi gian T.
4.2.4.3
su dng chy
Gi s em tng lng nc chy qua mt ct ca ra trong mt khong thi gian no

tri u trn ton din tch lu vc, ta c 1 lp nc c chiu dy l Y (thng tnh
bng mm) - gi l su dng chy.
10 3 .W
W
= 3
6
10 . F 10 . F
trong W l tng lng nc (m3), F l din tch lu vc (km2).
Y=
4.2.4.4
Module dng chy
Module dng chy l tr lu lng trn 1 n v din tch lu vc l 1 km2.

10 3 . Q
M=
(l/s.km2)
F
T cc cng thc trn, ta c dng cc bin i sau:
W = Y. F . 103
v
Y = M.T.106 (mm)
4.2.4.5
(4-8)
(4-9)
(4-10)
(4-11)
H s dng chy
H s dng chy l t s gia su dng chy Y (mm) (hay cn gi l lp dng chy)

v lng ma tng ng X (mm) sinh ra trong thi gian T.
Y
=
(4-12)
X
l h s khng th nguyn, v 0 Y X nn 0 1.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H s cng ln, tn tht dng chy cng nh v ngc li. Bi vy, phn nh tnh
hnh sn sinh dng chy trn lu vc. Module dng chy M phn nh kh nng phong
ph ca ngun nc trong mt lu vc. Tng t, su dng chy Y cng ln th
lng nc cng nhiu. so snh mc di do ngun nc, 2 tr s M v Y thng
c s dng.
4.3 Phng trnh cn bng nc

4.3.1 Nguyn l
Phng trnh phn nh mt cch nh lng vng tun hon ca nc trong mt lu vc
sng, trong mt lu vc ring bit hoc trn ton tri t c gi l phng trnh cn
bng nc (water balance equation).
Phng trnh cn bng nc xut pht t nh lut bo ton vt cht, i vi mt lu vc
c th pht biu nh sau: "Hiu s ca lng nc n v lng nc i khi mt lu
vc trong mt thi on tnh ton nht nh bng s thay i tr lng nc cha trong
lu vc " (Hnh 4.13).
TNG LNG
NC N
TNG LNG
NC I
CHNH LCH
LNG NC
TR
Hnh 4.13 Tng qut ha phng trnh cn bng nc
4.3.2 Phng trnh cn bng nc thng dng

Trong mt khu vc bt k, gi thit c mt mt tr thng ng bao quanh khu vc ti
tng khng thm nc nh hnh v 4.14.
Chn thi on t bt k. Da vo nguyn l cn bng nc, ta c biu thc sau:
(4-13)
(X + Z1 + Y1 + W1 ) - (Z2 + Y2 + W2) = U2 - U1 = U
trong :
X - lng ma bnh qun ri trn lu vc;
Z1 - lng nc ngng t trn mt lu vc;
Y1 - lng dng chy mt n;
W1 - lng dng chy ngm n.
Z2 - lng nc bc hi bnh qun khi lu vc;
Y2 - lng dng chy mt i;
W2 - lng dng chy ngm i.
U1 - lng nc tr trong lu vc thi on u ca t;
U2 - lng nc tr trong lu vc thi on cui ca t;
U : mang du + khi U1 > U2 v ngc li.
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Chy mt n
Y1
Bc hi
Z2
Ma
X
Nc tr
U
Chy ngm n
W1
Lp t khng thm
Chy mt i
Y2
Chy ngm i
W2
Hnh 4.14 Minh ha cc gi tr trong phng trnh cn bng nc thng dng
4.3.3 Phng trnh cn bng nc ca lu vc kn v h trong

thi on bt k
4.3.3.1
Lu vc kn
Lu vc kn l lu vc m ng phn chia nc mt v ngm trng nhau, khi khng

c nc mt v nc ngm t lu vc khc chy n, tc l Y1 = 0 v W1 = 0. Gi Y =
Y2 + W2 l tng lng nc mt v ngm chy ra khi lu vc v Z = Z2 - Z1 l lng
bc hi tr lng ngng t, ta c:
X = Y + Z U
4.3.3.2
(4-14)
Lu vc h
b. Lu vc h
i vi lu vc h s c lng nc ngm t lu vc khc chy vo hoc ngc
li, khi phng trnh cn bng nc c dng:
X = Y + Z W U
trong :
(4-15)
W = W2 - W1
4.3.4 Phng trnh cn bng nc trong nhiu nm

Phng trnh (4-14) v (4-15) vit cho thi on bt k, tc t c th l 1 nm, 1 thng, 1
ngy hoc nh hn na. vit phng trnh cn bng nc trong thi on nhiu nm,
ngi ta ly bnh qun trong nhiu nm cc thnh phn trong phng trnh cn bng
nc.
Vi (4-14), xt trong n nm:
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Xi
i =1
(Yi + Z i U i )
i =1
Yi
i =1
Zi
i =1
U
i =1
(4-16)
Tng U c th xem nh bng 0 do c s xen k ca nhng nm nhiu nc v t

nc, do phng trnh (4-16) s tr thnh:
(4-17)
X0 = Y0 + Z0
n
trong :
X0 =
X
i =1
Y0 =
i =1
; Z0 =
Z
i =1
Nu n ln, th X0 , Y0 , Z0 ln lc c gi l chun ma nm, chun dng chy nm

v chun bc hi nm.
i vi lu vc h, tng t s c:
X0 = Y0 + Z0 W0
(4-18)
Trong trng hp lu vc h, gi tr bnh qun nhiu nm ca Wi khng tin n 0

c v s trao i nc ngm gia cc lu vc khng cn bng thng din ra 1 chiu.
Cn bng nc trung bnh nhiu nm nm trn th gii v Vit Nam c th tham kho
bng 4.1.
Bng 4.1 Cn bng nc trung bnh nhiu nm trn th gii v Vit Nam
Ma
Lnh th
Din tch
Chy mt
Bc hi
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
10 Km
mm
10 Km
mm
10 Km
mm
103Km
Vng
Ton th gii
Ton lc a
i dng
Vit Nam
510.000
149.000
361.000
365
1130
800
1270
1850
577
119
458
315
130
857
47
47
1130
485
1400
993
577
72
505
4.4 Cc hot ng ca con ngi nh hng n cn

bng nc khu vc
Con ngi l sinh vt chnh cai qun ti nguyn nc trn tri t. S hot ng ca con
ngi lm thay i vng tun hon nc v nh hng ln n cht lng nc khu vc.
Con ngi bit khai thc ngun nc to ra nng lng, cung cp nc cho canh tc
nng nghip, cng nghip, sinh hot, ... v ng thi cng thi ra cc cht nhim lm
cht lng ngun nc suy gim (Hnh 4.15). Ngoi ra cc hot ng ph rng, th
ho, m rng cc khu cng nghip, giao thng, ... lm bin i tnh cht chuyn vn nc
nh lm thay i kh nng chy trn, thm rt (Hnh 4.16). Con ngi thi nhiu thn kh
(CO2) lm cn cn nhit trn tri t thay i lm kh hu bin i.
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Hnh 4.15 Hot ng ca con ngi lm nhim nc trong chu trnh thu vn
Hnh 4.16 Qu trnh th ho lm thay i lng chy trn v thm rt

(Ngun: Federal Intergency Stream Restoration Working Group, US, 1998)
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Chng 5.
THY TRIU V S XM NHP MN VNG

CA SNG
5.1 Khi nim v vng ca sng

Ca sng (Estuary/ Coastal area) l on sng ni tip gia dng sng v khu vc cha
nc sng, khu vc ny c th l dng sng, h, kho nc hoc bin. Trong chng ny,
ta ch ni v ca sng thng vi bin chu nh hng ca thy triu. Khu ca sng l khu
qu gia sng v bin. C th chia lm 3 vng, mt cch s b v mang tnh khi
nim, ty vo loi ca sng khc nhau (Hnh 5.1):
Vng ven bin ngoi ca sng
Vng ca sng
Vng trn ca sng
Nc mn
t bin
Bin
Nc ngt
t sng
B bin
ngoi ca sng
on ca sng
on trn
ca sng
Hnh 5.1 Khu vc ca sng
5.1.1 Vng ven bin ngoi ca sng

Vng ven bin l vng bin trc ca sng, c chiu su t 10 - 20 m. Vng ny cha
cc vt trm tch ca sng, dn dn bi ng thnh bi cn v nc bin b nht r rt
(nht l v ma l) so vi ngoi bin. y, dng chy chu nh hng ca thu triu
bin l ch yu.
5.1.2 Vng ca sng

Vng ca sng cn gi l tam gic chu (delta), l phn gia ca khu ca sng t mp
bin cho ti ch sng phn nhnh. y, dng chy chu chi phi bi nh hng ca c
nc mn t bin ln nc ngt t dng sng.
5.1.3 Vng trn ca sng

Vng trn ca sng l phn trn ca khu vc ca sng, bt u t nh tam gic chu
(ch sng phn nhnh) ln n ch gii hn thy triu ln nht trong ma kit. y,
dng chy chu chi phi ca sng l ch yu.
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5.2 Thu triu

5.2.1 nh ngha thu triu
Mc nc bin ln xung theo mt chu k nht nh gi l thy triu (tide). Ni cch
khc, thy triu l hin tng chuyn ng ca nc bin di tc ng ca cc lc gy
ra bi mt trng, mt tri v cc hnh tinh khc ln cc cht im nc ca i dng.
Ni chung, trong mt ngy m, thng c 2 ln triu ln v 2 ln triu xung (mt ln
vo ban ngy, mt ln vo ban m), c 2 nh v 2 chn khc nhau (Hnh 5.2).
H (m)
nh triu cao
nh triu thp
Sng triu
Bin
triu (ln)
Bin triu (nh)

T (ngy)
Chu k
triu
Chn triu cao
Chn triu thp
1 ngy mt trng
Hnh 5.2 Din bin mt con triu trong mt ngy

i vi mi con triu, khi mc nc triu ln gi l triu dng (the rising tide), dng n
mc cao nht gi l nh triu. Khi mc nc triu xung gi l triu rt (the flowing-out
tide), rt n mc thp nht gi l chn triu. i vi 2 con triu trong 1 ngy, nh
tng i cao gi l nh triu cao, nh thp hn gi l nh triu thp. Tng t, ta
cng c chn triu cao v chn triu thp.
Chnh lch mc nc gia nh triu v chn triu k tip gi l bin triu (tidal
amplitude). Ngi ta cng phn bit bin triu ln (ch khong cch gia mc nc
cao nht v thp nht), tng t l bin triu nh. Khong cch v thi gian gia 2
nh (hoc 2 chn) lin nhau gi l chu k triu (tidal cycle).
Trong 1 thng c 2 thi k triu ln, mi thi k t 3 - 5 ngy, triu ln xung rt mnh
(ln rt cao, xung rt thp), gi l k triu cng, v 2 thi k triu b ln xung rt yu,
gi l k triu km (Hnh 5.3).
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Hnh 5.3 Din bin thay i mc nc triu thng (triu Bin ng thng 1/1982)
5.2.2 Phn loi thu triu

Da vo chu k triu, ngi ta phn thy triu trn th gii thnh 4 loi:
5.2.2.1
Bn nht triu u
Bn nht triu u (regular semidiurnal tide) l hin tng xy ra trong mt ngy mt

trng (24h48') c 2 ln triu ln v 2 ln triu xung. nh v chn trong 2 ln xp x
bng nhau, chu k triu gn bng 12h24' (Hnh 5.4). Dng triu ny xut hin khp i
Ty Dng. Vit Nam, ca bin Thun An, Hu c loi thy triu ny. Vng bin
Banboa, Panama l ni in hnh cho loi triu ny.
H (m)
nh triu
t (h)
12h 24'
Chn triu
24h 48'
Hnh 5.4 Bn nht triu u
5.2.2.2
Bn nht triu khng u
Bn nht triu khng u (irregular semidiurnal tide) l hin tng xy ra trong 1 ngy
mt trng, cng c 2 ln triu ln v 2 ln triu xung, nhng nh v chn triu trong 2
ln khc nhau (Hnh 5.5). Dng triu ny c nhiu ni thuc n Dng v Thi
Bnh Dng. Vng bin Vng Tu thuc dng bn nht triu ny.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H (m)
nh triu cao
nh triu thp
t (h)
12h 24'
Chn triu cao
Chn triu thp

24h 48'
Hnh 5.5 Bn nht triu khng u
5.2.2.3
Nht triu u
Nht triu u (regular diurnal tide) l hin tng xy ra trong 1 ngy mt trng ch c 1
ln triu ln v 1 ln triu xung, chu k triu xp x bng 24 h 48' (Hnh 5.6). Dng triu
ny c trong mt s t bin ch yu thuc Thi Bnh Dng. Vit Nam, vng bin Hn
Du, Hi Phng dng triu ny. Vng bin nc c l ni c trng cho loi nht triu
u.
H (m)
nh triu
t (h)
12h 24'
Chn triu
24h 48'
Hnh 5.6 Nht triu u
5.2.2.4
Nht triu khng u
Nht triu khng u (irregular diurnal tide) l hin tng trong 1 ngy mt trng c 1
ln triu ln v 1 ln triu xung, nhng trong thi gian na thng s ngy xut hin nht
triu khng qu 7 ngy, cc ngy cn li xut hin bn nht triu (Hnh 5.7). Loi triu
ny c nhiu ni thuc Thi Bnh Dng. bin Vit Nam, vng Ca Hi, Qui Nhn,
vng bin H Tin l nht triu khng u. Vng bin cng Nng, c ch nht triu
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------khng u, trong na thng c ti 10 ngy c 1 ln nc ln v 1 ln nc rng trong

ngy.
Hnh 5.7 Triu Bin Ty vng BSCL l dng nht triu khng u
Hai loi triu di gi chung l l triu hn hp (mixed tide) hay tp triu. Vng bin H
Tin cng l mt ni mang tnh cht triu hn hp.
Ch thy triu rt phc tp, khng th hon ton ging nhau cho d trn cng mt
vng bin. Bng 5.1 di y cho thy, dc theo b bin ng ca Vit Nam, ch
thy triu kh khc xa nhau.
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Bng 5.1 Thy triu mt s cng chnh Vit Nam

Mc nc
ln thy triu trung
Cng
Ch triu
trung bnh
bnh k nc cng
(m)
(m)
3,0
2,19
Nht triu u
Ca ng
3,1
2,00
Nht triu u
Hi Phng
3,0
1,90
Nht triu u
Sn
2,5
1,71
Nht triu khng u
Vinh
1,0
0,90
Nht triu khng u
Nng
1,4
1,24
Nht triu khng u
Qui Nhn
1,4
1,30
Nht triu khng u
Nha Trang
1,5
1,24
Nht triu khng u
Cam Ranh
1,6
1,00
Nht triu khng u
C N
3,0
Bn nht triu khng u
Si Gn
3,3
2,42
Bn nht triu khng u
Vng Tu
0,8
Nht triu khng u
H Tin
3,3
2,28
Nht triu khng u
Cn Sn
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5.2.3 Nguyn nhn gy ra thu triu

Mt trng v mt tri tc dng tng h vi tri t v gy ra lc to triu. Do mt trng
gn tri t hn nn lc to triu ca mt trng ln hn 2,17 ln lc to triu ca mt
tri, mt du mt tri c khi lng ln hn nhiu (Hnh 5.8).
Nc km
Nc ln
Tri t
Mt trng
(trng trn)
TRIU CNG
Mt trng (bn nguyt)
Mt tri
Nc ln
Nc km
Tri t
TRIU KM
Mt tri
Hnh 5.8 Lc ht tng h ca mt trng v mt tri to nn s thay imc nc triu

Theo lut vn vt hp dn, lc ht ca mt trng i vi 1 n v khi lng cht im
nc bng:
M
FP = G. 2
(6-1)
R
Trong :
G : l hng s hp dn
M : khi lng mt trng
R : khong cch t mt trng n cht im nc
Thy triu trn thc t l tng hp ca lc to thy triu mt trng v thy triu mt tri.
Thm vo cc iu kin vt l nh a hnh y, ng b, ma st dng chy v.v....
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------cn tc dng lm cho hin tng thy triu bin dng v phc tp hn. Do phn tch
chuyn ng ca h thng mt trng - tri t, mt cht im nc trn tri t s chu tc
dng ca 4 lc:
1. Lc hp dn ca mt trng;
2. Lc hp dn v tm tri t (trng lc);
3. Lc ly tm do tri t quay chung quanh trng tm chung;
4. Lc ly tm do tri t t quay quanh trc ca n.
Trong , lc (2) v (4) c hng v ln tc dng i vi mi im c th trn tri t
u khng i, nn khng nh hng n thy triu. Cn li lc (1) v (3) l 2 lc gy ra
thy triu.
5.3 c tnh thy vn vng ca sng c thy triu

5.3.1 Hin tng thu triu ca sng
Qu trnh truyn sng triu vo ca sng c th m t nh sau:
Trong thi gian triu bt u ln, tc nc sng tng i mnh hn tc dng

triu cho nn nh sng triu khng th tin ngay vo trong sng. Tuy vy, sc mnh
ca nc sng cng khng y dng triu ra ngoi xa, kt qu nc triu nm
ti ni tip gip gia sng v bin, ng thi nc sng b bin cn khng ngng
ng li pha trc, sng triu dn pht trin v pha thng lu.
Triu ln n lc tc dng triu ln hn tc dng sng, nh sng triu mi dn

dn truyn vo sng, nc bin cng chy vo sng. Trong qu trnh truyn triu vo
sng, do nh hng ca y sng cao dn v nc sng chy v cn tr, nng lc ca
dng triu b tiu hao, tc dn dn gim nh, bin triu cng b dn.
Khi triu tin su vo sng, ngoi ca sng bt u thi k triu xung, mc nc

triu h dn, nc triu sau sng triu chy tr li bin, cho nn dng triu ang tin
vo sng b yu i n mt im no , tc dng triu trit tiu vi tc dng
nc sng chy xung, nc bin s ngng chy ngc ln trn. Ni c gi l
gii hn dng triu. Pha trn gii hn ny sng triu vn cn tip tc i mt khong
na (do s tch ng ca nc sng b li sinh ra). Nhng cao v bin sng
triu gim i rt nhanh. n lc bin triu bng 0, lc sng triu tin n n
im gii hn gi l gii hn thy triu.
on sng t ca sng n gii hn thy triu gi l on sng chu nh hng thy

triu. V tr gii hn ny lun thay i theo ma l hay ma kit ca dng chy sng
ngi. Qu o ca cc nh sng triu gi l ng nh triu, qu o cc chn sng gi
l ng chn triu.
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5.3.2 S thay i mc nc ca sng chu nh hng triu

S thay i ca mc nc ca sng chu nh hng khng nhng quan h vi lu
lng chy trong sng m cn quan h vi s thay i thy triu, tc v hng gi, s
thay i a hnh v y sng, v.v... Gi thi t bin vo lm cho mc nc triu cao
thm v ngc li, gi thi t t t lin ra bin lm cho mc nc triu thp i. Mc
nc tng ln hay bt i do gi gi l nc tng hay nc gim.
5.4 S xm nhp mn vo ca sng

5.4.1 Hin tng xm nhp mn
i vi cc ca sng tip gip vi bin, hin tng xm nhp mn t bin vo sng xy
ra kh ph bin, c bit vo ma kit. Khi lng nc t sng ra bin gim thp,
thy triu t bin s mang nc mn ln su vo lng sng lm nc sng b nhim mn
(Hnh 5.9). Nng mn s gim dn khi cng tin su vo ng bng.
Gi
Ca sng
Bin
Sng
Vng trn
ca sng
(nc ngt)
Vng ca sng b
xm nhp mn
(nc l)
Vng bin ngoi

ca sng
(nc mn)
Hnh 5.9 Hin tng xm nhp mn t bin vo lng sng vng ca sng
Mc xm nhp mn vo su trong ni ng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t:
Lng nc t thng ngun v, lu lng cng gim, nc mn cng tin
su vo t lin.
Bin triu vng ca sng: vo giai on triu cng, nc mn cng ln su
vo.
a hnh: a hnh bng phng l yu t thun li cho s xm nhp mn.
Cc yu t kh tng: gi t bin hng vo t lin, nhit cao, ma t, ... s
l tc nhn lm mn ln su vo ni a.
Hot ng kinh t ca con ngi: vic ly nc nhiu vo ma kh (c nc
mt v nc ngm) s lm mn i vo vo t lin nhiu hn.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Do s khc bit v t trng gia nc bin v nc sng nn khi sng triu truyn vo
ca sng s c dng hnh nm, thng gi l nm mn (Hnh 5.10). Khi triu ln, nm
mn s di chuyn vo sng lm nc sng b dn p dng nc ngt t ngun chy ra
bin, gy hin tng nc dng ngc v hng thng lu. Ngc li, khi triu rt
ng nm mn s rt nhanh v hng bin, cng theo sc y ca nc ngt t thng
lu lm dng triu rt gia tng vn tc. Ty theo vo s tng tc gia nng lng dng
triu v dng chy nc ngt t thng lu lm hnh dng ng nm mn khng c
nh m lun thay i, c hnh dng khc nhau. Nu c thm tc nhn l gi trn mt
nc, trn ng nm mn c th c thm li mn trn ng nm mn. Ngay ti v tr
c ng nm mn, cc v tr khc nhau, cht lng nc (mn lt) cng khc nhau.
Khi o lu lng vng ca bin, cn lu l dng chy c th c 2 chiu ngc chiu
nhau (Hnh 5.11).
Hnh 5.10 Hnh dng ng nm mn vng tip gip dng triu v dng sng
V+
V-
V+
Dng chy 1 chiu

(sng ra bin)
Dng chy 2 chiu
V-
Dng chy 1 chiu

(bin vo sng)
V+ Vn tc chy xui; V- Vn tc chy ngc
Hnh 5.11 Phn b vn tc theo chiu su dng sng chu nh hng thy triu
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.4.2 Mi trng nc vng ca sng

Vng ca sng l ni tip gip gia sng v bin. y l ni pha trn gia dng nc
ngt t sng chy v bin v dng nc mn t bin ngc vo sng. Vng ca sng
thng l ni c tnh a dng sinh hc cao do nhiu ngun thc n, tm c, phiu sinh
vt, rng st ven bin, ... Vng ca sng l ni thun li cho vic canh tc nui trng
thy sn nc mn v nc l. Vai tr ca rng st ven bin rt quan trng trong vic
bo v b bin, gi t ln bin, chng xi mn, ngn nga tc hi ca sng bin v bo
t. ng thi y l ni sinh sng ca nhiu loi tm c, chim chc, cc loi b st,
lng c, ... t nhim mn gp kh khn trong canh tc nng nghip, cung cp nc
ngt cho sinh hot ca ngi dn. Vic khai thc nc ngm vng ven bin c th lm
nc mn xm nhp su vo tng nc ngm ven bin (Hnh 5.12).
Hnh 5.12 Nc ngm ven bin v s xm nhp mn vo tng nc ngm
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chng 6.
CH THY VN VNG NG BNG

SNG CU LONG
6.1 Gii thiu

Mi s tn ti v pht trin ca sinh gii u ph thuc vo nc. Cc vng tp trung
nc, ch yu dc theo cc h thng sng ngi, ao h, ca sng, ... u l nhng chic
ni pht trin ca lch s loi ngi. Dc theo h thng sng Mekong l cc khu vc hot
ng nng nghip, cng nghip cng nh chnh tr, kinh t, vn ha x hi, dn c, ... ca
bn o ng Dng.
ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL) hin nay v tng lai s l mt trung tm nng
nghip ln nht ca nc ta. Sng Cu Long m ra mt tim nng khai thc to ln
trong tt c cc ngnh khc nhau. Tuy vy tnh trng mt cn i v ngun nc vn ph
bin, ma l nc qu tha v ma kit nc thiu nghim trng, cng thm nn nhim
mn do thy triu bin ng v vnh Thi lan gy ra lm hn ch vic sn xut nng
nghip.
Vic nghin cu ch Kh tng - Thy vn vng BSCL nhm mc ch nm c
cc qui lut v din bin ca thi tit, kh hu v tnh cht dng chy ca h thng
Mekong theo khng gian v thi gian. Kt qu ny s lm tin gip cho vic qui hoch
v t chc sn xut cc ngnh kinh t trong x hi mt cch hp l v vic s dng nc
t hiu qu kinh t cao.
6.2 H thng Mekong

Mekong c ngun gc t ch "M Nm Khong" (ting Lo/Thi), c ngha l "sng
M" ( Vit nam c t dn gian tng t l "sng Ci"). y l h thng sng ln nht
ng Nam v cng l h thng sng phc tp nht nc ta. Mekong ng hng th 10
trn th gii v lu lng nc, th 15 v chiu di v th 25 v din tch lu vc. H
thng sng Mekong tri di qua nhiu quc gia nh: Trung Quc, Mianmar, Thi Lan,
Lo, Campuchia v Vit Nam.
Do dng sng chy qua nhiu quc gia nn n mang tnh quan h quc t. Nm 1957,
di s bo tr ca t chc Lin hip quc, 4 quc gia duyn h dc theo h lu h
thng Mekong bao gm Thi Lan, Lo, Campuchia v Vit Nam tha thun k kt
hip c thnh lp "y ban sng Mekong", lc c tr s t ti Thi lan. y ban c
nhim v phi hp kho st v khai thc sng Mekong mt cch hp l v kinh t nht.
y ban c s u ca 11 c quan ca Lin hip quc nh FAO, UNESCO, OMS,...
c s ng h v ti tr ca nhiu quc gia cng nh nhiu t chc quc t khc ngoi
khu vc.
Sng Mekong (Hnh 6.1) c din tch lu vc vo khong 795.000 - 810.000 km2, chiu
di dng chnh l 4.400 km, tng lng dng chy nm xp x trn 500 t m3 nc. Nng
lng c th khai thc ln n hng t KWH in hng nm.
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh 6.1 Lu vc sng Mekong

T cao nguyn Ty Tng cao 5.000 m so vi mc nc bin, sng Mekong di
xung theo hng t Bc xung Nam l ch yu, nhng khi n BSCL th r ngoc
theo hng Ty Bc - ng Nam. Sng chy qua nhiu khu vc c c im a cht, a
l khc nhau rt phc tp th hin nhng on i khc t ngt. Maspro, mt nh a
cht hc ngi Php, (1919) khi xt v lch s pht trin ca sng Mekong cho rng
xa kia tn ti 2 dng sng cng chy vo ng bng chu th Mnam (Thi Lan), lc
c th ang dng vnh - bin. Do nh hng ca hin tng to sn k Tn sinh, 2
dng ny nhp thnh mt chy theo bin gii Lo - Thi nh ngy nay. ng cng cho
rng ngy xa c th sng Mekong ni lin vi cc sng Vm c v c sng Sigon,
nhng do tc ng ca Tn kin to, cc dng ny tch nhau ra v sng Mekong chy
ring r theo 2 dng Tin giang v Hu giang ri ra bin theo nhiu ca sng, ng
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------thi mang cc cht trm tch bi lng cho ng bng Nam Vit nh ngy nay. Ch
dng chy ca sng Mekong chu nh hng r rt ca tnh cht kh hu g ma ca khu
vc: dng chy gy l xut hin vo ma ma v dng chy kit vo ma kh. Lu vc
ca sng Mekong c th chia lm 3 on khc nhau theo cao gim dn dng bc thang
nh sau:
on thng lu
Bt ngun t Ty Tng n bin gii Trung Quc, Mianmar v Lo di trn 3.000
km, lu vc hp chim khong 19% tng din tch lu vc. on ny sng chy mnh,
lng sng hp v su, lm ghng thc, qua nhiu vng ni cao.
on trung lu
Ko di t Bc Vintiane (Lo) n vng Stungtreng - Krati (Campuchia) hn 750
km, chim 57% din tch lu vc. on sng ny chy song song vi dy Trng Sn
bng qua mt cao nguyn sa thch khng l vi cc tng a cht nm ngang. n y,
dng sng m rng v su hn v nhn nhiu ngun nc. t ngn, sng nhn cc ph
lu ca sng Nm Re, Nm U, Nm Sung, Nm Ngm, Nm Thng, S Bang Phai, S
Bang Hin, S Pn, ... Pha hu ngn, sng nhn cc ph lu Nm Mum bao trm cao
nguyn Crt, cc ph lu Mnam Xongkhram, ... (Thi Lan). on ny c 2 thc rt ln
l thc Kemmarat c dng mt hm vc di 150 km, rng 60 m v su 100 m, bao gm 9
thc ln nh, nc chy xit, thuyn b khng dm vt qua v thc Khone di 15 km,
cao 20 m rt him tr.
Sang n Campuchia, Mekong nhn cc ph lu sng Skong, Ssan, SPc t Ty

Nguyn Vit Nam xung t ngn v dng TngL Sp Ty Bc Campuchia
vo. c bit, TngL Sp c ch sng h. y tn ti mt h nc khng l gia
dng TngL Sp c chiu di 150 km, b ngang ni rng nht l 32 km gi l Bin H.
Din tch mt nc Bin H ma cn l 3.000 m2, su trung bnh 0,8 - 2,0 m, ma l ln
n 11.000 m2, su 8 - 10 m lm ngp nhiu cch rng chung quanh. Bin H c dung
tch n 60 t m3 nc c tc dng ln trong iu tit dng chy sng Cu long v l
ngun thy sn to ln ca Campuchia.
on trung lu ny l ni pht sinh ch yu cc cn l ca sng Mekong.
on h lu
Bao gm cc vng ng bng t Krati n Bin ng di trn 450 km, chim
khong 5,5 triu ha. n y dng sng ngy cng m rng do a hnh bng phng dn,
tc dng chy gim v lng ph sa bi lng nhiu. c bit t Phom Pnh, sng
Mekong chia lm 2 nhnh l sng Tin (Trans-Bassac) v sng Hu (Bassac) chy vo
nc ta. BSCL, sng Tin v sng Hu li tip tc m rng dn v thot ra bin
ng bng 8 ca: Ca Tiu, Ca i, Ca Ba Lai, Ca Hm Lung, Ca C Chin, Ca
Cung Hu, Ca nh Anh v Ca Trn .
Hin cc kho st lin quan n dng Mekong ch yu tp trung t on bin gii Thi
Lan - Mianmar xung n bin, trong mt khu vc rng chng 607.000 km2, chim 75%
tng din tch lu vc, lin quan mt thit n 4 quc gia dc theo sng, nh sau:
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 6.1 Lu vc Mekong qua 4 quc gia duyn h

(theo ti liu IAHS Publ. No. 201, 1991)
Quc gia
Lu vc Mekong
Tng din tch quc gia
(km2)
(km2)
Lo
201.000
236.800
Thi Lan
182.000
514.820
Campuchia
156.000
181.035
Vit Nam
65.000
329.565
Sng Mekong hin nay v tng lai s l cha kha mu cht gii quyt 2 vn chnh l
lng thc v nng lng cho bn o ng Dng.
6.3 iu kin t nhin vng BSCL

BSCL (Hnh 6.2) chim trn 4% din tch ton lu vc ca sng Mekong, xp x
36.000 km2, chiu di dng sng chnh Vit Nam l 225 km (chim trn 5% tng chiu
di sng Mekong). ng bng c 2 mt gip bin di hn 600 km, bao gm 12 tnh: Long
An, Tin Giang, Bn Tre, Vnh Long, Tr Vinh, Cn Th, Sc Trng, ng Thp, An
Giang, Kin Giang, Bc Liu v C Mau. Din tch canh tc nng nghip trn di 2
triu ha, vi s dn gn 14,2 triu ngi (1995) chim vo khong 24% tng dn s Vit
nam. Khong 8% dn s l cc ngi dn tc: Khmer (khong 850.000 ngi), Hoa
(234.000 ngi), Chm (10.000 ngi) v mt dn s trung bnh khong 355 ngi
/km2.
Bng 6.2 Thng k hin trng canh tc la ton nm 1996 vng BSCL
(nin gim thng k 1997)
Tnh
Long An
ng Thp
An Giang
Tin Giang
Vnh Long
Bn Tre
Kin Giang
Cn Th
Tr Vinh
Sc Trng
Bc Liu
C Mau
Ton B
Din tch
la
(x 1000 ha)
371.3
390.8
417.2
280.2
209.8
97.7
449.6
405.8
159.2
320.2
139.8
201.1
3 442.7
Nng sut
TB
(t/ha)
31.8
44.0
47.3
43.8
42.2
36.1
37.8
44.4
42.6
35.9
39.7
29.7
40.1
Sn lng
la
(x 1000 Tn)
1 181.2
1 720.0
1 971.5
1 227.1
885.2
352.7
1 697.5
1 803.1
678.7
1 150.4
554.8
596.6
13 818.8
Din tch
hoa mu
(x 1000 ha)
4.1
4.0
10.3
4.0
3.3
2.5
1.9
2.2
6.3
4.9
0.9
1.0
45.4
Sn lng
hoa mu
(x 1000 Tn)
8.2
21.7
64.0
7.7
16.1
9.3
2.5
7.6
16.6
13.7
2.0
2.5
171.9
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh 6.2 Bn v tr 9 tnh thnh ca BSCL

Cu to a cht BSCL tng i n gin, gm lp ph sa c c tui khong 100 ngn
nm nay nm di lp ph sa mi bao gm cc cht trm tch ca sng v bin vi b
dy trung bnh thay i vo trong khong 10 - 20 m n 100 m.
a hnh BSCL thp v phng, t i ni tr mt s vng Tht Sn (An Giang),
dc bnh qun 1 cm/km (1/100.000), c nhng vng trng nh vng ng Thp Mi,
vng t gic Long Xuyn - H Tin v mt s vng trng nh U Minh. y c th xem
l cc h cha thin nhin cha nc lt trong ma l, gp phn vo vic iu tit nc
ca sng Cu Long. Tu theo mc b ngp, ta chia vng ny thnh 3 khu vc:
+ Vng ngp su:
+ Vng ngp trung bnh:
+ Vng ngp nng:
ngp 2 - 3 m, chim khong 800 ngn ha.

ngp 0,5 - 2 m, chim khong 500 ngn ha.
ngp 0,1 - 0,5 m, l nhng vng trng cn li.
Vng BSCL c mt mng li kinh rch chng cht bao gm cc h thng sng rch t
nhin v cc knh mng nhn to vi tng chiu di trn 5.000 km vi nhiu kch thc
khc bit nhau.
V th nhng, vng BSCL c th tm chia ra 4 vng chnh (Hnh 6.3):
Vng ph sa nc ngt: khong 1,5 triu ha gm cc phn t nm dc 2 bn sng
Hu, bao gm mt phn tnh An Giang, Cn Th, Vnh Long, ng Thp. Cc vng
hu ngn sng Hu, ni ven sng gm cc loi t tng i nh, d tiu nc, t
phn v tng hu c kh su, cn cc vng t xa sng gm cc loi t nng, kh
tiu nc, a hnh thp, hi phn v lp hu c gn mt t. cc vng chu th
sng Hu cng c nhng c im ca vng t ven sng v xa sng. Ngoi ra, cn
c nhng ging ct song song vi b bin.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cc vng t b nhim mn: gn 0,8 triu ha nm dc theo b bin, vic canh tc la

ch yu vo ma ma, ma kh t b mn kh trng trt, nng sut thp. Cc vng
ny ch yu Bn Tre, Bc Liu, C Mau v Kin Giang v mt s huyn Sc
Trng, Tr Vinh.
Vng t phn: chim khong 1,6 triu ha ch yu 2 vng ng Thp Mi, H

Tin, mt phn Long M (Cn Th), Long An, ... Ngoi ra, cn c mt s vng t
va b nhim mn va b nhim phn.
Vng t hu c: khong 26 ngn ha, c a hnh kh thp, trng. t c hnh

thnh bi xc b thc vt dng bn phn r v hnh thnh lp than bn nh vng U
Minh (C Mau).
Hnh 6.4 Bn phn b cc nhm t chnh BSCL

Phn ln t ai BSCL canh tc la 1 - 2 v/nm, mt s ni c thm 1 v mu vo
ma kh. Nhng vng c cng trnh thy li tt c th canh tc 3 v /nm. H s s dng
t l 1,12. Nu ch ng c nc, chc chn kh nng tng v v sn lng nng
nghip ca BSCL s tng ln ng k.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 6.3 T l s dng rung t nng nghip ca BSCL

Loi t
Din tch (ha)
T l (%)
+ t trng la
1.739.200
88,5
+ t cy lu nm
164.500
8,4
+ t chuyn rau mu
35.200
1,8
+ t cy cng nghip ngn ngy
21.600
1,1
+ t thy sn
3.000
0,1
+ Tng din tch nng nghip =
1.963.500
# 100,0
6.4 c im kh hu vng BSCL

Kh hu vng BSCL mang tnh nhit i nng v m, chu nh hng ca gi ma kh
ton din, mi nm c 2 ma chnh l ma ma v ma nng.
Nhit trung bnh nm: ca khu vc l 26 - 27 C, bin thin nhit trung bnh l
3 - 3,5 C. Tng nhit trung bnh nm l 7.500 C, ti a khong 9.000 - 10.000
C. Tng bc x hng nm l 140 - 150 Kcal/cm2/nm.
Bng 6.4 So snh nhit trung bnh thng (t C) mt s trm vng BSCL
(s liu tham kho, cha c qui v thi k di ng nht)
Trm/Thng
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12
Cn Th
Sc Trng
C Mau
Rch Gi
Tn Chu
Ph Quc
26.3
25.2
24.9
25.5
26.0
25.5
27.0
26.0
25.4
26.3
26.6
26.3
28.1
27.2
27.6
27.5
27.4
27.3
28.8
28.4
27.6
28.5
28.3
28.1
27.7
27.9
27.4
28.4
28.2
28.1
27.2
27.2
27.1
28.2
27.9
27.8
27.7
27.0
27.0
27.7
27.0
27.3
27.5
27.0
26.8
27.5
27.7
27.1
27.1
26.9
26.8
27.5
27.7
27.0
27.3
26.8
26.5
27.3
27.8
26.6
27.2
26.4
26.2
26.7
29.7
26.5
26.2
25.5
25.5
25.9
25.6
26.0
TB
27.0
26.8
26.5
27.3
27.5
27.0
Nng: tng s gi nng hng nm c 2.000 gi. Thng c gi nng cao nht l thng
2, thng 3 c 8 - 9 gi/ngy, thng c gi nng thp nht l thng 8, thng 9 c 4,5 5,5 gi/ngy.
Bc hi: khong 1.000 - 1.100 mm/nm, tp trung vo cc thng 2, thng 3, thng 4,

ch yu t 12 - 14 gi.
Bng 6.5 So snh bc hi trung bnh (mm/thng) mt s trm vng BSCL

Trm/Thng
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12
Cn Th
Sc Trng
90
118
118
134
140
158
144
144
102
96
84
84
81
90
81
87
72
72
74
59
72
66
81
90
TB
1148
1198
m : m tng i trung bnh nhiu nm l 82 - 83%. m trung bnh thp

nht vo thng 2, thng 3, vo khong 67 - 81%, cao nht l cc thng 8, thng 9 v
thng 10, bin thin vo khong 85 - 89%. Vng BSCL v cc khu vc ven bin ca
n cha bao gi c m di 30%.
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 6.6 So snh m trung bnh thng (%) mt s trm vng BSCL
Trm/Thng
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12
TB
Cn Th
Rch Gi
Tn Chu
Sc Trng
82
82
83
83
80
78
81
80
77
75
78
77
77
77
75
77
77
78
77
77
82
84
81
84
84
85
83
86
84
86
86
87
85
86
85
87
85
85
89
88
84
85
85
88
84
83
86
86
82
81
86
83
My: ma kh my chim 4 - 6/10 bu tri, ma ma chim 7 - 8/10 bu tri.
Gi: ma ma chu nh hng ca gi ma Ty Nam, ph bin khi cc lung p thp

nhit i xut hin trn lc a Chu (t thng 5 n thng 10). Ma nng gi ma
ng Bc li chim u th do s hin din ca cc trung tm p cao t vng Sibri Mng C di chuyn xung. Tc gi cao nht vo thng 2, thng 3, khong 2 - 3,3
m/s, tc gi thp nht vo thng 10 l 1,5 - 2 m/s. Khong thng 12 l giai on
chuyn ma, gi thi ngc chiu dng chy sng Cu long (hng Ty Bc - ng
Nam) y nc mn theo triu vo su trong ni a (ma gi chng) gy kh khn
trong sn xut nng nghip.
Bng 6.7 So snh tc gi trung bnh thng (m/s) mt s trm vng BSCL
Trm/Thng
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 TB
Cn Th
Sc Trng
Rch Gi
C Mau
1.8
2.4
2.5
3.7
1.9
3.3
3.3
4.1
2.0
2.9
3.2
3.7
1.6
2.4
3.1
3.1
1.5
1.6
3.0
2.4
1.8
2.3
4.7
2.6
2.1
2.7
4.3
2.6
2.4
2.8
4.7
2.7
1.6
2.0
4.2
2.7
1.4
1.4
2.7
2.6
1.4
1.8
2.4
3.1
1.4
2.1
2.5
3.1
1.7
2.3
3.4
3.0
Bo: vng BSCL t gp bo so vi cc tnh min Trung v min Bc Vit nam, ch

yu ch b nh hng ca bo. Theo thng k trong 55 nm (1911 - 1965), ch c 8
cn bo b trc tip vo b bin Nam b. Mi nm c khong t 10 - 12 cn bo
t Bin ng tc ng n nc ta, cc cn bo u gy ma to, gi ln v sm chp
nh hng t nhiu n cc tnh BSCL. Cng gn cui nm, cc cn bo c khuynh
hng dch chuyn xung pha Nam Vit Nam (Hnh 6.4).
Bng 6.8 Tn sut xut hin thp nht i qua trung v h lu sng Mekong
t 1947 - 1970 (on Quyt Trung, 1979)
Thng
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
S p thp (ln)
1
1
4
8
19
22
7
3
Tn sut P%
1,5
1.5
6,2
12,3 29,2 33,9 10,8
4,6
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh 6.4 T thng 6 - thng 12, xu th cc cn bo dch chuyn xung pha Nam
Ma: lng ma BSCL kh ln, trung bnh l 1.400 - 2.200 mm/nm. Tnh c
lng ma thp nht l ng Thp (1.400 mm/nm), tnh c lng ma cao nht l
C Mau (2.200 mm/nm) (Hnh 6.5). Song ni c lng ma c ghi nhn l t nht
vng ng bng l G Cng (Tin Giang) ch c 1.200 mm/nm, trung bnh c 100 110 ngy ma/nm. o Ph Quc (Kin Giang) c xem l ni c lng ma cao
nht vng ng bng: 3.145 mm vi trung bnh 140 ngy ma/nm. Cc thng c
ngy ma t nht l thng 12 n thng 3, bin thin t 0 - 6 ngy ma/thng. Cc
thng c ngy ma cao nht l t thng 5 n thng 10, bin thin 13 - 21 ngy
ma/thng. Ma tp trung t 75 - 95% vo ma ma. Trong nhiu nm, khu vc tnh
Kin giang thng bt u ma ma sm hn cc tnh khc (vo thng 4) khong 15 20 ngy. So vi cc khu vc trong ton quc th lng ma BSCL t bin ng.
iu ng ch l vng BSCL c 2 nh ma: nh ma th 1 vo cc thng 6,
thng 7, nh th 2 ri vo thng 9, thng 10. Gia 2 nh ma, vo cui thng 7 n
u thng 8 c mt thi k kh hn ngn (dn gian gi l hn B Chn) ko di
khong trn di 10 ngy do nh hng cc lung gi xoy nghch trn cao.
Bng 6.9 So snh lng ma trung bnh thng (mm) mt s trm vng BSCL
Trm/Thng
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12
Cn Th
Sc Trng
C Mau
Rch Gi
Tn Chu
Chu c
Long Xuyn
Ph Quc
17
9
18
11
9
16
12
28
3
2
9
7
15
2
2
24
12
14
32
36
55
44
13
55
45
64
97
99
103
108
97
138
166
224
290
220
166
169
211
306
182
247
306
250
154
136
162
396
226
248
330
304
162
150
194
438
214
264
343
310
112
147
197
543
278
266
337
294
180
153
235
522
250
289
332
270
286
250
287
328
169
171
170
160
172
137
144
179
52
40
88
44
64
60
57
78
1604
1840
2360
2015
1478
1385
1611
3038
75
Trng I HC CN TH
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh 6.5 Bn phn b ma BSCL

Bng 6.10 Lng ma gy ng ngp (mm) mt s trm vng BSCL
Trm o ma
1 ngy (5%) 3 ngy (10%)
5 ngy (5-10%)
C Mau
68
193
382
Khnh Hng
175
206
339
H Tin
66
105
193
M Tho
152
185
213
Mc Ha
34
109
127
Ton ng bng
82
177
264
Nhn chung, kh hu vng BSCL rt thun li cho vic canh tc nng nghip so vi cc
vng ng bng khc trn th gii, thi tit thng nng m quanh nm, ma , nng
nhiu, t c thin tai. Tuy nhin, vn c nhng t thi tit bt thng c th lm gim
nng sut hoc mt ma mt s a phng.
6.5 c im ch thy vn vng BSCL

6.5.1 Mng li sng v knh
Vng BSCL c mng li sng kh phc tp, trong ch yu l sng Cu Long v
cc chi lu ca n (Hnh 6.6). thng ngun - trn Tn Chu (sng Tin) v Chu c
(sng Hu) - khi chy vo ng bng, sng c b rng khong t 60 m n 300 m v dn
dn m rng khi chy v di h lu, b rng sng khong 2 km khi ra n bin, on
ln nht l ca sng Hu, b rng sng ln n 18 km. Ra bin ng, sng Tin thot
bng 6 ca: Tiu, i, Ba Lai, Hm Lung, C Chin v Cung Hu, sng Hu thot ra t
3 ca: nh An, Bacsac v Trn (Hnh 6.7).
76
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hnh 6.6 Bn h thng thy li vng BSCL
Hnh 6.7 Chn ca sng BSCL

77
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cc sng rch t nhin nh sng V Thanh, sng Gnh Ho, sng m Di chy ra bin
ng, cc sng Ci Rng, rch i Ngi, rch Long Ph, ... vo sng Hu. Cc sng
chy ra vnh Thi Lan bao gm sng Ci Ln, sng ng c, sng By Hp, ... Cc knh
o ch yu theo hng ng Bc - Ty Nam nh sng X No ni lin sng Hu vi
sng Ci Ln, knh Santa ni lin sng Hu vi sng V Thanh, knh Ha Lu - Phng
Hip ni gia sng Gnh Ho v sng Hu, sng Gnh Ho v sng V Thanh c ni
bi knh C Mau - Bc Liu, knh Chc Bng ni gia sng Trm v sng Ci Ln.
Ngoi ra, cn mt s knh ni lin gia sng Ci Ln v sng Gnh Ho theo hng Ty
Bc - ng Nam. Nhn trn bn ta c th phn bit mng li sng rch t nhin vi
dng ngon ngho khc vi cc knh nhn to thng tp.
Bng 6.11 Mt s c trng mt ct nhng knh chnh vng BSCL
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
TN KNH (a im)
Knh X No
Long M (Cn Th)
Qun L - Phng Hip
Long Ph (Santa)
Bc Liu - C C
Bc Liu - C Mau
Tam Sc - Ci Tru
Ci Ln - Sng Trm
Phng Hip - Sc Trng
Qun L - Nhu Gia
Bc Liu - Qun L - Ngn Da
Vnh M - Phc Long
Sng Trm - Cnh n 2 (Kin Long - Ph Sinh)
Qun L - Gi Rai (Ph Sinh - Gi Rai)
Sng Trm - Cnh n 1(Tn Long - Ch Ch)
Qun L - Cnh n ( Ch Ch - H Phng)
H Phng - Gnh Ho
Tc Vn
Di
(km)
40,9
40,1
85,8
42,2
19,2
64,7
14,7
41,0
28,2
16,7
43,7
23,2
21,8
16,6
33,5
21,2
17,8
09,3
Rng
(m)
45,0
37,2
42,4
26,0
28,5
31,0
14,5
31,6
27,9
26,6
25,6
28,3
26,5
30,0
36,8
30,4
26,2
25,5
Su
(m)
4,5
5,0
4,6
3,2
4,5
5,0
3,7
4,0
4,3
4,6
3,8
3,1
4,0
3,8
3,9
4,7
4,0
3,3
Ton b h thng sng rch knh mng (Hnh 6.7) lm BSCL c "mt h thng
thy vn duy nht, ni lin sng Hu vi bin ng v bin Ty" (Nguyn Hc V, Chu
Thi Honh, 1982).
6.5.2 c im ch thy vn
H thng sng Cu Long c k t Tn Chu trn sng Tin v Chu c trn sng
Hu ra n bin. Hng nm sng Cu Long chuyn trn 500 t m3 nc ra n bin vi
lu lng bnh qun l 13.500 m3/s, trong 3/4 a v trong ma ma l ko di 5 thng
t thng 5 n thng 10 hng nm, 1/4 lng nc a ra bin trong 7 thng cn li. Lu
lng cc i trn sng hng nm vo thng 9, thng 10 v lu lng t cc tiu vo
thng 4. Vng ngp l BSCL th hin trn hnh 6.8. Mc du sng Cu Long c lu
lng v tng lng nc kh ln nhng cc c trng dng chy khc khng ln lm do
lu vc ca sng kh rng.
78
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Module dng chy M = 17,2 l/s.km2

+ su dng chy Y = 542,42 mm
+ H s dng chy = 0,25 - 0,30
Hnh 6.8 Vng b ngp l nm 2000 BSCL

Ngun nc cung cp cho dng chy trong sng ch yu l ma. y, ta cng xt n
yu t thy triu v yu t kh tng tc ng n dng chy. Thy triu bin ng
truyn rt su vo t lin v chi phi ng k ch thy vn ng bng. V ma kh,
triu tin nhanh vo t lin mang theo mt khi lng nc mn kh ln, v ma l thy
triu cng l mt yu t lm dng cao mc nc trong h thng sng v ngn cn s
thot l ra bin.
Trong ma l, gi ma Ty Nam xut pht t vng bin n dng trn ti kt hp
vi cc lung kh p t Chu c to nn mt a hnh ma nhit i rt ln. Cc di hi
t nhit i v ma bo nh hng mnh n phn trung lu ca sng Mekong, "l sng
Mekong thng xut hin kh c t 2 tr ln cc nhiu ng nhit i xy ra lin tip
hoc khi hi t nhit i c li ca gi ma Ty Nam i ti giai on pht trin v
nhiu ng nhit i sau tip tc tn ti mt thi gian ngn na" (on Quyt Trung,
1979).
L sng Mekong l kt qu tp trung nc ca nhiu ngun:
+ 15% do tuyt tan Ty Tng
+ 15 - 20% do ma Thng Lo
+ 40 - 45% do ma H Lo
+ 10% do ma Campuchea
+ 10% do ma BSCL
79
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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V tt c dng chy trn sng Cu Long u c ca ra l bin nn tnh cht thy vn vng
BSCL mang tnh cht vng ca sng chu nh hng ca thy triu v cc yu t kh
tng khu vc ng Nam chi phi.
6.5.3 Phn phi dng chy

Lu lng bnh qun nhiu nm ca sng Mekong khi chy qua Krati (Campuchea) vo
khong 13.500 m3/s, tng ng vi tng lng dng chy (W) n 430 t m3/nm. Khi
gp dng TongLSp, lu lng bnh qun tng ln n 13.644 m3/s v bt u xm nhp
vo lnh th Vit Nam bng 2 ng Tn Chu v Chu c. Lu lng bnh qun ti tn
Chu l 11.000 m3/s (chim 80% W), cn ti Chu c l 2.650 m3/s (chim 20% W). S
khc bit ny l a hnh lng sng v khu vc. Mc nc sng Mekong ti Tn Chu
cao hn Chu c. Phn ln lng nc u ra bin ng, lu lng bnh qun ca
sng ln n 15.854 m3/s (khong W = 500 t m3 nc/nm), cn li khong 5% - 10%
theo cc sng rch v knh o vo vnh Thi Lan nh knh Tri Tn, Ba Th, Ci Sn,
Mn, Tht Nt, ... v mt knh mi khc qua vng T gic Long Xuyn - H Tin.
Sng Vm Nao ni lin sng Tin v sng Hu, chuyn mt lng nc kh ln t sng
Tin qua sng Hu lm nc sng Hu tng ln khong 3 ln. Sau sng Vm Nao, lng
nc sng Tin v sng Hu bng nhau, Bc M Thun ra bin 51%W (lu lng
bnh qun 7.662 m3/s), Bc Cn Th ra bin 49% W (lu lng bnh qun 7.503 m3/s).
c bit s phn phi nc Tn Chu v Chu c thay i theo ma do nh hng
ca a hnh y sng PhnomPnh tc ng.
+ Ma l:
+ Ma kit:
Tn Chu chim 79% W, Chu c 21% W

Tn Chu chim 96% W, Chu c 4% W
Ca Tiu
0%
96%
90%
6%
8%
23%
Sng Tin
1%
15%
6%
51%
39%
4%
28%
13%
49%
10%
15%
Sng Hu
Ca i
1%
Ba Lai
1%
16%
C Chin
Hm Lung
Cung Hu
28%
nh An
21%
Trn
Hnh 6.9 Phn b dng chy kit tnh ton theo m hnh triu bn nht
(on Kho st H lan, 1974)
80
Trng I HC CN TH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tnh cht c th ca sng Cu Long l ma kit rt thiu nc, lu lng bnh qun ln
nht trong ma kit l 5.920 m3/s, lu lng bnh qun l 1.700 m3/s v lu lng bnh
qun nh nht l 1.200 m3/s (xy ra vo 17/4/1960). Lng nc ma kit khng ti
cho ton b din tch canh tc, nhiu ni sng rch kh cn st y, nc mn t bin
trn su vo t lin v t b b hoang rt nhiu trong ma kh. y l vn cn
nghin cu t m trong b tr c cu cy trng theo ma v nhu cu nc mt cch hp l.
Trong khi vo ma l, nc sng Cu Long li tha qu nhiu lm trn ngp nhiu
vng rng ln, mc du l sng Cu Long khng ln v cng sut. Tc nc ln ti
Tn Chu trung bnh chng 20 cm/ngy, ti a 34 cm/ngy (thng 6/1981), ti Chu c
15 cm/ngy, ti a khng qu 35 cm/ngy. Cch ca sng 180 km, bin l l 4 m (so
vi sng Hng l 11,8 m).
L ln ngoi yu t mc nc thng ngun v nhiu cn b triu cng bin
ng lm mc nc dng cao, hn ch vic tiu thot ra bin. L gy ngp 3 vng
chnh: vng T gic Long Xuyn, vng ng Thp Mi v vng gia sng Tin v
sng Hu. c trng l ca BSCL l mc nc l tng i ln v thi gian l ko di.
Ta c th phn bit cc cn l BSCL qua mc nc ln nht Hmax Tn Chu:
+ L ln:
+ L trung bnh:
+ L nh:
Hmax > 4,50 m

Hmax = 4,00 - 4,50 m
Hmax < 4,00 m
Bng 6.12 S ngy chu ngp Tn Chu theo ngp mt s cn l

(Vin Kh tng - Thy vn, 1979)
Nm\Mc nc
3,5 m
4m
4,5 m
1961
91
79
81
1966
51
63
38
1978
93
77
58
1984
93
73
35
1991
81
64
22
1994
90
82
30
Phn tch s liu 58 nm (1926 - 1984), cho thy c 19 con l cao hn mc nc l trung
bnh, nh vy xc sut xut hin mt con l ln BSCL l khong 1/3. Hnh 6.10 cho
s liu nh l nhiu nm ca sng Cu Long qua trm Tn Chu v Chu c (An
Giang). Cc cn l BSCL c 2 mt li v hi.
Li th ca l hng nm l n mang li mt lng ph sa ln qu bu bi b cho t

ai canh tc, ra phn v mn, ci to t, l cng tham gia lm v sinh ng rung,
dit chut b, su ry, ng thi cng gp phn lm gia tng ng k ngun li thy
sn.
L gy thit hi nhiu cho giao thng, cc vng canh tc nng nghip khng c
bao, l ln cun i nhiu nh ca, gy tn tht nhn mng.
81
Trng I HC CN TH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Peak Tan Chau
Peak Chau Doc
Water level (cm)
600
500
400
300
200
100
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
Hnh 6.10 Mc nc nh l nhiu nm qua Tn Chu v Chu c

Vic d bo l mang tnh chin lc quan trng trong dn sinh, kinh t v an ton x hi.
D bo l phi phn on c thi im xut hin l, cng l v c trng vi thi
k triu cng bin ng hay khng.
6.5.4 Nc ngm vng BSCL

Nc ngm hin nay l ngun cung cp nc ngt quan trng cho cc vng nhim mn
BSCL (Hnh 6.11). y l ngun ti nguyn cn c bo v v khai thc hp l nhm
phc v cho sinh hot v ti hoa mu theo phng php ti m cc khu vc ven
bin. Cc kho st trc y cho bit BSCL c cu to a cht tng i n gin,
gm lp ph sa c nm di lp ph sa mi, vic khai thc nc ngm cng kh d dng.
Lp ph sa c ny bao gm cc lp sn si v ct cha cc mch nc ngm rt tt
su trung bnh t 150 - 200 m tr ln.
Hnh 6.11 Bn phn b nc ngm BSCL
82
Trng I HC CN TH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Vin Ht nhn Quc t (Phan nh Dip, 1983) th tui

tng nc ngm su 200 m vng Bc sng Tin (Bn Lc, Long An) khong 20
ngn nm, tng nc p su 100 m Nam sng Hu (Bc Liu) khong 23 ngn nm.
Cc con s ny cho thy thi gian di chuyn ca nc n y rt chm, chu k bi hon
t nhin di gp trm ln i ngi. Nhn chung, nc mn v phn vn cn nh hng
su 100 - 150 m. Ngoi ra, vic khai thc qu ma v ba bi nc ngm c th dn
n tnh trng mn ln su vo t lin, nhim ngun nc v c th gy ra ln st cng
trnh bn trn.
6.5.5 Bn ct trong sng Cu Long

Hng nm, sng Mekong ti mt lng bn ct khng l so cc hot ng xi mn t
thng v trung lu. Lng bn ct ny ha ln mt phn trong nc v mt phn bi
lng trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Tng khi lng bn ct ny c tnh ln n 67 triu
tn/nm bao gm cc cht vi lng trong t, cc cht ph sa l lng ha vi cc tp cht
hu c v cc vt liu di y nh ct, sn, si, ... Trung bnh trong 1 lt nc sng c
khong 0,3 - 0,8 gr bn ct. u ma l, lng bn ct cha ln nht. Lng bn ct ny
l ngun ph sa qu bu cho cc cnh ng Nam B v l vt liu lin tc bi lng ma
C Mau lm cho mi nm mi C Mau ln ra ngoi bin t 80 - 100 m (Hnh 6.12).
Hnh 6.12 nh v tinh cc vng bi lng ven bin C Mau

Mt s khong cht vi lng trong sng Mekong c phn cht t nhiu mu nc khc
nhau nhiu thi im khc nhau cho s liu trung bnh sau:
Bng 6.13 Khong vi lng trong nc sng Mekong
(s liu cn kim chng li)
Vi lng
(ppm)
Ca
Mg
K
Na
Thng
Thng 1 - thng 5
Thng 6 - thng 12
23.3
17.5
5.2
3.6
2.0
3.9
8.2
6.2
83
Trng I HC CN TH
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6.6 Thy triu v s truyn triu vo sng Cu Long

6.6.1 Thy triu vng ven bin BSCL
ng bng sng Cu Long l b phn cui cng lu vc sng Mekong tip gip vi
bin nn ch nc y chu nh hng ln ca thy triu. Cn c vo c im hnh
thnh v din bin ca thy triu, ta c th chia vng bin BSCL ra lm 2 on v ly
mi C Mau lm im trung gian:
a. Khu vc bin ng
Ko di t Vng Tu n mi C Mau, di 400 km chu nh hng r rt theo ch
thy triu bn nht triu khng u, bin triu kh ln trn 2 m, t ti a 3,5 m, c
bit trong chu k triu Maton (chu k 19 nm) c th ln n 4 - 4,2 m. Tuy vy, triu
bin ng cng chu mt phn nh hng triu bin Ty t vnh Thi Lan (bn nht triu
khng u) nht l on cng i v pha C Mau. Mi ngy c 2 ln triu ln v 2 ln
triu xung nhng bin triu trong 2 ln khc nhau. Trong mi chu k 1/2 thng, thy
r s chnh lnh ng k v bin k nc cng. Nc ln thng xy ra vo nhng
ngy mng 2 n mng 3 m lch, hoc ngy 18 - 19 m lch. Nc km xy ra vo thi
gian gia 2 k nc cng (ngy mng 7 - 8 m lch hoc 20 - 21 m lch).
Cc c trng ny xy ra u n sut chiu di 300 km dc b bin, ch ring on gn

n mi C Mau th mi c s bin ng ln v tnh cht v bin ca thy triu. Theo
Nguyn Ngc Thy (1979) th bin thy triu ngoi khi vng nam bin ng gia
tng dn khi tin st n thm lc a BSCL v gim dn khi sng triu truyn su vo
sng Cu Long. Ti vng bin Ty Nam bin ng, sng bn nht triu c tng cng
v bin khi tin v pha t lin do cu trc a hnh, a mo ca y bin y
tng i phc tp. iu ny, vnh Thi lan cng c nh hng tng t nhng mc
thp hn.
b. Khu vc pha Ty
T mi C Mau n H Tin di 250 km. khu vc ny chu chi phi bi thy triu nht
triu khng u ca vng bin vnh Thi Lan, on gn mi C mau b nh hng ca
thy triu bin ng. Triu pha Ty tin vo t lin qua cc sng thin nhin nh sng
By Hp, sng ng c, sng Ci Ln, sng Ci B, ... v mt s knh o. Bin
trung bnh triu pha Ty nh hn 1 m, ti a khng qu 1,1 - 1,2 m., trung bnh khong
0,7 - 0,8 m, ng thi cng t chnh lch gia cc vng v bin song tnh cht thy
triu li c mt s im khc nhau v c bn mt s vng. V d nh khu vc Rch Gi
l dng triu hn hp thin v bn nht triu vi s ngy trong thng c 2 ln triu ln v
2 ln triu xung l ch yu (tc chu nh hng ch nht triu khng u thin v bn
nht triu), t Rch Gi i v pha H Tin th triu hn hp li thin v nht triu, vi s
ngy trong thng c 1 ln dao ng triu chim u th.
6.6.2 S truyn triu vo sng Cu Long v bn o C Mau

Thu triu bin ng gia tng bin khi tin st n ca sng v bt u gim dn khi
truyn su vo t lin. c bit v ma kit, nh hng ca triu trong h thng sng rt
84
Trng I HC CN TH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ln. So vi cc sng chnh trn th gii, mc truyn triu vo sng Cu Long kh su,
c th ln n 350 km, tc n im trn th PhnomPnh (Campuchea).
Bng 6.14 Bin triu trn sng Cu Long
(o trong cc ngy 20 - 26/6/1978)
A IM
CCH BIN
BIN
SNG TIN
375 cm
0 km
Vng Tu
370 cm
56 km
M Tho
120 cm
183 km
Ch Mi
69 cm
225 km
Tn Chu
SNG HU
334 cm
43 km
i Ngi
236 cm
90 km
Cn Th
144 cm
144 km
Long Xuyn
93 cm
201 km
Chu c
BN O C MAU
30 cm
2 km
Gnh Ho
90 cm
65 km
C Mau
Nguyn nhn chnh do s tit gim bin truyn triu l do nh hng ca lc ma st
dng chy vi a hnh t nhin ca dng sng, cc chng ngi vt trn ng i v c
nh hng ca p lc gi trn b mt dng sng.
Nh vy, i su vo khong 140 - 150 km, ln ca triu gim i 50% v khong 200 220 km, ln ca triu gim i 25%. Tuy vy, vo ma kit im cch ca bin 200
km ngi ta vn ghi nhn c bin mc nc trn sng Cu Long ln n 1,4 m.
Trn cc sng rch nh, bin triu gim nhanh dn, nh trn sng Gnh Ho, bin
triu gim i 3,5 ln so vi ca bin. Trong ma l, nh hng ca triu yu i, nhng n
cng l mt yu t lm mc nc l tng cao.
Bng 6.15 Bin triu trn sng vo ma l
Cch bin (km)
Bin triu (m)
0
3 - 3,5
100
1
150
0,5
200
0,1 - 0,2
Trn sng Tin, nh triu xut hin ti Tn Chu chm hn 4 - 6 gi so vi nh triu
ca bin. Trn sng Hu, nh triu ti Chu c cng chm hn nh triu bin ng
mt thi gian tng t. c bit ti Bc Cn Th (trn sng Hu) v Bc M Thun (trn
sng Tin) nh triu chm hn hay c khi sm hn pha ca sng khong 1 gi. Hin
tng ny, Nguyn Vn u (1985) gii thch l c th do tc ng ca thy triu vnh
Thi Lan hay t C Mau ln.
85
Trng I HC CN TH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tc truyn sng triu cng nh sng Hu trung bnh khong 25 km/gi. Lu lng
triu t gi tr cc i vo thng 4, thi gian ny sng triu c th ln n Campuchea i
qua on M Thun - Tn Chu trn sng Tin v Cn Th - Chu c trn sng Hu.
Trong cc thng 2 v 6 th s truyn thy triu c gim i, triu ch c th ln n
Campuchea khi xut hin k nc cng trong chu k 1/2 thng. Lu lng truyn triu
trung bnh o c ti Cn Th l 1.500 m3/s v ti M Thun khong 1.600 m3/s. Tng
lng nc triu hng nm qua Tn Chu v Chu c ln n gn 50 t m3 nc. Trong
chu k nm, tc ng triu bin ng mnh nht vo thng 12 ti thng 1, ri yu i
trong cc thng 3, thng 4 ri mnh li vo thng 5 n thng 7 v yu i trong thng 8
ti thng 9 dng lch.
Ma l tc dng chy trn sng Cu Long ln n 2,5 m/s (9 km/h), ma cn tc
dng chy ph thuc nhiu vo dng triu, khi triu rt, nc chy xui v ngc li.
Dng triu trong sng c th t gi tr trung bnh 1 m/s, mnh nht lc triu rt trong
ma l, c th t ti 1,5 - 2 m/s. Trong cc ma khc, tc ln nht ng vi triu
cng vo khong 0,5 - 1,25 m/s.
S truyn triu trong h thng BSCL rt phc tp, nht l vng t gic Long Xuyn v
bn o C Mau. Khu vc C Mau ng mt vai tr trung gian gia 2 loi thy triu va
bin ng v vnh Thi Lan. y, do s pha trn ca 2 th loi triu truyn ngc nhau
sinh ra hin tng giao thoa sng. Hin tng giao thoa xut hin trong cc knh rch
nh trong vng v gy phc tp trong tnh ton. Cc kn Rch Si, knh C Mau - Phng
Hip, ... cng c hin tng ny. Nhn dn gi y l "vng gip nc", cc ni ny nc
chy chm, bn ct lng ng nhiu, ... Ni chung, cc "vng gip nc" l ni khng
thun li cho cng tc thy nng v ci to t nu so snh vi cc vng c dng chy
mnh, bin triu ln v cht lng nc tt.
======================================================
Ghi ch: Cc s liu c cung cp trong bi ny ch mang gi tr tham kho. Kt qu
chnh xc ty thuc vo phng php phn tch cc chui s mu thu thp c t
cc nghin cu khc nhau.
======================================================
86
Trng I HC CN TH
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TI LIU THAM KHO

(sp th t A, B, C theo tn tc gi)
--- oOo --1. Chng trnh 60-02: iu tra C bn vng BSCL
Cc bo co tng hp v Kh tng - Thy vn, 1985
2. C.O. Wisler, E.F. Brater
Hydrology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York, 1958
3. on Quyt Trung
L lt 1978 trn sng Cu Long, bn in roneo, 1979
4. i Kh tng - Thy vn tnh Hu Giang (c)
c im Kh hu tnh Hu Giang, Ban KH & KT Tnh Hu Giang, 1980
5. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO 24)
Crop water requirements, 1978
6. K.P. Klibasev, I.F. Goroskov. (Ng nh Tun v L Thc Cn dch)
Tnh ton thy vn, Nxb. Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 1975
7. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Executive summary of the report of the study on development and the environment in
the Mekong river basin, JICA, 6/1998
8. Liu Kim Sanh
Thy hc sng ngi cn bn, Nxb. La thing, Si Gn, 1972
9. L Anh Tun
Gio trnh Kh tng - Thy vn, i hc Cn Th, 1998
10. L Trn Chng
Thy vn cng trnh, Nxb. Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 1996
11. Ng nh Tun - Cao m
Tnh ton thy vn cc cng trnh thy li va v nh, Nxb. N. nghip, H Ni, 1986
12. Nguyn Vn u, Nguyn Cao Phng
Sng ngi Vit nam, tp II, Nxb Gio dc, H Ni, 1983
13. Nguyn Ngc Thy
Thy triu vng bin Vit nam, Nxb. Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 1984
14. Nguyn Vit Ph
Dng chy sng ngi Vit nam, Nxb. Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 1984
15. Phm Ngc Ton, Phan Tt c
Kh hu Vit nam, Nxb. Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 1993
16. Phm Quang Hnh
Cn bng nc lnh th Vit nam, Nxb. Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 1986
17. Phan nh Li, Nguyn Nng Minh
Hng dn o c v chnh l s liu Thy vn, Nxb. Nng nghip, H ni, 1985
18. Philip B. Bedient. Wayne C. Huber
Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, Addison-Wesley Co., USA, 1992
ISBN 0-201-51711-651711
19. Ray K, Linsley, Jr., Max A. Kohler, Joseph L. H. Paulhus
Hydrology for Engineers, McGraw_Hill Book Co., 1988, ISBN 971-11-0675-2
20. The Netherlands Delta Development Team
Recommendations concerning argicultural development with improved water control
in the Mekong Delta, Working paper IV: Hydrology, 1974
87
Trng I HC CN TH
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21. Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia

Hi ngh Khoa hc: S dng ti nguyn nc v hn ch hu qu l lt vng ng
Thp Mi. TP. H Ch Minh, 11/1995
22. Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni
Kh tng Nng nghip, Nxb. Nng nghip, H Ni, 1997
23. Trng i hc Thy li, B mn Thy vn Cng trnh
Thy vn Cng trnh, Nxb. Nng nghip, H ni, 1993
24. Vn phng y ban sng Mekong Vit Nam
Vin Qui hoch v Qun l nc
Vin C hc - Vin Khoa hc Vit Nam
Hi tho quc t v s xm nhp mn BSCL, TP. H Ch Minh. 10/1082.
25. Vin Kh tng Thy vn
Bo co chuyn Kh tng Thy vn min Ty Nam b, ti liu nh my.
26. V Tuyn gio (ban Nng nghip Trung ng)
Kh tng Nng nghip, Nxb. Nng nghip, H Ni, 1977
88

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B GIO DC V O TO

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.4.2 Cc c trng ca gi .......................................................................................... 32

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

Danh sch hnh

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hnh 3.14 S chnh lch p sut gy nn cc lung gi t t lin ra bin .................... 35

Danh sch bng

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 6.1 Lu vc Mekong qua 4 quc gia duyn h ...................................................... 70

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bin son: TS. L Anh Tun

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

NHP MN THY VN MI TRNG

1.1 c trng ca mi trng nc

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

1.1.3 Vai tr ca nc trong cuc sng

Nc chim thnh phn ch yu trong cu to c th thc v ng vt. Con ngi

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bin son: TS. L Anh Tun

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

Mun c thc phm cho ngi v gia sc cn c nc: mun c 1 tn la m, cn

Lng nc trn tri t l mt my iu ha nhit v lm cho cn cn sinh thi

S thay i cn cn phn phi nc hoc s ph hoi ngun nc c th lm tn

1.2 Gii thiu mn hc Thy vn mi trng

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bin son: TS. L Anh Tun

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

1.3 c im ca hin tng thy vn

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bin son: TS. L Anh Tun

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

+ CNG TRNH THY

Hnh 1.2 Minh ha cc quan h hnh thnh dng chy

1.4 Phng php nghin cu

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bin son: TS. L Anh Tun

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

Phng php ni suy a l: Phng php ny cc c trng thy vn c tnh

(c) Phng php thng k xc sut

PHNG PHP NGHIN CU THY VN

PHNG PHP PHN TCH NGUYN NHN HNH THNH

+ Phng php tng t a l

Hnh 1.3 Cc phng php nghin cu thy vn

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bin son: TS. L Anh Tun

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

Hnh 1.4 Mng thng tin kh tng

1.6 Mng li kh tng thy vn Vit Nam

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

TI NGUYN NC TRN TH GII

1.1 Cc th cha nc trn tri t

1.1.1 Nc trong kh quyn

1.1.2 Nc trong thy quyn

1.1.3 Nc trong a quyn

1.1.4 Nc trong sinh quyn

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bin son: TS. L Anh Tun

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

1.2 Chu trnh thy vn

1.2.2 Minh ha chu trnh thy vn

Hnh 2.1 Minh ha chu trnh thy vn trn tri t

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

Hnh 2.2 S h thng ca chu trnh thy vn

1.3 Phn phi nc trn tri t

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG

Hnh 2.3 Minh ha chiu dy lp nc trong chu trnh thy vn

Bi ging THY VN MI TRNG