Module 5: Advanced Transmission Lines Topic 5: 2 Port Networks & S-Parameters

OGI EE564 Howard Heck

H. Heck 2008

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Where Are We?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Introduction Transmission Line Basics Analysis Tools Metrics & Methodology Advanced Transmission Lines
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Losses Intersymbol Interference Crosstalk Frequency Domain Analysis 2 Port Networks & S-Parameters

S-Parameters

6. Multi-Gb/s Signaling 7. Special Topics

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Acknowledgement
Much of the material in this section has been adapted from material developed by Stephen H. Hall and James A. McCall (the authors of our text).

S-Parameters

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Contents
Two Port Networks Z Parameters Y Parameters Vector Network Analyzers S Parameters: 2 port, n ports Return Loss Insertion Loss Transmission (ABCD) Matrix Differential S Parameters (MOVE TO 6.2) Summary References Appendices
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Two Port Networks

Linear networks can be completely characterized by parameters measured at the network ports without knowing the content of the networks. Networks can have any number of ports.
Analysis of a 2-port network is sufficient to explain the theory and applies to isolated signals (no crosstalk).
I1 I2 + V1 + V2 -

S-Parameters

2 Port Network

Port 2

The ports can be characterized with many parameters (Z, Y, S, ABDC). Each has a specific advantage. Each parameter set is related to 4 variables:
2 independent variables for excitation 2 dependent variables for response
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Z Parameters
Impedance Matrix: Z Parameters
V1 Z11 V Z 2 = 21 VN Z N 1 Z12 Z1 N I1 I2 Z NN I N Z ij = Vi Ij

or

[V ] = [ Z ][ I ]

[5.5.1] [5.5.2] [5.5.4]

ZN2

where

I k j =0

(Open circuit impedance) [5.5.3]

V1 Z11 V = Z 2 21 Z12 I1 Z 22 I 2

S-Parameters

2 Port example: V

V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I 2
2

= Z 21 I1 + Z 22 I 2

Advantage: Z parameters are intuitive.

Relates all ports to an impedance & is easy to calculate.

Disadvantage: Requires open circuit voltage measurements, which are difficult to make.
Open circuit reflections inject noise into measurements. Open circuit capacitance is non-trivial at high frequencies.
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Y Parameters
Admittance Matrix: Y Parameters
I1 Y11 Y12 Y1N V1 I Y V2 2 21 = I N YN 1 YN 2 YNN VN

or

[ I ] = [Y ][V ]

[5.5.5] [5.5.6] [5.5.8]

where

Yij =

Ii Vj

Vk j = 0

(Short circuit admittance) [5.5.7]

I1 Y11 Y12 V1 I = Y Y V 2 21 22 2

S-Parameters

2 Port example:

I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2 I 2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2

Advantage: Y parameters are also somewhat intuitive. Disadvantage: Requires short circuit voltage measurements, which are difficult to make.
Short circuit reflections inject noise into measurements. Short circuit inductance is non-trivial at high frequencies.
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Example
ZA + Port 1 V1 I1 ZC I2 ZB + V2 Port 2
= Z B + ZC

S-Parameters

Z11 =

V1 I1

=
I 2=0

V1 V1 Z A + ZC

= Z A + ZC

Z12 =

V1 I2

=
I1=0

I 2 ZC = ZC I2

Z 21 =

V2 I1

=
I 2= 0

I1 Z C = ZC I1

Z 22 =

V2 I2

=
I1=0

V2 V2 Z B + ZC

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Frequency Domain: Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)

I1 I2 VNA offers a means to + + 2-Port V1 V2 characterize circuit elements Network as a function of frequency. VNA is a microwave based instrument that provides the ability to understand frequency dependent effects.

The input signal is a frequency swept sinusoid.

S-Parameters

Characterizes the network by observing transmitted and reflected power waves.

Voltage and current are difficult to measure directly. It is also difficult to implement open & short circuit loads at high frequency. Matched load is a unique, repeatable termination, and is insensitive to length, making measurement easier. Incident and reflected waves the key measures. We characterize the device under test using S parameters.
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S Parameters
a1 a2

Port 1

+ V1 b1

2 Port Network

+ b2 V2 -

S-Parameters

We wish to characterize the network by observing transmitted and reflected power waves.
ai represents the square root of the power wave injected into port i.
P =V
2

Port 2

use

V1+ ai = P = to get R bi represents the square root of the power wave injected into port j. bj = V j R

[5.5.9] [5.5.10] [5.5.11]

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S Parameters #2
We can use a set of linear equations to describe the behavior of the network in terms of the injected and reflected power waves. For the 2 port case:
bj ai
a1 a2

Port 1

+ V1 b1

2 Port Network

+ b2 V2 -

Port 2

S-Parameters

b1 = S11a1 + S12 a2 b2 = S 21a1 + S 22 a2

[5.5.12]

where

Sij =

power measured at port j power measured at port i

S12 a1 S 22 a2

in matrix form:

b1 S11 b = S 2 21

[5.5.13]

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S Parameters n Ports
an = Vn+ Z0n Vi Sij = bi aj =
a k =0 ,k j

[5.5.14]
Z 0i Z0 j
Vk+ 0 ,k j =

bn =

Vn

Z 0n

[5.5.15]

V j+

[5.5.16]

S-Parameters

b1 = S11a1 + S12 a2 + + S1n an b2 = S 21a1 + S 22 a2 + + S 2 n an bn = S n1a1 + S n 2 a2 + + S nn an

[5.5.17]

b1 S11 b S 2 = 21 bn S n1
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S12 S1N a1 a2 S nn an

or

[ b] = [ S ][ a]

[5.5.18]

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Scattering Matrix Return Loss

S11, the return loss, is a measure of the power returned to the source. When there is no reflection from the load, or the line length is zero, S11 is equal to the reflection coefficient.
V1 b S11 = 1 a1 =
a2=0

RS = 50

Z0

RL = Z0

z=0

z=l

S-Parameters

Z0 Z0

V1+

V1 Vreflected Z 50 = + = = 0 = 0 V1 Vincident Z 0 + 50

[5.5.19]

In general:

Sii =

bi ai

= 0
a j =0 , j 0

[5.5.20]
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Scattering Matrix Return Loss #2

When there is a reflection from the load, S11 will be composed of multiple reflections due to standing waves. Use input impedance to calculate S11 when the line is not perfectly terminated.
Z in = Z ( z = 0) = Z o 1 + ( z = 0) 1 ( z = 0)

Z0

ZL

z=0

z=l

[5.5.21]

S-Parameters

S11 for a transmission line will exhibit periodic effects due to the standing waves. If the network is driven with a 50 source, S11 is calculated using equation [5.5.22]= Z in 50 S =
11 v

RS = 50
Z in + 50

[5.5.22]

In this case S11 will be maximum when Zin is real. An imaginary component implies a phase difference between Vinc and Vref . No phase difference means they are perfectly aligned and will constructively add.
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Scattering Matrix Insertion Loss #1

a1 a2

Port 1

+ V1 Z0 b1

2 Port Network

+ b2 Z0 V2 -

When power is injected into Port 1 and measured at Port 2, the power ratio reduces to a voltage ratio:

Port 2

S-Parameters

S 21 =

b2 a1

a 2=0

V2 Z o V2 Vtransmitted = + = + = Vincident V1 V1 Zo

[5.5.22]

S21 , the insertion loss, is a measure of the power transmitted from port 1 to port 2.
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Comments On Loss
True losses come from physical energy losses.
Ohmic (i.e. skin effect) Field dampening effects (loss tangent) Radiation (EMI)

S-Parameters

Insertion and return losses include other effects, such as impedance discontinuities and resonance, which are not true losses. Loss free networks can still exhibit significant insertion and return losses due to impedance discontinuities.

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Reflection Coefficients
Reflection coefficient at the load:
L =
Z L Z0 Z L + Z0

[5.5.23]

Reflection coefficient at the source:

S =
Z S Z0 Z S + Z0

[5.5.24]

S-Parameters

Input reflection coefficient:

2 S12 S 21 L S12 L in = S11 + = S11 + 1 S 22 L 1 S11 L

Assuming S12 = S21 and S11 = S22 .

[5.5.25]

Output reflection coefficient:

out = S 22 +
S12 S 21 S 1 S11 S
Section 5.5

[5.5.26]
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Transmission Line Velocity Measurements

a1 b1 a2 b2
+90
0.8 135

Positive Phase 0 Negative Phase

180
Port 1 Port 2

S21 = b2/a1

-90

S-Parameters

We can calculate the delay per unit length (or velocity) from S21 :
d = ( S 21 ) 1 = f 360 l v p

[5.5.27]

Where (S21 ) is the phase angle of the S21 measurement. f is the frequency at which the measurement was taken. l is the length of the line.

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Transmission Line Z0 Measurements

Impedance vs. frequency
Recall
1 + e 2 jl Z in = Z 0 1 e 2 j l

Zin z=0

Z0,

ZL z=l

Zin vs f will be a function of delay ( ) and ZL.

S-Parameters

We can use Zin equations for open and short circuited lossy transmission. Z = Z tanh ( l ) [5.5.28]
in ,open 0

Z in, short = Z 0 coth ( l ) Z 0 = Z in , short Z in ,open

[5.5.29] [5.5.30]
Zin z=0
Section 5.5

Using the equation for Zin , in , and Z0, we can find the impedance.
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Z0,

ZL z=l

open & short

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Transmission Line Z0 Measurement #2

Zin ZVNA z=0
in ,open
2 2 S12 (1) S12 = S11 + = S11 + 1 S11 (1) 1 S11

Z0,

ZL z=l

open & short

Input reflection coefficients for the open and short circuit cases:

S-Parameters

in , short

2 2 S12 ( 1) S12 = S11 + = S11 1 S11 ( 1) 1 + S11

Input impedance for the open and short circuit cases:

Z in , short = ZVNA Z in ,open = ZVNA 1 in , short e 2 j ( 0 ) 1 + in ,open e 2 j ( 0 ) 1 + in , short e 2 j ( 0 ) = ZVNA = ZVNA 1 + in, short 1 in , short 1 + in ,open 1 in ,open

[5.5.31] [5.5.32]

1 in ,open e 2 j ( 0 )

Now we can apply equation [5.5.30]:

Z 0 = Z in, short Z in ,open
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Scattering Matrix Example

Using the S11 plot shown below, calculate Z0 and estimate R = 50 r.
S

Z0

RL = 50

z=0

z=5"

0.45

S-Parameters

0.4

S11 Magnitude

0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3..0 3.5 Frequency [GHz] 4.0 4.5 5.0
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Scattering Matrix Example #2

0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
1.76GHz 2.94GHz Peak=0.384

S11 Magnitude

Step 1: Calculate the of the transmission line based on the peaks or dips.
f peaks = 2.94GHz 1.76GHz =
t d = 423.7 ps

1 2t d

S-Parameters

d =

423.7 ps = 84.7 ps / inch 5in

Step 2: Calculate length).c 3 108 m / s 1

d
=v=

based on the velocity (prop delay per unit

1 84.7 ps / inch 39.37inch / m

r = 1 .0

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Example Scattering Matrix (Cont.)

Step 3: Calculate the input impedance to the transmission line based on the peak S11 at 1.76GHz, assuming a 50 port.
S11 = Z in 50 = 0.384 Z in + 50

Z in = 112.33

Step 4: Calculate Z0 from Zin at z=0:

S-Parameters

( x ) = ( 0 ) e 2 l =
e j 4 fl
LC

50 Z o j 4fl e 50 + Z o

LC

= ej 4 1.76GHz( 5)84.7 ps = e j 9.366 1 50 Z o 1+ (1) 1 + ( z = 5) 50 + Z o Z in = Z o = 112.33 = Z o 50 Z o 1 ( z = 5) 1 ( 1) 50 + Z o Z o = 74.9

Solution: 75 2008 H. Heck

= 1.0 and Z0 =
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Advantages/Disadvantages of S Parameters
Advantages: Ease of measurement: It is much easier to measure power at high frequencies than open/short current and voltage. Disadvantages: They are more difficult to understand and it is more difficult to interpret measurements.

S-Parameters

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Transmission (ABCD) Matrix

The transmission matrix describes the network in terms of both voltage and current waves (analagous to a Thvinin Equivalent). V = AV + BI [5.5.33] I1 I2 I = CV + DI
1 2 2 2 1 2

Port 1

+ V1 -

2 Port Network

+ V2 -

Port 2

V1 A B V2 = I1 C D I 2

[5.5.34]

S-Parameters

The coefficients can be defined using superposition:

A= V1 V2
I 2 =0

[5.5.29]

B=

V1 I2

V2 = 0

[5.5.35]

C=

I1 V2

I 2 =0

[5.5.31]
Section 5.5

D=

I1 I2

V2 = 0

[5.5.36]
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Transmission (ABCD) Matrix

Since the ABCD matrix represents the ports in terms of currents and voltages, it is well suited for cascading elements.
I1 + V1 I1 I2 I3 V2 + V3 -

A C

B D1

A C

B D2

S-Parameters

The matrices can be mathematically cascaded by multiplication:

V1 A B V2 = I1 C D 1 I 2 V2 A B V3 = I 2 C D 2 I3
V1 A B A B V3 = I1 C D 1 C D 2 I 3

[5.5.37]

This is the best way to cascade elements in the frequency domain. It is accurate, intuitive and simple to use.
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ABCD Matrix Values for Common Circuits

Port 1

Port 2

A =1 B = Z C = 0 D =1 A =1 C =Y B=0 D =1

[5.5.38] [5.5.39]
B = Z1 + Z 2 + Z1 Z 2 / Z 3 D = 1 + Z 2 / Z3

Port 1

Y Z1

Port 2

Z2 Z3 Y3
Port 2

A = 1 + Z1 / Z 3 C = 1/ Z3

S-Parameters

Port 1

[5.5.40]

A = 1 + Y2 / Y3

B = 1 / Y3 D = 1 + Y1 / Y3

Port 1

Y1

Y2 Port 2

C = Y1 + Y2 + Y1Y2 / Y3

[5.5.41]

Port 1

Zo , l

Port 2

A = cosh(l ) C = (1 / Z o ) sinh(l )
Section 5.5

B = Z o sinh(l ) D = cosh(l )

[5.5.42]
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Converting to and from the S-Matrix

The S-parameters can be measured with a VNA, and converted back and forth into ABCD the Matrix
Allows conversion into a more intuitive matrix Allows conversion to ABCD for cascading ABCD matrix can be directly related to several useful circuit topologies

S-Parameters

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ABCD Matrix Example

Create a model of a via from the measured s-parameters.
Port 1

L1

L1 Cvia

Port 2

S-Parameters

The model can be extracted as either a Pi or a T network The inductance values will include the L of the trace and the via barrel assumes the test setup minimizes the trace length, so that trace capacitance is minimal. The capacitance represents the via pads.
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ABCD Matrix Example #1

The measured S-parameter matrix at 5 GHz is:
S11 S 21 S12 0.110 j 0.153 0.798 j 0.572 = S 22 0.798 j 0.572 0.110 j 0.153

Converted to ABCD parameters:

A C B D

(1 + S11 )(1 S 22 ) + S12 S 21

= 2 S 21 (1 S11 )(1 S 22 ) S12 S 21 2 ZVNA S 21

ZVNA

(1 + S11 )(1 + S 22 ) S12 S 21

=

S-Parameters

2 S 21 (1 S11 )(1 + S 22 ) S12 S 21 2 S 21

0.827 j 0.0157

j 20.08 0.827

Relating the ABCD parameters to the T circuit topology, the capacitance can be extracted from C & inductance from A:
C = j 0.0157 =

Z1
Port 1

Z2 Z3
Port 2
A = 1+

1 = Z3

1 CVIA = 0.5 pF 1 j 2fCVIA

Z1 j 2fL = 0.827 = 1 + L1 = L2 = 0.35nH Z3 1 /( j 2fCVIA )

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Advantages/Disadvantages of ABCD Matrix

Advantages: The ABCD matrix is intuitive: it describes all ports with voltages and currents. Allows easy cascading of networks. Easy conversion to and from S-parameters. Easy to relate to common circuit topologies. Disadvantages: Difficult to directly measure: Must convert from measured scattering matrix.

S-Parameters

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Summary We can characterize interconnect networks using n-Port circuits. The VNA uses S- parameters. From S- parameters we can characterize transmission lines and discrete elements.

S-Parameters

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References
D.M. Posar, Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Wiley Interscience), 1998, 2nd edition. B. Young, Digital Signal Integrity, Prentice-Hall PTR, 2001, 1st edition. S. Hall, G. Hall, and J. McCall, High Speed Digital System Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Wiley Interscience), 2000, 1st edition. W. Dally and J. Poulton, Digital Systems Engineering, Chapters 4.3 & 11, Cambridge University Press, 1998. Understanding the Fundamental Principles of Vector Network Analysis, Agilent Technologies application note 1287-1, 2000. In-Fixture Measurements Using Vector Network Analyzers, Agilent Technologies application note 1287-9, 2000. De-embedding and Embedding S-Parameter Networks Using A Vector Network Analyzer, Agilent Technologies application note 1364-1, 2001.
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Appendix
More material on S parameters.

S-Parameters

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Reciprocal Lossless

Z ij = Z ji

Z ij = Z ji for any m,n

Re{ Z mn } = 0 Re{Ymn } = 0

[ Y ] = [ Z ] 1

S-Parameters

Z ij =

Vi Ij Ii Vj

I k = 0 ,k j

Yij =

Vk =0 ,k j

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S Parameters
Scattering Matrix: S Parameters
V1 S11 V2 = S12 VN S1N S 21 S N 1 V1+ V2+ + S NN VN Vi Sij = + Vj

or

[V ] = [ S ][V ]
+

[5.5.1] [5.5.2]

S2 N

where

Vk+ 0 ,k j =

S-Parameters

Vn = Vn+ + Vn

[ Z ][ I ] = [ Z ][ I + ] [ Z ][ I ] = [V ] = [V + ] + [V ]
( [ Z ] + [U ] ) [V ] = ( [ Z ] [U ] ) [V + ]

+ I n = I n + I n = Vn+ Vn

????

1 0 0 1 [U ] = 0

0 1

[ S ] = [V + ]1 [V ] = ( [ Z ] + [U ] ) 1 ( [ Z ] [U ] )
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S Parameters #2
[ S ] = [V + ]1 [V ] = ( [ Z ] + [U ] ) 1 ( [ Z ] [U ] )
[ S ]( [ Z ] + [U ] ) = [ Z ] [U ] = [ S ][ Z ] + [ S ][U ] [ Z ] = ( [U ] [ S ] ) 1 ( [U ] + [ S ] )

[5.5.1] [5.5.2]
[S] = [S]
T

where

S-Parameters

Reciprocal

S
k =1 N k =1

ki

* S ki = 1 * S kj = 0, i j

ki

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S Parameters n Ports
an = Vn+ Z0n bn = Vn Z 0n Vn = Vn+ + Vn = Z 0 n ( an + bn ) Vn+ Vn In = = Z 0n Pn = 1 ( an bn ) Z 0n
2

[5.5.1] [5.5.2]
Z 0i Z0 j
Vk+ 0 ,k j =

1 2 1 an bn 2 2

S-Parameters

b Sij = i aj

Vi
ak =0 ,k j

Sij =

bi aj

=
a k =0 ,k j

V j+

[ b] = [ S ][ a]

b1 S11 b S 2 = 21 bn S n1

S12 S1N a1 a2 S nn an

b1 = S11a1 + S12 a2 + + S1n an b2 = S 21a1 + S 22 a2 + + S 2 n an bn = S n1a1 + S n 2 a2 + + S nn an

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S Parameters #4
bi = Sij a j for i = 1,2,3, , n
j n

[5.5.1]

where

Sij = Sij =

S-Parameters

Sij =
[ b] = [ S ][ a]

ij is the reflection coefficient of the ith port if i=j with all other ports matched Tij is the forward transmission coefficient of the ith port if I>j with all other ports[5.5.2] matched Tij is the reverse transmission coefficient of the ith port if I<j with all other ports matched
Sij = bi aj
ak =0 ,k j

Vi Sij = bi aj =
a k =0 ,k j

Z 0i Z0 j
Vk+ 0 ,k j =

V j+
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VNA Calibration Proper calibration is critical!!! There are two basic calibration methods
Short, Open, Load and Thru (SOLT)
Calibrated to known standard( Ex: 50 ) Measurement plane at probe tip

Thru, Reflect, Line(TRL)

S-Parameters

Calibrated to line Z0
Helps create matched port condition.

Measurement plane moved to desired position set by calibration structure design.

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SOLT Calibration Structures

OPEN
S G

SHORT
S

Signal Ground

LOAD

THRU
S G S G

S-Parameters

S G

Calibration Substrate

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TRL Calibration Structures

TRL PCB Structures
Normalized Z0 to line De-embeds launch structure parasitics

Short
6mil wide gap

Open

S-Parameters

100 mils

100 mils

Thru

L1

Measurement Planes

L2

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Calibration- Verification
Always check the calibration prior to taking measurements.
Verify open, load etc..
Smith Chart: Open & Short should be inside the perimeter. Ideal response is dot at each location when probing the calibration structures.

S-Parameters

S11 (Short)

o o
Inductance Inductance
+j0.5 +j0.5 +j1.0 +j1.0

S11 (Open) S21/12 (Thru)

Short Short

0.2 0.2

Normalized Normalized Zo Zo 1.0

1.0

20 20

Open Open

-j0.5 -j0.5 -j1.0 -j1.0

S11 (load)
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Perimeter Zo Perimeter = 0+/- j X Zo = 0+/- j X

Normalized Normalized Zo = 0.2 - j1 Zo = 0.2 - j1

Capacitance Capacitance

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One Port Measurements

Practical sub 2 GHz technique for L & C data.
Structure must be electrically shorter than /4 of fmax . 1st order (Low Loss): Zin = jwL (Shorted transmission line)
Zin = 1/jwC (Open transmission line) For an electrically short structure V and I to order are ~constant.

At the short, we have Imax and Vmin .

S-Parameters

Measure L using a shorted transmission line with negligible loss.

At the open you have Vmax and Imin .

Measure C using an open transmission line with negligible loss.
RS= 50 V Open Zin = V/j C Section 5.5 44 DUT

= RS 50 V

DUT Current

Short

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One Port Measurements L & C

VNA - Format
Use Smith chart format to read L & C data
Inductance Inductance
+j0.5 +j0.5

o o
+j1.0 +j1.0

Short Short

0.2 0.2

Normalized Normalized Zo Zo 1.0

1.0

20 20

Open Open

S-Parameters

-j0.5 -j0.5 -j1.0 -j1.0

Perimeter Perimeter Zo = 0+/- j X Zo = 0+/- j X

Normalized Normalized Zo = 0.2 - j1 Zo = 0.2 - j1

Capacitance Capacitance

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Connector L & C
Use test board to measure connector inductance and capacitance
Measure values relevant to pinout Procedure
Measure test board L & C without connector Measure test board with connector Difference = connector parasitics

S-Parameters

Short

Open

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