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BRKEWN-3013
BRKEWN-3013
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BRKEWN-3013
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The Challenge
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Data
Normal Range Reduced Range
Voice
Video
Degraded Range
..That Dramatic Loss in Quality of Mobility Services Will Result When Wi-Fi Encounters Interference
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Wireless Trends
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Hotspot
System Management
Scalable Performance
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When the students returned this year, if you asked me what percentage of students are using the Wi-Fi network I would have told you 40%. I was shocked to see 85% of them using the Wi-Fi network.
Scott Ksander September 2009 Cisco Education TAB Purdue University
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vs.
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Use the same Tool to compare results! Recheck results from a known environment with version updates Free Tools Nothing is Free
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Interference Type
Far
(75 Feet)
End User Impact Reduced network capacity and coverage Poor quality voice and video Potential complete link failure IT Manager Impact Potential security breaches Support calls Increased cost of operation
BRKEWN-3013 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
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High SNR
Low SNR
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Stats/metrics include:
Noise (e.g., radar, Bluetooth devices, microwave ovens) Interference (802.11rogue APs) Signal (our APs) Load
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Detecting clients in coverage holes Deciding on Tx adjustment (typically Tx increase) on certain APs based on (in) adequacy of estimated downlink client coverage
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Both of these will increase Duty Cycle and make the problem worse if it is a dense network
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CCK
DSSS
OFDM 64 Byte 128 Byte 256 Byte 512 Byte 1024 Byte 2048 Bytes
Time/S
Frame Size/Bytes
0 Mbps 1 2 5.5 11 6 12 24 36 48 54 130 300
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Before 5% After
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Each SSID requires a separate Beacon Each SSID will advertise at the minimum mandatory data rate Disabled not available to a client Supported available to an associated client Mandatory Client must support in order to associate
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Channel Utilization Is the Aggregate of Every Radio on the Channel That Can Be Heard Above -85 dBm This Means Clients Too
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Neighbor Messages Are Sent from Each AP to Multicast Address 01:0B: 85:00:00:00
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Case 2 RF Groups
After conducting a multi floor active site survey using a 4400 and 10 x 1140 APs, coverage looked good at power levels 2-3. The customer then deployed 3500 series APs according to the plan, and RRM set the power levels to 6! Whats different about the 3500?
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RF Grouping
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RF Grouping
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RF Grouping
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About RF Groups
RF Groups Are Clusters of Controllers that Share the Same RF Group Name. RF Neighborhoods Are Groups of APs that Hear Each Other
Wireless Controller A RF Group = <asciii string>
RF Group Controllers Elect an RF Group Leader That Analyses RF Data and Neighbor Relationships to Make More Intelligent Decisions About Optimizing the RF Environment for the System
Wireless Controller B RF Group = <ascii string>
> - 80dBm
Neighbor Messages Are Sent At Full Power, Containing Information About the APs Seen, and Authenticated via a MIC Based on the RF Group Name
BRKEWN-3013 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
IF APs on Different Controllers Hear Neighbor Messages from APs in the Same RF Group at 80 dBm or Greater They Will Group in an RF Neighborhood, Channel, and Power Then Compute as a Group
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RFGroup - Bob
RF Neighborhood (b)
Multiple RF Neighborhoods can exist within a single RF Group RRM is calculated on a per RF neighborhood basis RF Neighborhoods can be inter-controller or intra-controller Multiple RF Neighborhoods may be formed even when controllers share same RF Group name
RF Groups/Neighborhoods Apply per PHY Type
RFGroup 1 RFGroup 1
RF Neighborhood (A)
RF Neighborhood (B)
RFGroup - Bob RF Neighborhood (E) RF Neighborhood (C) RF Neighborhood (A) RF Neighborhood (D) RF Neighborhood (B) RF Logical Neighborhood (C) RF sub-group (c)
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Configuring RF Grouping
RF Group Name Is Configured From: Controller > General on the WLC GUI: Configure > Controllers > controller > System > General in WCS:
By Default the RF Network Name and Mobility Domain Name Are the Same, but This Is Default Behavior
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RF Grouping
By looking at the RF neighborhoods from the network perspective, you can determine which APs are literally within the same RF domain or neighborhood. Placing like groups of APs into a separate RF group is perfectly ok, and in fact can provide much better design options
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Case -3 DCA
New Building installation CU has a very high density of I-phones Main Architect good RF knowledge Without RRM channel distribution matched plan With RRM APs on same channel adjacent to one another Did not trust RRM
Channel Utilization vs. Spectrum Expert did not match Neighbor Lists and spot check with Client card vastly different
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Neighbor Messages Are Sent Every 60 Seconds to the Multicast Address of 01:0B:85:00:00:00
BRKEWN-3013 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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1st
2nd
3rd
4th
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WLCCA View
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AP Placement
Omni Antennas have an Elevation pattern of a donut 12 dB attenuation between floors Customer intentionally stacked the APs to protect against direct exposure Had these been 1130s possibly a valid argument
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High 5 dB 5 dB 5 dB 5 dB
Medium 15 dB 20 dB 10 dB 15 dB
Low 30 dB 30 dB 20 dB 20 dB
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AP-16
CM
25 34 55 60 63 67 68 71 73 75 76 77 78 79 79 81 82 82 83 83 84 85 87 90 91
Worst
A CPCI List Is Created of All APs AP-11 in the Local RF Neighborhood AP-15
AP-19
AP-22
AP-6
AP-5
AP-5
AP-9
AP-18
AP-10
AP-21
Best
CPCI and First Hop Neighbor, Channel Change Is Allowed The Impact on the Second Hop Neighbor Is Considered in the Calculation, but No Channel Change Is Permitted
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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CM
25 34 55 60 63 67 68 71 73 75 76 77 78 79 79 81 82 82 83 83 84 85 87 90 91
Worst
AP-11
AP-19
AP-15 AP-5
AP-5
AP-18
AP-6
AP-9
AP-21
AP-10
AP-22
Best
NCCF Is Calculated on the Entire Group for Each Channel Plan Calculated A Plan Is Selected
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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CM
25 34 55 60 63 67 68 71 73 75 76 77 78 79 79 81 82 82 83 83 84 85 87 90 91
The CPCI and Its First Hop Neighbors Are Removed from the CPCI List
Worst
AP-11
AP-15
AP-6
AP-5
AP-5
AP-9
AP-10
Best
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CM
34 60 63 67 68 71 73 75 76 77 78 81 82 83 83 84 85 87 90 91
Worst
AP-7 AP-2
AP-8
AP-5
AP-19
AP-18
AP-22 Best
The Process Begins Again with the Remaining APs on the List Randomization Is Applied for Selection of the Next CPCI
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Back to Our Use Case Dont like RRMs answer what can be done? Change the question!
Move an AP on Either Floor Override Global for Just 1 AP and Let DCA Recalculate!
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TPCHow It Works
Assume an APs TX neighbors hear it at the following RSSI levels (listed in decreasing order; units are [dBm])
45, 55, 67, 75, 78, 80
TPC would recommend a Tx power decrease Important: The RSSI_3rd >? TPC_Threshold criterion only determines if Tx decrease is recommended
Whether the actual decrease takes place depends on hysteresis The delta between the current and the recommended Tx Hysterisis for a TX Power increase is 3 dB Hysterisis for a TX Power decrease is 3 dB
BRKEWN-3013 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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TPCHow It Works
There are two main TX power scenarios that can trigger an increase
There is no third neighbor will result in maximum power TPC Equation evaluates the recommended Tx_Ideal to be in between Tx_max and Tx_current (rather than lower than TX_current)
Power decreases take place gradually 1 power level at a time (3 dB) TPC power increases happen immediately
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TPC - Example
AP-6 RX-TX Neighbor List
Neighbor Ap2
AP-6
ap2 - tx ap6 - rx
AP-5
Neighbor
AP-3 AP-4 AP-2
Power 5 4 5 3
Ap1 has 2 neighbors, ap2 and ap6 Ap2 has three neighbors above TPC Threshold of -70 Ap6 has three neighbors above TPC Threshold of -70 Average the power settings for all 6 neighbors 4+5+3+5+4+5=26 26/6=4 Use power level 4 in smoothing algorithm for final TPC recommendation of 3 for AP1
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Note: Ensure You Select Apply in the Upper Right Hand Corner of the Screen to Save.
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Facts
At static power level 3 no clients on the network average channel utilization was 30-40%! At power level 7- Utilization was much lower at 10% more representative of what the unloaded network should look like Three options under current RRM
Add more APs too late Split RF group into new group Risky live hospital borders 1 full side of the new building separation was 6 meters Use TPC Min Max settings to raise power levels in this building Better less risk of affecting neighboring APs
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Note: Ensure You Select Apply in the Upper Right Hand Corner of the Screen to Save.
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BandSelect
Challenge
Dual-Band Clients Persistently Connect to 2.4 GHz 2.4GHz may have 802.11b/g clients causing contention 2.4GHz is prone to interference
Dual-Band Client Radio 2.4/5GHz
Solution
BandSelect Directs Clients to 5 GHz Optimizing RF usage Better usage of the higher capacity 5GHz band Frees up 2.4 GHz for single band clients
Discovery Probes Looking for AP
Discovery Response
2.4
802.11n
Optimized RF Utilization by Moving 5 GHz Capable Client Out of the Congested 2.4 GHz Channels
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BandSelect
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The Problem
X
802.11a/g
802.11n
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The Solution
802.11a/g
Beam Forming
802.11n
Intelligent Beam Forming Directs Signal to Improve Performance and Coverage for 802.11a/g Devices
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89.5%
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Faster data transmission, less retries = more efficient use of RF channel. Faster 11a/g transactions opens airtime for 11n devices, providing them improved experience
Test: 802.11a/g Device Measured at 16 Antenna Orientations with 802.11n Network Source: Miercom
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CleanAir Radio ASIC Uniquely Identify and Track Multiple Interferers Assess Unique Impact to Wi-Fi Performance Monitor AirQuality
Cisco CleanAir
BRKEWN-3013
High-Resolution Interference Detection and Classification Logic Embedded into Ciscos 802.11n Radio ASIC. Inline Operation with no CPU or Performance Impact.
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Noise is complicated
Collisions, fragments, corruption Wi-Fi that is below sensitivity threshold of the receiver
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BlueTooth BlueTooth
Power
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Power
Microwave Oven
Microwave Oven
Wireless Security
Policy Enforcement
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6 1 RRM
Channels 11, 6 and 1 Are Optimized for Maximum Performance and Minimum Interference
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
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6 1 RRM 11
Scanning 11, 6 and 1 Are Optimized Interference on Channel 6. Air ChannelsAvailable ChannelsQuality Is Affected. RRM Is Browsing the for Maximum Performance and List of Preferred Channels to Minimum Interference Resolve Conflict
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
6 1
86
6 11 1 RRM 11
Conflict Resolved. Information Is Being Changing to Channel 11 Relayed to RRM. Conflicting Channel Is Blocked from Future Use.
2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
X 6 1
87
CH 1
CH 1
CH 11
CH 1
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RF Matters
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Q&A
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Links
Cisco CleanAir solutions Farpoint Tech Note: Evaluating Interference in Wireless LANs: Recommended Practice (PDF; 220 KB) Farpoint Tech Note: Interference and Metro-Scale Wi-Fi Mesh Networks (PDF; 98 KB) Farpoint Tech Note: The Effects of Interference on Video Over Wi-Fi (PDF; 100 KB) Farpoint Tech Note: The Effects of Interference on VoFi Traffic (PDF; 88 KB) Farpoint Tech Note: The Invisible Threat: Interference and Wireless LANs (PDF; 83 KB) Farpoint Tech Note: The Effects of Interference on General WLAN Traffic (PDF; 88 KB) Protecting Wi-Fi Networks from Hidden Layer 1 Security Threats (PDF; 7 MB) RF Spectrum Policy: Future-Proof Wireless Investment Through Better Compliance 20 Myths of Wi-Fi Interference
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Thank you.
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