0508

44

trSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpf

tvif;&eH@

*sme,f

t*Fvdyfyx0Dynm&Sifqm[,fvfzd k @'f rufuif'gu 1904 ckESpfol&JŒ ausmf =um;wJ haqmif;yg;wpfyk'fjzpfwJ h “ord kif;.yx0Dqd kif&mqH kcsuf”

(The GeographicalPivot of History)

rSm w¶kwfud kowdxm;p&mtjzpf&nf!$ef;&if; tckvd ka&;cJ hygw,f? “tu,fI w¶kwfonfol@e,fedrdwfud kausmfvGef+yD; tiftm;csJŒum;vm+yD qdkv#if/ Tt&mu urB m}uD;vGwfvyfr_twGuft0ga&miftEW&m,fqd k;zG JŒwnfvmjcif; yifjzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm ol. yifv,frsufESmpmud k,la&;&Sm;

(Eurasia)

wd kuf}uD; wckvH k;txdqG Jqef @xnf hoGif;vm+yD;/ &if;jrpftm;vH k;oH k;pG J&if; ¶k&Sm;=oZmr}uD;Ed kifatmif rsKdcsypfrnftxd jzpfoGm;rnf?”rufuif'g axmufjywmu jzpfwwfwJh vlrsKd;a&; trsKd;om;a&;awG c%ab;z,fxm;? yx0DtjrifeJ@=unh f&if¶k&Sm;eJ @ tjcm;,la&;&Sm;Ed kifiHawG[m ukef;wGif;yd kif; tiftm;}uD;ayr,f h/ yifv,frsufESmpm csJŒum;zd k @twGufa&cJawGu ydwfum;xm;vd k@ tuef@towf &S daew,f? w¶kwfusawmhobm0qdyfurf;aumif;awGeJ@ urf;¶dk;wef; a&rd kif9000 ausmf&S dwmrd k@/ ukef;ydkif; yifv,fyd kif; tiftm;ESpfckpvHk;ud k ydkifqd kifxm;yg w,f? rufuif'gtaeeJ @ w¶kwf[m wae@ae@rSm ¶k&Sm;udkawmifv$rf;rd k;oGm;rSm olpd k;&drf a=umif; zGif hajymxm;ygw,f? quf+yD; rufuif'gajymwmu w¶kwf[m ol&JŒwGif;xGufypPnf;/ [dkuf'¶dkumAGef"eawGeJ @ A[d ktm&Sud kjzef @usuf+yD; ypdzdwfork'N&mud kt"duoabFmvrf;a=umif; zGifhxm;r,f? +yD;&if tar&du/ *&dwf+Adwdefwdk @eJ @tòydif urBmhav;yH kwpfyHkaom vlom; ,Ofaus;r_opf(taemufryg) ud kOD;aqmifoGm;vdrfhr,fwJ h? rufuif'g od'< dwifxm;wJ hw¶kwf&JŒ yx0Dtaetxm;u uae@ tvGefud k ta&;ygvmyg+yD? yx0Dtm;omr_u vuf&Sd pD;yGm;a&; pef;yGifhr_eJ@ trsKd;om;a&;pdwfjyif;xefr_wd k @xufud kw¶kwftwGufyd krsufESmomay;aew,fvd k @ qd k&ygr,f? qdkvd kwmu ESpf(30)avmufESpfpOf*sD'DyD(10)&mcd kifE_ef;eJ @ yH krSefpD;yGm;a&;rsOf;ajzmif htwd kif; wd k;wuf ae&muae ¶kwfw&ufxd k;pd kufqif;OD;awmh/ yx0DEd kifiHa&;A[d kcsufusr_u w¶kwfuk durB mh tv,frSm t+rJwrf;rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfaeapr,f hoabmygyJ?w¶kwf[m ol@&JŒA[dkuaecsKyfudkif+yD; vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ud kqGJwifr,fh“[dkuf' a&mvpf,Ofaus;r_”

(hydraulic civilization)

eJ @ taemufwd kif;pwd kifarmf'efjzpfr_udk tqHk;pGefa&morar$r,fhyHkpH&Sdygw,f? A[dkcsKyfudkifr_a=umif hyJ ayusif;tpdk;&[m oef;

w±k wftiftm;twGufyx0D

&Jjrif hausmf

45

tvif;&eH@

*sme,f

trSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpf

aygif;rsm;pGmaomvkyftm;eJ@ t"dutajccHtaqmufttHk

(infrastructure)

awGud kwnfaqmufEdkifcJ hygw,f? tJ'Dpepfa=umifhyJ'Drd kua&pDtpd k;&awGrvkyfEdkifwJhenf;vrf; awGeJ @ w¶kwf[m r&yfrem; wufºuG&SifoefaeyH k &ygw,f? ESpfaygif; 4000 avmufu pcJ hwJ h rif;quf(25)quf&JŒ yifyGm;rsKd;quf,ae@ w¶kwfuGefjrLepftkyfpd k;olrsm;[m taemufwd kif;enf;ynmawGeJ @ usif hoH k;yH kawGud kpkyf,l aew,f? taemufenf;ynmawGudkudk,fhud k,fyd kif,Ofaus;r_tawG@tóuHawGeJ@ pepf wusaygif;pyf+yD; tjcm;Ed kifiHi,fawGud krdrd&JŒ jrpfvufwufozG,fqufqHxm;ygw,f? pifumylt&m&S dwOD; ajymovd kqd k&if“w¶kwf[m cifAsm;ud kqG Jaqmifn‡ dKŒ,lcsif wJ htcg zrf;pm;n‡KdŒ,lr,f/ zspfn‡pfcsifwJhtcg zspfn‡pfr,f/ ESpfckpvH k;ud kvH k;0 pepfwus vkyfvdrf hr,f” wJ h? 'Dvd keJ @ w¶kwf&JŒ twGif;yd kif;wufºuG&Sifoefr_

(dynamism)

u jyify&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk zefqif;ay;vmygw,f?,ae@ w¶kwfjynf[m ol @e,fedrdwfawGud k}uH hcd kifatmifwnfaqmuf&if; jyify ud kacgif;jyLxGuf=unf hvmygw,f? w¶kwfEd kifiHjcm;a&;ay:vpD&nfrSef;csuf}uD;yH ku vGefcJ h wJ h &mpkESpfu tar&duefjynfaxmifpkvdkyJcyf=urf;=urf;&rf;&rf;? od k@aomfta=umif; w&m;trsKd;rsKd;eJ @ vkyfyH kenf;emawGrSm jcm;em;ygw,f? w¶kwfu ol @tpd k;&pepf(od k @) tdkif'Dtd kvd k*sDysHŒES Hapzd k @twGufEd kifiHwumud k rpf&SifawGv$wfwmrsKd; r&S dygbl;? tar&duef&JŒ &nfrSef;csufwcku Ed kifiHwuma&;&mawG rSm ol @*k%foduQmwufapzd k @? w¶kwfu 'grsKd;rvd kbl;? w¶kwf&JŒ Ed kifiHwumaqmif&Gufcsuf u ol @rSmvd ktyfaewJ hpGrf;tif/ owWK/ wGif;xGufawG&,lcsifvd k @? urB mhvlOD;a&&JŒ ig;yH kwpfyH k yrm%&S dwJ hol @vlxkud k vlaer_tqif htwef; jr‡if hwifay;zd k @? wdk;wufr_eJ@avmifpmqDtygt0if vdkcsifwm&zdk@qdk&if urBmhe,fajr b,favmufa0;ygap/ ayusif;tpd k;&u rd k;ajrtqH k;vdkuf+yD; pGef @pm;qufqHrSmyJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dvd kEd kifiHwumxGufqufqHzd k @ wGef;tm;ay;aewmu pD;yGm;a&;&Sifoefapr_qd kwJ hw¶kwf trsKd;om;a&;tusKd;pD;yGm;yg? w¶kwfud kt"dy` g,fzGifh=unfh&ifwu,faoG;xGufatmif rSefwJ hvufawG @yg0gorm;

(realist power)

?a&eHeJ @wGif;xGufaygºuG,f0wJ htmz&du ae&ma'o awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ud ktck ajcqef @xm;ygw,f? tdEN d,yifv,f/ awmifw¶kwfyifv,fqdyfurf;tm;vH k; xdef;csKyfEd kifzd k @ óud;pm;aeygw,f? 'Dvd kaqmif&Guf&mrSm w¶kwfu olqufqHaewJ htpd k;& bmtpd k;&jzpf w,fqd kwm *¶krpd kufbl;? b,fvd ktpd k;&yH kpHjzpfjzpfol @twGuftusKd;&S dr,fqd k&ifxdawGŒ oGm;rSmyJ jzpfygw,f?'ga=umif hvnf; tD&ef/ jrefrm/ ql'efwd k @vd k @ todynmuif;rJ hwJ htm%m&SifawG qDu &if;jrpfawGukd w¶kwfu t&rf;E_ duf,laewJhtcg oHwrefenf; rpf&Sifenf;awGeJ @ csOf;uyfzd k@óud;pm;wJhtar&duef/ tdEN d,wdk @eJ@ xdyfwdkufwdk;ukefygw,f?

46

trSwf(5)? azaz:0g7Dv 2011 ckeSpf

tvif;&eH@

*sme,f

'gayr,f hw¶kwfeJ @ tar&duef=um;rSm ppfjzpfavmufr,f htajctaeu a0;vS ygw,f? w¶kwfppfwyfu tar&duefud k+cdrf;ajcmuf&ifawmifoG,f0d kufwJ hyH kpHeJ @yJ&S dygr,f? w¶kwfe@Jywfouf+yD; tar&duefae@pOf&ifqdkifae&wJh aºuG;jy\em/ ukefoG,fa&;jy\em/ urBm}uD;ylaEG;r_jy\emawG&Sdvifhupm; wu,f w¶kwfpdefac:r,fht&muol@&JŒ yx0Dtm;omr_ygyJ?w¶kwfu ,la&;&Sm;eJ @ tmz&duwd k @tay: wae@wjcm; =oZmv$rf;rd k;vmr_[m 19 &mpkud kvd keDyH kpHrsKd; r[kwfbJ/ *vd kb,fvd kufaZ;&Sif;acwfeJ @ yd krd ktH0ifoif havsmfatmif oumzH k;yg;eyfvGef;wJ htðytrlrsKd; jzpfaeygw,f? ol @pD;yGm;a&;vd ktyfcsuftwGufta&SŒ urB mjcrf;&JŒ yg0gcsdefcGifv#mud kxdef;csKyfzd k @óud;pm;aer_u tar&duefud ktrsm;}uD; pd k;&drf ylyef aerxdxd kifrom jzpfapygw,f? ajryH kt& ukef;ajreJ @ yifv,frsufESmomay;r_tajctaea=umif hw¶kwf[m A[d ktm&Suae awmifw¶kwfyifv,f/ ¶k&Sm;ta&SŒzsm;uae tdEN d,yifv,ftxdjrifjrif xifxifcsJŒum;aeygw,f? wd kuf}uD;wckvH k;twGuf=oZmtm%m }uD;xGm;vmwmeJ @ tr#/ eyd kvD,HwcguajymcJ hwJ h“w¶kwfeJ @ tm&SEd kifiHawG&JŒ rl0g'awG[m a&&SnfrSm olwdk @ yx0Dtaetxm;xJuyJxGufvmr,f” qd kwJ h pum;[m yd krSefvmaeygw,f?

pyfzsOf;zsOf; e,fpyfa&m*gpkrsm;

pifusef;eJ @ wdbufu w¶kwf,Ofaus;r_udkt+rJckcHwwfwJ h vlawGaexdkifwJ h a'o}uD;ESpfckyg? 'Da'oESpfck&JŒ vlrsKd;a&; trsKd;om;a&; wif;rmr_rsm;u ayusif;òrdŒawmfeJ @ eD;pyfwJhjynfe,frsm;txd ¶_yfaxG;r_awG jzpfay:vmapygw,f?w¶kwfjynftaemufbuftusqH k; jynfe,f&JŒtrnfpifusef; qd kwm “vuf atmufcHyd kifeufopf”

(new dominion)

vd k @ qd kvd kygw,f? tar&duefwufqyfjynf e,fESpfqcef @ &S dygw,f? w¶kwf-wmupPwefvlrsKd;awGjzpf+yD; w¶kwfjynftcsuftjcm&JŒ ta0;rSm *d kbDoJuEWm&ud kjzwfvsufwnf&Sdygw,f? w¶kwfeJ @ pifusef;[m ESpfaxmif aygif;rsm;pGm oD;jcm;pD wnf&S dcJh&mu/ 19 &mpk aESmif;ydkif;usrS pifusef;[m w¶kwf&JŒ tpdwftyd kif;wpfck jzpfoGm;&ygw,f?20 &mpk+Adwdo# oHwrefqmzpfZf¶GdKif; rufvefajymovd kqd k&ifpifusef;a'o [m w¶kwfatmufa&mufoGm;uwnf;u vGwfvyfa&;twGufykefuefr_awGawmuf av#mufjzpfvmvd kufwm 1940 jynf hvGefESpfrsm;txd ygyJwJ h? 1949 ckESpfrSmawmharmfpDwkef;uGefjrLepfawGpifusef;xJud kcsDwufvmw,f? twif;t=uyfowfjzwf+yD; w¶kwfjynf&JŒ tpdwftyd kif;tjzpfpifusef;ud kaocsmatmif vkyfypfvd kufw,f? 'gayr,f h1990 eJ @ 1991 rSm tJ'Da'ou wmupf-O&*g rsKd;EG,fpkawG u ayusif;tpd k;&ud kqef @usifqENjyr_awGvkyfcJ h=uygw,f? wmupf-O&*g rsKd;EG,fpkawG