MC LC

MC LC...........................................................................................................................1 CHNG I.........................................................................................................................4 TNG QUAN V MNG VIN THNG........................................................................4 1.1. Cc mng vin thng truyn thng...............................................................................4 1.1.1. Khi nim v mng vin thng..............................................................................4 1.1.2. Cc c im ca mng vin thng hin nay........................................................6 1.1.3. S lc mng vin thng Vit Nam......................................................................8 1.1.4. Cac cng cu hoach inh mang.............................................................................12 1.1.5. Hoch nh mng.................................................................................................20 1.2. Mng vin thng th h mi NGN(Next Generation Network).................................21 1.2.1. Khi nim............................................................................................................21 1.2.2. c im ca mng NGN....................................................................................22 1.2.3.Cc cng ngh trong mng NGN.........................................................................24 CHNG II......................................................................................................................26 KHI QUT H THNG CHUYN MCH S...........................................................26 2.1. Phn tich mt cuc goi...............................................................................................26 2.1.1. Tn hiu nhc my ( off-hook).............................................................................26 2.1.2. S nhn dng thu bao gi..................................................................................26 2.1.3. S phn phi b nh v kt ni cc thit b dng chung.....................................27 2.1.4. Cc ch s a ch................................................................................................28 2.1.5. Phn tch ch s...................................................................................................28 2.1.6. Thit lp ng dn chuyn mch.......................................................................29 2.1.7. Dng chung v m hiu chung........................................................................29 2.1.8. Tn hiu tr li.....................................................................................................30 2.1.9. Gim st...............................................................................................................30 2.1.10. Tn hiu xa kt ni...........................................................................................30 2.2. K thut bo hiu trong h thng chuyn mch s....................................................31 2.2.1. Gii thiu chung......................................................................................................31 2.2.1.1. Khi nim.........................................................................................................31 2.2.1.2. Cc chc nng bo hiu....................................................................................31 2.2.1.3. c im cc h thng bo hiu.......................................................................32 2.2.1.4. h thng thng tin bo hiu..............................................................................32 2.2.1.5. K thut bo hiu..............................................................................................32 2.2.2. Ni dung ca bo hiu.............................................................................................32 2.2.2.1. Phn tch cuc gi............................................................................................32 2.2.2.2. Phn loi bo hiu............................................................................................32 2.2.3. Phng php truyn dn bo hiu...........................................................................37 2.2.3.1. Bo hiu knh kt hp......................................................................................38 2.2.3.2. Bo hiu knh chung........................................................................................40 2.2.4. Bo hiu s 7...........................................................................................................42 2.2.4.1. Khi nim chung...............................................................................................42 2.2.4.2. Phn mc trong bo hiu s 7..........................................................................45 2.2.5. X l bo hiu trong tng i..................................................................................46 2.2.5.1. Gii thiu..........................................................................................................46 2.2.5.2. S nh tuyn trong tng i............................................................................47 2.2.5.3. Cc b thu pht bo hiu..................................................................................51 2.2.5.4. Cc b to tone v bn tin thng bo...............................................................53 1

2.4. Chuyn mach..............................................................................................................56 2.4.1. Chuyn mch phn chia theo tng.......................................................................57 2.4.2. K thut chuyn mch.........................................................................................60 2.5. iu khin tng i....................................................................................................61 2.5.1. Hin thc trong cc tng i nhn cng..............................................................62 2.5.2. iu khin chung.................................................................................................63 2.6. Gii thiu tng quan mt tng ai ky thut s SPC...................................................63 CHNG III.....................................................................................................................68 K THUT CHUYN MCH S..................................................................................68 3.1. Gii thiu chung.........................................................................................................68 3.2. Chuyn mach khng gian ky thut s.........................................................................70 3.3. Chuyn mach thi gian s..........................................................................................74 3.4. Cac cu truc cua cac khi chuyn mach s dung lng ln.......................................78 3.4.1. Gii thiu chung..................................................................................................78 3.4.2. Khi chuyn mch T-S-T....................................................................................80 3.4.3. Khi chuyn mch knh 2 hng........................................................................82 3.5. iu khin cac khi chuyn mach s.........................................................................84 3.5.1. S khi va cac chc nng...............................................................................84 3.5.2. Thut toan chon ng ri..................................................................................93 3.5.3. tin cy va an toan khi chuyn mach.............................................................95 CHNG IV....................................................................................................................98 KY THUT CHUYN MACH GOI................................................................................98 4.1. Nhng khi nim chuyn mch gi............................................................................98 4.1.1. Khi nim v chuyn mch gi (packet switching).............................................98 4.1.2. Mng chuyn mch gi PSN (Packet Switching Network).................................99 4.2. Phng thc hot ng c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi PSN............................102 4.2.1. Khi qut...........................................................................................................102 4.2.2. Cc ch lm vic ca mng chuyn mch gi..............................................103 4.2.3. Nhng s c v chin lc khc phc...............................................................106 4.3. ng gi thng tin....................................................................................................110 4.3.1. Cu trc gi.......................................................................................................110 4.3.2. Phng php kim tra sai CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)...........................112 4.3.3. Kch thc gi...................................................................................................113 4.4. K thut ghp knh trong mng chuyn mch gi...................................................116 4.4.1. S lc v k thut STDM (Statistical Time Division Multiplexing)...........116 4.4.2. Hot ng ghp knh trn mch o mng TYMNET....................................119 4.5. nh tuyn trong mng PSN.....................................................................................121 4.5.1. Gii thiu...........................................................................................................121 4.5.2. Cc phng php nh tuyn c bn.................................................................121 4.5.3. Mt vi gii thut tm ng ngn nht thng dng.........................................129 4.6. iu khin lung d liu..........................................................................................130 4.6.1. Gii thiu...........................................................................................................130 4.6.2. Phng php ca s dch...................................................................................130 4.7. Mt s giao thc chuyn mch gi...........................................................................133 4.7.1. Giao thc X.25..................................................................................................133 4.7.2. Giao thc TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)............134 CHNG V....................................................................................................................140 CNG NGH CHUYN MCH ATM........................................................................140 5.1. Tng quan v ATM..................................................................................................140 5.1.1. Gii thiu v ATM............................................................................................140

5.1.2. Cu trc v giao din ngi s dng mng.......................................................141 5.1.3. T bo ATM......................................................................................................144 5.1.4. S m t v xo trn t bo...............................................................................149 5.1.5. Phn lp ATM v BISDN.................................................................................149 5.1.6. Cc dch v: hng kt ni v khng kt ni....................................................156 5.1.7. Chuyn mch v nh tuyn trong B ISDN/ ATM.........................................158 5.1.8. Cc yu cu bo hiu.........................................................................................161 5.1.9. Cht lng dch v............................................................................................162 5.1.10. S truyn ti cc t bo ATM..........................................................................166 5.2. Cc h thng chuyn mch ATM.............................................................................171 5.2.1. Tng quan v mng ATM.................................................................................171 5.2.2. Cu trc tng chuyn mch ATM.....................................................................174 5.3. Cc khi nim trong chuyn mch ATM.................................................................177 5.3.1. Hin tng Blocking lin kt ni (bn trong)...................................................177 5.3.2. S tranh chp cng ra (Output Port Contention)...............................................178 5.3.3. Head-of-Line Blocking......................................................................................178 5.3.4. K thut truyn Multicasting.............................................................................179 5.3.5. S phn i cuc gi (Call Splitting)................................................................179 5.4. Phn loi kin trc chuyn mch ATM....................................................................181 5.4.1. Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian.............................................................182 5.4.2. Chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian..........................................................185 CHNG VI...................................................................................................................196 CNG NGH CHUYN MCH MPLS........................................................................196 6.1. Khi nim c bn v chuyn mch nhn..................................................................196 6.2. Tng quan v cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc.......................................199 6.2.1. Cc c im c bn ca cng ngh MPLS ....................................................199 6.2.2. Cch thc hot ng ca MPLS .......................................................................200 6.2.3. Cc thut ng trong MPLS................................................................................203 6.2.4. Cc c tnh hot ng, iu hnh ca MPLS...................................................209 6.2.5. Kin trc ngn xp trong MPLS........................................................................210 TI LIU THAM KHO...............................................................................................212

CHNG I TNG QUAN V MNG VIN THNG 1.1. Cc mng vin thng truyn thng 1.1.1. Khi nim v mng vin thng Mng vin thng l phng tin truyn a thng tin t u pht ti u thu. Mng c nhim v cung cp cc dch v cho khch hng. Mng vin thng bao gm cc thnh phn chnh: thit b chuyn mch, thit b truyn dn, mi trng truyn v thit b u cui.

Thit b chuyn mch gm c tng i ni ht v tng i qu giang. Cc thu bao c ni vo tng i ni ht v tng i ni ht c ni vo tng i qu giang. Nh cc thit b chuyn mch m ng truyn dn c dng chung v mng c th c s dng mt cch kinh t. Thit b truyn dn dng ni thit b u cui vi tng i, hay gia cc tng i thc hin vic truyn a cc tn hiu in. Thit b truyn dn chia lm hai loi: thit b truyn dn pha thu bao v thit b truyn dn cp quang. Thit b truyn dn pha thu bao dng mi trng thng l cp kim loi, tuy nhin c mt s trng hp mi trng truyn l cp quang hoc v tuyn. Mi trng truyn bao gm truyn hu tuyn v v tuyn. Truyn hu tuyn bao gm cp kim loi, cp quang. Truyn v tuyn bao gm vi ba, v tinh.

 Thit b u cui cho mng thoi truyn thng gm my in thoi, my Fax, my tnh, tng i PABX(Private Automatic Branch Exchange). Mng vin thng cng c th c nh ngha nh sau: Mng vin thng l mt h thng gm cc nt chuyn mch c ni vi nhau bng cc ng truyn dn. Nt c phn thnh nhiu cp v kt hp vi cc ng truyn dn to thnh cc cp mng khc nhau.

Mng vin thng hin nay c chia thnh nhiu loi. l mng mc li, mng sao, mng tng hp, mng vng kn v mng thang. Cc loi mng ny c u im v nhc im khc nhau ph hp vi cc c im ca tng vng a l (trung tm, hi o, bin gii,) hay vng lu lng (lu thoi cao, thp,). Mng vin thng hin nay c phn cp nh hnh 1.3 Trong mng hin nay gm 5 nt: Nt cp 1: trung tm chuyn mch qu giang quc t. Nt cp 2: trung tm chuyn mch qu giang ng di. Nt cp 3: trung tm chuyn mch qu giang ni ht. Nt cp 4: trung tm chuyn mch ni ht. Nt cp 5: trung tm chuyn mch t xa.

1.1.2. Cc c im ca mng vin thng hin nay Cc mng vin thng hin ti c c im chung l tn ti mt cch ring l, ng vi mi loi dch v thng tin li c t nht mt loi mng vin thng ring bit phc v dch v n. Mng Telex: dng gi cc bc in di dng k t c m ho bng 5 bit (m Baudot). Tc truyn rt thp (t 75 ti 300 bit/s). Mng in thoi cng cng, cn gi l mng POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service): y thng tin ting ni c s ha v chuyn mch h thng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN. Mng truyn s liu: bao gm cc mng chuyn mch gi trao i s liu gia cc my tnh da trn giao thc ca X.25 v h thng truyn s liu chuyn mch knh da trn cc giao thc X.21. Cc tn hiu truyn hnh c th c truyn theo ba cch: truyn bng sng v tuyn, truyn qua h thng mng truyn hnh cp CATV (Community Antenna Television) bng cp ng trc hoc truyn qua h thng v tinh hay cn gi l truyn hnh trc tip DBS (Direct Broadcast System).

Trong phm vi c quan, s liu gia cc my tnh c trao i thng qua mng cc b LAN (Local Area Network) m ni ting nht l mng Ethernet, Token Bus v Token Ring. Mi mng c thit k cho cc dch v ring bit v khng th s dng cho cc mc ch khc. V d ta khng th truyn ting ni qua mng chuyn mch gi X.25 v tr qua mng ny qu ln. Ngi ta chia mng Vin thng theo cc kha cnh sau: Xt v gc k thut bao gm cc mng chuyn mch, mng truyn dn, mng truy nhp, mng bo hiu v mng ng b. Xt v gc dch v th mng Vin thng gm cc mng sau: mng in thoi c nh, mng in thoi di ng v mng truyn s liu PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network) L mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng. PSTN phc v thoi v bao gm hai loi tng i: tng i ni ht (cp 5), v tng i tandem (tng i qu giang ni ht, cp 4). Tng i tandem c ni vo cc tng i Toll gim mc phn cp. Phng php nng cp cc tandem l b sung cho mi nt mt ATM core. Cc ATM core s cung cp dch v bng rng cho thu bao, ng thi hp nht cc mng s liu hin nay vo mng chung ISDN. Cc tng i cp 4 v cp 5 l cc tng i loi ln. Cc tng i ny c kin trc tp trung, cu trc phn mm v phn cng c quyn. ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) L mng s tch hp dch v. ISDN cung cp nhiu loi ng dng thoi v phi thoi trong cng mt mng v xy dng giao tip ngi s dng mng a dch v bng mt s gii hn cc kt ni ISDN cung cp nhiu ng dng khc nhau bao gm cc kt ni chuyn mch v khng chuyn mch. Cc kt ni chuyn mch ca ISDN bao gm nhiu chuyn mch thc, chuyn mch gi v s kt hp ca chng. Cc dch v mi phi tng hp vi cc kt ni chuyn mch s 64 kbit/s. ISDN phi cha s thng minh cung cp cho cc dch v, bo dng v cc chc nng qun l mng, tuy nhin tnh thng minh ny c th khng cho mt vi dch v mi v cn c tng cng t mng hoc t s thng minh thch ng trong cc thit b u cui ca ngi s dng. S dng kin trc phn lp lm c trng ca truy xut ISDN. Truy xut ca ngi s dng n ngun ISDN c th khc nhau ty thuc vo dch v yu cu v tnh trng ISDN ca tng quc gia. PSDN (Public Switching Data Network)

L mng chuyn mch s liu cng cng. PSDN ch yu cung cp cc dch v s liu. Mng PSDN bao gm cc PoP (Point of Presence) v cc thit b truy nhp t xa. Hin nay PSDN ang pht trin vi tc rt nhanh do s bng n ca dch v Internet v cc mng ring o (Virtual Private Network). Mng di ng GSM (Global System for Mobile Telecom) L mng cung cp dch v thoi tng t nh PSTN nhng qua ng truy nhp v tuyn. Mng ny chuyn mch da trn cng ngh ghp knh phn thi gian v cng ngh ghp knh phn tn s. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng ny l: BSC (Base Station Controller), BTS (Base Transfer Station), HLR (Home Location Register), VLR ( Visitor Location Register) v MS ( Mobile Subscriber). Hin nay cc nh cung cp dch v thu c li nhun phn ln t cc dch v nh leased line, Frame Relay, ATM, v cc dch v kt ni c bn. Tuy nhin xu hng gim li nhun t cc dch v ny bt buc cc nh khai thc phi tm dch v mi da trn IP m bo li nhun lu di. VPN l mt hng i ca cc nh khai thc. Cc dch v da trn nn IP cung cp kt ni gia mt nhm cc user xuyn qua mng h tng cng cng. VPN c th p ng cc nhu cu ca khch hng bng cc kt ni dng any-to-any, cc lp a dch v, cc dch v gi thnh qun l thp, ring t, tch hp xuyn sut cng vi cc mng Intranet/Extranet. Mt nhm cc user trong Intranet v Extranet c th hot ng thng qua mng c nh tuyn IP. Cc mng ring o c chi ph vn hnh thp hn hn so vi mng ring trn phng tin qun l, bng thng v dung lng. Hiu mt cch n gin, VPN l mt mng m rng t qun nh mt s la chn c s h tng ca mng WAN. VPN c th lin kt cc user thuc mt nhm kn hay gia cc nhm khc nhau. VPN c nh ngha bng mt ch qun l. Cc thu bao VPN c th di chuyn n mt kt ni mm do tri di t mng cc b n mng hon chnh. Cc thu bao ny c th dng trong cng (Intranet) hoc khc (Extranet) t chc. Tuy nhin cn lu rng hin nay mng PSTN/ISDN vn ang l mng cung cp cc dch v d liu. 1.1.3. S lc mng vin thng Vit Nam Cu trc mng phc v cho cc dch v thng tin nh thoi, s liu, fax, telex v cc dch v khc nh in thoi di ng , nhn tin, nn nc ta hin nay ngoi mng chuyn mch cng cng cn c cc mng ca mt s dch v khc. Ring mng Telex khng kt ni vi mng thoi ca VNPT, cn cc mng khc u c kt ni vo mng ca VNPT thng qua cc knh trung k hoc cc b MSU

(Main Switch Unit), mt s khc li truy nhp vo mng PSTN qua cc knh thu bao bnh thng, s dng k thut DLC(Digital Loop Carrier), k thut truy nhp v tuyn, V cu trc mng, mng vin thng ca VNPT hin nay chia thnh 3 cp: cp quc t, cp quc gia, cp ni tnh/thnh ph. Xt v kha cnh cc chc nng ca cc h thng thit b trn mng th mng vin thng bao gm: mng chuyn mch, mng truy nhp, mng truyn dn v cc mng chc nng. Mng chuyn mch Mng chuyn mch c 4 cp (da trn cc cp tng i chuyn mch): qu giang quc t, qu giang ng di, ni tnh v ni ht. Ring ti thnh ph H Ch Minh c thm cp qu giang ni ht. Hin nay mng VNPT c cc trung tm chuyn mch quc t v chuyn mch quc gia H Ni, Nng, Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Mch ca cc bu in tnh cng ang pht trin m rng. Nhiu tnh, thnh ph xut hin cc cu trc mng vi nhiu tng i Host, cc thnh ph ln nh H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh v ang trin khai cc Tandem ni ht. Mng vin thng ca VNPT hin ti c chia lm 5 cp, trong tng lai s c gim t 5 cp xung 4 cp. Mng ny do cc thnh vin ca VNPT iu hnh: l VTI, VTN v cc bu in tnh. VTI qun l cc tng i chuyn mch qu giang quc t, VTN qun l cc tng i chuyn mch qu giang ng di ti 3 trung tm H Ni, Nng v TpHCM. Phn cn li do cc bu in tnh qun l. Cc loi tng i c trn mng vin thng Vit Nam: A1000E ca Alcatel, NEAX61 ca NEC, AXE10 ca Ericsson, EWSD ca Siemens. Cc cng ngh chuyn mch c s dng: chuyn mch knh (PSTN), X.25 relay, ATM (s liu). Nhn chung mng chuyn mch ti Vit Nam cn nhiu cp v vic iu khin b phn tn trong mng (iu khin nm ti cc tng i). Mng truy nhp Vi tng mng cung cp dch v khc nhau m c mng truy nhp tng ng. Vic tm hiu mng truy nhp l phn SV t nghin cu. Mng truyn dn Cc h thng thit b truyn dn trn mng vin thng VNPT hin nay ch yu s dng hai loi cng ngh l: cp quang SDH v viba PDH. Mng truyn dn c 2 cp: mng truyn dn lin tnh v mng truyn dn ni tnh.
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Mng truyn dn lin tnh: Bao gm cc h thng truyn dn bng cp quang, bng v tuyn. o Mng truyn dn lin tnh bng cp quang: Mng truyn dn ng trc quc gia ni gia H Ni v TpHCM di 4000km, s dng STM-16/2F-BSHR, c chia thnh 4 vng ring ti H Tnh, Nng, Qui Nhn v TpHCM. Vng 1: H Ni H Tnh (884km) Vng 2: H Tnh Nng (834km) Vng 3: Nng Qui Nhn (817km) Vng 4: Qui Nhn TpHCM (1424km) Cc ng truyn dn khc: H Ni Hi Phng, H Ni Ha Bnh, TpHCM Vng Tu, H Ni Ph L Nam nh, Nng Tam K. Cc tuyn truyn dn lin tnh ny dng STM-4. Ring tuyn H Ni Nam nh, Nng Tam K vn cn s dng PDH, trong tng lai s thay th bng SDH. o Mng truyn dn lin tnh bng v tuyn: Dng h thng vi ba SDH (STM-1, dung lng 155Mbps), PDH (dung lng 4Mbps, 6Mbps, 140Mbps). Ch c tuyn Bi Chy Hn Gai dng SDH, cc tuyn khc dng PDH.

Mng truyn dn ni tnh: Khong 88% cc tuyn truyn dn ni tnh s dng h thng viba. Trong tng lai khi nhu cu ti tng th cc tuyn ny s c thay th bi h thng truyn dn quang. Mng bo hiu Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit Nam s dng c hai loi bo hiu R2 v SS7. Mng bo hiu s 7 (SS7) c a vo khai thc ti Vit Nam theo chin lc trin khai t trn xung di theo tiu chun ca ITU (khai thc th nghim t nm 1995 ti VTN v VTI). Cho n nay, mng bo hiu s 7 hnh thnh vi mt cp STP (im chuyn mch bo hiu) ti 3 trung tm (H Ni, Nng, H Ch Minh) ca 3 khu vc (Bc, Trung, Nam) v phc v kh hiu qu.

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Bo hiu cho PSTN ta c R2 v SS7, i vi mng truyn s liu qua IP c H.323, i vi ISDN c bo hiu knh D, Q.931, Mng ng b Mng ng b ca VNPT thc hin xy dng giai on 1 v giai on 2 vi ba ng h ch PRC ti H Ni, Nng, TP H Ch Minh v mt s ng h th cp SSU. Mng ng b Vit Nam hot ng theo nguyn tc ch t c d phng, bao gm 4 cp, hai loi giao din chuyn giao tn hiu ng b ch yu l 2 MHz v 2 Mb/s. Pha 3 ca qu trnh pht trin mng ng b ang c trin khai nhm nng cao hn na cht lng mng v cht lng dch v. Cc cp ca mng ng b c phn thnh 4 cp nh sau: Cp 0: cp ng h ch. Cp 1: cp nt quc t v nt quc gia. Cp 2: cp nt ni ht. Cp 3: cp nt ni ht. Mng c phn thnh 3 vng c lp, mi vng c 2 ng h mu, mt ng h chnh (Cesium) v mt ng h d phng (GSP). Cc ng h ny c t ti trung tm ca 3 vng v c iu chnh theo phng thc cn ng b. Cc tng i quc t v Toll trong vng c iu khin bi ng h ch theo phng php ch t. Cc tng i Tandem v Host ti cc tnh hot ng bm theo cc tng i Toll theo phng php ch t. Cc tng i huyn (RSS) cng hot ng bm theo cc Host theo phng php ch t. Mng qun l

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D n xy dng trung tm qun l mng vin thng quc gia ang trong qu trnh chun b tin ti trin khai. Cc nh cung cp dch v Ti nc ta c 2 dng nh cung cp dch v: l cc nh cung cp dch v truyn thng (ch yu l thoi) v nh cung cp dch v mi (cc dch v s liu, Internet, ). Cc nh khai thc dch v truyn thng bao gm tng cng ty bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT), cng ty vin thng qun i (Vietel), cng ty c phn vin thng Si Gn (SPT), cng ty vin thng in lc (ETC). Cc nh khai thc dch v mi bao gm FPT, SPT, Netnam, 1.1.4. Cac cng cu hoach inh mang K hoach anh s Trong phn nay chung ta se tim hiu v cac inh dang cua cac con s (thinh thoang goi la cac ia chi) dung nhn dang cac thu bao cua cac mang Vin thng.

S thu bao (s th muc): Vung ia ly cua mt quc gia c chia thanh cac vung anh s ring re va cac s thu bao (SN Subscriber numbers) nhn dang cac ng dy thu bao trong mt vung anh s cu th. Mt SN bao gm mt ma tng ai (EC Exchange Code) nhn dang mt tng ai trong mt vung anh s, c biu din bi mt s ng truyn (LN) nh sau: SN = EC + LN S quc gia: Trong mt nc, mt thu bao c nhn dang bi mt s quc gia (NN National Number), bao gm mt ma vung (AC Area Code), ma vng l m dung nhn dang vung anh s, c biu din bi mt s thu bao nh sau: NN = AC + SL = AC + EC + LN S quc t: Trn th gii mt thu bao c nhn dang bi mt s quc t(IN International Number). S nay bao gm mt ma quc gia(CC Country Code), c biu din theo mt s quc gia nh sau: IN = CC + NN = CC + AC+ EC + LN

Khi mt thu bao S1 goi mt thu bao c t cung mt vung anh s, thi thu bao S1 khng quay s thu bao SN. Nu thu bao c goi sng cung mt nc nhng mt vung khac thi S1 quay s NN va nu thu bao c goi sng mt nc khac thi S1 cn phai quay s IN

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K hoach anh s quc gia thi inh nghia cac inh dang cua thu bao va cua s quc gia. Hu ht cac quc gia u co k hoach anh s cua ring minh. K hoach truyn dn Kin truc thc t cua bt ky mt mang u phu thuc vao mt s cac yu t, mt trong nhng yu t quan trong nht la cac tiu chun truyn dn. Bt ky mt tin hiu nao c truyn u mc phai hin tng suy giam, mc suy giam ti l vi chiu dai cua ng truyn dn. Qua trinh chuyn mach trong tng ai cung lam suy giam tin hiu. tt ca cac cuc goi c chp nhn cn phai gi s ng dang cua ting noi ngi nghe hiu c, vi vy mt k hoach truyn dn cho mang lun lun c yu cu. Mt k hoach truyn dn tinh toan cac tht thoat ti a cho phep cua tt ca cac loai ng truyn, ng thi cung tinh toan cac tht thoat ti thiu, bi vi nhng ting lao xao do suy giam trong tin hiu ting noi la khng th chp nhn c. Hinh 1.9 trinh bay mt vi du cua mt k hoach truyn, trn o chi ra cac tht thoat thng qua ai lng Decibels(dB). Cac tht thoat nay co c bng nhiu phng phap o ac khac nhau trong nhiu mang khac nhau. Trong cac mang ni hat, cac kt ni cua thu bao bao gm cac cp dy ng, mi thu bao c cp mt cp. Chung c coi nh la phn u t quan trong va kem hiu qua vi lng tai trung binh hang ngay trn mi thu bao la rt thp. Gia thanh c giam ti thiu bng cach dung cac dy co chi s gauge thp. Tuy nhin, cac dy manh hn co suy giam ln hn trn mt n vi chiu dai. Vi vy cn phai gii han chiu dai cac kt ni thu bao. iu nay anh hng vi tri cua cac tng ai va hoach inh vung mang ni hat.

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Trong mang hp ni, cac tuyn gia cac tng ai c dung phu hp vi yu cu cua tai, va cng tai trn chung cao hn trong mang ni hat. Vi vy phai dung cac dy co chi s gauge cao hn giam thiu mc suy giam tin hiu trn mt n vi chiu dai. Vi suy giam khng n inh nn mt vai tuyn co qui m ln hn so vi khuch ai to ra khng kinh t va it c dung. Trong nhng nm gn y ngi ta dung truyn dn s trong mang hp ni, dung ky thut iu ch xung theo ma(PCM) khc phuc c vn nu trn. Thuc tinh vn co cua PCM la dung cac ng dn ring bit cho mi hng truyn, tai tao tin hiu thay vi khuch ai em n cht lng truyn dn cao hn cung nh n inh hn. Cng tai trung binh trn cac tuyn trung k ln hn hoc bng vi cng tai trn mang hp ni. Tai trung k c tp trung t s ln cac thu bao, va cac tuyn c h tr mt cach chinh xac phu hp vi nhu cu thc t( ngc

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lai cac mach ni hat phai c h tr mt cach tuy y khng phu thuc vao tai trn chung). Hn na, mang trung k thc hin mt s lng ln ca cac im chuyn mach va cac ng truyn dn. Do o no tr thanh mt thanh phn cn lam vic khn trng va hiu qua cao tranh tinh trang tht thoat trong vic x ly cac cuc goi. iu nay co th thc hin c bng cach xy dng cac chin lc inh tuyn gii han s lng cac lin kt trung k trong mi cuc goi, bng cach khuch ai trn cac tuyn analog va dung ky thut truyn dn s. Vi cac b khuych ai la cac thit bi khng inh hng nn cac mach 4 dy c dung trn cac tuyn analog co khuch ai. B chuyn i 2 dy sang 4 dy c dung nhng ni mach trung k khuch ai 4 dy c ni vi cac trung tm chuyn mach 2 dy. Do o, mt khi s truyn 4 dy ang c s dung thi cac trung tm chuyn mach 4 dy tr nn c a chung hn. Mt chin lc inh tuyn thng c dung nht la nu mt cuc goi yu cu nhiu hn hai lin kt trung k, chung se c inh tuyn qua tng cao nht cua mang trung k trung vi cac tng ai 4 dy va cac ng truyn dn ring. S khuch ai giam tht thoat qua mang tao iu kin mc tht thoat co th bng khng. Vn suy giam c khc phuc mt cach ang k trong cac mang truyn dn s va co u th v chuyn mach. Ban cht t nhin cua truyn dn s co th at c s n inh trong cng tac truyn dn, nh co cac b lp(repeater) tai inh tin hiu s, hn hn phng phap khuych ai trong truyn dn tng t v kha nng khang nhiu(noise). Thc vy, trong mang s hoa hoan toan, s suy giam con c xem nh mt phng phap nhn tao tao cam giac d chiu cho ngi nghe. Do o, trong mi trng s hoa tt ca cac kt ni la rt tt. Hn na hin nay chuyn mach s re hn chuyn mach tng t. Tt ca h thng mang hin ai u da trn ca chuyn mach s va truyn dn s. Thc t hin tai cap quang a c thay th cho cac mi trng truyn dn khac. Ro rang trong tt ca cac cuc goi quc t se dung mt s cac lin kt truyn dn it nht la cua hai quc gia, no oi hoi phai co khuch ai va tai sinh tin hiu. Tt ca cac cuc goi quc t do o se c h tr cac ng truyn 4 dy cung nh chuyn mach 4 dy ngay tai tng ai chuyn mach quc t. Cac ng cap xuyn ai dng va cac ng viba c cung cp bi cac v tinh hinh thanh nn cac ng truyn quc t c ban, va cac cu vi ba c dung phu kin trong cac mang chu luc. S phan xa tin hiu tin hiu tng i lu c dung thng tin vi nhng vung nm bn kia chn tri. Vi du gia mt quc gia trn t lin vi cac ao xa hay cac tau du. Tt ca cac ng truyn dn quc t mi thng qua v
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tinh va ng cap xuyn bin u la ng truyn dn s, ng dung nhiu ky thut mi nh cap quang lam gia tng cht lng ng truyn quc t. K hoach inh tuyn K hoach th 3 rt quan trong iu hanh mang, no quyt inh tinh hiu qua hoat ng cua mang, o la k hoach inh tuyn. K hoach nay inh ra tt ca cac tiu chun inh tuyn cho cac cuc goi di moi tinh hung. No chi ra rng trong mt mang hp ni mt cuc goi co th c inh tuyn gia hai tng ai hoc qua mt lin kt trc tip hay qua mt hay nhiu im trung gian. Lin kt trc tip c cung cp tuy theo mt tiu chun nao o, chng han nh nu tai ln hn mt mc qui inh gia hai tng ai va cac qui inh nay la cu th hoa cac tiu chun, la mt phn cua k hoach inh tuyn. Tng t, trong mang trung k, k hoach inh tuyn bao gm cac lut xac inh nhim vu cn thit cua cac tng ai trung k, lam th nao chung ni vi nhau, chung co kin truc phn cp hay khng hay tt ca trn mt mang ngang hang. Trong cac mang tng t, k hoach inh tuyn bi anh hng bi k hoach truyn, no inh ra s ti a cac lin kt khng cn khuych ai co th c dung trn mt cuc goi, va cho o chi ra s lin kt hp ni ti a, vi tt ca cac lin kt trung k u c khuych ai, va cung chi ra s ti a cac lin kt khuych ai 4 dy khi chuyn mach 2 dy c dung. Bi vi mi lin kt phai co mt tht thoat xac inh( tiu biu la 3 dB) am bao tinh n inh. Trong mt mang s co nhiu iu lu y khac trong k hoach inh tuyn. Co nhiu khia canh v k hoach inh tuyn. Vi du cac mach trn bt ky mt tuyn nao la mt hng hay hai hng; iu nay co nghia la chung co th tip nhn cuc goi trn mt hng hay ca hai hng. K hoach inh tuyn phai co cac lut cho cac quyt inh phu hp vi tinh kinh t va ky thut, va xem cac mach hai hng co hu ich trn moi tuyn hay khng. Mt lu y khac la inh tuyn d phong co c dung hay khng. inh tuyn d phong la qua trinh cung cp mt s la chon th hai cho cac cuc goi khi chung vp phai s tc nghen trn la chon th nht. Vi du trn hinh 1.10 co mt tuyn trc tip gia hai tng ai A va B, tai gia hai tng ai thng thng c cung cp mt tuyn. Tuy nhin, nu khng co mach nao ranh trn tuyn trc tip nay thi bt ky mt cuc goi mi nao se bi mt tr khi co mt tuyn th 2 chon. Trong hinh, mt chon la th 2 nh vy c chi qua tng ai C. inh tuyn d phong khng nhng cung cp mt tuyn d phong trong dich vu tng quat ma con

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c thit k vi muc tiu am bao s dung hiu qua ca hai tuyn( tuyn th nht va tuyn th 2). Co th chi inh tuyn co hiu qua cao hn la tuyn u tin, trong trng hp nay la tuyn co it mach phuc vu cho tai. Lng tai tha ra c chia cho tuyn th 2. Ca hai tuyn lun c s dung mt cach co hiu qua. Cac tuyn AB va AD la tuyn hiu qua cao, va tuyn AC la tuyn h tr lng tai tha t AB va AD cung nh trc tip t A n C.

Vi cac thit bi iu khin c, cac chi thi inh tuyn c xy dng sn vi cac dy dn phc tap. Do o rt kho va tn nhiu thi gian thay i chung. Cac tng ai s hin ai linh hoat hn; cac chi thi inh tuyn tn tai di dang phn mm trong b nh may tinh c thay i d dang va nhanh chong. Do o, cac tuyn d phong ng c cung cp cho phep inh tuyn lai tc thi( trn c s tam thi) ngay khi co tc nghen nghim trong xay ra hay khi cac thanh phn cua mang bi h. inh tuyn ng tr thanh mt i tng cua h thng quan ly mang, muc tiu cua no la ti u vic s dung mang di moi iu kin. Tai trn mang in thoai S lng cac cuc goi ma mt mach hay mt nhom mach co th tai trong mt khoang thi gian cho trc phu thuc vao cac thi gian nm gi va cac mu cuc goi n. Vi du nu thi gian nm gi cuc goi la 3 phut, va cac cuc goi n inh ky mi 3 phut 1 ln, gia s mi khoang thi gian n cua mt cuc goi tip ngay sau khi kt thuc khoang thi gian trc o, mt mach n theo ly thuyt c th mang 20 cuc gi trong mt gi s gn nh ton b 60 pht mt cch chnh xc, hay 100% thi gian. Nu mt cuc gi th 21 n trong khong thi gian mt gi , n s vp phi s tc nghn v tht bi. Mt khc, nu thi gian gi mi cuc gi l 2 pht, mch ny c th thc hin ti a 30 cuc gi theo l thuyt. Tuy nhin trong thc t, cc cuc gi c cc
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khong thi gian chim mch khc nhau, v tc truy cp khng n nh. Tht vy nu 20 cuc gi n trong khong thi gian mt gi, th vn c th b chng ln ln nhau ngay c thi gian gi mch trung bnh l 3 pht hay t hn, mt s s b tht bi. V vy bt k cc cuc gi b mt, thi gian chim mch hiu qu cng nh hn 100%. Trong khi c th hiu thi gian s hu mch lin h vi s lng cc cuc c thc hin khng c lin h mt cch n gin vi s lng cc cuc gi c thc hin khng c lin h mt cch n gin vi s cuc gi cung cp. Thi gian chim hu l mt thc th c th o lng v c xem nh l ti c chuyn. Tng thi gian ca cc cuc gi chia cho khong thi gian gim st(vi cc n v tnh trc) gi l cng ti. n v tnh l erlang(E). Trong v d trn, mt mch c gn 60 pht chim hu mch trong khong thi gian 1 gi, do cng ti l mt erlang. Tng t, cng ti c th c tnh ton cho mt nhm mch. V d trn hnh 1.7 trnh by mt nhm 5 mch, mi mch thc hin mt s cc cuc gi trong khong thi gian 2 gi. Cc cuc gi b tht bi do tc nghn khng tnh n. Trong nhm ny: Tng thi gian gi= 349 pht Cng ti= 349/(2x60) = 2,9 erlang(E) Cng ti trn mt mch = 2,9/5 = 0,58E Cng ti cng c th c tnh bng cch o lng ngay tc thi, trong trng hp ny n bng s cuc gi trung bnh c x l. A = Cxh/T Trong : C l s cuc gi c x l trong thi gian cho trc; h l thi gian gi trung bnh trn mt cuc gi; T l thi gian xem xt. xc nh mt cch chnh xc kh nng ca cc tng i v cc tuyn, ng thi d on cng ti trong tng lai khi xt duyt cc k hoch mng, cn phi o lng ti ti cc im khc nhau trong mng. Trong khi mong mun t c cc kt qu chnh xc hon ho th vic gn cc ng h o ti vo mi mch u cui trn tng i l khng kinh t. Mt phng php ly mu thun
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tin hn s c dng. Trong tng i SPC vic ghi c thc hin qua phn mm, n c th thc hin gim st ton b. Tuy nhin vic x l d liu c th rt nng n v t tin.

Cc ngha ch yu ca vic ly mu l kim tra cc mch trong khong thi gian chim hu theo nh k.Tng s thi gian gi c pht hin c chia cho s ln kim th c c thi gian gi trung bnh. V d, nu kim th nhm ca cc mch nh trong hnh 1.7 c thc hin mi 10 pht, nh trnh by bng cc ng dc, thi gian cc mch bn l 36 pht trong khong 2 gi. V c 12 mu, ti trung bnh c thc hin bi nhm c tnh bng 36/12 = 3,0E. iu ny rt ging vi gi tr trung bnh 349/120 = 2,9E t c bng cch chia tng thi gian bn thc t vi khong thi gian xem xt tnh bng pht. Ti thay i ty vo thi gian trong ngy, cc ngy trong tun, ma v v tr a l. Cc thu bao c nhn thc hin cuc gi mt cch ngu nhin, mi tng i v mi tuyn tri qua cc khong thi gian cao im s dng trong mi ngy. Trong cc tng i thuc vng kinh t trng im, gi cao im thng l bui sng. Trong cc vng dn c c th xy ra vo bui ti. Trong cc vng trng im kinh t, ti gim vo ngy ch nht v thng cao im vo gia tun. Mt khc ti quc ni cao im vo cui tun khi cc gia nh sum hp v gi cc gim. Ti quc t thng gia tng vo ma h.
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Tng t, ti t cc thu bao c nhn th yu hn. Trong mt ngy ch vi cuc gi, ti trn cc thu bao ny ch c cng khong 0,33 erlang. Tuy nhin, v ti t nhiu thu bao v mt tng i, mc trung bnh ti ln hn c th d on c trong bt c thi gian cho trc no. Khi ti qua qu trnh x l ca tng i n tr nn trong sut hn. Trn cc tuyn hp ni cng nh cc ng trung k ti tr nn thun thc v trong sut. Cc tuyn ny c kh nng vn chuyn ln hn mc ti a c th. Cng tng t, mt tng i c thit k vi cc thit b c kh nng thc thi cho lng ti d on thay v cn c trn tng ti ca thu bao trong trng hp cng khi ng ng thi. iu ny nhn ra rng s c trng hp mt cuc gi n tng i s khng c p ng. Kh nng thc thi ti ln nht vp phi s gim st lin tc bi cc thit b s dng theo ch ngn hn, v vy mc tht thot cho php c chn v kh nng ti t n mt mc cho trc vi mc tht thot qui nh trong gi cao im. V d, nu mt cuc gi tht bi trong mt trm cuc gi th hon ton c th chp nhn c. Cc nghin cu ton hc v lu thoi hay l thuyt v lu lng trn mng Vin thng c dng m bo kh nng tht thot cuc gi mt mc c th chp nhn c i vi cc thu bao, ng thi c tnh kinh t i vi s gim st. Tuy nhin, cn nh rng cc ng ni ht phi c cung cp trn mi thu bao v y l cc ngun pht c bn ca tt c ti. S lng chnh xc ca thit b, hay mch c cung cp bng cch tnh ton t cc bng c dn xut t l thuyt lu lng. Nh trong tt c cc ng dng ton hc, tnh cht thay i cn phi c xem xt cc iu kin bn trong tng i, ti ngu nhin, v dng php phn b xc sut xp x s lng ti. k hoch y th cn o lng ti trong sut thi gian bn. Trong nhng nm gn y, nhm gia tng vic dng in thoi, c trong phm vi quc gia cng nh cc vng kinh t trng im, thi gian bn c tng thm mt s gi v khong thi gian o lng ph hp khng phi lun lun trng mt cch chnh xc vi thi gian cao im. i khi cc kt qu l khng y nhng hot ng ghi trong cc tng i SPC c th hn ch c vn ny. 1.1.5. Hoch nh mng Nhu cu trn cc mng lun thay i. Mt hot ng kinh t mi pht trin s to ra mt lng ti mi. Cc khch hng mi yu cu kt cui trn cc tng i ni ht. Cc tng mi c th to ra cc cao im ti trn mng, cng c th
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l mt yu cu mt sp xp c bit no , nu chng khng gy ra tc nghn mng. Cc dch v mi dng in thoi, nh l th in t, facsimile v truyn d liu c th c cc c tnh ti khc nhau so vi ti truyn thng trn mng in thoi. cc mng khc nhau c th tip tc vi cc yu cu thay i cc mu ti, chng phi thng xuyn c chnh li. Chng phi c nhn nhn tng qut di dng cc cu hi sau: Khi no cn cung cp mt tuyn trc tip gia hai tng i hay gia tng s lng cc mch trn mt tuyn c sn? Khi no cn lp thm tng i mi? Ni no s lp t? Cc quyt nh ny cu thnh mt nguyn tc hoch nh mng. N yu cu cc s kin, cc lut iu hnh v mt c cu thc thi. Cc s kin c c t vic o lng ti trn tt c cc tng i. Cc lut iu hnh bao gm cc ch dn theo l thuyt, cc kha cnh chn la kinh t, v kh nng ca tng i cng nh ca thit b truyn dn. Cc lut c thit k ti u gi thnh v nng lc kim sot ti ca mng. C cu phi xc nh c phm vi m lut p dng, v cung cp cc k hoch nh tho lun trn cng nh cng tc bo hiu v mt k hoch tnh cc. Cng vic xc nh sau cng l gi c dch v, bo tr gim st mng thu t thu bao nh th no. Cc k hoch r rng c nh hng vi nhau, trong mi tng quan chng kt hp cc ch tiu k thut (nh cc gii hn truyn dn) vi cc chnh sch v cn nhc v kinh t (v d nh gi cc). Tuy nhin, tt c cc quyt nh u phi c hiu qu v gi thnh. Do , khng nhng cn phi bit mt tng i mi cn thit cho mt vng no , m cn cn thit xc nh chnh xc v tr no tng i s c t. Tng gi thnh ca thit b chuyn mch, k hoch truyn dn, v s iu tit phi l ti u. Vic cn i da trn gi c hin hnh, k thut c dng. o mt k thut mi c a ra khng nhng do li ch ca n m cn hiu qu v kinh t. 1.2. Mng vin thng th h mi NGN(Next Generation Network) 1.2.1. Khi nim Mng vin thng th h mi c nhiu tn gi khc nhau, chng hn nh: Mng a dch v (cung cp nhiu loi dch v khc nhau)
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 Mng hi t (h tr cho c lu lng thoi v d liu, cu trc mng hi t) Mng phn phi (phn phi tnh thng minh cho mi phn t trong mng) Mng nhiu lp (mng c phn phi ra nhiu lp mng c chc nng c lp nhng h tr nhau thay v mt khi thng nht nh trong mng TDM). Cho ti hin nay, mc d cc t chc vin thng quc t v cng cc nh cung cp thit b vin thng trn th gii u rt quan tm v nghin cu v chin lc pht trin NGN nhng vn cha c mt nh ngha c th v chnh xc no cho mng NGN. Do nh ngha mng NGN nu ra y khng th bao hm ht mi chi tit v mng th h mi, nhng n c th tng i l khi nim chung nht khi cp n NGN. Bt ngun t s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh chuyn mch gi v cng ngh truyn dn bng rng, mng thng tin th h mi (NGN) ra i l mng c c s h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, trin khai cc dch v mt cch a dng v nhanh chng, p ng s hi t gia thoi v s liu, gia c nh v di ng. Nh vy, c th xem mng thng tin th h mi l s tch hp mng thoi PSTN, ch yu da trn k thut TDM, vi mng chuyn mch gi, da trn k thut IP/ATM. N c th truyn ti tt c cc dch v vn c ca PSTN ng thi cng c th nhp mt lng d liu rt ln vo mng IP, nh c th gim nh gnh nng ca PSTN. Tuy nhin, NGN khng ch n thun l s hi t gia thoi v d liu m cn l s hi t gia truyn dn quang v cng ngh gi, gia mng c nh v di ng. Vn ch o y l lm sao c th tn dng ht li th em n t qu trnh hi t ny. Mt vn quan trng khc l s bng n nhu cu ca ngi s dng cho mt khi lng ln dch v v ng dng phc tp bao gm c a phng tin, phn ln trong l khng c tr liu khi xy dng cc h thng mng hin nay. 1.2.2. c im ca mng NGN Mng NGN c bn c im chnh: Nn tng l h thng mng m. Mng NGN l do mng dch v thc y, nhng dch v phi thc hin c lp vi mng li.
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 Mng NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, da trn mt giao thc thng nht. L mng c dung lng ngy cng tng, c tnh thch ng cng ngy cng tng, c dung lng p ng nhu cu. Trc ht, do p dng c cu m m : Cc khi chc nng ca tng i truyn thng chia thnh cc phn t mng c lp, cc phn t c phn theo chc nng tng ng, v pht trin mt cch c lp. Giao din v giao thc gia cc b phn phi da trn cc tiu chun tng ng. Vic phn tch lm cho mng vin thng vn c dn dn i theo hng mi, nh kinh doanh c th cn c vo nhu cu dch v t t hp cc phn t khi t chc mng li. Vic tiu chun ha giao thc gia cc phn t c th thc hin ni thng gia cc mng c cu hnh khc nhau. Th hai, mng NGN l mng dch v thc y, vi c im ca: Chia tch dch v vi iu khin cuc gi Chia tch cuc gi vi truyn ti Mc tiu chnh ca chia tch l lm cho dch v thc s c lp vi mng, thc hin mt cch linh hot v c hiu qu vic cung cp dch v. Thu bao c th t b tr v xc nh c trng dch v ca mnh, khng quan tm n mng truyn ti dch v v loi hnh u cui. iu lm cho vic cung cp dch v v ng dng c tnh linh hot cao. Th ba, NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, giao thc thng nht. Mang thng tin hin nay, d l mng vin thng, mng my tnh hay mng truyn hnh cp, u khng th ly mt trong cc mng lm nn tng xy dng c s h tng thng tin. Nhng my nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh IP, ngi ta mi nhn thy r rng l mng vin thng, mng my tnh v mng truyn hnh cp cui cng ri cng tch hp trong mt mng IP thng nht, l xu th ln m ngi ta thng gi l dung hp ba mng. Giao thc IP lm cho cc dch v ly IP lm c s u c th thc hin ni thng cc mng khc nhau; con ngi ln u tin c c giao thc thng nht m ba mng ln u c th chp nhn c; t c s vng chc v mt k thut cho h tng c s thng tin quc gia (NII). Giao thc IP thc t tr thnh giao thc ng dng vn nng v bt u c s dng lm c s cho cc mng a dch v, mc d hin ti vn cn th bt li so vi cc chuyn mch knh v mt kh nng h tr lu lng thoi v cung cp cht lng dch v m bo cho s liu. Tc i mi nhanh chng
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trong th gii Internet, m n c to iu kin bi s pht trin ca cc tiu chun m s sm khc phc nhng thiu st ny.

1.2.3.Cc cng ngh trong mng NGN Cng ngh chuyn mch Chuyn mch cng l mt thnh phn trong lp mng chuyn ti ca cu trc NGN nhng c nhng thay i ln v mt cng ngh so vi cc thit b chuyn mch TDM trc y. Cng ngh chuyn mch ca mng th h mi l IP, ATM, ATM/IP hay MPLS th hin nay vn cha xc nh r, tuy nhin ni chung l da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, cho php hot ng vi nhiu tc v dch v khc nhau. Cng ngh truyn dn Trong cu trc mng th h mi, truyn dn l mt thnh phn ca lp kt ni (bao gm chuyn ti v truy nhp). Cng ngh truyn dn ca mng th h mi l SDH, WDM vi kh nng hot ng mm do, linh hot, thun tin cho khai thc v iu hnh qun l. Cc tuyn truyn dn SDH hin c v ang c tip tc trin khai rng ri trn mng vin thng l s pht trin ng hng theo cu trc mng mi. Cn tip tc pht trin cc h thng truyn dn cng ngh SDH v WDM, hn ch s dng cng ngh PDH.
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Cp quang: o Hin nay trn 60% lu lng thng tin c truyn i trn ton th gii c truyn trn mng quang. Cng ngh truyn dn quang SDH cho php to trn ng truyn dn tc c cao (n* 155 Mb/s) vi kh nng bo v ca cc mch vng c s dng rng ri nhiu nc v Vit Nam. o WDM cho php s dng rng bng tn rt ln ca si quang bng cch kt hp mt s tn hiu ghp knh theo thi gian vi di cc bc sng khc nhau v ta c th s dng c cc ca s khng gian, thi gian v di bc sng. Cng ngh WDM cho php nng tc truyn dn ln 5Gb/s, 10Gb/s v 20Gb/s.

V tuyn: o Viba: Cng ngh truyn dn SDH cng pht trin trong lnh vc vi ba, tuy nhin do nhng hn ch ca mi trng truyn dn sng v tuyn nn tc v cht lng truyn dn khng cao so vi cng ngh truyn dn quang. o V tinh: V tinh qu o thp (LEO Low Earth Orbit), v tinh qu

o trung bnh (MEO Medium Earth Orbit). Cc loi hnh dch v v tinh rt pht trin nh: DTH tng tc, truy nhp Internet, cc dch v bng rng, HDTVNgoi cc ng dng ph bin i vi nhu cu thng tin qung b, vin thng nng thn, vi s kt hp s dng cc u im ca cng ngh CDMA, thng tin v tin ngy cng c xu hng pht trin c bit trong lnh vc thng tin di ng, thng tin c nhn, Cng ngh mng truy cp Trong xu hng pht trin NGN s duy tr nhiu loi hnh mng truy nhp vo mt mi truyn dn chung nh: Mng truy nhp quang Mng truy nhp v tuyn Cc phng thc truy nhp cp ng: HDSL, ADSL. Xu hng pht trin mng truy nhp bng rng.

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CHNG II KHI QUT H THNG CHUYN MCH S 2.1. Phn tich mt cuc goi. m t h thng chuyn mch, tin trnh ca mt cuc gi xem nh tri qua 10 tng. Cc tng ny c minh ha di y v c tm tt trong hai lc . Trong hnh 2.1 m t tin trnh ca mt cuc gi ni ht nhn t thu bao gi v tng i ni ht. Hnh 2.3 m t cc tng ca mt cuc gi lin quan n tng i th hai, t gc nhn ca tng i th nht. 2.1.1. Tn hiu nhc my ( off-hook) Mt thu bao mun thc hin mt cuc gi trc ht phi nhc ng nghe. Th tc cn thit ny pht ra tn hiu nhc my cn gi l tn hiu truy cp ng truyn, n thng bo vi tng i chun b iu khin cuc gi. Vic nhc ng nghe lm gii phng mt tip im, iu ny to thnh mt mch vng gia tng i v in thoi. Khi mch ny hnh thnh, mt thit b bn trong tng i c kch hot v mt lot cc tn hiu hng n cc phn thch hp ca tng i c khi pht. Khi ng nghe c t xung trng thi rnh ri, tip im b n xung tn hiu truy cp gi n tng i khng cn na, mch vng b ct v cuc gi khng cn thc thi, nh vy tit kim c nng lng. Hnh 2.1 ch ra m hinh mch in vng gia in thoi v tng i ni b. Nng lng trn ng dy thu bao c cp bi ngun pin trong tng i, v n yu cu dng mt chiu. Ngun pin c sc bi ngun in xoay chiu thng qua b chnh lu, v l ngun duy tr cung cp in cho tng i trong mt thi gian xc nh khi ngun in cnh b h. Hnh 2.1. 2.1.2. S nhn dng thu bao gi Cuc gi c pht hin ti n v kt cui ng thu bao thc hin gi (SLTU Subcriber Line Terminal Unit) trong tng i, n v ny c quy nh ch s thit b( EN Equipment Number). Ch s ny cn c dch sang ch s th mc ca thu bao( DN Directory Number). Do , cn phi dng cc bng dch. Trong tng i c, chng c gi trong b dy ni logic. Trong tng i SPC, chng c gi trong b nh ca my tnh.

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Hnh 2.1

H thng iu khin cng cn phi nhn dng thu bao gi v hai l do. Th nht, thu bao cn phi tr cc cho cuc gi. Th hai, cn tin hnh th tc kim tra xem thu bao c c php thc hin mt cuc gi ng di hay khng. Thng tin cn thit c lu tr trong cc record (mt phn t ca mt t chc lu tr) m t chng loi dch v ca thu bao. C mt record phn loi dch v cho mi kt cui trn tng i nhm lu tr cc dng thng tin v kt cui. 2.1.3. S phn phi b nh v kt ni cc thit b dng chung Mt chc nng thuc v nguyn l bn trong tng i l iu khin. Mt vi yu t logic phi lm sng t cc s kin trong qu trnh thc thi cuc gi, a ra cc quyt nh hnh ng cn thit v khi ng cc hot ng khc. Khi tng i nhn mt tn hiu truy cp (off-hook signal), h thng iu khin phi phn phi thit b dng chung cho cuc gi v cung cp mt ng dn cho n bt u t ng dy gi. iu ny hnh thnh nn nhm thit b b chim dng lu, thit b ny cn thit trong sut cuc gi v loi thit b s dng ngn hn ch cn trong giai on thit lp cuc gi m thi. Trong cc tng i tng t, cu truyn dn phn tch ng ting mang tn hiu xoay chiu vi thnh phn mt chiu xuyn

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qua tng i l mt v d v loi thit b th nht. Trong cc tng i SPC l record ca cuc gi, n l mt vng ca b nh b chim gi trong sut tin trnh cuc gi. Loi thit b th hai gm b thu v lu tr cc ch s cu thnh a ch ca thu bao c gi. Cc ch s ny khng nhng nhn dng thu bao c gi m cn cung cp thng tin cn thit nh tuyn cuc gi xuyn qua mng. Trong mt tng i c, cc ch s c lu gi trong thanh ghi v trong tng i SPC c lu tr trong b nh. Khi b nh c phn phi, mt m hiu mi quay s (dial tone) c gi n thu bao gi bo rng tng i sn sng tip nhn cc ch s a ch. V tng i c thit k vi cc thit b lu tr trn c s d bo lu lng gi n thay cho lu lng tng cng ti a khi cc thu bao thc hin ng lot cuc gi, do c lc thiu b nh. Tuy nhin, thu bao s c thng bo iu ny qua s kin tm thi khng c m hiu mi quay s c gi t tng i. Trong tng i SPC, kh nng ny c gim thiu bng cch gia tng kch thc b nh, mc d vy iu ny ch c ch khi nng lc x l bt kp vi s gia tng tc cuc gi n. 2.1.4. Cc ch s a ch Sau khi nhn c m hiu mi quay s, thu bao nhp vo cc ch s a ch bng cch quay s. Cc ch s c gi di dng cc tn hiu n tng i v c lu tr ti . Hot ng bo hiu l kha cnh ht sc quan trng trong h thng in thoi v s c trnh by cc mc sau. 2.1.5. Phn tch ch s H thng iu khin phi phn tch cc ch s xc nh tuyn i ra t tng i cho cuc gi. Nu cuc gi hng n thu bao thuc tng i ni b th ch c mt mch c th c nh tuyn l ng dy thu bao c gi. Nu ng dy ang lm vic vi cuc m thoi khc th cuc gi khng th thc hin v tn hiu bn c gi n thu bao gi. Mt khc nu cuc gi hng n mt thu bao thuc tng i xa, n c th c phn phi bt k mt mch no trn tuyn thch hp i ra khi tng i gc, vic phn phi bao gm c tuyn d phng. Nu tt c cc mch u bn, tn hiu bo bn cng c gi n thu bao v cuc gi b t chi. Nu c mt mch thch hp ang rnh, n s b bt ly v s khng th s dng cho bt k cuc gi no khc. Trong cc tng i c in, vic chim gi ny tc ng mt iu kin v mc in vo thit b kt cui ca mch v thng c xem nh thao tc nh du(marking). iu ny cng tng t nh trong cc tng i SPC. Tuy nhin thng tin v mch thng c lu gi

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trong cc bng di dng phn mm, trong trng hp ny mt m ch nh trong vng d liu cho trc ch ra trng thi ca mt mch.

2.1.6. Thit lp ng dn chuyn mch Lc ny h thng iu khin bit c cc danh nh ca mch nhp v mch xut. Nhim v k tip ca n l chn ng dn gia chng thng qua cc chuyn mch ca tng i. Bn trong cc h thng chuyn mch c cc gii thut chn cc ng dn chuyn mch thch hp. Mi im chuyn mch trn ng dn chn phi c kim tra m bo rng n khng trong trng thi phc v cho cuc gi khc v chim ly nu n rnh. Mt ln na, iu ny c thc hin trong cc tng i c in bng cch kim tra cc iu kin in, v trong cc tng i SPC bng cch d v chn vo cc mc nhp trong cc bng c sp xp. Trong cc tng i c in, thanh ghi(c dng nhn v lu tr cc ch s) phi thi kt ni khi ng dn c thit lp. 2.1.7. Dng chung v m hiu chung Mt tn hiu phi c gi n u xa tin hnh cuc gi. Nu thu bao c gi l cc b, iu ny c thc hin thng qua vic gi dng in chung n kch hot chung trong my in thoi c gi. Nu thu bao khng phi cc
29

b, mt tn hiu truy cp phi c gi n tng i k tip, nh trnh by trn hnh 2.3, nhm kch hot n tin hnh cc thao tc ring. Cc thao tc ny tng t nh nhng g c m t trong cc phn trn y, bao gm cc tn hiu gi li tng i ngun. Khi tt c cc kt ni c thit lp cho php cuc gi tin hnh trn mng ni ht hoc mng hp ni hoc mng trung k, dng in chung c gi n thu bao u xa v m hiu chung c gi n thu bao gi. 2.1.8. Tn hiu tr li Mt tn hiu tr li nhn t thu bao u xa (trong trng hp ny l tn hiu truy cp) hay t tng i khc, c nhn bit bi h thng iu khin ca tng i cc b. S truyn phi c chp thun trn ng truyn dn chuyn mch chn xuyn qua tng i. Dng in chung v m hiu chung phi c xa trn ng dy thu bao u xa v thu bao gi. Sau hai phn ny c ni vi nhau v cng vic tnh cc cuc gi ny i vi thu bao gi c khi ng. 2.1.9. Gim st Trong khi cuc gi ang c tin hnh, cng vic gim st cng c thc thi tnh cc v pht hin tn hiu xa cuc gi. Cng vic gim st cng thc hin qut tt c cc dy kt cui trn tng i pht hin tn hiu truy cp ca cuc gi mi. 2.1.10. Tn hiu xa kt ni Khi nhn tn hiu xa kt ni(c pht ra bi thu bao gi hoc thu bao c gi), thit b tng i hay b nh c dng trong kt ni phi c gii phng v sn sng s dng cho cc cuc gi khc. Trong cc mng c qun l v bo tr mt cch hiu qu, h thng gim st yu cu thu thp d liu trn mi cuc gi. Khi cuc gi tht bi do thit b hng hoc cc mch hay thit b khng p ng, thng tin ny c yu cu cho cng tc bo tr qun l v hoch nh mng. D liu trn cc cuc gi thnh cng dng tnh cc. V vy cng tc qun l gim st rt c ngha trong mng in thoi. Trong cc tng i c in, iu ny chu nh hng ca cc kt ni dy gia cc thnh phn thit b ring v cc im gim st. Trong tng i SPC, v iu khin c thc hin bi cc my tnh nn d liu c thu thp v lu gi trong phn mm. Vic x l sau c thc hin bi cc b x l hay chuyn n cc my tnh bn ngoi tng i.

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2.2. K thut bo hiu trong h thng chuyn mch s 2.2.1. Gii thiu chung 2.2.1.1. Khi nim Mt mng vin thng c nhim v ch yu l thit lp, gii ta v duy tr knh gia thu bao vi node chuyn mch hay gia cc node chuyn mch vi nhau. thc hin c iu ny, cn phi c mt h thng thng tin h tr c trao i gia h thng chuyn mch vi cc thit b u cui v gia cc h thng chuyn mch vi nhau, h thng thng tin ny gi l h thng bo hiu. Thng tin bo hiu c th c nhiu dng khc nhau thun tin cho vic iu khin cc thao tc chuyn mch, x l gi... Thc cht, mt s trao i tin gia ngi s dng v cc thit b trong mng cn phi c mt s t chc chng c th lin lc vi nhau mt cch an tan. Cho nn, thng tin bo hiu c trc, trong v sau mt cuc gi. tng hiu sut lm vic, thi gian lm vic ca h thng bo hiu cng nh cng tt, n ph thuc vo cc thit b hin i trong mng. 2.2.1.2. Cc chc nng bo hiu Ta c th nu cc chc nng bo hiu tng qut nh sau: Chc nng gim st Chc nng gim st c s dng nhn bit v phn nh s thay i v trng thi hoc v iu kin ca mt s phn t (ng dy thu bao, trung k). Chc nng tm chn Chc nng ny lin quan n vic thit lp cuc gi v c khi u bng thu bao ch gi gi thng tin a ch ca thu bao b gi. Cc thng tin a ch ny cng vi cc thng tin ca chc nng tm chn c truyn gia cc tng i p ng qu trnh chuyn mch. Chc nng ny phi c tnh hiu qu, tin cy cao m bo vic thc hin chnh xc cc chc nng chuyn mch. Chc nng vn hnh Nhn bit v chuyn thng tin v trng thi tc nghn trong mng, thng thng l trng thi ng cho thu bao ch gi. Thng bo v cc thit b, cc trung k khng bnh thng hoc ang trng thi bo dng. Cung cp cc thng tin tnh cc. Cung cp cc phng tin nh gi, ng chnh, cnh bo t tng i khc.

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2.2.1.3. c im cc h thng bo hiu

Mt h thng bo hiu c c im chung nh sau:

C tnh quc t Ph hp vi cc thit b m n phc v

Kh nng phi hp vi cc h thng bo hiu khc.

2.2.1.4. h thng thng tin bo hiu H thng thng tin bo hiu cng l mt h thng thng tin in, n cng gm :

Ngun tt c cc tn hiu cn thit cho vic thit lp cuc gi v cung cp cc dch v khc. Cng vic truyn dn chuyn tn hiu t ngun ti ch.

Hnh 2.4.
2.2.1.5. K thut bo hiu Nh vy, k thut bo hiu nghin cu v: - Ni dung bo hiu. - Phng php truyn bo hiu. - K thut x l bo hiu. 2.2.2. Ni dung ca bo hiu 2.2.2.1. Phn tch cuc gi Trong mng in in thoi, khi mt thu bao mun ni vi mt thu bao khc bt k trong mng th bo hiu s thng bo cho mng chuyn mch bit rng thu bao yu cu phc v, v sau trao cho chuyn mch ni ht cc s liu cn thit nhn bit thu bao xa cn n v t nh tuyn cuc gi mt cch chnh xc. Bo hiu cn gim st cuc gi v trao cho thu bao cc thng tin trng thi nh mi quay s, m bo bn, hi m chung 2.2.2.2. Phn loi bo hiu C th phn loi bo hiu theo cc cch nh sau :
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Hnh 2.5.
Phn theo chc nng Bo hiu nghe - nhn : L loi bo hiu nghe thy c i vi thu bao trong tin trnh cuc gi. l cc loi thng tin nh sau ch yu t tng i n thu bao nh sau: o m mi quay s: Khi thu bao nhc t hp, tr khng ng dy gim xung t ngt. Dn n dng in trn dy tng ln. iu ny c tng i nhn bit thu bao yu cu thit lp cuc gi v n pht cho thu bao m mi quay s vi tn s khong 425Hz lin tc. o m bo bn hoc thng bo: Trng hp 1 thu bao bn, hay sau khi kt thc cuc gi, thu bao ny t my, tng i pht m bo bn cho thu bao kia vi tn s 425 HZ, t l 1:1. m bo bn cn c gi cho thu bao ch gi khi thu bao ny sau 1 khong thi gian sau khi nhn c m mi quay s m vn cha quay s. Trng hp thu bao b gi i vng hoc c cc dch v c bit ca n th tng i thng bo cho thu bao ch gi cc bn tin tng ng. o Dng chung: dng chung c pht cho thu bao b gi khi
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thu bao ny ri vi tn hiu xoay chiu khong 75VAC, 25Hz. o Hi m chung: Hi m chung c pht cho thu bao ch gi qua tuyn thoi t tng i khi ang chung cho thu bao b gi. Tn hiu hi m chung c tn s 425Hz, t l 1:3. o Cc bn tin thng bo khc: Nu trong tng i c cc bn tin c bit c ghi sn v cc l do cuc gi khng thnh nh tnh trng tuyn, hng hc th tng i pht cho thu bao ch gi cc bn tin tng ng. Trng hp ny l do cuc gi khng thnh khng phi bi cc l do ca thu bao b gi. o Tn hiu phc hi v gi my qu lu: Tn hiu ny truyn ti thu bao ch gi khi thu bao b gi t my v tng i gi tn m bo bn m thu bao ch gi khng ngh n vic gii ta tuyn gi. Sau mt khong thi gian tr th tuyn mi c thc s gii ta. Tn hiu ny cng c pht khi thu bao duy tr trng thi chn s qu lu. Tn hiu ny thng l sau m bo bn.

Bo hiu trng thi (bo hiu gim st): Xc nh trng thi ng dy ca thu bao v cuc gi. o Trng thi nhc t hp: Xut hin khi thu bao nhc t hp hoc tn hiu chim dng t mt ng trung k gi vo; n biu th yu cu thit lp cuc gi mi. Sau khi thu c tn hiu ny, tng i s u ni vi mt thit b thch hp thu thng tin a ch t thu bao ch gi hoc t ng trung k. o Trng thi t t hp: Xut hin khi thu bao t t hp hoc tn hiu yu cu gii ta t ng trung k a ti. Thng tin ny ch rng cuc gi kt thc, yu cu gii ta tuyn gi. Khi nhn c thng tin ny, tng i gii phng tt c cc thit b dng u ni cuc gi ny v xa cc thng tin dng thit lp v duy tr cuc gi, ng thi thit lp thng tin tnh cc. o Trng thi ri bn: Da vo tnh trng t hp ca thu bao b gi hoc ng trung k l ri hay bn hoc tuyn tng i pht thng tin v trng thi ca thu bao b gi hoc ng truyn cho thu bao ch gi. o Tnh trng hng hc: Bng cc php th tng i xc nh trnh trng ca ng dy c th thng bo cho thu bao hoc cho b phn iu hnh v bo dng. o Tn hiu tr v: Khi chung, ngay sau khi thu bao b gi nhc my, mt tn hiu dng o ngun c truyn theo ng dy ti thu bao ch gi. Tn hiu ny dng thao tc mt thit b t thu bao ch gi nh b tnh cc hoc i vi thu bao dng th.

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Bo hiu a ch: Thng tin a ch gm mt phn hoc ton b a ch ca thu bao b gi, i khi cn km theo cc s liu khc. Sau khi nhn c m mi quay s, thu bao tin hnh pht cc ch s a ch ca thu bao b gi. Cc ch s ny c th c pht di dng thp phn hay dng m a tn. o Tn hiu xung thp phn: Cc ch s a ch c pht di dng chui ca s gin on mch vng mt chiu (DC) nh a quay s hoc h thng phm thp phn. S lng cc ln gin on ch th ch s a ch tr s 0 ng vi 10 ln gin on. Tc gin on l 10 ln mi giy v t s xung l 1:2. C mt khang thi gian gia cc s lin tip khong vi trm ms trc ch s k tip tng i phn bit cc ch s vi nhau. Ch : Phng php pht cc ch s thp phn ny khng th pht khi ang hi thoi.

Hnh 2.6.
o

Tn hiu m a tn ghp cp (DTMF): Phng php ny khc phc

c nhc im ca phng php trn. N s dng 2 trong 6 tn s m tn chuyn cc ch s a ch. Khi n mt phm, ta nhn c mt tn hiu bao gm s kt hp ca hai tn s : mt nhm ny v mt nhm kia gi l a tn ghp cp (Dual Tone Multifrequency : DTMF). Cc tn s c chn sao cho s phng to tn hiu l b nht. Tn hiu truyn i di hay ngn ph thuc v thi gian n phm. Thi gian ny chnh l thi gian ko di ca tn hiu. Phng php ny c u im l: Thi gian quay s nhanh hn. C th quay s trong khi m thoi (s dung cho in thoi hi ngh).

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Hnh 2.7.
Phn theo tng quan

Bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao Tn hiu ng dy thu bao ch gi: - Tn hiu yu cu gi. - Tn hiu yu cu gii ta tuyn gi. - Tn hiu a ch. - Tn hiu bo bn. - Tn hiu bo ri. - Hi m chung. - Tn hiu tr li v. - Tn hiu gi my qu lu. Tn hiu ng dy thu bao b gi: - Tn hiu chung. - Tn hiu tr li. - Tn hiu phc hi Tn hiu ng dy thu bao th 3: Ging nh tn hiu ng dy

thu bao b gi. c s dng cho in thoi hi ngh. N lm gin on thu bao ch gi trong mt khong thi gian nh hn tn hiu gii ta gi khong 200ms n 320ms.

Bo hiu lin tng i: C th c truyn dn tn hiu bo hiu theo ng dy bo hiu ring hoc i chung vi ng dy thai. Chng s
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dng tn s trong bng tn ting ni (trong bng) hoc ngoi di tn ting ni (ngoi bng). Thng s dng 2 k thut truyn sau : - Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS). - Bo hu knh chung (CCS). Dng ca tn hiu : - Dng xung : Tn hiu c truyn i di dng xung, v d nh tn hiu a ch. - Dng lin tc : Truyn lin tc v mt thi gian nhng thay i v trng thi c trng nh tn s - Dng p ch : Tng t nh truyn xung nhng khong truyn dn khng n nh trc m ko di cho n khi c s xc nhn ca pha thu qua mt thit b xc nhn truyn v. 2.2.3. Phng php truyn dn bo hiu C nhiu cch phn loi phng php truyn bo hiu, nhng y, ta phn thnh hai loi sau : - Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS : Chanel Associated Signalling). - Bo hiu knh chung (CCS : Common Chanel Signalling).

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2.2.3.1. Bo hiu knh kt hp

Hnh 2.8.
Bo hiu knh kt hp l loi bo hiu m trong , cc ng bo hiu c n nh trn mi knh thng tin v cc tn hiu ny c th c truyn theo nhiu cch khc nhau. C hai loi thng tin bo hiu trong bo hiu knh kt hp l : Bo hiu ng dy v bo hiu thanh ghi (a ch).

Bo hiu ng dy: l phng php bo hiu c truyn dn gia cc thit b kt cui v thng xuyn kim tra ng truyn hoc tt c cc mch kt cui, v d cc trng thi bn, ri

Bo hiu thanh ghi: Bo hiu thanh ghi l s truyn tt c cc thng tin c lin quan n tuyn ni cuc gi bao gm cc con s thu bao b gi, nhng c tnh ca thu bao . Phng php truyn:

im ni im (end to end): Theo phng php bo hiu ny, thng tin lun c truyn i gia cc u cui ca tuyn ni theo tin trin ca n. V d khi thit lp tuyn ni qua 3 tng i A-B-C, thng tin bo hiu u tin c truyn t A ti B v sau khi qung ni B-C c thit lp th bo hiu li c truyn t A ti C.

ng tip ng (link to link): Tn hiu lun c truyn i v tm lu tng qung ca tuyn ni. u tin thng tin bo hiu c truyn i t A n B v sau khi qung ni t B n C c thit lp th thng tin bo hiu tip tc truyn i t B n C. Ni chung, thng tin bo hiu gim st v cc kiu thu bao c truyn dn theo phng thc ng tip ng cn thng tin a ch th c truyn i theo phng php im ni im hoc ng tip ng ty thuc v cu trc mng.
38

Cc k thut truyn cc tn hiu bo hiu trong CAS Mt cch chnh xc, bo hiu knh kt hp phi l mt s kt hp vnh vin vi knh mang cuc gi tht s. T , ta c cc dng khc nhau ca tn hiu bo hiu: - Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi (DC, trong bng). - Tn hiu bo hiu nm trong knh thoi nhng phm vi tn s khc ( ngoi bng). - Tn hiu bo hiu trong 1 khe thi gian, m trong , cc knh thoi c phn chia mt cch c nh theo chu k (bo hiu PCM trong TS16). Bo hiu knh kt hp c th s dng gia cc loi tng i khc nhau. Nh vy, k thut truyn bo hiu ny gm cc tn hiu bo hiu : - Bo hiu DC. - Bo hiu AC. - Bo hiu PCM.

Cc tn hiu bo hiu c bn: Cc tn hiu bo hiu gia tng i vi tng i bao gm mt s tn hiu c bn sau cho mt cuc gi hon thnh: - Tn hiu chim dng (Seizure) : Yu cu chim dng mt ng vo tng i B (1 knh thai) v cc thit b nhn thng tin a ch. - Tn hiu xc nhn chim dng (Seizure aknowledgement): Thng bo cho tng i A bit rng tng i B nhn c tn hiu chim dng t A. - Thng tin a ch (Address Information): S a ch ca thu bao B. - Tn hiu tr li (B answer): Tng i B bo cho tng i A bit thu bao B nhc my. - Xa v (Clear back): Tng i B bo cho tng i A bit B gc my. - Xa i (Clear forward): Tng i B nhn thng bo cuc gi kt thc, gii ta thit b v ng dy.

39

Hnh 2.9.
2.2.3.2. Bo hiu knh chung

Hnh 2.10.
Bo hiu knh chung (Common Channel Signalling) khc phc c nhc im ca bo hiu knh kt hp v hiu sut s dng knh bo hiu. i vi bo hiu knh chung, knh bo hiu c phn pht cho knh ting ni ch trong mt khong thi gian bo hiu. Ngi ta s dng mt tuyn ring bit cho knh bo

40

hiu. Ni cch khc, h thng bo hiu knh chung c mt chm knh bo hiu. Chm knh ny ch c cp cho knh ting ni khi c nhu cu bo hiu trc nht. V vy, knh ting ni cn xp hng ch knh bo hiu ri. Do , dung lng chm knh bo hiu ph thuc vo cp phc v c th chp nhn c, ni dung bo hiu, tn sut s dng mi knh ting ni. Nh s dng k thut ny, thit b c th tp trung ha v ch to gn gng hn. iu ny to ra u im v mt kinh t v tit kim c khng gian lp t thit b. Tuy nhin, phng thc ny ch c th s dng cho cc tng i SPC trao i bo hiu lin tng i gia cc b x l. Trong h thng PCM, knh bo hiu c th s dng bt k khe thi gian no m khng nht thit phi l khe thi gian TS16. Cc bn tin bo hiu c truyn i di dng cc gi, tc knh truyn l 64Kbps. Cu trc bn tin CCS nh sau: a ch ch

a ch ngun

S gi

Trng s liu

Trng kim tra

a ch ch: a ch ny c phn tch ti bt k my thu no v c so snh vi a ch ca n. Nu khng trng th bn tin c truyn n im khc cho n khi n ch thc ca n. a ch ngun: a ch ny gip cho my tnh bit c khi c nhu cu cp pht li bn tin th c a ch yu cu pht li. S gi: S gi ch ra tt c cc s liu ca bn tin c sp xp ln lt mt cch chnh xc. S liu ny c kim tra lin tc v ch c ly ra khi c ch dn. Trng s liu: Cha nhng thng tin ca bo hiu. Trng kim tra li: Cho php s liu c kim tra trc khi truyn n ch. c im ni bt ca bo hiu knh chung l cc u cui khng ch dnh ring cho mt cuc ni m mt bn tin tun t c th c trang b bt c u cui no vi nhng cuc gi khc nhau v ch khc nhau. Tt c cc bn tin ca cuc gi khng nht thit phi cng hng. Cc bn tin tiu biu c truyn i mt cch ph hp vi nhng tuyn c nh ra bng thut ton da trn c s ch, tnh sn sng v ti ca mch. Khi bn tin c thu thp, n c truyn n nhng im chn trn mng. Khi ti ch, n c tin hnh, so snh v iu chnh, kim tra li. Nu c li, n yu cu pht li bn tin. V CCS khng chuyn bo hiu trn cc trung k m thoi thit lp v gim st, nn tuyn gi phi c kim tra lin tc mi khi cuc gi ang thit lp. iu ny c thc hin
41

nh b thu pht m thanh c ni ti thi im thit lp nhm m bo s lin tc ca tuyn. u im: Kinh t, Nhanh, Tin cy, Dung lng cao, Linh hat. 2.2.4. Bo hiu s 7 2.2.4.1. Khi nim chung Bo hiu s 7 c quc t cng nhn l h thng CCS gia cc tng i s dng trong mng quc gia v quc t. Thng tin bo hiu c truyn i trn mt khe thi gian c phn pht trn 1 trong cc tuyn PCM mang cc knh thoi.

Hnh 2.11.

V d : Hai tng i trao i vi nhau bng 2 lung 2 Mbps, nh vy, kh nng dung lng knh thng tin gia 2 tng i ny l 60 knh, trong , 1 lung 2 Mbps mang bo hiu s 7 trong TS16 ca n. Thng tin bo hiu c tch, ghp qua trng chuyn mch ca tng i hoc DLTU (Digital Line Terminal Unit). Thng tin bo hiu c gi t tng i ny sang tng i khc c xc nh bi h thng iu khin qua S/R CCS cho bo hiu s 7. S/R CCS bao gm 3 phn h trn c s ca cc b x l. Thng tin t h thng iu hin tng i nhn t phn h iu khin bo hiu di dng thc thch hp. Cc bn tin c xp hng y, cho n khi c th c truyn i. Khi khng c cc bn tin truyn i th phn h iu khin bo hiu pht cc bn tin chn lc gi tuyn lun trng thi tch cc.
42

Cc bn tin c gi qua phn h u cui bo hiu, s dng cc bits kim tra c pht i t phn h iu khin li to thnh cc n v bo hiu s 7 hon chnh. Ti tng i thu, qu trnh ngc li c thc hin. im bo hiu (SP : Signal Point): im bo hiu l mt node chuyn mch hoc mt node x l trong mng bo hiu, c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng bo hiu. im chuyn tip bo hiu (STP: Signal Transport Point): L im bo hiu m thng tin bo hiu thu c trn mt knh bo hiu v sau chuyn giao cho knh khcm n khng x l c ni dung ca tin bo. Knh bo hiu: Bo hiu s 7 s dng cc knh bo hiu chuyn ti thng tin bo hiu gia hai im bo hiu. V mt vt l, knh bo hiu bao gm kt cui bo hiu mi u knh v vi loi mi trng truyn dn (thng l cc khe thi gian ng truyn PCM). Mt s cc knh bo hiu u song song trc tip gia 2 im bo hiu to thnh chm knh bo hiu. Cc phng thc bo hiu: Kiu kt hp (Associated): Cc tn hiu bo hiu lin quan n s kt ni cc knh giao thng gia hai tng i A, B c truyn trn cc tuyn bo hiu trc tip gia chng.

Hnh 2.12.

Kiu khng kt hp (Non-Associated): Cc tn hiu bo hiu lin quan n s kt ni cc knh giao thng gia hai tng i A, B c nh tuyn qua mt vi tuyn trung k ty thuc vo mng nhng thi im khc nhau, trong khi knh giao thng c ni trc tip gia A v B. Cc thi im khc nhau th s nh tuyn ca cc tn hiu bo hiu c th theo cc ng dn khc nhau. Phng php ny t c s dng v n kh xc nh c s nh tuyn mt cch chnh xc ca cc bn tin bo hiu mi thi im.

43

Hnh 2.13.

Kiu ta kt hp (Quasi-Associated): Kiu ny l trng hp gii hn bi kiu khng kt hp, thng tin bo hiu gia hai node A v B c nh tuyn xc nh trc qua 1 tuyn bo hiu node trung chuyn (tandem) trong khi cc knh giao thng c nh tuyn trc tip gia A v B. im quan trng ni bc nht ca kiu ta kt hp l tnh sao lu d phng.

Hnh 2.14.

44

2.2.4.2. Phn mc trong bo hiu s 7

Hnh 2.15.

Mc 1: Mc tuyn vt l: y l mc y ca chng phng thc. Tng quan, n l phng tin gi dng cc bits ca thng tin t im ny n im khc trn mt ni kt vt l. Mc ny nh ngha cc c tnh vt l, in v cc chc nng ca tuyn s liu bo hiu v phng tin truy cp n hoc yu cu 1 cu trc thng tin m n c cung cp bi thit b truyn dn hoc tm li c kh. Trong mi trng mng s liu, CCS7 thng c s dng khe thi gian bo hiu TS16/PCM32 hoAEc TS24/PCM24 vi tc knh bo hiu 64Kbps. Trong mi trng tng t, CCS7 c th truyn trn cc ng modem vi tc thp khong 4,8Kbps. Mc 2: Mc tuyn d liu: Cung cp cc chc nng v cc th tc cho vic truyn thng tin bo hiu. Mt bn tin bo hiu c truyn trn tuyn theo cc n v bo hiu vi chiu di thay i. Mt n v bo hiu bao gm thng tin iu khin truyn tin thm vo trong ni dung ca bn tin bo hiu. Chc nng bao gm : - Gii hn ni dung n v bo hiu bng cc c. - Chn thm bits chng nhm ln vi c. - S dng cc bits kim tra. - Chng li bi phng thc t ng hi li. - D tm ng bo hiu sai bng cch gim st tc li trn cc ng bo hiu. Mc 3: Mc mng bo hiu: nh ngha cc chc nng v th tc truyn
45

chung v c lp cc tuyn bo hiu ring l. Cc chc nng chnh sau : - X l bn tin bo hiu: Trong khi truyn bn tin bo hiu, nhng chc nng ny hng ti tuyn bo hiu hoc phn ngi s dng tng ng. - Qun l mng bo hiu: iu khin xc nh hng theo thi gian thc, iu khin v ti to li cu hnh mng khi cn thit. Mc 4: Mc ngi s dng: Mi phn cho ngi s dng xc nh cc chc nng v cc th tc c trng cho tng ngi s dng ring bit. 2.2.5. X l bo hiu trong tng i 2.2.5.1. Gii thiu H thng bo hiu c s dng nh mt ngn ng cho 2 thit b trong h thng chuyn mch trao i vi nhau thit lp tuyn ni cho cuc gi. Ging nh bt k ngn ng no, chng cng c t vng vi nhng chiu di khc nhau v chnh xc khc nhau. Tc l cc bo hiu cng c th thay i v kch thc v dng c php ca n theo cc quy lut ghp ni v to thng tin bo hiu. X l bo hiu trong tng i l s x l cc dng tn hiu bo hiu thu bao v tng i trn cc ng dy thu bao v trung k trong tng i. Bo hiu trong tng i in thoi bao gm khng ch l bo hiu gia tng i vi thu bao v bo hiu lin i m cn mang cc thng tin v trng thi cuc gi bng cc tones v cc bn tin thng bo khc

46

Hnh 2.16.

Nh vy, ta thy rng qu trnh x l bo hiu bao gm cc phn chnh sau: - nh tuyn trong tng i. - Cc b thu pht bo hiu. - To tones v cc bn tin thng bo. 2.2.5.2. S nh tuyn trong tng i

Bo hiu tng i - thu bao: Trong tng i SPC c kh nng cho php hai loi thu bao tng t v thu bao s ng vi mi loi, ta c cc tn hiu, phng php nh tuyn khc nhau. o Thu bao tng t: Trn mng in thoi hin nay, v l do kinh t thng s dng thu bao tng t. S nh tuyn thu bao tng t nh hnh di y. S nh tuyn gm hai thnh phn bo hiu: - Tn hiu bo hiu ng dy (gim st): mang trng thi ca mch in. - Tn hiu bo hiu a ch (chn s): ch th s thu bao b gi. Tn hiu bo hiu ng dy c nhim v gim st mch in ng
47

dy thu bao. Vi cc thu bao tng t, dng tn hiu ny dng LD (ct mch vng). Tn hiu bo hiu chn s (a ch) c th c thu bao pht bng 2 cch: LD hoc MF (m a tn). i vi in thoi dng a quay s, c bo hiu ng dy v chn s u c thc hin theo kiu ct mch vng (Loop disconnection). Cc tn hiu bo hiu ny c tch ra t ng dy thu bao bi SLTU. Sau , chng c thu thp ti khi iu khin SLTU bin i t trng thi LD sang cc tn hiu trng thi v ch s a ch ri gi n h thng iu khin taeng i x l v t a ra nhng thao tc thch hp. i vi in thoi n phm, tn hiu ng dy c tin hnh theo kiu LD cn tn hiu chn s theo kiu MF. Nh vy, tn hiu ng dy c tch ra khi SLTU v qua b SLTU n h thng iu khin tng i nh in thoi a quay s. S truy cp n b thu MF thng thng qua khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao. B thu MF c th dng chung cho 1 s ln ng dy thu bao vi mc ch gim chi ph thit b.

Hnh 2.17.
o Thu bao s: y l s nh tuyn bo hiu n 2 kiu thu bao s ISDN v ISPBX trn s truy cp ng dy s cp v th cp. Trong s truy cp s cp, 1 knh bo hiu 16Kbps kt hp vi 2 knh giao thng 64Kbps to thnh tc 144kbps dng (2B+D) cho mi hng. Knh bo hiu mang thng tin bo hiu ng dy v chn s cho c 2 knh giao thng nh thng tin x l cuc gi

48

v cc thng tin bo dng. Trong s truy cp th cp bao gm 1 ng dn 2Mbps t 1 ISPBX, 1 knh bo hiu knh chung tc 64kbps cho 30 knh giao thng 64Kbps c mang trong TS16.

Hnh 2.18.

Bo hiu lin tng i: Cc h thng bo hiu khc nhau trn cc ng trung k c nh tuyn n cc b thu pht bo hiu tng ng c thc hin nh b chuyn i tn hiu hoc kt hp trong ATTU (Analogue Trunk Terminalting Unit) cho cc kiu bo hiu LD, DC v 1VF. H thng bo hiu 1VF l h thng bo hiu n tn trong bng, n c th l bo hiu ng dy hoc bo hiu a ch (nhng ch yu l ng dy). S chuyn i bo hiu trong bng sang dng thch hp a n cc b thu pht bo hiu (thng l CAS) c th c thc hin bi mt thit b kt hp mi ng vo tng t n 1 ATTU hoc s dng mt n v n gin m n tch cc tones t dng s 2Mbps. Phng thc th 2 thng c s dng nhiu hn v tnh kinh t ca n. B chuyn i thc hin chia mt ng vo 2Mbps cha 30 knh vi m bo hiu n tn 1VF thnh ng ra 2Mbps vi bo hiu mang trong TS16. Thit b do phi c kh nng tm kim s xut hin ca cc tones c m ha s (v d 2280). iu ny c thc hin bi k thut lc s. i vi hng ngc li, thit b chuyn i cc bits CAS trong TS16 thnh cc tones tng ng chn vo

49

lung 2Mbps. Bo hiu MF c nh tuyn trn c s call-by-call qua khi chuyn mch nhm t ng dy ang gi n b thu pht MF bng ni kt thi gian gi ngn (short-holding-time). Ni kt thi gian gi ngn l mt ni kt trong thi gian rt ngn thng vi mc ch thu nhn cc ch s a ch, ni kt ny c gii phng ngay sau khi tn hiu a ch kt thc. Lc ny mt ng dn thoi c thit lp qua trng chuyn mch n ng ra yu cu. Ty theo phng thc truyn thng tin bo hiu m c phng php bin i khc nhau. truy nhp ti b thu pht bo hiu CAS l cc ng ni bn c nh. Cn cc ng ni ti cc b thu pht MF l cc tuyn c nh thc hin nguyn tc trao i gia cc khe thi gian TS16 vi nhau v ni dung cc TS ny c cha thng tin bo hiu. i vi bo hiu knh chung, thng tin bo hiu c cha trong cc TS16 ca cc lung 2Mbps truy nhp n b thu pht CCS qua ng ni bn vnh vin (semi-permanent) qua trng chuyn mch. Ni kt ny cho php cc khe thi gian t lung 2Mbps truy cp n CCS S/R qua 1 cng 2Mbps. Ni kt ny l bn vnh vin v n duy tr trong mt thi gian di (c th l vi nm) cho n khi c s c hoc c s thay i ln trong tng i th h thng iu khin s thit lp tr li.

50

Hnh 2.19.
2.2.5.3. Cc b thu pht bo hiu Thu pht MF nh tuyn bo hiu MF t thu bao hoc cc ng trung k ti b thu pht MF, yu cu mi b thu pht cn phi giao tip vi 30 knh thoi v s b thu pht yu cu ph thuc vo tc s dng v thi gian chim dng ca mi cuc gi. i vi bo hiu thu bao, mt ng dn n hng c thit lp qua b tp trung thu bao gia SLTU ang gi v 1 khe thi gian ri trong ng cao tc ti b thu pht MF, trong khi tone mi quay s c a n thu bao qua 1 ng thoi n hng khc qua b tp trung. n vTH MF phi c kh nng xc nhn c ch s u trong tone mi quay s. Khi cc s quay l y , h thng iu khin taeng i s gii phng ng dn qua b tp trung thu bao ny. Khe thi gian trong ng cao tc lc ny l ri v c th c s dng cho cc cuc gi khc. Qu trnh bo hiu lin i cng din ra tng t. B thu pht MF c th s dng k thut tng t hoc k thut s.
51

 B thu pht MF dng tng t: Phng php ny s dng nhiu trong cc tng i th h u v tnh kinh t cao. 30 b thu pht MF c ni v bin i ti PMUX (MUX th cp) to ra lung s 2,048Mbps theo cu trc khung. Trong , TS0 chc tn hiu ng b khung v TS16 bo hiu cho cc knh cn li.

Hnh 2.20.
B thu pht bo hiu MF dng s: B thu lm vic theo nguyn tc phn chia theo thi gian cho mt s knh ( y l 4). Cc s thu c t mi knh qua b thu n n v iu khin, , chng c nh dng vo trong mt bn tin ri gi n h thng iu khin taeng i. B pht MF th lm vic mt cch n gin hn, mnh n c s dng cho tt c cc knh thoi v trong TS16 ca lung 2Mbps. Vi kiu thu pht MF s, ch cn 8 b thu MF cho 30 knh u vo v mt b pht cho tt c cc knh. B thu MF s da trn c s b lc s. Yu cu kh nng nhn bit v phn tch 2 tone t mt t hp a tn (2 tn s), b qua cc tn hiu ngoi bng tn 4Khz xc nh c cc tn hiu bo hiu khc nhau suy ra ngha ca n. Sau , b thu s tm ra tn hiu c t hp tn s tng ng gi n b iu khin thu pht MF a n h thng iu khin tng i c nhng x l thch hp. B pht MF c th thc hin bng cc t hp tn s c m ha v lu tr trong ROM v c c ra cc ng vo thi im thch hp.

52

Hnh 2.21.
2.2.5.4. Cc b to tone v bn tin thng bo

Hnh 2.22.
S nh tuyn tones v cc bn tin thng bo: Tng i cn phi bo cho thu bao v trng thi cuc gi cng nh cc tin trnh ca n t khi bt u n khi kt thc. Tc l mt thu bao bnh thng mun trao i thng tin th phi c p ng m xc nhn yu cu hoc yu cu khng c chp thun v nhiu m khc nhau trong tin trnh x l cuc gi nh thng bo, tr gip... Thng thng, thng tin trng thi c th nghe thy c dng tones hoc li thoi thng bo. Do , mi thu bao cng nh cc ng trung k v cc n v khc thuc tng i phi c truy nhp n cc b to tone v thng bo. t hiu qu kinh t v k thut cho vic phn phi cc m bo n tng thu bao, cn phi phn loi theo chc nng ca tng dng m m phn b v tr ca cc b to m. V d: cc tnh trng thng thng c bo hiu bng cc

53

tones, cn cc trng hp c bit th bng cc bn tin. Trong tng i SPC, cc b m bo thng c phn b ti cc b tp trung thu bao theo phng php 1 ng phn b ti nhiu ng. Cn b lu tr bn tin thng bo c phn b ti khi chuyn mch chnh, v cc bn tin ny mang tnh cht dch v, t lin quan n tin trnh x l cuc gi. Vic nh tuyn cho cc m bo ti cc thu bao c thc hin bng lung s PCM. Nh vy, ti u ra ca thit b to m l cc tn hiu s, mi 1 m bo khc nhau c cha trong mt TS ring v n c qua khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao hay khi chuyn mch nhm nh qu trnh chuyn aei tn hiu thai. S khc bit y l tn hiu t b to m phi m bo v ln n thc hin chuyn mch ti nhiu u ra c yu cu cng lc. Vi cc bn tin thng bo, thng thng n c truy cp ti khe thi gian trung gian ca khi chuyn mch chnh v c thc hin chuyn mch nh tn hiu thai. Cc tones x l cuc gi Trong tng i s, c hai cch to tones x l cuc gi a vo ng dn thai, l: - Pht lin tc cc tones dng tng t, ri sau a qua b chuyn i A/D. - Pht lin lc cc tn hiu s tng ng vi cc tones bo hiu khc nhau. Phng thc u tin c s dng cho cc h tng i trc y v n khai thc thit b to tones trong tng i tng t m cha thay bng k thut s c. S lai tp gia cc b pht tones c-in t trong taeng i in t s gy nn s cng knh v kch thc v km hiu qu v mt kinh t. Khi k thut s l pht trin th phng thc th 2 c s dng nhiu hn vi cc tnh nng cao hn. Cc b to tones phc v cho chuyn mch tp trung thu bao c yu cu trong thi gian u trc thit lp cuc gi, cn b to tone phc v chuyn mch nhm dng mang p ng ca thu bao trong thi gian thit lp cuc gi. B to tone v cc bn tin thng bo Dng k thut tng t: C nhiu loi cu trc b to tone. Vi cc tng i analog th ta c cc b to tone analog vi cu trc n gin l cc b to dao ng vi cc mch iu khin ngt nhp khc nhau nh rle hoc cc cng in t. Cc tn hiu bo hiu ny phi c chuyn i sang dng s chn vo cc khe thi gian trong cc tuyn PCM a n cc u cui qua trng chuyn mch. Nhc im: Kch thc ln, cng knh, khng kinh t, khng c tin cy cao.

54

Hnh 2.23.

Dng k thut s: o To tones: i vi tng i SPC hin nay th cc b to m thng l b to tone s. Cc b to tone ny c kh nng cho ra nhiu loi tone khc nhau. Vic phn bit cho cc loi tone ny cho tin trnh x l cuc gi c thc hin bng cch thit lp cc di ngt nhp khc nhau cho cc tone. Cu trc ny ph thuc vo cch qun l khc nhau. Cc phn t b to tone s bao gm: Cc b nh ROM dng lu tr cc loi tone tng ng bng cc tn hiu s, mch iu khin tone theo chu k, b iu khin c ROM v cc thit b iu khin khc.

Hnh 2.24.

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Cc b nh ROM lu cc loi tones tng ng m ha v c ra vi a ch do bm chu k xc nh. Thi im pht tones qua trng chuyn mch do n v iu khin iu khin b SELECTOR. B SELECTOR bao gm cc b ghp knh logic s m chuyn mch gia ng vo v ng ra ph thuc vo a ch c cung cp bi n v iu khin. Nh vy, cc tones khc nhau c s ha (vi tn s ly mu l 8Khz) v np vo ROM, sau c c ra thi im thch hp theo yu cu ca thu bao. i vi tn hiu c chu k th ch cn np vo chu k l . i vi tn hiu khng c chu k th phi np tt c tn hiu . iu ny lm gim dung lng ca ROM, do , tnh kinh t phng pht ny rt cao. To cc bn tin thng bo: Mt trong kh nng cung cp dch v ca tng i SPC l vic cung cp cc bn tin thng bo vi nhng ni dung mang tnh cht thng bo ch dn Cc bn tin thng bo c lu tr trong cc thit b bng t, a t, b nh sao cho kh nng truy cp c d dng. Trn thc t c hai phng php lu tr sau: - Phng php 1: Tt c cc bn tin c s ha vi tng bit nh phn v ghi vo thit b lu tr. - Phng php 2 : Kiu ca bn tin thng bo c dng cc cu, cc t hp ch ci c chung nht mt m tit, cc t vng chung c ghi vo vi mch ROM, RAM truy xut theo mt a ch thch hp. Phng php 1 n gin nhng tn km v khng gian b nh, phng php 2 kinh t hn, nhng vn iu khin li phc tp hn rt nhiu. Cc bn tin c nh th c th lu vo trong ROM, cn cc bn tin c th thay i hoc cc dch v mi th thng c lu vo RAM tng tnh linh hat, thun tin trong vic sa i b sung. 2.4. Chuyn mach Mi tng i u c cc ng nhp v ng xut, bao gm cc thit b kt cui ng dy thu bao, cc mch hp ni, mch trung k v quc t. Trong khi mt tng i c th c xem nh mt chuyn mch th thc t n bao gm mt s ln cc chuyn mch tch bit hay cn gi l cc ta ni (crosspoints). Chng c th c sp xp theo nhiu cch khc nhau nhm t c tnh hiu qu v kinh t. Mi crosspoint l mt tip im in, c th ng m linh hot, khi ng, n hnh thnh nn b phn ca ng dn ca cuc gi xuyn qua tng i. Mt
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phng php thc hin cc crosspoint trong mt tng i l dng mt khi chuyn mch dng ma trn iu nh hnh 2.25. Cc crosspoint trong tng i c truyn thng chim chi ph ln (trn hnh 2.25 khng c trnh by mi im ni bao ch ca mt dy n, m gm 2 hoc 4 dy cng nh mt s cc dy iu khin c h thng iu khin s dng iu hnh vic chn cc crosspoint). Vic dng ma trn n

Cc ng ra

Ta ni Cc ng vo

Hnh 2.25. Mt chuyn mch bao gm mt ma trn im l mt phng thc mang tnh tng n gin nht xy dng khi chuyn mch v s tit kim s im ni l mt u im. Gim s crosspoint trong ma trn ch n thun l gim kch thc tng i, v vy c th tit kim chi ph bng cch dng mt s cc tng chuyn mch thay cho mt ma trn n. 2.4.1. Chuyn mch phn chia theo tng Mt v d n gin ca chuyn mch theo tng c trnh by trn hnh 2.26. Trong hnh ny cc mch n tng i c ni thnh nhm 100, cc nhm ni n cc chuyn mch tng A ch c 10 ng ra. Do c s tp trung bn trong tng i v gim s crosspoint. Tuy nhin, iu ny s dn n tnh trng mt cuc gi n c th khng kt ni c do khng c sn ng dn chuyn mch. Tnh trng ny c gi l blocking. Bi v tt c cc ng vo khng th gi mt cch ng thi, iu ny cng hp l v trn thc t tng hiu qu s dng chuyn mch c thc hin bng cch phn phi mt t l dch v chp nhn c cho mt tng i (khng cp ). Trong hnh 2.26 cc chuyn mch tng A ch n gin l cc b tp trung, n cho php tit kim s crosspoint. Tng t, cc chuyn mch tng C m rng s
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lng u ra trn tng i. Cc chuyn mch tng C cng h tr nh tuyn n cc mch ng ra c bit. Tng B h tr nh tuyn xuyn tng i.
C c chuyn mch t n g A C c chuyn m ch t n g C

10

100

1
1 10 1 10 1 10

10 0 1

10

1 Chuyn m ch tng B 100x100= 10.000 ta ni

10 0

100

10

100

10

10 0

Hnh 2.26. Nguyn l chuyn mch phn tng Khi mt cuc gi n ti mt chuyn mch tng A, ti y ch xy ra mt hot ng cn thit, l tm mt ng ra cho n n B. Tng B phi ng cc crosspoint thch hp cho cuc gi c nh tuyn n ng mt chuyn mch tng C. Tng s crosspoint cho 1000 mch vo v 1000 mch ra l (cng ln lt cc tng A, B v C). 10(100x10) + 100x100 + 10(10x100) = 30 000 S lng ny r rng nh hn nhiu so vi 1000 000 nu dng mt ma trn n. Mt dng ci tin tt hn c m t trn hnh 2.27. y tt c cc tng chuyn mch u thc hin nh tuyn. Mi chuyn mch tng B ch x l mt ng ra n mi chuyn mch tng C. Nu chuyn mch A ch n gin phn phi mt cuc gi n mt ng ra bt k n B, s c mt kh nng ng k khng th chp nhn c l ng ra c yu cu t chuyn mch B b chim dng. H thng trong hnh yu cu sp xp li cng tc chn la cc ng ra xuyn ton b
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h thng chuyn mch. Trong khi s iu khin cc tng chuyn mch trong h thng hnh 2.26 c th kim sot theo tng bc, th iu khin trong h thng ny phi sp xp sao cho
Cc chuyn mch tng A Cc chuyn mch tng B Cc chuyn mch tng C

1
1

100

1
100

1 2

100

2
100

2 3

1 1

100

10
100

10

10

Hnh 2.27. Chuyn mch phn tng c iu kin ng ra t tng chuyn mch A n mt tng chuyn mch n mt tng chuyn mch B c chn ch khi bit rng ng ra t chuyn mch tng B n chuyn mch yu cu tng C ang trng thi nhn ri. Trong phng php ny cc ng dn chuyn mch khng c ni tng phn cc b; nu khng c ng dn hon chnh, thit b chuyn mch khng b chim dng mt cch khng cn thit. Chuyn mch c iu kin ny l c s cho tt c cc h thng chuyn mch hin i. S lng cc crosspoint trong h thng chuyn mch hnh 2.27l:
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10(100x10) + 10(10x10) + 10(10x100) = 21 000 2.4.2. K thut chuyn mch Trong cc tng i tng t chuyn mch c chia theo khng gian: mt ng dn chuyn mch dnh ring c thit lp phc v cho mt cuc gi v b chim dng trong sut thi gian m thoi. Trong cc tng i chuyn mch s, vic chuyn mch cho cc cuc gi c thc hin bng cch m hay ng thng xuyn cc cng logic theo tng khong thi gian, cho php cc tn hiu in di dng cc ch s nh phn i qua cc ng dn chuyn mch vt l. Bng cch ny mt s cc cuc gi chia s thi gian s dng cng mt ng dn chuyn mch; cc tn hiu ca n khng c truyn mt cch lin tc, nhng c truyn trong cc khe thi gian c chn di dng mt chui xung hn hp. Mt iu cn phi xc nh y l cc c im gia cc ch chuyn mch. Cc tham s ny rt quan trng nh ngha chnh xc mt cng tc chuyn mch (hay tng chuyn mch, v bt k mt h thng chuyn mch no u c th bao gm mt hn hp cc loi): c tnh truyn, s cp ng dn v kiu chuyn mch.

c tnh truyn: c tnh truyn (cng c gi l ch chuyn mch) ca mt tng chuyn mch c th hoc tng t hoc s Mt chuyn mch tng t c th chuyn bt k mc in th tn hiu trong di lm vic. Thng thng cc chuyn mch nh vy chuyn cc tn hiu tng t thay i ng nh cc thay i gc ca ting ni. Tuy nhin mt chuyn mch tng t cng c th chuyn c tn hiu s. Mt chuyn mch s ch chuyn cc tn hiu c in th ti n mc xc nh. Trong chuyn mch s nh phn, n=2. S cp ng dn: Mt chuyn mch bao gm mt s cc im ni (crosspoint) c kh nng cung cp mt s cc kt ni ng thi, v dng hai phng php: o Trong phng php phn chia khng gian (Space Division SD), mi cuc gi hay knh c phn phi mt ng dn vt l ring xuyn qua chuyn mch trong sut thi gian ca cuc gi. Cc ng dn xuyn qua chuyn mch c nhn dng bi v tr ca n.

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o Trong phng php phn chia thi gian (Time Division TD), mt chuyn mch chia s thi gian cho mt s cc knh. Mi knh c phn phi nh k mt khe thi gian ngn, trong thi gian ny n truy xut c quyn n mt ng dn chung xuyn qua chuyn mch. Trc khi cc knh thoi c chuyn xuyn qua mt mng chuyn mch s TD, chng c chuyn sang dng s.

Kiu chuyn mch: Kiu chuyn mch m t chc nng c bit ca chuyn mch. C hai loi: chuyn mch khng gian v chuyn mch thi gian. Trong chuyn mch khng gian, cc kt ni c thc hin gia cc v tr vt l khc nhau (gia mt lin kt ny vi mt lin kt khc) khng c hin tng tr ca tn hiu thoi c truyn. Trong chuyn mch thi gian cc kt ni c thc hin ti cc thi im khc nhau. Thng tin trong khe thi gian cho trc trn ng nhp chuyn mch c truyn vo mt khe thi gian chn trn ng ra. iu ny cn n vic lu tr cc tn hiu thoi trong mt khong thi gian xc nh v s xut hin hin tng tr. Tuy nhin thu bao khng th nhn bit c. S khc nhau gia hai loi chuyn mch c th phn bit mt cch chnh xc bng cch dng 3 yu t trn. Do , mt chuyn mch c th l tng t hay s, SD hay TD, khng gian hay thi gian. V d, mt khi chuyn mch c c th c m t nh l tng t/SD/khng gian. Cn ch rng chuyn mch khng gian c th hoc tng t hoc s, trong khi v cc l do thc t nn chuyn mch thi gian phi l s.

2.5. iu khin tng i H thng iu khin l b no ca tng i. N cha ng cc kh nng logic quyt nh cc hot ng cn thit, nhm thc hin v truyn cc tn hiu cn thit khi ng. V d khi nhn tn hiu truy cp, h thng iu khin tm mt vng nh trng dnh lu gi cc ch s, v khi tm thy n s khi pht tn hiu bo nhn (m mi quay s nu tn hiu truy cp trn mt ng dy ni b). Khi nhn cc ch s, h thng iu khin dch chng, xc nh mch ng ra no cuc gi s phi dng, v chn mt ng dn chuyn mch thch hp xuyn qua tng i. Khi c tn hiu xa n, h thng iu khin s gii phng ng dn chuyn mch v cung cp cc thit b cho cc cuc gi khc. iu khin cng c lin quan n s gim st tng i, bao gm thu thp d liu tnh cc, bo tr v hoch nh.

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2.5.1. Hin thc trong cc tng i nhn cng Trong cc tng i nhn cng, iu khin v chuyn mch u c thc hin bi in thoi vin. Trong khi s mch vn cn gii hn, iu ny tha mn tnh linh hot ti a. Ch cn c mt u dy ni rnh, in thoi vin c th ni bt k ng dy thu bao no, hay bt k ng hp ni no. in thoi vin cng chn cc tuyn khi bit rng l ng tt nht c nhiu c hi kt ni thnh cng nht, khi mng khng th xuyn qua c (do nghn hay h hng) c th trnh c cc n lc lp li bng cch gii thch cho cc thu bao ti sao cuc gi ca h khng th thc hin c trong mt thi gian cho trc. Bng cch dng hiu bit mang tnh ni b ca mng thc hin chc nng chuyn mch, in thoi vin tng ng nh thnh phn iu khin trung tm v mt dng qun l mng hiu qu. Dng iu khin c bn ny sp xp tt c cc chc nng iu khin trong u v tay ca in thoi vin. in thoi vin tip nhn thng tin nh tuyn qua m thoi vi thu bao di dng tn ca phn c gi, dch chng xc nh ng ra no c yu cu, kim tra ng dy, thit lp mt cuc ni xuyn bng chuyn mch qua cc u ni dy, gim st ng dn truyn m bo cc phn ang lin lc vi nhau, ghi li cuc gi tnh cc, gim st s xa cuc ni v sau cng ngt mch bng cch g u ni ra. Trong khi h tr s iu khin hiu qu th li phung ph ti nguyn. Mt cuc gi yu cu s tip n ring ca in thoi vin trong sut qu trnh thit lp cuc gi, c ngha l tt c cc cuc gi khc n trong khong thi gian ny u phi xp hng i. Tuy nhin, rt bt tin nu ti u bng cch dng mt s thch hp cc in thoi vin. Trong mt tng i nh, tc n ca cc cuc gi ch ph hp cho mt in thoi vin, c iu khin tp trung y . c tnh nhn bit n l tt c cc chc nng iu khin cc ng dy c cung cp bi mt n v, trong trng hp ny l in thoi vin. Mt iu bt li trong vic gn tt c cc chc nng iu khin vo mt n v n l c th ton b mng khng hot ng khi n v iu khin ny khng thc hin chc nng ca mnh, v d nh v l do ny hay l do khc in thoi vin khng trc ti v tr ca mnh. iu ny c th c khc phc bng cch cung cp mt in thoi vin d phng. iu bt tin khc l c kh nng cc cuc gi phi i hay b tht bi bi v n v iu khin qu bn khng gii quyt kp. iu ny c th iu chnh n mt gi tr c th chp nhn

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c bng cch ti u s cc n v iu khin cn c vo tc cuc gi trn ng dy v gi c s cp pht ng dy. 2.5.2. iu khin chung S chia s ti nguyn iu khin gia cc cuc gi c gi l s iu khin chung. N c th l tp trung ging trong trng hp nhn cng, hay phn tn. Trong qu trnh pht trin ca iu khin, c hai loi iu khin c dng. Trong cc h thng tng i maker based c dng trc khi xut hin tng i SPC, kt hp c iu khin tp trung v phn tn. Trong cc tng i SPC u tin, cc chc nng iu khin tp trung trong mt my tnh n, v c d phng bo mt. Ngy nay, vi s gim gi thnh v gia tng kh nng ca cc b x l, trong cc tng i th h mi mt ln na iu khin phn tn li pht huy u im. Cc chc nng nh iu khin bo hiu, kim sot d liu, tip nhn ch s v iu khin chuyn mch u c giao ph (trong nhiu mc ph thuc vo thit k) cho cc b x l phn phi bn trong tng i, c mt b x l trung tm lm nhim v giao quyn iu khin cho cc vi x l khc. Do iu khin hin i c thit k trong hu ht cc phn mm ring bit. 2.6. Gii thiu tng quan mt tng ai ky thut s SPC Trong cc phn trc gii thiu khi nim v SPC v s khc nhau gia chuyn mch s (digital switching) v chuyn mch tng t (analog switching). Cc tng i SPC hin i dng k thut chuyn mch s v c v tr chc chn trong mng vin thng quc t. D c xem nh thnh phn ca cc mng chuyn mch v truyn dn s tch hp hay s thay th cho cc n v chuyn mch tng t, cc chuyn mch nh vy u c nhiu u im. Cng tc qun l vin thng tit kim c chi ph v thu c cc c trng sn c t cc h thng ny, nht l trong bi cnh thu bao i hi cht lng dch v ngy cng cao cng nh hng lot cc dch v v tin ch khc mi ra i. V th phn ny s trnh by mt ci nhn tng quan v tng i in thoi s SPC. Hnh 2.28 l mt s khi trnh by khi qut mt tng i cc b k thut s SPC. Cn lu rng hnh v trnh by cc phn t chc nng ca mt tng i thay cho cc n v vt l c th c dng trong bt c h thng c bit no. C nhiu chng loi h thng tng i k thut s SPC ang c sn xut, mi loi c mt kin trc c trng. l kt qu t s phn b khc nhau ca cc phn t chc nng vo trong cc h thng con. Tuy nhin, hnh 2.28 c

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thit k vi cc nt tng quan gn gi vi hu ht cc h thng tng i c sn. Cng cn ch rng cc thut ng v cc nguyn l c dng trong hnh, v cc k hiu l tng qut v khng c ch cp n bt k mt thit k c bit no ca h thng chuyn mch.Tng i cc b gm hai loi n v: mt hay nhiu n v tp trung thu bao v mt n v chuyn mch nhm. Mt vi n v tp trung thu bao xa n v chuyn mch nhm, nhng n gin, tt c cc n v trong hnh 2.28 c xp vo mt ch nhm mc ch miu t. Cc n v ny cha chuyn mch s, mch kt cui ng dy, thit b iu khin v bo hiu. Hnh m t mt tng i cc b ch vi mt b tp trung thu bao (Subscriber Concentrator Unit SCU) v mt n v chuyn mch nhm (Group Switch Unit GSU); cc SCU thm vo c kt ni n GSU theo phng php tng t. Thng thng thit b iu khin trong SCU thc hin vi chc nng iu khin gi, trong mi lin h vi thit b iu khin chnh trong GSU. Mc t ng ca thit b iu khin trong CSU ph thuc vo thit k ca h thng tng i. Do , h thng iu khin tng i ni cung cp cc chc nng SPC c m t trong hnh 2.28 bao gm c hai n v tng i. Cc tng i trung k k thut s SPC khng kt cui cc ng dy thu bao v do ch bao gm mt GSU.

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 n v t p tru n g th u b a o
n v kt cu i ng dy M th u b a o U

n v kt c u i tru n g k K h i chu y n m ch nhm

C c trung k analog C c trung k s

K hi chuyn m c h tru n g t m M F s ig th u b a o Tones

MF s ig CAS

B i u k h i n ng dy th u b a o

CCS

n v chuyn m ch nhm

H thng iu khin tng i

C h th ch : T u y n s T u y n a n a lo g T u y n i u k h i n

C c u cui i u h n h

Hnh 2.28. S tng qut ca mt tng i cc b k thut s C hai n v ca tng i u cha cc khi chuyn mch (thut ng khi chuyn mch c dng m t mt h thng chuyn mch bao gm vi tng chuyn mch). Khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao chuyn cc cuc gi bt u t mt s ln cc ng dy thu bao vi lu lng ti thp n trung k ni b c kh nng ti cao, dn n khi chuyn mch nhm. iu ny to nn mt lin kt gia cc trung k t cc n v tp trung thu bao, cc trung k bn ngoi v cc tuyn hp ni. Cc cuc gi kt cui trn SCU c chuyn bi khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao t trung k GSU n cc ng thu bao thch hp. Cc khi chuyn mch s vi cc c tnh cu to ca bn dn s v ch hot ng ca TDM, ch c th lm vic vi cc tn hiu dng s. Do bt k mt ng analog no kt cui trn tng i phi c chuyn sang dng s ( l dng PCM 24/30 knh) ti b phn ngoi vi ca khi chuyn mch. Cng vic chuyn i ny (cho cc ng trung k) c thc hin bi n v v kt cui trung k analog ti b phn ngoi vi ca khi chuyn mch nh tuyn; S chuyn i cho cc ng dy thu bao c thc hin bi cc n v kt cui ng dy thu bao (subscriber line termination units_SLTU) v cc b ghp knh ti b phn ngoi vi ca khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao.

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SLTU cng h tr tt c cc chc nng lin quan n cc ng dy thu bao. Cc chc nng ny bao gm cp ngun cho b truyn thoi, pht hin vng DC c to cho thu bao nhc ng nghe, pht hin cc xung quay s, bo v thit b chuyn mch chng li hin tng qu p trn ng dy, chuyn i gia ng dy thu bao analog 2 dy vi h thng chuyn mch s 4 dy, cp dng in chung ln ng dy, v mt s cc chc nng kim th no . Vic tit kim khi thit k tng i t c bng cch ti thiu thit b trong SLTU, v chng cung cp trn tng ng dy thu bao. Do , mt vi thit b cng h tr cc chc nng kt cui ng dy thu bao c t chung trong cc n v iu khin ng dy thu bao, mi b iu khin phc v cho mt s cc SLTU. Cc b iu khin ng dy h tr giao tip gia cc SLTU v h thng iu khin tng i bng cch tc ng nh cc u cui truyn tin. Do , cc khong ngh ca xung quay s c pht hin bi cc SLTU c chuyn i sang cc ch s bi cc b iu khin. Mt dng khc ca SLTU cn thit kt cui cc ng dy thu bao s, n vn chuyn mt s cc knh t cc n v kt cui ISDN c bit hay cc n v PABX s. Mc d cc SLTU s khng cn h tr cc chuyn i analog sang digital hay t 2 sang 4 dy, nhng chng phi kt cui ng truyn dn s v chu trch nhim kim th cng nh cc chc nng tch tn hiu. Trung k s v cc mch hp ni s trong chun PCM 24 hay 30 knh kt cui mt cch trc tip trn khi chuyn mch nhm. Tuy nhin, cc tuyn s hot ng qua cc h thng truyn c th t cao hn trc ht phi c phn gii knh xung dng PCM chun ti cc trm truyn dn lin quan vi tng i s SPC trc khi c kt cui trn khi chuyn mch nhm (iu ny khng c trnh by trn hnh 2.28). Vi cc iu kin ngoi l ca thnh phn mt chiu DC (vng v ct vng), n c pht hin bi cc SLTU v cc b iu khin ca n, tt c cc bo hiu c kim sot bi cc nhm truyn nhn chung. Truy cp gia cc ng dy thu bao v cc b thu a tn (MF) c h tr qua khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao. iu ny cng h tr truy cp gia mt nhm nh cc n v m hiu (nh cc thng bo c ghi li) v cc ng dy thu bao. Truy cp gia cc ng trung k v cc nhm bo hiu truyn nhn khc nhau trong bo hiu a tn, bo hiu knh lin kt (CAS) v bo hiu knh chung (CCS), c h tr bi cc khi chuyn mch nhm.

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Thng tin gia h thng tng i k thut s SPC v ban iu hnh qun tr c h tr bi cc u cui hot ng theo ch lnh, dng phn mm giao tip ngi my chy trn h thng iu khin tng i. Cc u cui ny (v d nh VDUs v my in) c th t chung mt ch vi tng i hay t t xa ngay ti cc trung tm bo tr v iu hnh.

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CHNG III K THUT CHUYN MCH S 3.1. Gii thiu chung Chuyn mch s l qu trnh lin kt cc khe thi gian gia mt s cc lin kt truyn dn k thut s TDM. iu ny cho php cc tuyn s 2Mbps hay 1,5 Mbps t cc tng i khc hay cc PABX k thut s c kt cui mt cch trc tip trn chuyn mch s, khng cn chuyn i sang cc knh thoi thnh phn cho chuyn mch ging nh trong mt tng i tng t. S b bt thit b nh th trn mi knh lm cho chuyn mch s c xem l c u im v gi c v kch thc. D nhin, bt c mt mch tng t no kt cui trn tng i chuyn mch s hoc l cc ng thu bao hoc l cc mch trung k hay hp ni, u phi c chuyn sang dng PCM trc khi vo cc chuyn mch s. Tng t cc mch ri khi tng i trn cc phng tin truyn dn tng t cng phi c chuyn t s sang tng t ngay ti ngoi vi ca khi chuyn mch. Cc chuyn i A/D v D/A ny, cng vi bt k s chuyn i bo hiu cn thit no c m trch bi thit b lin mng Vai tr ca thit b lin kt mng c m t trong mt kin trc tng qut hnh 3.1. Hnh ny trnh by cc lung s PCM nhp vo khi chuyn mch mt cch trc tip ngay mc ghp knh, trong khi cc mch tng t kt cui ti mc mch ring trn thit b lin kt mng. Do , thit b lin kt mng nh phi chu s tht thot u im v gi c v kch thc so vi mt tng i chuyn mch s. i vi cc tng i trong mi trng truyn dn tng t chim u th, iu ny c th l rt quan trng. Gi c lin kt mng cao do cc b A/D v D/A t tin, khin cc ng dng thc tin u tin ca chuyn mch s ch p dng trong cc tng i trung k v hp ni sut thi gian t cui thp nin 60 n u thp nin 70. Cc tng i nh vy hot ng nh l cc mode chuyn mch trung gian gia cc h thng ng truyn PCM, sau pht trin trong cc mng trung k v hp ni. S pht trin ca cc tng i cc b k thut s gi c ph hp phi i cho n khi cc h thng m ha ting ni r tin xut hin vo cui thp nin 70, nh ti thiu c gi c lin mng trn mi ng dy thu bao. Chng ny tp trung ch yu vo c cu ca chuyn mch s v cu trc ca cc khi chuyn mch s thc t. Cc chc nng ngoi vi kt cui thu bao v cc ng trung k s c xem xt chi tit trong chng k tip.

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Trc khi xem xt chuyn mch s, cn cn nhc li mt s cc thut ng. H thng chuyn mch trong mt tng i ty trng hp c gi vi tn khc nhau chuyn mch, mng chuyn mch, mng chuyn mch trung tm hay khi chuyn mch. trnh nhm ln vi cc thut ng c dng m t cc mng in thoi, trong ti liu ny dng chuyn mch m t mt phn t chuyn mch, v khi chuyn mch m t mt nhm cc chuyn mch. V d nh khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao.

Mt khi chuyn mch s cung cp cc kt ni gia mt s cc h thng PCM, mi h thng thu bao gm 30 hay 24 knh trong mt khung TDM. Cc h thng PCM kt thc ti khi chuyn mch trn cc bus tc cao. Trong mn K thut truyn dn m t cc mu t mi knh hnh thnh nn cc t m PCM 8 bit nh th no, cc t m ny c truyn trong cc khe thi gian trn mt bus ng nhp vo mt khe thi gian trn mt bus ng ra. Mc d thut ng knh v khe thi gian l ring bit, nhng chng c dng ng ngha vi nhau trong ti liu. cho r rng, s m t ny xem chuyn mch s n gin nh l cc lin kt khe thi gian, tm li pha sau cc m t cc dng khc(nh d liu, bo hiu, kim tra, qun tr) c truyn qua khe thi gian ca knh. Ngay lc ny rt hu ch khi xem xt mt v d n gin v kt ni xuyn qua mt khi chuyn mch. Tham kho hnh 3.1, xem xt mt cuc gi c mang trong khe TS6 ca h thng PCM A, n yu cu kt ni n tng i qua tuyn trung k ca h thng PCM F. Nu TS6 rnh trn h thng PCM F, th kt ni c th c thit lp bng cch lin kt hai h thng PCM trong khong thi

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gian khi TS6 n mt cch ng thi trn c hai h thng. Qu trnh ny l mt cuc ni khng gian n gin v c gi l chuyn mch khng gian s. Tuy nhin, ch da vo chuyn mch khng gian trong mt khi chuyn mch s s lm xut hin cc vn tc nghn nghim trng do nhiu kh nng hai hay nhiu cuc gi tranh chp cng mt khe thi gian ng ra. V d tc nghn s xy ra nu TS6 ca h thng PCM F ang bn(gi s ang kt ni vi TS6 ca h thng PCM C) v do khng sn sng cho kt ni vi TS6 ca h thng PCM A. S tc nghn ny c th trnh c bng cch chn mt khe thi gian khc TS6 trn h thng PCM F cho cuc gi t h thng A. Thng thng iu ny c th, bi v bt c khe thi gian t do no trn mt tuyn n mt tng i u thch hp cho vic mang thng tin cuc gi. Kt ni gia khe thi gian TS6 trn h thng PCM A vi mt vi khe thi gian khc trn h thng PCM F lin h khng ch chuyn mch khng gian s gia hai h thng PCM m cn lin h vi chuyn mch thi gian gia cc khe thi gian khc nhau ng nhp v ng xut. Cc khi chuyn mch thc t thng thng dng mt t hp chuyn mch khng gian v chuyn mch thi gian. Trong cc phn sau y, cc chuyn mch khng gian v chuyn mch thi gian c m t mt cch ring bit trc khi s t hp chng vo cc khi chuyn mch c xem xt. Cc m t ny gi s rng tt c cc h thng PCM kt thc khi chuyn mch c ng b tt c cc khe thi gian tng ng n mt cch ng thi xuyn qua cc chuyn mch. Do , trn hnh 3.1 TS1 ca h thng PCM A xy ra ng thi vi cc TS1 ca cc h thng B, C, D, E, F, G, H v TS1 ca khi chuyn mch. Chc chn hn, gi s rng cc kt ni xuyn qua cc chuyn mch c thit lp; s thit lp ng dn chuyn mch c xem mc 3.8 3.2. Chuyn mach khng gian ky thut s Tng chuyn mch khng gian s S(Space Switch Stage) cu to t mt ma trn chuyn mch kch thc N u vo v M u ra vt l. Lu rng y l h thng TDM s, do mi ng vt l cha n knh thi gian m chng mang cc tn hiu PCM. Nh vy kt ni mt khe thi gian bt k no trong mt ng PCM bt k pha u vo ca ma trn chuyn mch ti khe thi gian tng ng (ngha l c cng m s TS) ca mt ng PCM bt k pha u ra ca ma trn th mt im chuyn mch thch hp ca ma trn chuyn mch cn phi hot ng trong sut thi gian ca TS v lp li vi chu k T = 125 sec trong sut

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qu trnh to knh. Trong cc thi gian khc, vn im chuyn mch c th s dng cho cc qu trnh ni khc. Tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc im chuyn mch khc ca ma trn c th c s dng thit lp knh ni cho cc cuc gi khc nhau. Chuyn mch khng gian tn hiu TDM-s thng thit lp ng thi mt s lng ln cc cuc ni qua ma trn vi tc tc th trong mt khung tn hiu 125 sec, trong mi cuc ni qua ma trn tn ti trong thi gian ca mt khe thi gian TS. Mt cuc gi in thoi c th ko di trong khong thi gian nhiu khung tn hiu PCM (thng thng khong 1,2 2 triu khung v tng ng vi khong t 3-5 pht). Do vy mt kiu iu khin theo chu k n gin cho mt mu ni l cn thit. iu ny d dng t c nh mt b nh RAM iu khin cc b lin quan ti ma trn chuyn mch khng gian. Hnh 3.2 minh ha nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca mt tng chuyn mch khng gian S. Chuyn mch tng S cu to t 2 thnh phn c bn Ma trn chuyn mch v khi iu khin chuyn mch cc b.

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Ma trn chuyn mch vung kch thc NxN, trong hng dng cho cc ng PCM pha u vo v ct dng cho cc ng PCM pha u ra. Ti giao im ca hng v ct du ni im chuyn mch v thng thng l cng logic AND hay cng logic 3 trng thi. Ch rng AND hay cng logic ba trng thi l mch logic khng nh, do vy chuyn mch cho cng mt khe thi gian gia u vo v u ra ca phn t chuyn mch. Cc im chuyn mch trong mi ct c iu khin bi mt b nh iu khin C-Mem(Control Memory). Khi iu khin cc b bao gm b m khe thi thi gian TSCounter, b chn a ch Selector v b nh iu khin C-Mem thc hin chc nng iu khin cc b ma trn chuyn mch. B nh C-Mem lu tr cc s liu lin quan ti cc im chuyn mch tng ng vi cc khe thi gian TS trong khung tn hiu cho. M a ch nh phn c gn cho mi im chuyn mch trong mt ct. Mi a ch thch hp sau s c s dng chn mt im chuyn mch yu cu thit lp cuc ni gia mt u vo vi mt u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch. Cc a ch chn ny c nh trong b nh iu khin C-Mem theo th t khe thi gian tng ng vi vi biu thi gian kt ni hin thi. Nh vy i vi ct 1, a ch ca im chuyn mch s c thng mch trong thi gian TS0 s c nh trong nh c a ch 0 ca C-Mem cho ct, a ch ca im chuyn mch s thng mch trong khe thi gian TS1 s c nh trong nh a ch 1. Tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc a ch khc trong tng chuyn mch. di ca cc nh C-Mem c xc nh trn c s a ch nh phn ca cc im chuyn mch trong ct, ngha l c ldN(s nguyn ln hn nh nht) bits, cn s lng nh ca C-Mem bng s lng khe thi gian TS c trong mt khung tn hiu ca ng TDM s. Ngay sau khi b nh iu khin C-Mem c np s liu cc a ch ca cc im chuyn mch trong ct, th qu trnh iu khin chuyn mch c th thc hin bng cch c cc ni dung ca mi nh CMem trong thi gian thch hp tng ng vi khe thi gian yu cu, s dng cc s liu a ch chn im chuyn mch cn thit m n s thng mch trong thi gian ca TS nu trn. Qu trnh ny s c tip tc lp li cho ti khi tt c cc nh ca C-Mem c c v cc im chuyn mch c iu khin mt cch thch hp. Tip theo th tc ny s c lp li vi s chu k T = 125 sec, bt u vi nh u tin ca C-Mem. Mi chu k l mt khung ca Format tn hiu s s dng v trong thi gian t hp m tn hiu PCM t mi khe thi

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gian u vo c th s c chuyn mch ti mt khe thi gian thch hp ti mt u ra xc nh. T hnh v Hnh 3.2 ta c th nhn thy rng mi C-Mem ch iu khin mt ct ca ma trn v do cch trang b ny gi l iu khin u ra. Tt nhin cng c th trang b iu khin theo u vo. Kho st phn tch cu to v hot ng ca chuyn mch s tng S trn y ch r rng chuyn mch tng S c vn nghim trng do hin tng blocking gy ra do xc sut tranh chp ln khi c hai hay nhiu cuc gi cng xut hin cc u vo khc nhau nhng cng mun chim cng mt khe thi gian trong lung PCM u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch. Hin tng blocking c th c khc phc bng cch tm chn cc khe thi gian ri khc nhau, iu ny c th thc hin c bi v bt k khe thi gian ri no trong hng cho cng c th dng cho cuc gi xc nh. Ngoi ra dng kt hp gia chuyn mch tng S vi chuyn mch tng T (Time Switch Stage) va c th pht trin dung lng khi chuyn mch va gim c hin tng blocking. Sau y chng ta s kho st mt v d m t nguyn tc hot ng chuyn mch to knh ca tng S. V d m t hot ng ca tng S phc v cho mt cuc ni gia TS0 ca lung tn hiu PCM1 u vo vi TS0 ca lung tn hiu PCM1 pha u ra. Cn c vo yu cu chuyn mch c th cho, trc ht h thng iu khin trung tm CC(Central Control) ca tng i s to cc s liu iu khin np vo b nh C-Mem ca tng S. T hnh 4.2 ta thy im chuyn mch duy nht c th m bo cho yu cu kt ni PCM1 pha u vo vi PCM1 pha u ra l AND11, do CC to m a ch nh phn cho phn t AND11 ny. M theo yu cu phi thc hin chuyn mch cho khe thi gian TS0 do vy CC s chim nh c a ch m nh phn 0 tng ng ca C-Mem. Cc s liu c bn c CC np a ch nh phn AND 11 vo nh 0 ca C-Mem tng S, xong ri n giao quyn iu khin cho khi iu khin cc b(Locall Controller) iu khin trc tip qu trnh tip theo. m bo cho tng chuyn mch S hot ng chnh xc, yu cu tn hiu ng h phi hon ton ng b vi thi im bt u ca mi khe thi gian TS trong khung tn hiu PCM c s dng. Nh vy, khi bt u mt khung tn hiu PCM tn hiu ng h th nht tc ng vo b m khe thi gian TS-Counter lm cho b m ny thit lp trng thi 0 c m nh phn tng ng vi a ch nh 0 ca C-Mem, nh b chn a

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ch Selector m trng thi ny c a ti BUS a ch ca b nh C-Mem. ng thi vi vic to m a ch, Selector to ra tn hiu iu khin c a ti C-Mem, do ni dung cha trong nh 0 c a ra thanh ghi gii m. V ni dung ny li chnh l a ch ca phn t chuyn mch AND 11, do to c tn hiu iu khin im chuyn mch ny, nh tn hiu PCM cha trong khe thi gian TS0 ca PCM1 pha u vo c chuyn qua phn t chuyn mch AND11 hng ti PCM1 pha u ra ca ma trn chuyn mch S, tc l thc hin chc nng chuyn mch. Kt thc thi gian ca TS0, xung ng h th 2 tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n chuyn sang trng thi 1 c m nh phn tng ng vi a ch nh 1 ca C-Mem. Nh vy kt thc vic to tn hiu iu khin cho AND 11 i vi qu trnh chuyn mch cho TS0 theo yu cu. Tng t nh vy i vi cc khe thi gian tip theo v th tc c lp li vi chu k T =125 sec trong sut qu trnh thit lp ni cho cuc gi ang xt. Khi cuc gi kt thc CC nhn bit v n s gii phng cuc ni mt cch n gin bng hot ng xa s liu ghi vo C-Mem nh nu khi bt u cuc gi. Trong cc tng chuyn mch S thc t, cc bits tn hiu PCM thng c ghp knh to lung tc cao v bin i thnh dng song song trc khi qua tng S. V d nh lung tn hiu s PCM 32 vi tc truyn bit ni ting l 2,048 Mbit/s c mang trong i dy n a ti b bin i ni tip song song. 3.3. Chuyn mach thi gian s Chng ta nhn thy rng cu to v hot ng ca chuyn mch tng S ch thc hin cho cc qu trnh chuyn mch c cng ch s khe thi gian gia ng PCM vo v ng PCM ra. Trong trng hp tng qut c yu cu trao i khe thi gian gia u vo v u ra khc nhau th phi ng dng tng chuyn mch thi gian T(Time Switch Stage) Trn hnh 3.3 di y minh ha qu trnh trao i khe thi gian gia TS2 v TS5 cho hai khung lin tip nhau gia ng PCM vo v PCM ra ca tng chuyn mch T. V cc khe thi gian TS c sp xp lin tip nhau theo th t tng dn, do vy trao i thng tin gia cc khe thi gian TS2 v TS5, tn hiu PCM trong TS2 cn phi c lu tm thi ti tng T trong khong thi gian 3 TS trong cng

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mt khung, sau vo khe thi gian ca TS5, tn hiu PCM c a ra ng PCM pha u ra ca tng chuyn mch.

Trong trng hp nu cn chuyn mch gia khe thi gian u ra vi khe thi gian c ch s ln hn pha u vo, v d TS6 v TS2 nh minh minh ha trn hnh 3.4 th tn hiu khng th tr trong cng mt khung m phi tr ti khung tip theo, c th l (n-6) +2 khe thi gian. Nh vy, v nguyn tc i vi tn hiu s c nhiu c ch to tr thi gian theo yu cu song vi nhng tnh nng u vit ca cng ngh vi mch hin i v tc v gi thnh, ngy nay b nh RAM c s dng trong tt c cc h thng chuyn mch s DSS(Digital Switching System)

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Nguyn l cu to ca chuyn mch tng T bao gm 02 thnh phn chnh l b nh tin S-Mem (Speak Memory) v b nh iu khin C-Mem nh hnh 3.5 minh ha di y. Chc nng c bn ca S-Mem l nh tm thi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong mi khe thi gian pha u vo to tr thch hp theo yu cu m n c gi tr t nh nht l 1TS ti cc i l (n-1)TS. Nu vic ghi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian TS pha u vo ca tng chuyn mch T vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t th c th s dng mt b m nh phn Module(n) cng vi b chn rt n gin iu khin. Lu rng khi tn hiu ng h phi hon ton ng b vi cc thi im u ca TS trong khung tn hiu PCM c s dng trong h. B nh C-Mem c chc nng dng iu khin qu trnh c thng tin lu m ti S-Mem. Cng nh C-Mem trong chuyn mch tng S, b nh C-Mem ca tng T cng c n nh bng s lng khe thi gian trong khung tn hiu PCM s dng. Trong thi gian mi TS, C-Mem iu khin qu trnh c mt nh tng ng thch hp trong T-Mem. Nh vy hiu qu tr ca tn hiu PCM ca TMem c xc nh mt cch r rng rnh mch bi hiu s gia cc khe thi gian ghi v c tin PCM b nh S-Mem. Tht l th v t c ch chuyn mch nu trn ta nhn thy rng tng chuyn T hot ng khng bnh thng trong cch phn chia thi gian. Cng mt b nh C-Mem, cc nh c s dng mt cch c quyn cho mt cuc gi xc nh trong sut thi gian ca cuc ni. Nh vy chng ta c iu nghch l rng chuyn mch khng gian S c phn chia thi gian trong khi chuyn mch thi gian T li c phn chia theo khng gian. hiu nguyn l hot ng ca chuyn mch thi gian T, ta s xt v d sau y. Gi s c yu cu chuyn mch phc v cho cuc ni gia TS5 ca lung tn hiu PCM u vo vi TS9 ca lung tn hiu PCM u ra ca chuyn mch tng T nh minh ha hnh 3.5. Cn c yu cu chuyn mch, h thng iu khin trung tm CC ca tng i s to cc s liu iu khin cho tng T. thc hin iu ny CC ca tng i s np s liu v a ch nh phn nh s 5 ca T-Mem vo nh s 9 ca CMem, sau CC giao quyn iu khin cc b cho chuyn mch tng T trc tip thc hin qu trnh trao i khe thi gian theo yu cu chuyn mch. Tip theo cho qu trnh m t c hon ton xc nh v d theo di, chng ta kho st t thi im bt u TS0 ca khung tn hiu PCM. Qu trnh ghi thng tin PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian pha u vo b nh S-Mem c

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thc hin mt cch ln lt v ng b nh hot ng phi hp gia b m khe thi gian TS-Counter v b chn a ch Selector1. C th l khi bt u khe thi gian TS0, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n thit lp trng thi 0 to t hp m nh phn tng ng vi a ch m nh phn nh 0 ca S-Mem. B chn a ch Selector 1 c s dng iu khin c hay ghi b nh SMem(RAM), trong trng hp ny n chuyn m a ch ny vo Bus a ch Add ca S-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi W, do vy t hp m tn hiu PCM cha trong khe thi gian TS0 ca lung s u

vo c ghi vo nh s 0 ca S-Mem. Kt thc thi gian TS0 cng l bt u TS1 song ng h li tc ng vo TS- Counter lm cho n chuyn sang trng thi 1 to a ch nh phn cho nh s 1 ca S-Mem. Selector1 chuyn s liu ny vo Bus a ch ca S-Mem, ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi W do t hp m tn hiu PCM trong khe thi gian TS1 ca lung s u vo c ghi vo nh 1 ca S-Mem. Qu trnh xy ra tng t i vi cc khe thi gian TS2, TS3, TS4, TS5 v tip theo cho ti khe thi gian cui cng TSn ca khung. Sau tip tc lp li cho cc khung tip theo trong sut thi gian thit lp cuc ni yu cu.
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Bt u khe thi gian TS9, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n chuyn trng thi to m nh phn tng ng a ch nh s 9 ca C-Mem. B chn a ch Selector2 chuyn s liu ny vo Bus a ch ca C-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin c R cho b nh C-Mem; kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 9 ca C-Mem c a ra ngoi hng ti Bus a ch c pha u vo ca Selector1. V ni dung ca nh s 9 C-Mem l a ch nh phn ca nh s 5 ca S-Mem do vy b chn a ch Selector1 chuyn a ch ny vo Bus a ch ca S-Mem, ng thi n to c tn hiu iu khin c R ca S-Mem. Kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 5 ca S-Mem c a ra ngoi vo khong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS9, ngha l thc hin ng chc nng chuyn mch yu cu cho trc. Qu trnh tip tc lp li nh trn vi chu k 125 s vi cc khung tip theo cho ti khi kt thc cuc ni. C ch hot ng ca chuyn mch tng T nh trnh by trn y l qu trnh ghi tn hiu PCM vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t, cn qu trnh ghi tn hiu PCM vo S-Mem c thc hin theo yu cu theo cch ngu nhin. Ch lm vic nh vy ca chuyn mch tng T gi l ghi tun t c ngu nhin vit tt l SWRR(Sequencial Write Random Read). Ngoi ch SWSR trong thc tin cn phi s dng ch ghi ngu nhin, c tun t RWSR(Random Write Sequencial Read) m chng ta s kho st khi m t cu trc v hot ng ca tng chuyn mch s ghp kt hp T-S-T sau ny. 3.4. Cac cu truc cua cac khi chuyn mach s dung lng ln 3.4.1. Gii thiu chung Trong cc ng dng thc t ca cc khi chuyn mch tn hiu s ta thng phi gii quyt hai vn quan trng l cht lng dch v QoS(Quality of Service) v dung lng cn thit ca khi chuyn mch yu cu. Cht lng phc v ch yu ph thuc vo hin tin blocking v hin tin ny vi xc sut kh ln khi ch s dng cc chuyn mch tng S. i vi tng T nh m t trn y n c th m bo chc nng chuyn mch khng blocking cho tt c cc khe thi gian trong lung tn hiu tc cao PCM m n m nhim phc v. V d vi h thng 32 lung PCM 30/32 c ghp knh s thnh mt lung cao tc PCM 1024 TS hng ti chuyn mch tng T n l th tt c 1024 TS c th c kt ni mt cch t do m khng gy hin tng blocking. Nu mt trng chuyn mch c xy dng bng mt tng T nh vy th dung lng thc t ca n l 512 TS(1024/2) thc hin kt ni cc knh PCM theo c hai chiu thu/pht.

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Tuy vy, trong cc ng dng thc t tng i ni ht, trng chuyn mch ngoi vic to knh cho knh thoi cn phi to knh cho bo hiu v iu khin. Do , vi mt tng T n th trng chuyn mch ch bo m c khong 450 thu bao ngha l dung lng tng i qu nh. Ngoi ra i vi cng ngh ch to khi kch thc tng S tng ln th s lng chn ra ca vi mch cng s rt ln gy kh khn ch to vi mch. Cn vic tng dung lng ca chuyn mch tng T th b hn ch bi cng ngh ch to vi mch nh RAM v cc mch logic iu khin lin quan. Nh vy vic tng dung lng trng chuyn mch s m bo cho s lng thu bao v trung k ln ty theo yu cu ch cn cch phi xy dng trng chuyn mch s dng kt hp s dng kt hp cc chuyn mch tng T v S tiu chun. C rt nhiu phng php ghp kt hp gia cc chuyn mch tng S v T, v d nh T-S, S-T, S-T-S, T-S-T, T-S-S-T, Do c kh nng tip thng hon ton v khng c hin tng blocking nn ngi ta mong mun ch s dng mt tng T. Tuy vy mt tng T ch dng lm khi chuyn mch khng blocking c dung lng ti a 1024TS. Vi cu trc hai tng T-S v S- T ch thch hp cho cc tng chuyn mch dung lng nh v va. Nhng vi phng n ny xc sut blocking s tng nhanh cng vi s gia tng dung lng ca tng chuyn mch S. Do vy cc tng i dung lng va v ln nhm mc tiu gim blocking v tng dung lng khi chuyn mch ngi ta thng dng cu trc ba tng. Trc y, cu trc S-T-S c s dng nhng t cui thp nin 70 tr li y cu trc T-S-T chim u th hn v ngy nay cu trc ny c s dng rng ri nht. S d trc y ngi ta s dng S-T-S l v vi trnh cng ngh lc trnh chi ph ln cho tc hot ng cao ca vi mch. Ngy nay cc u im v tc cao ca RAM b li c v chi ph gi thnh cho c hai cng ngh chuyn mch S v chuyn mch T do m cu trc T-S-T c a chung hn. Trong cc tng i dung lng cc ln, cc chuyn mch tng S c tc dng chia nh trng chuyn mch thnh mt s tng thnh phn nhm hn ch kch thc ca chng do cc cu trc 4 hoc 5 tng T-S-S-T hoc T-S-S-S-T c ng dng. Lu rng vic s dng cu trc chuyn mch tng S a tng gim c tng chi ph gi thnh nhng s tng chi ph gii quyt vn blocking.

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Theo l thuyt cu trc chuyn mch T-S-T c h s tp trung l 1:1 c th bo m khng xy ra blocking nu s lng khe thi gian ni b qua tng chuyn mch S l 2n-1, trong n l s lng khe thi gian trong cc lung PCM vo v ra ca tng chuyn mch T ngoi vi. Tuy vy thm ch l c khi m s lng khe thi gian trong v ngoi bng nhau th cht lng phc v QoS vn rt tt (khong 3.10-17 cho knh c lu lng 0,7 Erl v s tng ln ti 4,7.10 -8 khi lu lng knh l 0,8 Erl). Hn na, do khng phi tt c cc khe thi gian ngoi lung PCM c s dng truyn ti lu lng m s khe thi gian ni thng lun lun c sn cho vic nh tuyn lu lng qua chuyn mch tng S v ln hn so vi s lng khe thi gian TS ngoi, nh m thm ch c vi nhng knh lu lng cao 0,8 Erl cht lng dch v QoS ca T-S-T vn c th c gi tr t 10-8 n 10-10. Tm li vic la chn cu trc c th ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh phc tp, kch thc trng chuyn mch, lu lng phc v, kch thc Module, kh nng kim tra o th bo dng, m rng dung lng,Trong cc cu trc ghp cc tng chuyn mch th cu trc T-S-T c s dng rng ri nht v n c thit k di dng cc Module c kch thc ph hp vi cng ngh, ng dng thc t v d pht trin, d vn hnh v bo dng. 3.4.2. Khi chuyn mch T-S-T Khi chuyn mch s cu trc T-S-T cu to t 3 tng chuyn mch T1, S v T2 kt ni vi nhau nh minh ha trn hnh 3.6.

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Tng chuyn mch thi gian T1 pha u vo kt ni khe thi gian vo vi mt khe thi gian ri no trong ng Bus dn ti u vo ca tng chuyn mhc khng gian S. Trong khi tng chuyn mch thi gian T2 pha u ra kt ni khe thi gian c chn t chuyn mch tng S ti khe thi gian ra yu cu. Nh vy cuc gi c kt ni qua trng chuyn mch c th c nh tuyn qua tng S vi bt k khe thi gian thch hp no. Ph hp vi tnh cht ng dng ca cc lung ghp knh s cao tc PCM t bn ngoi vo/ra khi chuyn mch T-S-T, cc chuyn mch thi gian tng T1 lm vic theo ch SWRR cn cc chuyn mch thi gian tng T2 ngc li lm vic theo ch RWSR. Ngoi ra u im ca ch hot ng c la chn trn y lm cho vic iu khin ni b khi chuyn mch tr nn r rng, n gin v d thc hin hn. Thng thng dung lng ca cc chuyn mch thi gian T khong 1024 TS, cn kch thc ca ma trn chuyn mch S l 8x8, 16x16 v 64x64 ng cao tc HW(HighWay). gii thch qu trnh thc hin nhim v chuyn mch ca khi chuyn mch s cu trc T-S-T trn hnh 3.6 ch r cc s liu iu khin m CC to v np vo cc C-Mem iu khin qu trnh chuyn mch phc v cho cuc
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ni gia khe thi gian TS4 ca lung s cao tc u vo 0 ICHW#0 vi khe thi gian TS9 ca lung tn hiu PCM cao tc u ra 2 OGHW#3 qua khe thi gian trung gian TS15 tng chuyn mch khng gian S. 3.4.3. Khi chuyn mch knh 2 hng ng dng cc tng chuyn mch nh trnh by trn y c th xy dng khi chuyn mch n hng c kch thc bt k. Tuy nhin, trong thc t lun lun c nhu cu phi thit lp knh song hng qua cc tng chuyn mch ch dn tn hiu mt chiu. gii quyt yu cu ny ngy cng cn phi s dng hai ng dn mt chiu kt hp to thnh mt ng dn hai chiu. C hai phng php c s dng thc hin nhim v nu trn:

ng dn th hai c thit k mt cch hon ton c lp vi ng dn th nht

C hai ng dn c thit lp phi hp cng nhau. D thy rng phng php th nht s cho linh hot ca h thng cao hn, trong khi phng php th hai li lm cho h thng c kh nng tit kim phn cng hn nh tnh i xng ca thit b chuyn mch. Mt khc iu khin phng php th hai cng n gin hn v vic tm chn ng ni cho c hai hng c thc hin trong mt php tm chn trong khi vi phng php th nht yu cu hai php tm chn ring bit cho mi hng truyn dn. Hnh 3.7 minh ha nguyn tc ca khi chuyn mch theo phng n th nht.

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Gi s theo yu cu phi chuyn mch cho cuc ni gia TS9 ICHW#0 vi TS19 OGHW#3(nh hnh 3.7). thc hin kt ni cho qu trnh trn trc ht CC tm chn mt khe thi gian trung gian(ni b) ri kt ni chuyn mch thi gian pha u vo IT#0 vi chuyn mch thi gian pha u ra OT#3 qua chuyn mch khng gian S. Gi thit ti thi im trong Bus PCM ni b tng S cc khe thi gian TS10 v TS11 l ri do vy CC c th chn cc khe thi gian ny lm khe trung gian cho cuc gi. CC s lnh np cc s liu thch hp vo cc b nh C-Mem c th nh sau: Ti IT#0: nh 10 ca C-Mem a ch nh 9 ca S-Mem. Ti tng S: nh 10 ca C-Mem ct 1 a ch im chuyn mch 0-3 Ti OT#3: nh 10 ca C-Mem a ch nh 19 ca S-Mem. to hng ngc li CC lnh np cc s liu c th nh sau: Ti IT#3: nh 11 ca C-Mem a ch nh 19 ca S-Mem. Ti tng S: nh 11 ca C-Mem ct 1 a ch im chuyn mch3-0 Ti OT#0: nh 11 ca C-Mem a ch nh s 9 ca S-Mem.

Kt thc cuc ni CC s xa cc s liu trn y kt thc qu trnh trao i khe thi gian v gii phng cuc ni, cc nh v cc khe thi gian tr v trng thi ri c th phc v cho cc cuc gi ni tip theo. Hnh 3.8 minh ha mt cch khc iu khin vic to knh hai chiu thc hin theo phng php th 2. S ny cn c tn gi l phng php i pha. Theo phng php ny nu tm c mt ng ni t A n B trong mt khe thi gian xc nh th ng ngc li s lun lun c m bo na sau ca khung thi gian c s dng. Trong v d minh ha trn hnh 4.8 hng thun c s dng khe thi gian trung gian s 7 v tip theo hng ngc s chim dng khe thi gian (7+n/2). Phng php ny kt hp vi vic gim c s lng b nh iu khin.

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C-Mem S-Mem
0 2 2 2 7 7 + n/2

S-Mem
0 2

ICHW#0 T A

OGHW#0 Ti A n n

S-Mem
0

S-Mem
0

C-Mem
ICHW#3 T B n
0 9

9 n

OGHW#3 Ti B

C-Mem
0 9 9 7 7 + n/2

0-3 7 + n/2 3-0

Hnh 3.8. Trng chuyn mch song hng kiu i pha 3.5. iu khin cac khi chuyn mach s Trong cc mc trc y trnh by cc vn lin quan ti cc vn lin quan ti cc phng php qun l khe thi gian qua cc trng chuyn mch s trng thi bn vng xc lp, ngha l knh c chn v thit lp xong. Cn trong phn ny s cp n vn to cc s liu iu khin lin quan thch hp cho cc b nh iu khin ca khi chuyn mch. Chc nng thit lp hay gii phng ng ni qua khi chuyn mch thc cht l np vo hay xa b cc s liu a ch lin quan trong cc b nh iu khin ca khi chuyn mch. Chc nng thit lp hay gii phng ng ni qua khi chuyn mch thc cht l np vo hay xa b cc s liu a ch lin quan trong cc b nh iu khin C-Mem. Hot ng ny l kt qu ca cc tc ng tng tc gia h thng iu khin trung tm CC ca tng i v cc khi iu khin cc b chuyn dng lin kt vi cc khi chuyn mch. 3.5.1. S khi va cac chc nng Thnh phn iu khin ca khi chuyn mch s theo chc nng c th chia thnh ba thnh phn chnh gm h thng iu khin trung tm CC, b iu khin khi chuyn mch v iu khin qu trnh chuyn mch nh hnh 4.9 minh ha.
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Khi tp trung thu bao

Khi chuyn mch trung tm

n v K

n v K

n v K

n v K

n v K

B iu khin khi CM

B iu khin khi CM

H thng iu khin trung tm CC

Hnh 3.9. iu khin khi chuyn mch s H thng iu khin trung tm CC m bo nhim v iu khin chung mc cao cho tt c cc hot ng ca h thng chuyn mch bao gm cc chc nng x l cuc gi. Trn hnh 4.9 trnh by mt h thng iu khin m nh mt thc th tp trung n l nhng trong thc t th n thng c thc hin theo cu trc phn tn hn l tp trung. Trong mt h thng chuyn mch c th ch c mt hoc c nhiu khi chuyn mch, v d nh trong tng i Transit c mt khi cn trong tng i ni ht li gm mt khi chuyn mch trung tm v mt s khi chuyn mch tp trung thu bao. Mi khi chuyn mch c b iu khin khi chuyn mch ring ca n v mi chuyn mch tng S/T trong khi chuyn mch li c n v iu khin ring cu thnh t cc b nh iu khin lin kt vi mch logic iu khin cc b. Di y s trnh by cch thc cc h thng iu khin thit lp ni qua cc khi chuyn mch s. B iu khin khi chuyn mch c chc nng m bo vic qun l tt c cc khe thi gian qua khi chuyn mch. Cc cng vic qun l in hnh bao gm: Thit lp knh ni Gii phng knh Chun b kt ni
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 Theo di knh ni Kim tra knh ni Hi trng thi knh(bn, ri,..) Cc knh ni qua khi chuyn mch thng thng l knh hai chiu. Tuy vy, i khi cc knh mt chiu cng c th c thit lp truyn cc thng tin gim st, iu khin hoc cnh bo. Chng hn nh x l vic thit lp knh v hi trng thi knh c lin quan ti c hai kim knh ni mt chiu v hai chiu. Thnh phn iu khin khi chuyn mch ch lin quan ti cc nhim v qun l cc khe thi gian qua khi chuyn mch s m khng qun l ton b qu trnh phc v cuc ni. iu ny do hot ng x l cuc gi rt phc tp c thc hin ti h thng iu khin trung tm, trong khi hot ng qun l knh ca cc khi chuyn mch c th c trao cho b iu khin khi chuyn mch. S khi u cho mi yu cu ca cuc gi v vic thit lp knh ni qua khi chuyn mch s thuc v hot ng x l cuc gi xy ra trong h thng iu khin trung tm. Mt v d c th ca hot ng ny l nhim v qut v xc nh thu bao ch gi a ra yu cu knh ni xc nh gia thu bao vi b thu xung m m tn kp DTMF(Dual Tone Multi-Frequency) qua khi tp trung thu bao. Mt v d khc v hot ng x l cuc gi l yu cu iu khin khi chuyn mch trung tm to knh kt ni gia u ra ca b tp trung thu bao vi ng trung k trong hng lin lc, hot ng x l ny da trn c s bin dch cc ch s do thu bao ch gi pht(quay s) v cc qui tc nh tuyn cuc gi ca h thng chuyn mch hin hnh. Trn c s cc kt qu ca hot ng x l cuc gi, h thng iu khin trung tm s lnh cho cc b iu khin khi chuyn mch lin quan thit lp, duy tr hay gii phng knh ni gia cc khe thi gian xc nh ca khi chuyn mch s. Cc lnh iu khin t h thng iu khin trung tm ti b iu khin khi chuyn mch thng thng c truyn di dng bn tin mc cao sao cho t c hiu qu iu khin cao v ti a s dng cc tnh nng ca cc b x l trong h thng iu khin trung tm. V d v format bn tin ca lnh iu khin c minh ha trn hnh 3.10 (bn tin loi 1). Cng ging nh bt k mt tn hiu da trn c s format bn tin no khc, format bn tin hnh 3.10a s dng mt s trng s liu c bit. Mc d format bn tin thc t kiu bn tin loi 1 s rt khc nhau ty thuc vo thit k ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau, song cc trng s liu di y s lun lun cn c:
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M ton tc: S liu ny ch th yu cu knh ni s c thit lp, chun b, gim st hay gii phng,. m ha ton tc qun l t 1-6 nu trn y cho c hai kiu knh n hng hay song hng cc trng s liu 4 bit c yu cu. Nhm trng s liu khe thi gian u vo: Nhm trng s liu ny ch r a ch knh vo di dng m s tng chuyn mch S/T, m s lung PCM v m s khe thi gian trong lung tn hiu s PCM. Mc d l mt a ch n l nhng n nhn dng c hai khe thi gian thu v pht ti u vo ca tng chuyn mch. Kch thc ca hai trng s liu u tin ph thuc vo s lng tng chuyn mch u vo v s lng lung PCM trong tng chuyn mch tng ng. Trng s liu m s khe thi gian c dung lng 5 bit i vi cc lung PCM32 v PCM24 knh. Nhm trng s liu khe thi gian ra: Nhm trng s liu ny ch r cc a ch khe thi gian ra trong khun dng Format bn tin tng t nh format bn tin ca nhm trng s liu khe thi gian u vo m t trn y. M pht hin v sa li: Trng s liu ny ca format bn tin cho php b iu khin khi chuyn mch pht hin bt k s sai li no xy ra trong bn tin m n gy ra trong qu trnh truyn tin t h thng iu khin trung tm n b iu khin khi chuyn mch. Mt kiu m nh vy c th n gin l kim tra chn l hay phc tp hn l m CRC(Cyclic Redundance Code).

M bn tin: Mi mt bn tin cn c gn mt nhn vi m s n gin c trng cho vic xc nh chun chui lin tip cc bn tin pht v x l. Vic s dng m bn tin nh trn cho php b iu khin khi chuyn mch c th thng bo cho h thng iu khin trung tm bit c mt bn tin c th no nhn c cha sai li v nh yu cu h thng iu khin trung tm pht li bn tin. Khi thu bn tin loi 1, b iu khin khi chuyn mch thc thi cc vi lnh(instruction). Trong trng hp yu cu thit lp knh b iu khin khi chuyn mch s s thc hin cc th tc tm ng v chn mt knh ni qua trng chuyn mch. H thng iu khin trung tm sau s phi a ra thng bo v vic ng ni tm c. Tng t nh vy, cc bn tin cn phi ch th rng knh ni

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c gii phng hay chun b sn sng,Cc bn tin ngc li t h thng iu khin trung tm ti b iu khin khi chuyn mch cn phi cha cc trng s liu nh hnh 3.10b, m c m t nh trong cc phn sau.
M bn tin M ton tc Khe thi gian gi vo M tng chuyn mch IT# M lung PCM M TS Khe thi gian gi ra M tng chuyn mch IT# M lung PCM M TS M sa li

a) Bn tin kiu 1(T CC n b iu khin khi Chuyn mch

M bn tin

Trng tin

M bn tin tham kho

M sa li

b) Bn tin kiu 2(T b iu khin khi CM n CC

Tng chuyn mch IT M tng Ni chuyn mch dung IT# C-Mem B P

Tng chuyn mch S M ct Ni dung C-Mem

Tng chuyn mch OT M tng Ni chuyn mch dung OT# C-Mem B P

a) Bn tin kiu 3(T b iu khin khi Chuyn mch n b iu khin khi CM

Hnh 3.10. Cc format bn tin iu khin khi chuyn mch M bn tin tham kho: Trng s liu ny cha m nhn dng ca bn tin t h thng iu khin trung tm m bn tin ny s c quan h sau vi n.
-

Trng tin: Trng s liu ny cha cc thng tin s c gi ti h thng iu khin trung tm. Bn tin c gi theo kiu nh l knh c thit lp, Khng c knh sn sng, ng dn c chun b hoc Bn tin trc thu sai,
-

M bn tin v m sa sai: Cc trng s liu ny c ngha tng t nh m t trong bn tin loi 1.

-

Trong trng hp thit lp knh ni phc v cuc gi, b iu khin khi chuyn mch s cn phi xc nh c cc a ch cn thit m chng s c ghi vo trong tng b nh iu khin C-Mem ca cc tng chuyn mch sao cho cc tng chuyn mch S/T s m bo cung cp c cc knh theo yu cu, sau b iu khin khi chuyn mch s np cc s liu yu cu c th vo cc i ch nh c th ca cc b nh iu khin C-Mem.

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n v iu khin ca chuyn mch thi gian tng T cu to t b nh iu khin C-Mem, mch Logic m khe thi gian TS-Counter v b chn a ch Selector cn n v iu khin ca chuyn mch khng gian tng S cu to t b nh iu khin C-Mem v mt s mch ph cn khc nh m t phn 3.2. trn y. Trc khi xem xt vn thng tin cn thit c ghi vo cc b nh iu khin C-Mem nh th no, chng ta hy kho st format ca bn tin cn gi t b iu khin khi chuyn mch ti mi mt n v iu khin chuyn mch tng S hay tng T tng ng. Cc thng tin chnh bao gm: a ch ca b nh C-Mem a ch ca nh C-Mem Ni dung s liu trong nh C-Mem Gi thit rng i vi khi chuyn mch cu trc 3 tng T-S-T th 3 trng s liu c yu cu trong bn tin cho mi n v iu khin chuyn mch bao gm trong qu trnh thit lp knh ni. Tuy nhin iu ny cng khng nht thit phi thc hin, v d nh vi khi chuyn mch biu din trn hnh 4.6, knh ni c thc hin gia ICHW#0/TS4 vi OCHW#0/TS6 s dng khe thi gian ni b l TS17 qua chuyn mch tng S. iu cn lu rng cc nh ca tt c 3 b nh iu khin C-Mem u c a ch nh phn l 0000010001(17). c im u vit ny c th m bo kh nng ch cn cung cp mt trng s liu chung cho cc nh ca tt c 3 b nh iu khin C-Mem. Tuy nhin, thm ch c th t c mt cch kinh t hn bng cch gi cc bn tin ti cc b nh iu khin CMem trong khong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS17, nh vy bn tin t b nh iu khin khi chuyn mch khng cn mt a ch no cho cc nh C-Mem v do tit kim c 3 trng s liu a ch. Mt format bn tin c th s dng cho bn tin loi III trao i thng tin gia iu khin khi chuyn mch v cc n v iu khin chuyn mch ca cc tng S/T c minh ha trn hnh 3.11. Cu trc bn tin gm 3 nhm trng s liu dng cho vic iu khin cc tng chuyn mch thi gian pha u vo, chuyn mch khng gian S v cc tng chuyn mch thi gian pha u ra tng ng.

Nhm trng s liu chuyn mch tng T u vo Trng s liu u tin trong nhm ny xc nh m s mt chuyn mch thi gian tng T c th. Trng s liu th 2 cha ni dung cn phi ghi vo b nh iu khin C-Mem tc l a ch nh hay ch s khe thi gian u vo TS#. C hai
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trng s liu 1 bit cn b sung lin quan ti n v iu khin chuyn mch thi gian u vo l bit Bn/Ri v bit Chn m trn s hnh 3.11 biu tng bng k t B v P tng ng. Bit B b iu khin khi chuyn mch dng ch th trng thi Bn/Ri ca cc khe thi gian TS# ra ca chuyn mch thi gian tng T pha u vo, cn bit P dng cho vic pht hin sai li khi thu bn tin. Cc thng tin ny s c s dng tm mt khe thi gian trung gian ri nh tuyn qua chuyn mch tng S ti mt chuyn mch thi gian tng T pha u ra. Mc d s thit lp mt cch tch bit cc b nh trong b iu khin khi chuyn mch b tr sp xp trng thi ca cc khe thi gian ra, bit Bn/Ri c th d dng truy cp c vo ni dung ca cc b nh iu khin khi chuyn mch b tr sp xp trng thi ca cc khe thi gian ra, bit Bn/Ri c th d dng truy cp c vo ni dung ca cc b nh iu khin C-Mem ca cc tng chuyn mch thi gian u vo. Do vy khi c np bi bn tin loi III, mi nh ca C-Mem trong mt chuyn mch tng T u vo s cha cc a ch cc nh ca b nh T-Mem v bit B s lp gi tr 0 hoc a ch Zero. Bit B s lp gi tr 1 tng ng vi vic cuc gi c s dng khe thi gian ra ca n trong qu trnh hay khng?
IT#
IT# TS# B P Ct#

S#
Ni dung C Mem P OT#

OT#
TS# B P

a) Thit lp knh ni

IT#

OT#

b) Gii phng knh

Hnh 3.11. V d bn tin loi III Nhm trng s liu chuyn mch khng gian tng S Trng s liu u tin trong nhm ny xc nh (nhn dng) ct no ca chuyn mch tng S v b nh iu khin C-Mem tng ng lin quan s c nh a ch (Nu chuyn mch khng gian tng S c iu khin theo hng th trng s liu u tin s cha a ch hng). i vi khi chuyn mch s m c s tranh chp mt vi chuyn mch tng S th phn u tin ca ch s m
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ct s cn phi c ch r tng chuyn mch no c a ch ha. Bit P y cng c dng vi mc ch nh trnh by trn y. Nhm trng s liu chuyn mch thi gian T u ra Format bn tin nhm ny cha 4 trng s liu tng t nh i vi n v iu khin chuyn mch tng T u vo tho lun k trn y, ngoi tr iu rng bit B y c lin quan ti trng thi Bn/Ri ca cc khe thi gian u vo ch khng phi u ra nh ca chuyn mch tng T pha u vo ca trng chuyn mch s. Mt v d minh ha cho vic s dng cc bn tin loi III gia b iu khin khi chuyn mch v 3 n v iu khin tng chuyn mch biu din trn hnh 3.11. Tip theo ta xt mt v d v vic xem xt yu cu cuc ni qua mng chuyn mch cu trc T-S-T hnh 3.6, vi gi thit knh c thit lp l ICHW#0/TS4 v OGHW/TS5 qua khe thi gian ni b l TS15 ca im chuyn mch hng 0 ct 1 ma trn chuyn mch S. Nh trnh by trn y, cc thng tin thch hp lin quan cn phi c cp nht vo nh s 15 ca cc b nh iu khin C-Mem tng ng ca cc tng chuyn mch S-T. Nh vy format bn tin biu din trn hnh 3.10 s c gi ti 3 n v iu khin chuyn mch trong thi gian xy ra tip theo ca khe thi gian TS15 thit lp knh ni yu cu qua khi chuyn mch. Cc phn t cn li ca bn tin s c tch bi cc n v iu khin ca 3 tng chuyn mch nh c ch r trn hnh 3.11a. Bn tin cn gii phng knh ni qua khi chuyn mch c ch r trn hnh 3.11b. Bn tin ny c gi i trong thi gian din ra tip theo ca khe thi gian TS15 sao cho cc nh c a ch nh phn 0000001111(15) ca cc b nh iu khin C-Mem ca chuyn mch thi gian pha u vo tng IT0, ct 1 ca chuyn mch khng gian tng S v tn chuyn mch thi gian u ra OT#1 s c np vi cc a ch Zero. Bit B ca cc nh s 15 ca c 3 b nh iu khin C-Mem u c lp gi tr 1 ch r rng khe thi gian ni b TS15 b chim dng khng th s dng cho cc cuc ni khc. Hnh 3.12. minh ha s dng cc Bus v cc dy iu khin kt ni cc thanh phn iu khin chuyn mch khc nhau vi b iu khin khi chuyn mch. cho s c n gin, r rng va d hiu, trn hnh 3.12 ch biu din n v iu khin chuyn mch cho chuyn mch u vo IT#0. Vic lin lc gia cc thnh phn c m bo bi 3 i Bus mt i cho vic lin kt tt c cc chuyn mch thi gian u vo IT#, mt i cho cc tng chuyn mch khng gian S v mt i dng cho cc chuyn mch thi gian u ra OT#. Ngoi ra cc
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dy iu khin n s kt ni cc trng s liu bit B t tt c cc b nh iu khin C-Mem ca tt c cc IT# v OT# vi thanh ghi trng thi trong b iu khin khi chuyn mch s. EMBED Visio.Drawing.11

n IT#
n v K

BUS a ch IT # BUS ni dung C -Mem n S# n OT# BUS a ch S # BUS ni dung C -Mem

k IT#2

B
C-Mem

add
TS Count Selection

RW

BUS a ch OT # BUS ni dung C -Mem

W add
Set n v K

k IT#1

B
Thanh ghi trng thi

Thanh ghi BUS Logic chn ng

B k khi C/m

Bn tin loi 1 v 2

H thng iu khin trung tm CC

Hnh 3.12. iu khin khi chuyn mch s Bus a chi ca IT# c u ni ti tt c cc n v iu khin chuyn mch ca chuyn mch thi gian u vo IT. Mi n v iu khin lin tc tm kim cc ni dung ca Bus v a ch ca mt trong s cc chuyn mch tng T

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ca n. Khi mt a ch thch hp tm c th a ch s c s dng cho vic nh tuyn s liu t Bus ni dung b nh iu khin C-Mem ti nh ca mt b nh iu khin. Cc ng dng tng t c sp t nh vy i vi cc Bus u ni chuyn mch khng gian tng S vi chuyn mch thi gian u ra OT. C 3 i Bus kt cui thanh ghi Bus trong b iu khin khi chuyn mch. iu ny cho php cc trng s liu khc nhau ca cc bn tin loi III c m trong thanh ghi Bus s c a ra ngoi ti cc Bus lin quan. Cc bn tin cn thit c to ra bi b iu khin khi chuyn mch s da trn c s cc lnh iu khin t h thng iu khin trung tm v i vi mt ng mi thit lp s dng kt qu x l ca mch Logic chn ng. 3.5.2. Thut toan chon ng ri Th tc chn knh ri cho khi chuyn mch s cu trc T-S-T bao gm vic tm khe thi gian trung gian ri qua chuyn mch khng gian tng S. iu ny c ngha rng khe thi gian phi c la chn sao cho n l ri c pha u ra ca tng chuyn mch thi gian u vo IT# v c pha u vo ca tng chuyn mch thi gian u ra OT#. Trng thi Bn/Ri ca mi trong s hai tp khe thi gian c biu th bng bit B trogn cc nh tng ng ca cc b nh iu khin C-Mem. Phng php chn knh ri s dng mt cch n gin l x l tm kim s trng khp cc khe thi gian ri nh vic kim tra cc cp bit Bn/Ri t hai tp cc chuyn mch thi gian tng T. C ch chn ng ni c thc hin trong phm vi b iu khin khi chuyn mch m n thng c xy dng trn c s k thut vi x l v n thc hin vic tm kim bng cch tin hnh mt s qu trnh x l logic s. Phng php ph bin nht l s dng mt mt n nh trnh by di y: Trng thi Bn/Ri ca mi nh ca b nh iu khin C-Mem ca chuyn mch tng T s c nh m trong khong mi khe thi gian trong thanh ghi trng thi ca b iu khin khi chuyn mch. Thanh ghi ny cha hai trng s liu Mt trng gi m trang thi cho cc OT#. Trong khong thi gian ca mi khe thi gian TS tt c cc bit bn tng ng u c trnh din trong thanh ghi trng thi, v d nh trong thi gian TS19 tt c cc bit bn t nh s 19 ca tt c cc b nh C-Mem u c trnh din. Vic la chn ng tuy nhin c lin quan vi vic trng hp cc khe thi gian ri ch xy ra trong tng chuyn mch IT# v OT# m chng c ch r bi h thng iu khin trung tm. Nh

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vy b iu khin khi chuyn mch s to mt t Logic nh phn c di bng di ca thanh ghi trng thi. N cha cc gi tr Zero trong tt c cc v tr bit, tr hai v tr tng ng vi cc b nh C-Mem ca IT# v OT# yu cu. T logic ny gi l Mt n v n c lu m trong thanh ghi chn. Trong thi khong ca mi khe thi gian cc ni dung ca thanh ghi trng thi c thc hin ton t logic AND trn c s tng bit mt tng ng vi cc ni dung ca thanh ghi chn. Khi mt khe thi gian ri(trng thi 1) xut hin trong hai b nh C-Mem theo kim tra, kt qu ca php ton t AND s c t gi tr 1 trong c hai na ca thanh ghi kt qu. V d minh ha hnh 3.13. Nh vy s c sn cc knh thi gian ni b ri kh dng qua chuyn mch tng S c xc nh bi vic kim tra kt qu khc 0 trong c hai trng s liu ca thanh ghi kt qu trong thi gian ca mi khe thi gian hin ti. Khe thi gian ni b c chn sau s c s dng to cc bn tin loi III cn thit thit lp knh ni qua khi chuyn mch. B iu khin khi chuyn mch c th yu cu chun b trc knh ni. Trong trng hp ny bn tin loi III s c to ra m n cha cc gi tr 0 trong hai trng s liu B v n thun ni dung Zero trong ba trng s liu b nh C-Mem.
1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
Thanh ghi Trng thi

Mt n chn knh

Thanh ghi kt qu

Hnh 3.13. V d v chn knh ri Cch thc hat ng m b iu khin khi chuyn mch s dng mt n tm kim mt knh ri c nh hng ti mc phc v ca h thng. C mt vi thut ton tm kim knh ri c s dng trong cc h thng chuyn mch s hin i v mi thut ton s cho cc c trng lu lng cng nh phc tp iu khin khc nhau. Sau y gii thiu ba thut ton ng dng cho cu trc khi chuyn mch T-S-T:
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Thut ton 1: Bt u tm lin tip ngu nhin. Vi thut ton ny vic tm kim mt khe thi gian ni b ri qua tng S bt u mt cch ngu nhin v truy tm lin tip qua cc khe thi gian. iu ny c hiu ng tri cc khe thi gian chim dng thnh di, v d t TS0 ti TS512 trong mt khung tn hiu 1024 khe thi gian. Mc phc v GOS(Grade Of Service) kt qu lm trn khong 2,5.10-4 i vi lu lng 0,825 Erl/mch. Thut ton 2: Bt u tm lin tip c nh. Theo phng php ny vic tm knh lun lun c bt u t mt khe thi gian ni b nh trc v sau truy tm mt cch lin tip qua ton di. Thut ton 2 c hiu ng ng gi cc khe thi gian c chim dng bi v slng cuc gi ln hn s c thit lp qua cc khe thi gian c ch s thp hn so vi cc khe thi gian c ch s cao hn. Kt qu ny s lm tng GOS so vi phng php bt u ngu nhin. V d GOS c gi tr 1,46.10-4 i vi lu lng 0,825 Erl/mch. Thut ton 3. Th lp. Khi tm kim knh ri qua trng chuyn mch tng T, s th lp li vic tm kim c khi u sau mt thi gian no c th s cho php tm c mt khe thi gian ri. tr gia nhng ln tm kim s nh hng ti GOS, c th thi gian ch cng lu th xc sut s cuc gi gii phng s cng ln. Chng hn nh c 50% c hi tm kim knh sau 1 giy ch th lp li c th s to thm tr nhn thy c i vi thi gian thit lp cuc gi m n bnh thng ch cn 0,5 n 1,0 giy qua h thng chuyn mch s.

3.5.3. tin cy va an toan khi chuyn mach Cc khi chuyn mch s hin i c dung lng khng l, do bn thn chng cng cc thit b iu khin lin quan cn phi c m bo an ton tin cy cao bi v mt hng hc nh c th gy ra hu qu nghim trng cho ton b h thng. Cc h thng chuyn mch u cui cng cng hin i yu cu thi gian hng bnh qun trong chu k 20-40 nm ph thuc vo cc tnh nng qun l. V rng ch c mt trong s cc cu kin ca h thng, khi chuyn mch t n cn phi m bo ch mt phn nh trong t sut hng hc ton b h thng. Hn na, hu ht cc doanh nghip in thoi qui nh xc sut thp mt hng hc bt k no nh hng mnh hn mt phn nh mch in. iu ny yu cu phi xem xt cn nhc thn trng vn m bo tin cy cao ca cc khi chuyn mch s bi v dung lng knh ca chng khng l v khi lng cu kin phn cng

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ln. V d nh nu hng hc phn cng mt Bus lung PCM ni b gia tng T v tng S c th s lm tn tht 1024 knh truyn dn. Bo v an ton mt cch c hiu qu v n gin nht cho trng chuyn mch s c th thc hin bng hai gii php: thit k ch to theo Module v trang b d phng kp nh s minh ha trn hnh 3.14. Theo phng n d phng kp ngha l khi chuyn mch c thit k ch to t hai na khi hon ton nh nhau v mi na khi gi l mt mt(plane hoc side). Mi cuc ni s c thit lp ng thi vi hai knh dn song song ng nht qua cc mt A v B ca khi chuyn mch, trong mt mt lm vic thc s(mt tch cc) kt ni knh vo/ ra phc v cuc gi, cn mt kia l d phng sao cho nu mt tch cc c vn th n s t ng thay th. gii quyt vn nh nu trn, b sung vo khi chuyn mch an ton cn phi c c ch gim st, pht hin sai li v hng hc sao cho c th c lp
SW# Tng Tng T T

SW#

Tng Tng T T Tng S

SW#

Tng Tng T T

H thng iu khin trung tm CC

Hnh 3.14. Trang b d phng kp khi chuyn mch s c b phn thit b khi xy ra sai li. i vi phng php trang b kp i c th s dng gii php kim tra tnh chn l n gin c hai knh song song tch cc/d phng ch ra mt b sai li, c th l bit chn c b sung vo t hp

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m tn hiu PCM 8bit trong hng pht ti mi lung kt cui u vo ca khi chuyn mch. Lung tn hiu 9 bit sau c nhn i v a ti chuyn mch tng T u vo tng ng ca c hai mt ca khi chuyn mch. Pha u thu mi t hp m PCM 9bit t c hai mt s c kim tra tnh chn l pht hin c sai li hay khng. Nu pht hin thy li mt no th lp tc mt s b c lp khi khi chuyn mch mt cch t ng hon ton. Ngoi phng php trang b d phng kp c s dng rt ph bin nu trn c th s dng phng php d phng phc tp hn v d nh d phng theo Module n+1 hay d phng n trong m,

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CHNG IV KY THUT CHUYN MACH GOI 4.1. Nhng khi nim chuyn mch gi 4.1.1. Khi nim v chuyn mch gi (packet switching) Trong chuyn mch gi thng tin c truyn i di dng cc gi, mi gi gm mt khi thng tin iu khin, mt vng cha thng tin truyn hu ch v mt vng thng tin kim tra sa li b sung. Nh vy, n v d liu (data unit) trong chuyn mch gi l gi, trong ngoi d liu cn truyn ca ngun pht tin cn c mt s d liu do mng thm vo. Mt bn tin trn vn ca ngun pht c chia thnh nhiu gi, chuyn i v c ti thit ti ni nhn.
Head

u cui

u cui

Thng tin

K T

Thng tin

K T

Thng tin

K T

Gi Head

u cui

u cui

Hnh 4.1. Chuyn mch trn Bus Mt t chc chuyn mch thi gian c th c dng cho chuyn mch gi. Thng thng gm mt knh truyn di dng mt vng hay mt bus m t tn hiu c a vo v ly ra ty thuc vo mt vi loi chun. Cc nhm tn hiu c th c tip nhn v nh tuyn n cc ng ra khc nhau ty thuc vo v tr ca chng trong mt tun t cc tn hiu. Trong cc tip cn khc, mi nhm tn hiu cha mt a ch ch ra ni nh tuyn cho nhm. Trong hnh 4.1, cc tn hiu s (cc bit) ang chy trn mt bus qua hai u cui s liu. Cc bit ny c nhm vo trong mt vng iu khin, thng tin, v kim tra nh trnh by gia hnh. Thay v mt bus, mt trng truyn c th l mt vng nh hnh 4.2.

98

u cui

u cui

u cui

u cui

u cui

Hnh 4.2. Chuyn mch trn vng Cc mch ni n mt chuyn mch s c th l mt di t cc ng thu bao c tc 56kbps hay 64kbps n cc ng tm xa chun (T3) tc 44Mbps. Cc lin kt cp quang c tc bt cao, hin nay khong 145 n 155 Mbps. Cc lin kt quang trong tng lai s c tc 1 Tbps hay cao hn. Cc tc bit cao gy ra tr ngi cho cc chuyn mch s chun. Cc chuyn mch khng gian khng th hot ng nhanh hot ng cc lung thuc gii gigabit v terabit. Cng khng c b nh no trong cc chuyn mch thi gian ghi c thng tin vi tc nhanh nh vy. Chnh v vy cn phi tm ra gii php mi cho tng lai trong lnh vc chuyn mch. 4.1.2. Mng chuyn mch gi PSN (Packet Switching Network) Mt mng chuyn mch gi bao gm cc thnh phn chnh: cc node mng vi cc u cui dng gi PT (Packet Terminal), cc b tp trung, cc thit b ng tch gi PAD kt ni cc u cui d gi NPT (Non packet Terminal) v h thng qun l mng, hnh 4.3. Mi mt thnh phn trong mng c mt s c tnh ring ca n. Nm c cc c tnh l iu cn thit nhm thc hin ghp ni cc thnh phn vi nhau to nn mng chuyn mch gi.

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NMS

NPT PT

PAD Trung k Ca cng

Thu bao
PT: Packet Terminal NPT : Non-packet Terminal PAD: Packet Assembly Disassembly NMS: Network Management System

Thu bao

B tp trung

Hnh 4.3. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi Node mng Thc cht y l nhng tng i hay thit b chuyn mch gi. Cc tng i trn thc t nh EWSP, Alcatel, XNet v mt s tng i TPX ca cng ty SprintNet ca M. Cc node kt ni cc thu bao vo mng, ni cc ng dy trung k. Qua node thc hin cc chc nng sau: iu khin cc cng ng dy Truyn a d liu ngi dng Chuyn i giao thc s dng trong mng v lin kt vi cc mng khc Ty thuc vo v tr ca node trong mng l mt node c th l:

Node truy xut cc b ca thu bao: cung cp kt ni cho cc thu bao khng ng b (X.28), thu bao Telex, nhng thu bao v nhng my ch ng b, my ch khng ng b thu bao SNA/SDLC, hnh 4.4.

Node trung k trung chuyn cho nhng node mng khc. Node ca cng (gateway): cho php lin lc vi mng quc t v cc quc gia khc vi nhng thu bao ng b hay bt ng b ca nhng mng . Mng chuyn mch gi c th c nhng kt ni lin mng nh sau:

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 Mng in thoi cng cng PSTN. Mng s a dch v ISDN. Mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch mch CSPDN. Cc mng s liu cng cng chuyn mch gi khc. Tc ng dy cho thit b u cui bt ng b thng nh hn 19,2 Kbit/s v nhng ng dy cho nhng thit b u cui ng b c tc n 2 Mbit/s. Cc b tp trung Cc b tp trung cung cp mt gii php tt gim gi thnh khi thit k mng. B tp trung hn ch thi gian tr mc thp nht v n gin ha vn hnh. H thng qun l mng H thng qun l mng thc hin chc nng iu khin ton b mng, h thng ny c nhng ngi iu hnh mng qun l, vn hnh v bo dng mt cch hiu qu. y l b phn trung tm ca chuyn mch gi, bt c mng no tr cc mng rt nh u cn c h thng qun l mng (NMS). Gim st s khai thc cc thnh phn mng l chc nng quan trng nht ca h thng NMS, xt theo quan im ca ngi qun l. iu kin l tng NMS cn phi p ng nhanh khi bt c thit b no hoc mt tuyn thng tin no trn mng cn qun l. Ngi qun l mng cn c thng bo theo c hai phng thc nghe v nhn nm bt kp thi, chnh xc cc s c xy ra. Ngoi ra, qun l cu hnh mng cng l mt trong cc nhim v ca NMS. mt s mng, cc thit b mng cha phn mm cho php chng c th khi to v gi NMS, lc NMS xa c th yu cu c p ng thng tin thi gian thc vi tc cao hn so vi khi ch s dng mt NMS. Thit b PAD (Packet Assembly Disassembly) PAD l thit b ng gi v tch gi. Cc PAD dng ni cc u cui NPT vo mng chuyn mch gi v chng khng th u ni trc tip vo mng. Cc u cui ny l cc thit b lm vic theo phng thc k t. Phng thc k t l phng thc trong tng k t c x l nh l mt n v d liu truyn. Cc thit b lm vic theo phng thc gi li x l cc gi nh l cc n v d liu ring l. Trn thc t cc PAD thng c s dng u ni cc thit

101

b u cui, cc my tnh c nhn, cc my inNh vy PAD c mt s giao tip k t bt ng b mt pha, cn pha kia l mt giao tip gi.
X.25 D T E D TE

Tx PSTN X.28 SYN DTE X.29/ X.3 2

C SPDN ZM/ DVM Z M/ D VM X71 IW M X75 PSN D T E3270 C lu ster C on tro lle r PABX IS D N

M n g ch u yn m ch g i
D TE P.O.S

B S C3 270 S N A D LC /S X.75/X.25
T .T x

T .T x

T .T x

D TE ATM
X25 AS YN B S C3270 S N A/S D LC B S C2780/3780

Othe r pa cke t sw itching netw o rks PSPDN H OS T X.2 5

H OS T 327 0 NPSI FEP H OS T ASYN

ATM A utom atic T eller M ac hine C S P D N irc uit S w itc hed P ublic D ata N et w ork C D VM D ata ov er V oic e M ultiplex er D TE D ata T erm inal E quipm ent IW U Interw ork ing U nit PABX P riv ate A utom at ic B ranc h E x c hange P.O.S P oint of S ale T erm inal PSM P ac k et S erv er M odule P S P D N ac k e t S w it c hed P ublic D ata N etw ork P PS TN P ublic S w itc hed T elephone N etw ork Tx T elex n etw ork VPN V irtual P riv ate N etw ork ZM T im e div is ion M ultiplex

Hnh 4.4. Cc loi u cui ni vo mng chuyn mch gi 4.2. Phng thc hot ng c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi PSN 4.2.1. Khi qut Ngay t u, mng Vin thng chuyn mch knh ch c thit k cung cp dch v m thoi. Khi xut hin cc dch v mi m c bit l cc dch v v d liu, mng chuyn mch knh tr nn bt tin trong vic kt ni truyn d liu gia cc thit b u cui. Cc l do u tp trung vo hai khuyt im chnh nh sau:

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 Vic kt ni truyn nhn d liu gia thit b u cui v my tnh ch, nu s dng mng chuyn mch knh th t l thi gian ng dy rnh ri l rt ln, v vy phng php chuyn mch knh khng c hiu qu. Trong mng chuyn mch knh, vn kt ni ch phc v cho nhng thit b c cng tc d liu ngha l cng tc pht v thu, iu ny hn ch vic lin kt nhiu loi my tnh ch v thit b u cui khc nhau. Mng chuyn mch gi khc phc c hai khuyt im ni trn. hiu r hn k thut ny, chng ta s ln lt kho st cc kha cnh hot ng ca n. Trc tin s tm hiu cc ch lm vic trn mng chuyn mch gi. 4.2.2. Cc ch lm vic ca mng chuyn mch gi Trong k thut chuyn mch gi, nguyn tc hot ng c th c vn tt nh sau: Khi d liu cn pht s c phn b vo cc gi nh v c truyn i trn mng. Trong cc gi ny, ngoi d liu cn c thm vi tin tc iu khin m mng yu cu c th nh tuyn cho gi i xuyn qua mng n ch. Nhm m bo vic chuyn d liu t yu cu, mi mng u phi tun th cc ch lm vic nht nh. C 2 ch lm vic cn bn trong mng chuyn mch gi, l ch khng to cu (Connectionless hay Datagram) v ch lp cu (Virtual circuit).
C

B 1 5 A 4 6 F 7
Node chuyn mch Gi d liu bao gm a ch ca E Thit b u cui

Hnh 4.5. V d mt mng PSN gm 7 node chuyn mch

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Trc khi m t hai ch hot ng ni trn, cn xem xt hot ng ca tng gi n qua tham kho hnh 4.5. Gi s d liu c pht t A ti E. A xy dng cc gi tin gm d liu v tin tc iu khin bao gm a ch ca E, trc tin gi c gi ti node 4, node 4 tip nhn lu gi vo b m v quyt nh bc k tip (ti node 5), node 4 xp gi pht trn tuyn 4-5 theo ch nh ca th tc nh tuyn ti y, khi tuyn sn sng, gi c pht n node 5, nu node 5 hot ng bnh thng v cn kh nng, gi s c tip nhn v tip tc c nh hng truyn n node 6, cui cng gi cng n c E.
B
2 1

2
1 2

1
3

6
3

a) Mch khng to cu ni (datagram)

VC#2 2 3

VC#1

b) Cu mch o(CV)

Hnh 4.6. Hot ng tng qut ca hai ch trn mng PSN Trong hot ng theo ch khng to cu, mi gi s c x l c lp. C ngha l cc gi ca cng mt khi thng tin c th n ch theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Chng ta s xem xt ch ny trn hnh 4.6a. Gi s trm A c bn tin gm 3 gi gi ti B. N pht nhanh cc gi 1,2,3 ti node 1. Mi gi s c node 1 x l nh tuyn nh sau: node 1 hng gi 1 n node 2 v thy gi (cost) ngn hn gi ti node 4, tng t gi 2 cng c chuyn qua node 2, nhng n gi 3 th node 1 nhn thy rng vo thi im ny xp n theo node 4 l tuyn c

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gi ngn nht, v th node 1 truyn gi 3 n node 4. Vy cc gi vi a ch ch ging nhau nhng khng i theo 1 hng ging nhau, mt khc gi 3 c th n node 3 trc gi 2. Do th t gi n B khc trc. Nhim v ca B l phi sp xp li trt t ca chng. Trong ch ny, mi gi c x l truyn mt cch c lp nn cn c gi l datagram. Vi ch lp cu (virtual circuit), mt ng ni logic phi c thit lp trc khi cc gi c gi i. V d nh A c mt hoc nhiu bn tin c gi ti B, u tin n gi gi yu cu gi n node 4, node 4 quyt nh chuyn yu cu v tt c d liu tm thi ti node 2, node 2 chuyn tt c ti node 3. Node 3 chuyn gi yu cu gi n B, nu B chp nhn kt ni cuc gi th n s gi gi chp nhn n node 3 v gi ny c pht tip qua node 2, node 1 ri ti A. Host A v Host B c th trao i d liu trn ng kt ni logic c thit lp, ng ni logic ny thng c gi l cu o. Mi node trn cu o c thit lp s bit ni n hng dn gi nh th no. V vy mi gi d liu t A qua node 1,2,3 v mi gi d liu t B qua node 3,2,1. Bt k lc no mt trong hai trm hai u u c th xa ng kt ni bng mt gi yu cu xa (sau khi hon tt vic truyn). Mi trm c th c nhiu hn mt cu n bt c mt trm no khc v cng c nhiu cu o n t nhiu trm (hnh 4.6.b). c im chnh ca ch to cu l s nh tuyn gia cc trm c thit lp trc chuyn d liu. Mi gi c m ti mi node, v c sp xp truyn trn ng dy. S khc bit so vi ch datagram l cc node khng cn phi nh tuyn cho mi gi tin. N ch lm mt ln cho mi mt cuc ni. Hnh 4.6 minh ha mt so snh gia hai ch hot ng ni trn. Nu hai host mun trao i d liu trong mt thi gian di th s dng ch lp cu chc chn c li hn. Phng thc lp cu c th cung cp mt s dch v bao gm nh s th t, kim sot li, iu khin dng. Ni c th bi v khng phi tt c cc phng tin to cu u cung cp tt c cc dch v ny hon ton tin cy. nh s th t cc gi n trong mt trt t ban u. Kim sot li khng ch m bo gi n trong mt trt t thch hp m cn chnh xc. V d nu gi n node 3 trong th t b sai hoc n vi li th node 3 c th yu cu pht li gi t node 1. iu khin dng l mt k thut nhm m bo rng ni gi khng lm trn ngp d liu ni nhn. V d nh nu trm B ang m d liu t A gi n v nhn thy sp ht khng gian m, ngay tc thi n gi bo hiu thng qua phng tin to cu yu cu A ngng pht cho n khi c thng bo mi.
105

4.2.3. Nhng s c v chin lc khc phc Hnh 4.7 minh ha mt phn ca mt mng chuyn mch gi, trong host A l thu bao gn vo node chuyn mch 1, host B l thu bao gn vo node chuyn mch 2. Gi s A gi bn tin gm 3 gi tin ti B tp trung trn cc node chuyn mch 1, 2, 3, 4. iu quan trng cn phi bit l cng c rt nhiu gi tin ca cc thu bao khc ang di chuyn trong mng.
5

2
Thng ip
1
1

Ti thit lp

1
3

Bo nhn
2 3 2 2

3
3 2

B
1

Li

Truyn li

Ghi ch : Node User

Hnh 4.7. S hot ng c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi a. Qu trnh pht tin c bn Dng thng tin c truyn i nh sau: thu bao A gi gi tin th nht n node chuyn mch 1, khi node ny nhn c gi th theo lut nh tuyn n s pht gi tin n ch bng cch gi ngang qua node 2. Trong lc gi tin th 2 ang di chuyn t thu bao A n node 1 th trng thi trong mng thay i (v d c 1 dng tin vi lu lng ln ang di chuyn t node 5 n node 2), v th gi tin th 2 t thu bao A n thu bao B c nh tuyn qua node 4, gi tin th 3 cng n node 1 ngay sau gi tin th 2 v c nh tuyn qua node 4 (ging gi tin 2). Sau khi node 4 nhn y v chnh xc, gi tin th 2 c gi ti ch l node 3. Tuy nhin, trong khi truyn gi 2 c mt li xy ra. Khi node 3

106

nhn gi tin th 2, c cu pht hin li tm ra li v yu cu pht li gi tin th 2. Trong khi tin trnh khc phc li din ra, gi th 3 vn c chuyn bnh thng v n node 3, do gi tin th 2 pht li n sau gi tin th 3 ti node 3. Nh vy, ti B th t cc gi b thay i khc vi trt t gi t A. nh th t gi Kiu hot ng gi v chuyn tip (hold and forward) c thi gian tr khc nhau cc tuyn khc nhau c th lm cho cc gi tin nhn khng theo th t thch hp. khc phc vn ny, trong cc gi tin phi c gn vo mt ch s th t bn cnh thng tin thnh phn ca khi tin ban u trc khi bt u pht qua mng. Qu trnh tp hp gi tin v sp xp cho ng c thc hin ti node cui. Node cui trong trng hp v tr trn l node 3, s dng thng tin th t gi xuyn qua mng cng vi thng tin ngi dng sp xp cc gi tin li cho ng th t ban u trc khi chuyn giao cho host ch (B). Cc bo nhn (acknowledgements) Mt s bo nhn c minh ha trong hnh 4.7 di chuyn theo nhng tuyn khc nhau v ngc hng vi nhng gi tin trong mng. Gi bo nhn ny l iu m bo ch yu cho s trn vn v chnh xc ca d liu pht. Bt c gi tin no c nhn mt cch chnh xc th ngay tc khc n s c thng bo tr li ni gi bng mt gi bo nhn. C hai loi bo nhn, loi bo nhn th nht c ngha thng bo nhn thnh cng nh ni. Loi th hai l mt bo nhn vi ngha ngh truyn li v vic truyn/nhn b li, khi node nhn mt gi, trc ht n s tin hnh kim tra, nu thy li s gi ngay yu cu truyn li n node truyn. Bng cch ny, cc node chuyn mch bit c mnh truyn gi ti node lin kt thnh cng hay khng. Trong qu trnh truyn gi ti node k, nu bo nhn khng c nhn trong mt khong thi gian qui nh (time out) th node truyn ngh rng gi tin b li v c nhim v pht li gi tin . b. Cc li nh th t gi l mt trong cc nhim v ca mt giao thc mng, rt cn thit trong qu trnh xc nh trt t gi nhm khc phc s sai th t gi ni trn. Ngoi ra, cn c hai vn kh nghim trng cng xut pht t hot ng c bn ca mng chuyn mch gi, l kh nng khng pht hin c s mt gi v s nhn i gi khi mun truyn thnh cng. Gi tin b mt
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S tht thot mt gi tin c th lm cho mt cuc ni khng th thit lp c trong ch lp cu (virtual circuit) hay khng m bo an ton d liu theo yu cu trn mt mng chuyn mch gi. Kh nng xy ra mt gi l c th, tim n ngay trong hot ng cn bn ca mng. Nhim v ca ngi thit k l phi pht hin c tnh hung ra hng khc phc. Sau y l mt v d v tnh hung gy mt gi tin.
5

2
Thng ip
1

Chuyn m ch hng

1
3

Bo nhn

3
3
2

B
2

Hnh 4.8. Mng chuyn mch gi c node chuyn mch b hng: s mt gi tin Theo hnh 4.8, thu bao A gi gi tin th nht qua node 2, node 2 nhn gi tin ny chnh xc v ngay sau bo nhn cho gi tin ny. Tuy nhin, trc khi gi tin th nht c gi t node 2 qua node 3 th node 2 b trc trc, node 1, sau khi nhn c bo nhn ca gi th nht s khng cn quan tm n gi tin ny na v k hoch nh tuyn thay i trnh node h s 2. Gi tin th 2 v th 3 v th c nh tuyn n node 4 ri n node 3. Kt qu gi tin th nht b mt v node 2 b h trc khi n c c hi gi gi 1 n node 3. V vy thu bao B ch nhn c gi tin th 2 v 3. C nhiu cch khc phc vn ny, v d nh: Node nhn s gi bo nhn cho node gi khi chuyn tip n node k. Trch nhim cui cng ca gi tin thuc vo node u tin pht i, nh dch v D bit trong X25. Node cui cng yu cu node u tin gi li gi b mt. Nhn i gi tin
108

Hin tng nhn i gi cng gy ra s phin h cho cc node chuyn mch, nht l cng mt lc c hai hay nhiu i tng ging ht nhau trong d liu c x l bi cc phn mm tng i. Ngoi ra, s nhn i gi cng nh hng xu n chnh xc d liu nhn. Kh nng xy ra hin tng ny cng khng phi t. Sau y l mt v d v tnh hung dn n s nhn i gi.
5

2
Thng ip
1

Dy hng

1
3

Bo nhn

3
1 3

B
3 2 1 1

Gi trng

Hnh 4.9. Mng chuyn mch gi c ng dy b hng: hin tng nhn i gi. Xem hnh 4.9, gi tin c nh tuyn qua node 2, gi tin ny xem nh c nhn chnh xc ti node 2 v node ny gi bo nhn cho node 1, nhng trc khi bo nhn gi li th tuyn gia node 2 v node 1 b h, vy bo nhn gi th nht b mt m node 2 khng h bit. Node 1 khng nhn c bo nhn trong thi gian qui nh (timeout) s pht li gi 1 cng vi gi tin th 2 v 3 n node 4. Nhng tht ra gi th nht c nhn hon ho ti node 2. V bo nhn b mt m c node 1 v node 2 u khng hay bit iu ny, nn node 2 tip tc chuyn gi tin th 1 n ch v gi tin ny cng c pht li t node 1. C hai gi 1 n ch cng vi gi tin th 2 v 3. Vy c s lp li gi 1 ti thu bao B. trnh vn ny, c th xy dng mt th tc nhn dng xem gi va nhn
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c hay cha, nu c thc hin xa bt i mt. Cch th 2 l c th xy dng c cu bo nhn cho bo nhn. Nh vo c cu ny m node 2 bit c bo nhn b mt v s khng copy gi 1 ln tuyn 2 3. Tuy nhin, c cu ny s lm cho ti trn mng tr nn nng n, hiu sut mng gim xung. Vi cch th nht, r rng vic x l ti mi node chuyn mch s lu hn, thi gian tr hon truyn ln hn v phi kim tra v so trng tng gi mt. Tuy nhin, cng c th giao nhim v ny cho host ch gim bt thi gian x l ti mi node. 4.3. ng gi thng tin 4.3.1. Cu trc gi khc phc cc li v truyn nhn chnh xc cn c s phi hp vi cc chin lc qun l ton cc, mi gi tin v th phi cha cc thng tin h tr, phn thng tin h tr ny c gi l thng tin dn ng (overhead). Overhead c nhng dng khc nhau ty thuc vo kiu mng v k thut c dng. Overhead tn ti di 2 dng c bn: dng kt hp vo mi gi ngi dng (user) v dng gi chuyn xc nhn hoc chuyn iu khin. Bn tin hoc tin tc qun l ca thu bao c chiu di L ty khong t vi bit n vi triu bit. H iu hnh trong cc mng chuyn mch gi khng c kh nng hoc khng thut li pht ht bn tin c chiu di ty L trong mt ln. Ty vo giao thc, nhng tng qut vi gc nhn l mt ct giao tip ngi dng mng (user network), s chia bn tin ln L thnh cc n v nh c chiu di ti a l M gi chung l segment. Bn trong mng, trn cc ng dy cc node trao i vi nhau cc n v nh c chia t segment gi l gi (packet) c chiu di ti a N bit. Ty theo thit k giao thc mng m gi tr M v N c th bng nhau hoc M>N. D nhin tin tc ngi dng c chiu di L ty . Biu din ton hc: L M N Nu th tc mng qui nh M = N, th tc mng thuc lp giao thc c mt gi tin trong mt segment (singlepacketper segment). Ngha l mi segment ch cha mt gi tin v cc node mng khng cn chia gi trn segment n t host. Nu M > N, c th tc nhiu gi tin trn mt segment, mi segment ngi dng c chiu di M, khi n mng c cc nt chia thnh nhng gi tin c chiu di N.

110

Th tc mt gi tin trn mt segment c s dng ph bin trong mng hot ng datagram hay trn cc lp logic lm vic theo ch datagram. Th tc nhiu gi tin trn mt segment thng s dng trong mng hot ng theo ch cu o (Virtual Circuit). Trong bt c trng hp no, n v d liu m thu bao s dng giao tip vi node chuyn mch trong mng l cc segment, trong khi giao tip gia cc node chuyn mch l cc gi tin. Tin tc cha trong cc gi tin v cc segment c th ging hoc khng ging nhau ty thuc vo giao thc ang s dng. Thng tin ca giao thc (Protocol Information) T hnh 4.10, ta thy rng segment thng tin ca ngi dng bao gm ba vng c bn, l vng leader, vng thng tin, v vng kim sot li (error control).
Bn tin c chiu di L * Segment Header * Packet Header Err ctrl Thng tin chiu di M bit Err ctrl

Start framing

End framing

Hnh 4.10. Cu trc overhead tng qut ca chuyn mch gi Leader cha a ch ni n cng vi tin tc iu khin c mng yu cu, v d nh l ch s th t ca segment, ch s knh logic c dng, ch n ca segment u hoc cui, v kch thc vng thng tin. Cc gi tin gm cc vng header, thng tin, khi iu khin li (error control) v m nh du u v kt thc gi tin (start framing v end framing). Header cha cc thng tin ging nh leader nhng l nhng thng tin thuc tnh ca gi trong mt segment, cng vi cc tin tc khc m node cn iu khin s di chuyn cc gi xuyn qua mng. V d nh a ch ngun, ch s th t gi tin v khi iu khin ( ngn nga vic looping, mt hoc nhn i gi).

111

Vng kim sot li dng nguyn l m ha ton hc cho php cc node nhn ra nu bt c bit no hoc nhm bit no b li. Qu trnh kim sot li l mt phn ca th tc iu hnh. Trong thc t thng dng m CRC c trnh by mc di y. 4.3.2. Phng php kim tra sai CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) a. Gii thiu Trong vng kim tra ca gi tin cha cc thng tin phc v cng tc kim sot li, cc thng tin ny c to ra ty thuc vo tng phng php. Mt trong nhng phng php thng c dng l CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check). phng php CRC, cc bit ca khi d liu c dch tri ln lt v chia cho mt gi tr s nh phn, xc nh bng php ton module 2. Kt qu phn d ca php chia chnh l gi tr CRC v c dng lm BCC trong phng thc truyn ng b. u thu s thc hin php chia tng t i vi thng tin v so snh phn d ca php chia vi gi tr BCC thu c, nu ging nhau l khng c sai. M CRC thng di t 12 n 32 bits. Nu dng phng php CRC vi th tc t ng truyn li (ARQ Automatic Repeat Request) c th gim tc bit sai (BER) rt nhiu. V d vi 16 bit CRC cho php ch c 1 bit sai khng pht hin c trong 1014 bits truyn (BER = 1.1014 ). b. Cch tnh CRC Cc bit d liu s c m phng thnh mt a thc theo trnh t truyn, v d chui bit truyn l 110101 th ta c a thc: M(x) = (1).x5 + (1)x4+ (0)x3+ (1)x2+ (0)x1+ (1)x0 = x5 + x4 + x2 + 1 Gi s s bit CRC l C, ta s chn mt a thc bt k G(x) c bc C, v d C=3, chn G(x) = x3 +1 Sau ln lt thc hin cc php tnh sau:

Nhn M(x) cho xc

xc.M(x) = x8 + x7 + x5 + x3

Chia xc.M(x) cho G(x) ta s c kt qu l Q(x) vi phn d l R(x)

xc.M(x)/G(x) = Q(x) + R(x)/G(x) Theo v d trn ta s c: Q(x) = x5 + x4 + x2 + 1

112

R(x) = x +1

Tnh a thc

T(x) = xc.M(x) + R(x)

M(x) = (1).x5 + (1)x4+ (0)x3+ (1)x2+ (0)x1+ (1)x0 = x5 + x4 + x2 + 1 T(x) = = x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 + x +1 i t T(x) tr li chui bit theo nguyn tc tng t, kt qu chnh l chui bit truyn vi cc bit sau cng l CRC. Chui bit truyn 110101011 u cui sau khi nhn c chui bit i li T(x) v dng php ton module 2 chia cho G(x), nu phn d l 0 th d liu nhn khng sai, khc khng th sai. C th d dng chng minh c. Tht vy T(x) = xc M(x) + R(x) V xc . M(x)/G(x) = Q(x) + R(x)/G(x) T(x)/G(x) = Q(x) + R(x)/G(x) + R(x)/G(x) = Q(x) + (1+1) R(x)/G(x) V i vi php ton module 2 th 1+1 =0 nn T(x)/G(x) = Q(x) Hay R(x) = 0, vy php chia T(x) cho G(x) khng c d. a thc G(x) cn gi l a thc sinh v c bn a thc thng dng sau: 1 C =12 2 C =16 3 C =16 4 C =32 X12 + X11 + X3 + X + 1 X16 + X15 + X5 + 1 X16 + X12 + X3 + 1 X32 + X26 + X22 + X16 + X12 + X8 + X4 + X2 + X +1

4.3.3. Kch thc gi Tng s tin tc cha trong leader ca segment v header ca packet l ng k. c bit nu c tng s 256 bit thng tin overhead c yu cu trong mt gi kch thc N bng 1000 bit th lng overhead chim n 25 % tng d liu c c pht. iu ny cho thy rng c 25 % dung lng xuyn mng khng c gi tr trong vic giao tip gia cc ngi dng vi nhau. V vy t l phn trm ca overhead lin quan n vic so snh hiu qu ca cc k thut chuyn mch. Mt v d v cu trc overhead: bn tin ngi dng c:

113

L = 70.000 bit, M = 8192 bit, N = 1024 bit Ta c: L = 8. M + 4464 m M = 8 N.

Trn hnh 4.11 m t cu trc c bn ca bn tin ny, bn tin c chia lm 9 segment, mi segment trong 8 segment u c lm y vi 8192 bit v 4464 bit cn li trong segment th 9. Mi segment trong 8 segment u chia thnh 8 gi, mi gi 1024 bit. Segment th 9 c chia thnh 5 gi trong 4 gi u cha 1024 bit cn gi th 5 cha 368 bit cn li. T l ca overhead trong gi cn l yu t nh hng trc tip n thi gian truyn. y l vn c t ra v xem xt khi chn kch thc cho gi tin. tip cn vn ny hy tham kho v d hnh 4.12. Trong hnh 4.12 gi s c mt cu o t X n Y thng qua 2 node a v b. Gi s bn tin truyn bao gm 30 byte, mi gi c 3 byte thng tin iu khin; thng tin iu khin c t u mi gi va gi l header. Ton b thng bo gi di dng mt gi n 33 byte. u tin gi c truyn t X n a. Khi tt c d liu n a th mi chuyn tip n b v c th cho n Y. Tng thi gian truyn ti mi node thnh ra 99 byte.

User message
Segment 1 2 3 4

L = 70.000 bit
5 6 7 8 9

Segment M = 8192 bit 1 Leader 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Leader Control 1 2

Last Segment 4464 bits 3 4 5

Packet Packet header Information bits N = 1024 bits Error control Packet header

Last Packet Information bits N = 368 bits Error control

Framing pattern

Framing pattern

Framing pattern

Framing pattern

Hnh 4.11. S chia bn tin thnh cu trc segment v gi

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Gi s phn thnh 2 gi, mi gi 15 byte v d nhin mi gi phi thm vo 3 byte header. Trong trng hp ny a s truyn gi u tin khi nhn y gi ny m khng cn ch nhn ht gi 2. V v vy thi gian truyn ti mi node ch cn l thi gian truyn 72 byte. Nu chia 5 gi thi thi gian ch cn l 63 byte. Tuy nhin nu tng gi qu nhiu th thi gian li gia tng bi v mi gi cha mt lng header khng i v nhiu gi c ngha l nhiu header dn n hiu sut thng tin gim v thi gian truyn li gia tng tr li. Do trong thit k gi cn xem xt k cc yu t trn.

a) 1 packet message
Header

b) 2 packet message

c) 5 packet message

d) 10 packet message

1 Data 2 Data 3 Data Data 2 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Time
Header

6 7 8

5 Data Data Data

9 10

5 Data
Header

X a bY

X a bY
Data

X a bY

X a bY

Hnh 4.12. So snh thi gian truyn gia ba cch chia.

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4.4. K thut ghp knh trong mng chuyn mch gi 4.4.1. S lc v k thut STDM (Statistical Time Division Multiplexing) a. c tnh Trong k thut TDM ng b, c nhiu khe thi gian trong mt khung b lng ph. Mt ng dng tiu biu ca TDM ng b c lin quan n vic lin kt mt s cc u cui n mt cng my tnh ch chia s thng tin. Ngay c khi tt c cc u cui ang trong trng thi hot ng, hu ht thi gian l khng c d liu truyn ti bt k mt u cui c bit no .
User
t0 t1 t2 t3 t4

B
n my tnh u xa

D
Bng thng lng ph

Synchronous Tim es Division M ultiplexing

A1

B1

C1

D1

A2

B2

C2

D2

Chu k u

Chu k th hai

Statistical Times D ivision M ultiplexing

A1

B1

B2

C2

Chu k u

Chu k th hai

Ghi ch:
D liu a ch

Hnh 4.13. TDM ng b ngc vi TDM thng k K thut TDM bt ng b hay cn gi l ghp knh phn thi thng k statistical TDM. Phng php ghp knh ny khai thc c tnh chung nht ca truyn d liu bng cch phn phi cc khe thi gian mt cch linh ng theo yu cu. Cng ging nh TDM ng b, TDM bt ng b cng c mt s cc ng vo ra I/O trn mt mt v mt ng ghp knh tc cao trn mt kia. Mi ng xut nhp c mt b m (buffer) ring. Trong trng hp ghp knh thng k c n ng I/O nhng ch c K < n khe thi gian trong mt khung TDM. nhp d liu, cc buffer c qut v d liu c nhp cho n khi khung
116

(frame) c lm y, sau s truyn i. Ti u kia, b ghp knh nhn mt frame v phn phi cc khe d liu vo cc b m xut thch hp. V ghp knh thng k li dng iu thc t thng xy ra l cc user khng truyn d liu trong tt c thi gian, nn tc trn ng ghp knh c thit k nh hn tng tc ca cc ng vo. Nh s u vo tng hn so vi b ghp knh TDM c cng tc . Trn hnh 4.13 m t 4 ngun d liu, v d liu to ra trong 4 mc thi gian t0, t1, t2, t3. Trong trng hp TDM ng b, tc trn ng ghp knh phi bng bn ln. Trong sut cc khong thi gian, d liu c ly tun t t tt c bn ngun v gi i. V d trong khong thi gian th nht, ngun C v D khng c d liu, do 2 trong 4 khe thi gian c truyn i l rng. Ngc li trong k thut TDM bt ng b khng gi cc khe trng i (v khng c d liu). Do trong khong thi gian th nht (frame th nht) ch c khe thi gian ca A v B l c gi i. Tuy nhin ngha v tr ca cc khe th b mt, khng bit thi gian u ca ngun d liu s ti khe no, v khng bit trc d liu n t u v c phn phi vo u nn thng tin v a ch phi c s dng. Do c nhiu overhead trong khe. Cu trc khung c dng c lin quan n hot ng. R rng cn ti thiu overhead tng hiu sut ng truyn. Thng thng, mt h thng TDM thng k s dng mt giao thc nh HDLC. Trong khung HDLC, khung d liu phi cha bit iu khin hot ng ghp knh. Hnh 4.14 trnh by hai dng khung c th: Dng 1 ch mt ngun d liu bao gm trong mt khung (a). Ngun ny c nhn dng bi mt a ch. Chiu di ca vng d liu th thay i v kt thc c nh du bi m cui ca ton b khung. Dng ny ch hu hiu cho ti nh. Dng 2 cho php nhiu ngun trong mt khung n, nn cn ch ra chiu di cho mi ngun. Do cc khung con TDM thng k bao gm mt tun t cc vng d liu, mi tun t c xc nh bng mt vng a ch v mt vng chiu di.

117

Flag

Address

Control

Statistical TDM Sub frame

FCS

Flag

a) Khung tng qut

Address

Data

b) Mt ngun trong mt khung

Address Length

Data

Address Length

Data

b) Nhiu ngun trong mt khung

Hnh 4.14. Cc dng khung ca TDM thng k b. Kho st hot ng Tc d liu ng ra nh hn tng tc d liu ng vo, bi v c th on c trung bnh s u vo nh hn hoc bng kh nng ghp knh ca ng truyn. Tuy nhin, iu tr ngi l trong khi c th tc trung bnh ng nhp nh hn kh nng ghp knh nhng cng c khi t cao im khi tng ng vo ln hn kh nng ghp knh. gii quyt vn ny b m c dng lu gi tm thi khi ng vo trng thi cao im. Lun mong mun b m cng nh v tc x l d liu ch cn va phi, nhng ci ny nh th ci kia phi tng. Cng nhiu b m th thi gian tr hon cng ln. Do hai yu t cn so snh l thi gian p ng ca h thng v tc ca ng ghp knh. Gi N: R: M: : S ngun ni vo Tc ca mi ngun bps Tc ti a ca ng ghp knh bps T l thi gian m mt ngun truyn.

Ta c: 0 < < 1 t K = M/NR : t l gia tc ti a ca ng truyn v tng tc li vo mc ti a. K l tham s biu th kh nng nn d liu. V d: Nu M l tc ti a ca ng dy v K = 0,25 th s u vo TDM bt ng b gp 4 ln TDM ng b (cng M). Ta c: K 1

118

Nu > K tc l N > N th qu ti. Gi tng ca trung bnh tc u vo l = NR. Gi S l thi gian truyn 1 bit: S = 1/M. t = S = N R/M = / K = / M

biu th t l s dng tng dung lng ca ng truyn.

Nu M = 50 Kbps v = 0,5 th ti hin hnh l 25 Kbps.

Gi q l kch thc vng m, tq l thi gian tr. Quan h gia q v cng nh gia tq v c cho bi nh ch to. 4.4.2. Hot ng ghp knh trn mch o mng TYMNET Mng TYMNET dng ch mch o (virtual circuit) c trong v ngoi mng c bn da trn k thut ghp knh gi. D liu t cc trm c m vo cc b m node dc theo tuyn nh. Mt gi n c truyn gia hai node c th cha d liu ca nhiu cu ni o. Mi node c trang b mt b nhiu b m (buffer). Mi node gm mt s vect ch s. Mt lin kt vi node k tip c ch nh bi mt i vect.
Node 100
From terminal port

Node 112

Node 5

200
5 200

201

8 8 9
From host port

4 5

201

W 100 ( 112 , 2 ) = 5 R 100 ( 112 , 2 ) = 4

W 112 ( 100 , 2) = 200 R 112 ( 100 , 2 ) = 201 W 112 ( 5 , 1) = 201 R 112 ( 5, 1 ) = 200

W 5 ( 112 , 1) = 8 R 5 ( 112 , 1) = 9

Hnh 4.15. Mt mch o trong TYMNET Mi mt thnh phn lin kt h tr cho mt s khng i cc knh. Dng k thut ghp knh TDM thng k. Rn (L,C) = Vect c ca node n cho knh C ca lin kt L. Wn (L,C) = Vect ghi ca node n cho knh C ca lin kt L. V d: Dng cc vct ny xy dng mt mch o gia u cui ca node 100 v mt host ca node 5, hnh 4.15.
119

D liu t u cui c gi trong buffer 4 ca node 100, node ny t R100 (112,2) = 4, do node s c d liu t buffer 4 ca node 100 truyn ln knh 2 n node 112. Ti node 112 c W112 (100,2) = 200, ra lnh cho node ny lu gi d liu trn knh 2 n t node 100 vo b m 200. Cc d liu ny sau c truyn n node 5 trn knh 1. Cui cng d liu c t vo buffer 8 ca node 5 ri cung cp cho host. S phn phi cc buffer v cc knh vo mt mch o c thc hin bi node trung tm gi l supervisor. Cc node khng cn phi bit ton b mch o. Chng ch cn theo di s phn phi knh hay vng m l .
5 5 3 3 480 32

SYNC
a) Record vt l 8

SIZE

SEQ ACK

>1 Logical records

CRC

464

Channel number
a) Record logic

Bytes count

Data

Hnh 4.16. Dng khung lin kt node ca TYMNET D liu c truyn gia cc lin kt trong khung (frame), dng khun dng hnh 4.16. Thc hin truyn theo nghi thc ng b hng k t, dng 3 bit nh s tun t v 3 bit ACK. Mi frame cha mt hay nhiu gi d liu v mi gi cha ng d liu cho mt knh. Ch rng c s ging nhau gia hnh 4.16 v hnh 4.14; r rng thng tin gia cc node hnh thnh mt lin kt TDM thng k. Mi bn ghi (record) vt l c thnh lp bng cch nht d liu t cc knh khc nhau dng vct c. Ti ch cc bn ghi vt l c m ra v cc gi vo cc buffer bi vc t ghi. Cc d liu n trn cng mt lin kt, c th c ta ra trn nhiu lin kt da vo th tc nh tuyn ca node. K thut ny rt ging vi ghp knh thng k ni trn. im mnh ca k thut ny l nh tuyn v iu khin lung.

120

4.5. nh tuyn trong mng PSN 4.5.1. Gii thiu nh tuyn l mt trong cc cng tc quan trng ca mi chuyn mch trong mng chuyn mch gi. Sau khi tip nhn mt gi tin trong b m, node chuyn mch cn ch nh tuyn tuyn li ra no b phn chuyn mch thc hin thao tc chuyn mch cho gi. Mc tiu ch yu ca nh tuyn l tm v ch ra con ng thch hp vn chuyn gi n ch mt cch chc chn v trong thi gian ngn nht. Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php nh tuyn c tn khc nhau, tuy nhin u tn ti di bn dng c bn: nh tuyn lan trn gi (packet flooding), nh tuyn ngu nhin (random routing), nh tuyn trc tip theo bng danh mc hay cn gi l khng thch nghi (directory routing hay nonadaptive routing), v nh tuyn trc tip theo bng danh mc thch nghi (adaptive directory routing). Mi phng php u c kh nng gim thi gian tr hon trong mng, y l c tnh c ngha m chuyn mch gi c gng m bo cho cng ng s dng. Tuy nhin kh nng ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo phc tp ca mi k thut trong phng php cng nh lin quan n s lng thnh phn lu thng trong mng ti bt k thi im no. 4.5.2. Cc phng php nh tuyn c bn Lan trn gi Phng php ny c gng truyn trong mi ng c th gia ngun v ch, do n m bo phn t lu thng cui cng ri cng xuyn c qua mng, ngay c trng hp mng c b h hng mt cch nghim trng hay l khng. Vi phng php ny gi c gi t node ngun n tt c cc node k n. Mi node nhn mt gi th lp tc kim tra xem gi ny nhn c ln no trc y cha, nu nhn ri th loi gi mi ti ny, nu cha th sau gi gi n tt c cc node k . Trong phng php ny mi con ng c th xuyn qua mng t ngun n ch u c th, gi copy u tin n c ch l gi i trn con ng c tng thi gian tr hon l nh nht; bt k gi c copy no n sau s b loi. hiu hot ng ca flooding xt v d trong hnh 4.17. Mi node trong mng trn c ni vi 3 node khc nhau (cn c gi l mng ni ba).

121

Mi gi pht ra t node 1 c ch n l node 6. Gi copy s c gi i t node 1 n node 3 l 2, 4 v 3. Sau khi gi c nhn thnh cng node 2, cc gi copy c gi t 4 v 5. Tuy nhin gi copy t 2 th trng vi gi copy c nhn trc tip t 1, do n s b loi. Ti node 3 gi copy li c gi
2 4

Hnh 4.17. nh tuyn theo phng php lan trn gi n 5 v 6. D nhin gi n 6 th hon tt vic truyn. Theo trng thi thng thng ca mng th ng i nhanh nht n 6 l hoc 1 qua 4 n 6, hoc 1 qua 3 n 6. Trong hnh 4.17 gi s gi copy c truyn n 6 qua 3. Ch rng sau khi gi n ti ch ca n, vn cn nhiu gi copy tip tc xuyn qua mng. V d cc gi n 4 t 2 th trng vi cc gi n 4 t 1. V 4 nhn ra gi c trc nn s loi gi n sau. Cc gi trng n sau s t t bin mt trong mng. Tng t ti ch cng c mt s gi copy sau n c v cng s b loi. K thut ny tn ti mt s khuyt im nh sau: K thut ny c bn da trn s nhn rng lu lng ti. Vic gia tng cng lu thng, gia tng hng lot im tr hon, dn n gia tng tr hon im ni im, ngay c khi gi c truyn trn tuyn nhanh nht hin hnh. Mi gi phi cha a ch hon chnh v cc thng tin nhn dng. Mi chuyn mch phi ghi li tt c cc gi m chng bt gp trong thi gian ln m bo cc gi trng (ca gi c nhn) c pht hin v loi b. Tng t cc chuyn mch phi c cnh bo thng xuyn v kh nng cc gi copy s n rt nhiu sau khi gi copy u tin chuyn giao thnh cng cho host ch.
122

Tuy nhin u im ni bt ca phng php ny l chc chn s truyn gi n ch trn con ng tt nht hin hnh. nh tuyn ngu nhin (random routing) nh tuyn ngu nhin c tng c bn ging nh tuyn lan trn gi, ngoi tr gi khng c gi n mi node k c ni vi node ngun, thay v vy mt tuyn t mi node c chn ngu nhin v cc gi c truyn ch trn ng ny. S la chn ngu nhin ca cc tuyn phi bao gm c tuyn m cc gi c nhn. Mc tiu ca phng php l cc gi lang thang trong mng, cui cng ri cng n c ch. C kh nng s chn tuyn c bit t mt node c nh hng c bn da trn s np ti, dung lng ng truyn hay cc iu kin mng khc nhng thng thng th khng on trc c. Cng ging nh phng php lan trn gi, nh tuyn ngu nhin c u im l bng mt con ng tn ti xuyn qua mng, thnh phn lu thng cui cng ri cng s n c ch. nh tuyn ngu nhin gim bt rc ri ca s nhn rng cc thnh phn lu thng. Nu tt c cc lin kt v node ng dng th c th phn phi cng kh nng cho mi tuyn. Tuy nhin do khc nhau v nng lc lin kt nn cc kh nng gia cc tuyn khng ging nhau. Trong trng hp ny mt tuyn ti mi node s c chn l 50% kh nng v 2 tuyn khc mi tuyn 25% kh nng. Trn hnh 4.18 trnh by gi hng t node 1 n node 6 vi ton b cc tuyn c th, cc tuyn 50% kh nng lun c chn. Do ng dn bt u t 1 n 4, n 2, n 5, n 3, ri n 6.

123

P(1) = 0,25

P(4) = 0,25 P(5) = 0,50

P(2) = 0,50

P(6) = 0,25

P(1) = 0,25

P(2) = 0,25

P(4) = 0,50 P(4) = 0,50 P(3) = 0,25 P(6) = 0,5 P(2) = 0,25 P(3) = 0,25

6
P(5) = 0,25

P(1) = 0,25

3
P(5) = 0,25

5
P(3) = 0,50

P(6) = 0,25

Hnh 4.18. nh tuyn ngu nhin Tuy nhin phng php ny cng cn tn ti khuyt im l khi d liu lu thng theo cc gi (cost) trung bnh c phn phi ty thuc kh nng chn la tuyn, chiu di trung bnh t ngun n ch s c khuynh hng di hn hu ht cc ng c th i trc tip. Do cc gi s b tr hon gia cc im lu hn so vi thi gian tr hon ngn nht trn mt ng truyn no thc s tn ti trong mng. nh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc (Directory Routing) Trong phng php ny ti mi node s c mt bng nh tuyn, ch ng dn chn bt k ch no trong mng t node hin hnh. Bng c xy dng trong b nh ca chuyn mch v c pht trin ty thuc vo bt k tiu chun no, c th l ng ngn nht, ng c thi gian tr hon ngn nht, ng c dung lng cao, hot ng tin cy, nh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc cn bao gm khng ch ng chn la chnh m cn c cc chn la th hai d phng di cc iu kin ch nh, nh khi ng truyn b h, cc chuyn mch b h hay qu ti trong lu thng. Hnh 4.19 minh ha n gin v nh tuyn trc tip. Trn mt ma trn nh tuyn ngn nht trnh by c 36 li vo cho 6 node. Mi li vo ch ra node k tip dc theo ng ngn nht t node ny n node khc.

124

Destination 1 2 3 4 5 6

Route to 1 2 1 4 5 4

Destination 1 2 3 4 5 6

Route to 1 2 1 or 6 4 6 6

Destination 1 2 3 4 5 6

Route to 1 2 1 4 3 3 or 4

Destination 1 2 3 4 5 6

Route to 3 or 4 4 3 4 5 4

3
Destination 1 2 3 4 5 6 Route to 1 1 3 1 or 6 5 6

5
Destination 1 2 3 4 5 6 Route to 3 2 3 6 5 6

Ma trn nh tuyn
n node
1 1 2 1 1 1 3
3 or 4

2 2 1 2 2 4

3 3 1
1 or 6

4 4 4
1 or 6

5 3 5 5 5 5

6
3 or 4

4 6 6 6

T node

3 4 5 6

6 4

3 3

Hnh 4.19. nh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc V d cc gi ang ti node 6 c ch n l node 2 s c dn hng n node 4. Bng nh tuyn c c im: Trn bng nh tuyn ch c nhng hng n lin h n tng chuyn mch ring. Mt vi li vo trong bng c hai tuyn c kh nng xy ra, nhng trong thc t m bo tnh r rng th ch mt tuyn c chn vo mt thi im v c t vo bng trong khi qu trnh hot ng.

125

u im ca nh tuyn trc tip l hot ng ca n c xc nh r rng, mi gi lu thng gia ngun v ch s i theo cng mt tuyn ty thuc vo bng nh tuyn. Khi mt tuyn c thnh lp trn c s cc tiu chun nh ng ngn nht, ng c thi gian tr hon nh nht, cc gi s i theo mt cch trung thnh tr phi bng nh tuyn c thay i bi cc hot ng hay bi trung tm iu khin mng. Bn cnh phng php ny cng c mt s hn ch xut pht t vic s dng bng nh tuyn: Cu trc cng knh. Kh thch ng vi cc thay i v cu hnh mng, cng nh p ng thch hp vi cc hu qu khi node hay ng dy b h hoc qu ti. nh tuyn theo danh mc thch nghi ( Adaptive Directory Routing) Hon ton tng t nh nh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc, trong mi chuyn mch c mt bng nh tuyn trong b nh ch ra tuyn ti u n ch. Tuy nhin, cc li vo trong bng c th thay i trong thi gian thc thi ty vo s thay i cc iu kin hot ng trong mng nh tc nghn lu thng hay s c ng truyn v chuyn mch. Do cc chn la ph khng cn cn thit na. ng truyn hin hnh v nguyn tc lun l i din cho tuyn ti u nht theo cc tiu chun chn vo thi im yu cu.

Tiu chun nh gi: Bi v mc tiu chnh ca mng chuyn mch gi l lm sao truyn thng tin i nhanh nht v do vic tr hon truyn tr thnh mt tiu chun cn xt n v c xem nh l gi ca lin kt (link cost). Gi ca lin kt ph thuc vo tc truyn trn lin kt, t l li, kch thc b m hai u. Mt phng n nh tuyn da trn vic ti thiu tr hon truyn c th thc hin d dng v mi chuyn mch trong mng thng minh c lng khong thi gian chuyn mt gi mi i n chuyn mch k. Mi chuyn mch c th c lng chnh xc nu bit mi ng ni n n c tc bit bao nhiu, cng nh t l li v s lng cc bit trong hng i mun truyn qua ng ny. Nu cc node trao i thng tin tr hon vi cc node k n th mi node c th c lng c ton th tr hon truyn n tt c cc ch trong mng. Bng tr hon truyn: minh ha nguyn tc bng tr hon truyn ta xt hnh 4.20. Tc bit c ch nh cho mi ng. Gi s mi gi c 1000 bit, trn hnh cng trnh by s lng cc gi xp hng cn li ti
126

mi chuyn mch. Ti mi node thy c mt bng tr hon, n c tnh ton bi mi node trn c s tc truyn v lu lng giao thng trn mi ng. y cc bng tr hon ch cp cc ng dn n cc ch c ni trc tip vi chuyn mch m thi, nhm lm cho s c lng c xem l hon ton chnh xc.
From To 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 Delay 104 0 89 9600 b/s From 4 4 4 4 4 4 To 1 2 30 4 5 6 0 Delay 35 0

2
b/s 96 00

4
96

From To 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6

Delay 105 105 54

0 60 56.

b/s

From To 6 1 6 2

Delay 17 0 0

b 00 /s

56 0 .6 0

1
00 96

b/ s

/s 0b .6 0 56

6 6 6 6

3 4 5 6

3
From To 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 5 6 312 39

9600 b/s Delay 208

5
From To 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 2 3 4 5 6 312 Ghi ch: Thi gian tr tnh bng mili giy Delay 71 104

Hnh 4.20. nh tuyn thch nghi dng mt bng tr hon

S thit lp bng nh tuyn: hiu r hn v hot ng ca gii thut nh tuyn hy tp trung tm hiu bng nh tuyn ti node 5 (hnh 4.21). Bt u l bng tr hon truyn m node 5 xy dng cho chnh n t cc nhn bit v tc nh tuyn v lu lng giao thng. Bng ca 5 ch cp n thi gian tr hon trn cc ng ni trc tip vi n. Tr hon n node 2 l 71ms; n 3 l 104ms v n 6 l 312ms. Mi node trao i bng tr hon cho nhau lm c s c lng k tip, trn y node 5 kt hp cc thng tin t cc bng v tnh ton cho ra mt bng nh tuyn sn c cho n khi thng tin mi c cp nht. Nu ta gi s rng thi gian x l
127

96

00

s b/

s b/

cho mt gi n ti mt node l 25ms, vy th thng tin nh tuyn s c xc nh nh th no t node 5 sang node 1. Mc d node 5 khng ni trc tip vi node 1 nhng c ni trc tip vi node 2 v node 3. Node 5 s chn tr hon no nh nht. Trong trng hp ny tr hon t 2 n 1 l 104ms, tr hon t 5 n 2 l 71ms, tr hon ti node 2 l 25ms, tng tr hon l 200ms. Thi gian khi tr hon t 3 n 1 l 208ms ln hn nhiu nn b loi.
2 2 2 2 2 2 Delay 71 104 312 To 1 2 3 4 5 6 Delay 208 312 39 Delay 200 71 104 96 218 Delay 104 0 89

From To 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 2 3 4 5 6

From To 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 6

From To 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 2 3 4 5 6

2 2 3 2 3

START
6 To 1 2 3 4 5 6 Delay 17 0 0

c) bng nh tuyn

a) Bng tr hon

6 6 6 6 6

b)

Hnh 4.21. Thit lp bng nh tuyn ti node 5 Hng cui cng ca bng nh tuyn biu hin s thch nghi linh hot ca x l nh tuyn. Node 5 ni trc tip n node 6 vi tr hon l 89ms. Tr hon t 5 n 3 l 104ms vic tr hon ti node 3 l 25ms. Tng tr hon qua 3 ch c 218ms < 8ms do nh tuyn t 5 n 6 s khng trc tip n 6 m qua 3 mi n 6. iu ny chng t trong nh tuyn ng di vt l cha hn l ng di logic. Theo nh trn th cui cng bng nh tuyn ch ra rng ti thi im hin hnh thng tin c nh tuyn qua 2 hoc 3. V trng thi ca mng thay i thng xuyn nn trong mt khong thi gian ngn khong 200ms hay t hn na nhng thng tin trong bng nh tuyn s tr nn lc hu. V d tt c lung thng tin u c nh tuyn qua 2 v 3 bi v tr hon n 6 qu ln so vi cc node

128

khc. Nhng v khng c ai gi n 6 v hng i trn ng ny c gim. Kt qu l sau khi bng nh tuyn c dng trong 200ms, th thi gian tr hon trn ng t 5 n 6 s gim n 112ms. k thut nh tuyn thch nghi hot ng tt, hoc cc cp nht tuyn phi c xc nh mt cch thng xuyn hoc s khc nhau gia hai tuyn phi r rng trc khi tuyn thch hp c chn. Trong mng ARPANET gii thut c thc hin vi s trao i ng b cc bng nh tuyn gia cc node chuyn mch, khong 3 n 5 ln trong 1 giy. Vic trao i ng b a n tnh khng n nh (v d 2 node ng thi bo ng tt nht i n mt im trong mng l qua node kia). Nu trao i bt ng b th mi node c dp dng cc thng tin sau cng sn c trong bng nh tuyn ca n trc khi chuyn thng tin kt hp n cc node k. Vic trao i rt thng xuyn cc bng cng gy ra tnh trng bt n nh trong mng, to cc vng lp gi v cc gi con thoi i li gia hai node. Do vic cp nht bng phi lu s dng hiu qu qu trnh x l thch nghi. Tt nht l thit lp bng nh tuyn ti u khong 10s mt ln. T gii thut trn c th khng nh rng thng tin s c trn ng dy hay node s t t xuyn qua mng. Mt ng dy h s c ch ra bi gi tr tr hon v cng ln trong li vo bng nh tuyn ca node ni n dy ny. Mt node b h s khng thng tin v bng c lng tr hon cho cc node k, do n c xem l node h. Khi hot ng tr li n d dng tham gia vo mng v n gi cc bng c lng tr hon n cc node k n ngay sau . Hn ch ch yu c tnh khch quan ca phng php ny l vic x l phc tp, cc chuyn mch phi c th pht hin ra cc iu kin ca mng, m bo nng lc x l cp nht v a ra hng gii quyt ti u. 4.5.3. Mt vi gii thut tm ng ngn nht thng dng Hu ht cc gii thut tm ng ngn nht c dng trong mng chuyn mch gi u thuc mt trong hai gii thut thng dng l Dijkstra v BellmanFord

Gii thut Dijkstra: Ni dung ca gii thut c th c tm tt nh sau: Tm cc ng dn ngn nht t node ngun cho trc n tt c cc node khc bng cch pht trin cc ng theo th t gia tng chiu di. Gii thut x l ln lt qua cc tng. tng th k cc ng dn ngn nht n node k t node ngun c xc nh; cc node c xc nh nh
129

vy nm trong tp node M. Ti tng th k + 1, node khng trong M m c ng dn ngn nht t ngun th cho vo M. Khi tt c cc node c mt trong M th kt thc gii thut.

Gii thut Bellman-Ford: Ni dung ca gii thut c th m t nh sau: Tm cc ng dn ngn nht t mt node ngun cho trc bt buc ch cha mt lin kt; sau tm cc ng dn ngn nht vi iu kin ch cha ti a hai lin kt, v tip tc. Gii thut s tin hnh qua cc tng c hnh thc ha nh sau: S = node ngun. d ij = gi lin kt t node i n node j; dij = 0 v dij = nu hai node khng ni trc tip vi nhau dij 0 nu hai node ni trc tip vi nhau. h = s ti a ca lin kt trong mt ng dn ti tng hin hnh ca gii thut. Gm hai bc:
o Khi to: Dn(0) =
s n

Ds(h+1) = 0

o h=0; Dn(h+1) = min [Dj(h) + djn]

4.6. iu khin lung d liu 4.6.1. Gii thiu Khi phn phi d liu vo trong mng, nu khng c s cn i gia truyn d liu ni pht v nhn d liu ni thu s gy nn tnh trng tc nghn trong mng, nguy him hn c th lm mt d liu. Khi s lng gi a vo trong mng nm trong kh nng phn phi ca mng th tt c cc gi c chuyn i, tuy nhin khi lu lng gia tng, cc node khng th m ng ni s bt u xy ra tnh trng tc nghn. c bit khi mt node no hot ng khng bnh thng m dng d liu vn lin tc chy n khin cho phn mng y cng tr nn tc nghn. Mng chuyn mch gi phi c kh nng gim tc dng thng tin nhp t mt node vo node khc. iu ny rt quan trng v nh ngn chn c tnh trng tc nghn nhng ni kh nng x l ti tr nn tht thng. Cng vic ny c gi l iu khin lung d liu (flow control). 4.6.2. Phng php ca s dch Nhn chung, hin nay c nhiu mc iu khin lung d v c nhiu phng php iu khin lung trong k thut truyn s liu, nhng phng php

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iu khin lung thng s dng trong mng chuyn mch gi l phng php ca s dch (slid window). Ch s tun t ca gi truyn l P(S) lin kt cht ch vi ch s tun t ca gi nhn P(R) iu khin lung d liu trong mng gi. iu khin lung ngn cn mng chp nhn lu lng u vo nhanh hn kh nng phn phi u ra ca node hay ni cch khc l ngn nga hin tng nghn. Dng c iu khin s m bo tt c cc gi vo mng s c chuyn ti ch trong thi gian ngn nht. Thi gian phn phi thc s ph thuc vo cc dng ti khc c cng ch v ph thuc vo tc ng phn phi ti n user ch. Phng php iu khin ca s dch lm cho tc d liu vo ph hp vi tc d liu ra. N c tc dng hn ch tc ca gi mi tip tc a vo mng khi mng ang b s c, v d tuyn hoc node chuyn mch b h. a. Kch thc ca s Kch thc ca s xc nh s lng ti a cc gi cha c truyn ca mt user c th truyn ln knh logic ti bt k thi im no. Khi mt chuyn mch ca mng truyn bt k thng tin no n mt user trn mt knh logic c bit, gi tr ca s tun t trong gi nhn c bt i 1 {P(R) 1} l s tun t ca gi sau cng c truyn thnh cng bi mng. Vic cp nht tng ln thnh P(R) c thc hin bi mng mang ngha bo nhn thnh cng cho cc gi truyn. C cu iu khin lung ca s yu cu ch s tun t cao nht c truyn bi user phi nh hn tng P(R) hin hnh cng vi kch thc ca s truyn ln nht W. V d, gi s W bng 4, ngha l user c ti a bn gi c x l truyn qua mng vo bt k thi im no. Nu gi sau cng c chp nhn bi mng l P(R) = 16, th P(R) + W = 16 + 4 = 20. iu ny c ngha by gi user c php truyn cc gi c s tun t l 17, 18, 19 nhng khng c truyn gi 20 (hay ln hn) cho n khi gi tr ca P(R) gia tng mt ln na. Bt k n lc no truyn mt gi vt ra ngoi ca s cho php hin hnh u b xem l li th tc, n s b loi b hoc gy ra reset knh logic. Kch thc ca s l mt c trng c thng nht bi cc nh cung cp mng v user vo thi im dch v mng c khi ng. Kch thc ca s cng ln, lng ti ca user cho php t ln knh logic cng ln. Hn th na, khi kch thc ca s gia tng, nhiu ti nguyn mng c th l dung lng knh v b m chuyn mch phi c phn phi cho user ny. Do , kch thc ca
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s phi c cn i gia lu lng yu cu ti a ca user v gi thnh cung cp dch v. b. Hot ng ca c cu ca s iu khin lung Ca s W = 4 P(R) = 16 P(S) =17 Hot ng ca c cu iu khin lung da trn nguyn tc: nu mng phi gii hn dng cc gi mi vo mng, n c th lm gim tc nh tng gi tr P(R) hay gim tm thi kch thc ca s W bng cch gi mt thng ip iu khin thch hp n user. Hot ng ca c cu ca s dch c minh ha trn hnh 4.22, trn hnh trnh by gi 16 truyn thnh cng v kch thc ca s W = 4. Lu rng gi tr P(R) khng cn thit phi tng tng n v ti mt thi im. V d, chng ta thy P(R) tng t 17 ln 20 ch mt bc. Hin tng ny c th xy ra, v d nu tc nghn tm thi lm chm s phn phi gi, v ba gi c nhn v c bo nhn trong mt thi gian rt ngn th c th cho tt c ba gi c kim sot bng mt s gia tng ca P(R).
P(R) = 16 P(S) = 17 P(S) = 18 P(S) = 19 Mng

Thu bao

P(R) = 17 P(R) + W =20 P(S) = 20

P(R) = 20 P(S) = 21 P(S) = 22 P(S) = 23

Hnh 4.22. Hot ng ca ca s iu khin lung trn giao tip user-to -network

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4.7. Mt s giao thc chuyn mch gi 4.7.1. Giao thc X.25 X.25 l mt giao thc thc thi giao tip DTE/DCE, rng hn c th xem X.25 nh mt giao thc hot ng theo ch to cu gia hai u cui DTE qua mng chuyn mch gi. Khuyn ngh X25 ca CCITT c phn chia vo ba lp di cng trong m hnh h thng m OSI. a) Lp vt l Lin quan n cc mch trong giao tip DTE/DCE, xc nh cc thnh phn thuc tn hiu in v cc chun u ni. Cho php hai chun giao tip tiu biu l X21 v X21bis. X21 quy nh v giao tip vt l gia DTE v DCE thc hin ng b trn cc mng s liu cng cng, cc thit b ny c thit k giao tip vi cc modem ng b h V, X21bis tng ng vi X21 nhng ch khc ch n qui nh vic s dng cc giao tip ni tip h V s dng cng vi mng s liu cng cng. b) Lp lin kt d liu M t dng s liu gia hai im trong mng (cc th tc ng dy), thc cht ca lp ny l cung cp mt tuyn thng tin c th tc iu khin lung d liu, hn ch li gia hai u cui. iu ny to iu kin thun li cho cc lp cao hn lm vic m khng qun ngi v sai lc s liu. Giao thc lp lin kt ny dng mt s kha cnh t giao thc HDLC (giao thc iu khin s liu cp cao) C hai loi giao thc X25 lp hai l LAP (th thc xm nhp tuyn) v LAPB (th thc xm nhp tuyn cn bng). LAPB hon thin hn LAP mt t v l loi m hu ht cc mng u s dng. c) Lp mng M t vic gn a ch v ng gi thng tin. Cc chc nng ca X25 ti mc ba c th c tm tt nh sau: Ghp cc ng thng tin mt knh thnh mt s knh logic Kim tra dng s liu v x l li. nh s cc gi. Cc chc nng dng. Cc cuc gi o gia cc DTE.
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 Ni mch o c nh. Ni mch o c gn a ch im ni im. Trao i thng tin c tnh n kch c gi gia DTE. X25 mc 3 trn thc t nh ngha l mt giao thc gia mt DCE v mt DTE u ni trc tip qua mt tuyn thng tin. DTE c th nh l mt PAD cn DCE c th l thit b chuyn mch gi X.25. C th c nhiu loi mng khc nhau ang c s dng cung cp tuyn ni gia hai DXE. Th nhng iu quan trng l giao thc lp mng gia DTE v DCE phi gi ging nhau d mng truyn thuc loi no gm c tuyn truyn gia DXE ni ht v DXE xa. X25 cp 2 to ra phng thc chuyn ln giao thc cp cao hn (trong cc khung tin) gia hai u cui ca mt lin kt thng tin nhm m bo tnh chun xc. n v s liu lp ba l gi tin. 4.7.2. Giao thc TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) a) Khi qut TCP/IP l mt giao thc kt hp giao thc TCP v giao thc IP nhm qun l v iu khin vic trao i thng tin gia cc mng, m bo thng tin t h thng u cui ny n h thng u cui kia an ton v chnh xc. Internet c ngha l lin kt cc mng my tnh li vi nhau, l mng ca tt c cc mng. TCP/IP l mt tiu chun s dng trn phm vi ton cu cho Internet. Thng hay gi hai giao thc TCP v IP lin nhau nn c cm gic l mt giao thc, nhng thc t l hai.
PC TCP/IP File Server WS ROUTER ROUTER PC File Server WS

Hnh 4.23. Giao thc TCP/IP ni hai mng vi nhau qua hai router TCP l giao thc end to end nh ra nguyn tc v th l trao i thng tin gia cc i tc cc h thng u cui, m bo giao v nhn d liu y chnh xc.

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IP l giao thc nh ra nguyn tc v th l m bo cho d liu di chuyn gia cc mng c an ton, ni cch khc l nh tuyn gia cc mng d liu chuyn n chnh xc a ch theo mt ng ngn nht. Nhim v nh tuyn do cc router (b nh tuyn) thc hin, xem hnh 4.23, v vy router thc hin giao thc IP. Ngoi ra giao thc TCP/IP cn dng kt ni gia LAN v WAN hay ng vai tr l mt giao thc cho mng LAN. b) S phn lp Nh hnh 4.24 m t, mc n gin lp chc nng ca TCP/IP ch lin quan n 4 lp. Lp ph thuc mng (Network dependent) tng ng vi ba lp vt l (physical), lin kt d liu (data link) v mng (network) trong m hnh OSI by lp. Do , tng th cc lp chc nng ca TCP/IP c 6 lp so vi by lp ca OSI. T chc Internet quc t cng vi t chc tiu chun quc t v Vin Thng ITU ang c c k hoch hp nht cc lp chc nng TCP/IP vo m hnh OSI by lp. Lp trn cng (application) ca TCP v IP l lp tp trung cc dch v v ng dng trn Internet nh th in t (SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), truyn file (FTP), WWW, Go-pher. Phn di l phn mng nhm vo chc nng nh tuyn theo a ch ch.
Application Application TCP IP Network Dependent Kin trc phn lp ca TCP/IP Cc lp ph thuc mng Application TCP IP Network Dependent Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical OSI by lp

TCP/IP

Hnh 4.24. M hnh phn lp TCP/IP v OSI c) T chc gi ca TCP/IP Th t thc hin cc ng dng ca Internet din ra theo 4 bc, nh m t trn hnh 4.5:

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 Chng trnh ng dng (dch v) chuyn xung giao thc TCP. Ngi s dng (end system) dng dch v (application) trn Internet v d nh th in t (SMTP), truy cp host t xa (Telnet), truyn file,c ngha l a d liu ng dng cho giao thc TCP, m c th l phn d liu ca TCP.
Chng trnh ng dng TCP IP Ph thuc mng

u xa

Hnh 4.25. Th t thc hin ni truyn T giao thc TCP chuyn xung giao thc IP. Th tc TCP s thm vo khi d liu t lp ng dng gi xung mt header gm cc thng tin sau: o Ch s port theo qui nh ca Internet. S port ny gip hai u cui c th nhn bit c ang dng dch v g, v d cng ch s port l 20 ch nh dch v FTP, port 23 ch nh Telnet, o S th t gi gi i (Data sequence number). u thu dng s th t ny kim sot lm c s thng bo cho pha pht. o Thng bo cho pha kia bit nhn c gi th my (bo nhn ACK ACKnowledgement). o S byte cn truyn. Phn header v phn d liu ca chng trnh ng dng to nn mt gi TCP nh m t hnh 4.26.
Header ca TCP - Ch s port - S th t gi - ACK - S byte cn gi D liu ng dng :

Hnh 4.26. Cu trc gi ca TCP

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 T giao thc IP chuyn xung lp ph thuc mng. Khi hon thnh, gi TCP c lng vo th tc IP. Trn c s ca gi TCP (header TCP v d liu ng dng), IP xem gi TCP nh l phn d liu m giao thc ny cn truyn i v thm vo mt s cc thng tin giao thc ca n bao gm: o a ch pht v nhn (source and destination address). Router s dng a ch ny nh tuyn. o S th tc (protocol number for IP user). nh ngha th tc m IP thc hin. o Thi gian tn ti (time to live). nh ngha s router bt buc gi IP phi i qua trc khi n b hy b. o Cc thng tin v cc thnh phn b phn mnh trong qu trnh chuyn di trn mng (fragmentation information): u thu bit m ti thit lp tr li. V d kch thc gi (packet length) thay i ty thuc vo cc mng khc nhau, mng Ethernet c c gi l 1500 byte cn mng X25 ch c 128 byte. - Cc thng tin ty chn: o nh tuyn pht (source routing): cung cp danh sch cc router s dng. o Ghi li tuyn ng i qua (route recording): thng tin ny yu cu mi mt router ghi li a ch IP khi n chuyn gi IP qua, iu ny c ngha s thng k c s liu ca ng dn trong Internet. o Gii hn cn phn mnh (fragmentation limit: Qui nh kch thc ln nht ca gi IP c th chuyn i m khng cn chia nh. o u tin hoc m bo an ton cho gi IP (Routing priority or security): ch r tuyn no dnh u tin hay tuyn no m bo c an ton cho gi IP. Nh vy gi IP l mt gi cha d liu thng tin c dng trong Internet c dng nh hnh 4.27.

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Source and Destination address - Protocol number for IP user - Time to live - Fragmentation information * Source routing * Route recording * Fragmentation limit * Routing priority or security

Header ca TCP : - Ch s port - S th t gi - ACK - S byte cn gi D liu ng dng

Hnh 4.27. Cu trc gi IP

T lp ph thuc mng chuyn ra ng dn vt l n ch, hnh 4.27.

a ch mng

Gi IP

Gi TCP

End system

Hnh 4.27. T chc ng gi v truyn Cc gi IP chuyn qua cc lp di v nh tuyn tm ti a ch qua mng (networking address) c nh x vo a ch vt l ca lp MAC. V d a ch ca mng X25, mng frame relay hoc ngay bn thn Internet. Tt c cc thng tin ny u nm trong bng nh tuyn (routing table) trong cc router. Cc mng X25 ch lm nhim v chuyn ti cc gi IP. d) Hot ng phi hp gia TCP v IP S kt hp gia th tc TCP v IP thc s l s kt hp gia cc mng my tnh kt ni vi nhau cho php ngi dng cc mng khc nhau lin lc, lm vic c vi nhau.

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Giao thc TCP l giao thc ti u cui, cn IP l giao thc truyn d liu trn mng. Khi ngi dng vi giao thc TCP to c gi TCP v lng n vo gi IP to thnh gi datagram IP. Router cn c vo a ch c trong datagram IP v thng tin cha trong bng nh tuyn chuyn gi ny i ti cc router sau. Khi datagram IP n router cui cng, router ny tm v chuyn datagram n a ch h thng u cui end system. Nu gi IP khng chuyn ti u cui c v mt l do no , n s b hy b v giao thc IP khng th thng bo iu ny cho ngi s dng bit. V vy ngi s dng mun truyn cc gi mt cch chc chn v c thng bo li phi dng giao thc TCP h tr cho IP v TCP cung cp mi lin h tin cy gia cc u cui. TCP bo m d liu pht i ng a ch, khng sai st v trng gi, ngay ti u cui giao thc TCP s c s th t trong gi TCP bit thiu gi hay gi nhn ri v bo li cho u pht bit. Giao thc IP rt hiu qu ch n khng quan tm n giao thc c th ca cc mng khc nhau m n i qua (v d X25, frame relay), vi IP cc mng ch n thun l ng dn gia cc router. C th xem IP nh mt phong b m ngi gi th khng quan tm bc th n c ngi nhn bng phng tin g. Tm li, s kt hp gia hai giao thc TCP v IP gip ngi dng s dng c cc dch v trao i trn Internet qua cc bc sau: D liu ngi dng kt hp vi s th t hnh thnh on TCP. on TCP kt hp vi phn header IP to ra gi datagram IP. Router c a ch IP trong phn header chuyn gi n ch. Ti u cui thu, TCP bc b phn header ca IP ly on TCP, i chiu s th t, pht hin nhng gi thiu hay nhn c ri, ng thi cng nhn c thng bo (ACK) t pha pht bo cho bit bn nhn c gi th my do bn ny pht i. Pha thu thng bo cho bn pht bit s gi d liu nhn c ng thi cng pht li nhng gi thiu nu c.

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CHNG V CNG NGH CHUYN MCH ATM 5.1. Tng quan v ATM 5.1.1. Gii thiu v ATM ATM l mt kt qu t nhin ca cc h thng nh dng truyn dn d liu khc nhau c cp trong phn trc, mc d c mt vi tranh lun im ny. Nhng ngc li cc nh dng c m t th tho mn nhng s cn thit ca th gii d liu, ATM cung cp mt nh dng ti u hay l mt dng giao thc cho nhng truyn thng bng d liu, thoi v hnh nh, ni m cc t bo ca mi phng tin c th c trn ln qua mng, nh c minh ho hnh 5.1.Mt cch in hnh, nhng t bo ATM ny c th c truyn ti trn SONET, SDH, E1/DS1, v nhng nh dng s khc. Cc t bo c th cn c truyn ti mt cch lin tc m khng di nh dng mng s.

Hnh 5.1. Cu hnh giao din ngi s dng mng v m hnh thao kho ATM Ni mt cch l gc, d liu v thoi l nhng th gii lin quan n nhy ca thi gian. Thoi khng th i s x l di v nhng s tr ARQ, cn hu ht

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cc loi d liu th c th. V th ATM cn thit phi so snh gia loi dch v nh l cc dch v tc bt khng i (CBR)v cc dch v tc bt bin i(VBR). Dch v thoi l mt loi in hnh ca dch v CBR. Bo hiu l mt min khc ca s khc bit ch yu. trong truyn thng d liu, bo hiu c tin hnh trong u ca mi khung d liu(hay gi). Nh l mt bo hiu ti thiu c a ch ch, v c a ch ngun. V thng tin bo hiu ny s c lp li trn mt tp d liu di ci m c chia on mt cch nng n. trn mt mch thoi, mt tnh cht kt ni c ci t v a ch ch, v c th l a ch ngun, c gi trong sut qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. Khng c mt vi dng ca s gim st mch gi mch hot ng trong sut qu trnh ca mt cuc gi. Ging nh cng ngh thoi truyn thng, ATM l h thng vin thng hng kt ni c bn. y c ngha rng mt kt ni cn c thit lp gia hai trm trc khi d liu c chuyn i gia chng. Mt kt ni ATM xc nh tuyn truyn dn, cho php cc t bo ATM t nh tuyn qua mt mng ATM. Dng hng kt ni cn cho php ATM xc nh mt cht lng dch v(QoS) m bo cho mi kt ni. Vi s tng phn, hu ht cc giao thc LAN l khng kt ni. iu ny c ngha l cc nt LAN truyn lu lng mt cch n gin khi chng cn, m khng hnh hnh thnh mt tuyn ni xc nh trc hay nh tuyn vi nt ch. ATM s dng mt giao thc hng kt ni, cc t bo c ch nh ch khi ngi s dng cui gc yu cu mt kt ni. Chng c ch nh t mt Pun t bo ri. iu ny cho php ATM h tr y mt yu cu ton th ca mng bng vic ch nh dung lng t bo theo yu cu d vo s cn thit ca ngi s dng trung gian. Thc vy n l khi nim nm tri tim ca t khng ng b. 5.1.2. Cu trc v giao din ngi s dng mng ATM da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi ca mng ISDN bng rng(BISDN). Trong phn ny, chng ta s s dng c th thay th cho nhau cc thut ng ATM v B-ISDN. Hnh 5.1 v 5.2 tng quan vi nhau. Hnh 5.1 lin quan n cu hnh tham chiu truy cp B- ISDN vi giao din ngi s dng - mng ATM(UNI). Ch rng nhng s ging nhau m hnh ny vi m hnh tham chiu cho ISDN. S khc nhau duy nht l thut ng t bo l mt B t trc

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 hin th l bng rng. Hnh 5.2 l m hnh giao thc B-ISDN truyn thng CCITT Rec.I.121, ch ra s cn thit cc lp ph cho cc dch v ring r. Quay li hnh 5.1, chng ta thy c mt phn bn trn v phn bn di. Phn thp hn ch ra cc ng bin UNI. Phn bn trn l cu hnh tham chiu B-ISDN vi 4 im giao din. Nhng giao din ny cc im tham chiu U B, TB, SB c chun ho. Nhng giao din ny h tr tt c cc dch v B-ISDN. Ch c mt giao din trn mi B-NT1 UB v mt TB. Phng tin vt l l im ti im ( mi trng hp), c ngha l c mt b nhn trc mt b truyn. Mt hay nhiu giao din trn mi NT2 c th hin im tham chiu S B. Giao din im tham chiu SB l im ti im lp vt l, trong trng hp ny ch c mt b nhn trc mt b truyn, v c l im ti im cc lp khc. Coi nh cc nhm chc nng trong hnh 5.1 bao gm cc chc nng tng ng vi OSI lp 1, lp vt l. Nhng chc nng ny bao gm: u cui truyn dn ng (line transmission termination) Giao din iu khin TB v UB, v Cc chc nng OAM Nhm chc nng B-NT2 bao gm cc chc nng tng ng vi lp 1 v cc lp cao hn ca m hnh OSI. B-NT2 c th l tp trung hoc l phn b. mt s b tr truy cp c th, cc chc nng ca B- NT2 c th bao gm nhng kt ni vt l. V d cc chc nng ca B-NT2 l: Cc chng nng thch nghi cho nhng phng tin v t p khc nhau; S m t t bo; S tp trung; lm b m; Ghp knh v phn knh; Cc chc nng OAM;

S ch nh ngun;

iu khin giao thc bo hiu. Nhm chc nng B-TE( TE- Thit b u cui) cn bao gm cc chc nng ca lp 1 v cc lp cao hn ca m hnh OSI. Mt vi nhng chc nng ny l:

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Giao thc v cuc i thoi bng my gia ngi s dng/ngi s dng v ngi s dng; iu khin giao thc cho bo hiu; iu khin kt ni cho thit b khc; u cui giao din v; Cc chc nng OAM.

Hnh 5.2. M hnh tham chiu B- ISDN B-TE1 c mt giao din m n chiu theo giao din B- ISDN. Tuy nhin BTE2 cn c mt giao din khng chiu theo B-ISDN. Ci chiu theo quy ti chun ITU-T Recs. I.413 v I.432 cng nh ANSI T1.624-1993 (Refs. 46). B thch ng u cui(B-TA) chuyn i t giao din B-TE2 sang mt giao din ngi s dng mng theo B-ISDN. Bn tc bt c xc nh giao din UB, TB, v SB da vo tham chiu Ref. 5 (ANSI T1.624-1993) nh sau: 51.840 Mbps (SONET STS-1); 155.520 Mbps (SONET STS-3 and SDH STM-1);
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 622.080 Mbps (SONET STS-12 and SDH STM-4); and 44.736 Mbps (DS3). Cc giao din ny s c tho lun sau trong chng ny. Di y l nhng nh ngha cho hnh 5.2: User Plane (pha ngi s dng) ( mt s sch khc gi l U-plane) cung cp cho vic chuyn i ca thng tin ng dng ngi dng. N bao gm lp vt l, lp ATM, v nhiu lp thch ng ATM m oc yu cu cho nhng ngi s dng dchv v khc nhau nh l dch v CBR v VBR. Control Plane (pha iu khin) ( mt s sch khc gi l C-plane). Cc giao thc mt iu khin cp n s thit lp cuc gi v gii phng cuc g v cc chc nng iu khin kt ni cn thit khc cho vic cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch. Cu trc C-plane chia s cc lp vt l v lp ATM vi U- Plane, nh minh ho hnh 2. N cn bao gm cc th tc lp thch ng ATM(AAL) v cc giao thc bo hiu lp cao hn. Management Plane( pha qun l)( mt s ti liu khc gi l the M-plane) cung cp cc chc nng qun l v kh nng trao i thng tin gia U-plane v Cplane. M-plane bao gm hai phn: qun l lp v qun l mt. Qun l lp thc hin cc chc nng qun l c th lp, trong khi qun l mt thc hin cc chc nng qun l v chc nng coordination lin quan n h thng y . Chng ta s quay li hnh 5. 2 v vic phn lp BISDN/ ATM v nhng s m t lp phn 5.1.5. 5.1.3. T bo ATM a. Cu trc ca t bo ATM Nh cp phn trc, t bo ATM bao gm 53 byte, trong 5 byte lm header v 48 byte lm v tr ti trng hay thng tin ca t bo. Hnh5.3 ch ra mt dng t bo ATM, n ch ra 5 byte cho trng header v 48 byte cho trng thng tin ca mi t bo. Hnh 5.4 ch ra cu trc chi tit ca cc header t bo giao din ngi s dng - mng(UNI) trong hnh a v giao din mng nt cho hnh b. Chng ta tho lun mt lc v vic ti sao mt t bo c tiu chun ho bng 53 byte. Header ca t bo gm ch 5 byte. N l s ly ngn ht mc, c thit k cha hm a ch v iu khin nh nht cho mt h thng lm vic. N hin nhin ci phn u l
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Hnh 5.3. Mt dng ATM minh ho s hnh thnh ATM c bn phng din khng li tc. N l trng thng tin khi n cha ti trng phng din li tc. y , chng ta mun ti trng di n c th. i thit k ATM c hng lm ngn ti trng n c th. Vn trong trng hp ny l ci g c gi l s tr gi. N l mt lng thi gian c yu cu in y mt t bo tc 64kbps- y l tc yu cu in y vi cc mu thoi s ho(PCM). Theo Ref.8, i thit k b ging x gia hiu qu v s tr gi. Mt trng phi th a ra l 64 byte cho kch c ca mt t bo, trng phi khc th u tranh vi 32 byte cho kch c ca t bo. V th t chc ITU-T la chn vi mt tho hip cho kch c mt t bo c chiu di c nh l 53 byte.

Hnh 5.4. Cu trc phn u ATM c bn: (a) cu trc phn u t bo UNI; (b) cu trc phn u NNI

By gi th chng ta hy quay li nghin cu v t bo ATM v cc header ca chng. phn bn tri ca hnh 5.4 ch ra cu trc ca mt header UNI, trong khi phn bn tay phi li minh ho header ca NNI. S khc bit duy nht l s
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c mt ca trng GFC(iu khin lung chung generic flow control) trong header ca UNI. on di y s nh ngha mi trng header. Bng vic di ri trng GFC, th NNI c 4 bit thmvo cho vic nh a ch. iu khin lung chung(GFC) Trng iu khin lung chung cha 4 bit. Khi m chc nng GFC khng c s dng, gi tr ca trng l 0000. Trng ny ch c ngha cc b v c th c s dng cung cung cp cc chc nng iu khin dng cc b c chun ho trn side khch hng. Trong thc t, gi tr c m ho trong GFC khng c mang ti u cui v s b vit bi cc chuyn mch ATM(v d nh giao din NNI) Hai mode hot ng c nh ngha cho hot ng ca trng GFC. C kiu truy cp c iu khin v khng c iu khin. Hot ng ca mode truy cp khng c iu khin c s dng trong mi trng ATM trc y. Ch ny khng c nh hng ln lu lng m mt host to ra. Mi host truyn trng GFC s t tt c l 0(0000). trnh nhng tng tc khng mong mun gia mode ny v mode truy cp c iu khin, ni m cc host c mong i sa i nhng s truyn dn ca chng theo hot ng ca trng GFC, th yu cu tt c CPE v thit b mng cng cng gim st trng GFc m bo con s ca cc trng GFC nonzero nn c o lng cho nhng khong thi gian khng trng khp ca 30 000 10 000 t bo times. Nu 10 hay nhiu hn cc gi tr nonzero c nhn trong khong thi gian ny, mt li c hin th ti s qun l lp(Ref.3) Trng nh tuyn(VPI/VCI) 24 bit dnh cho vic nh tuyn mt t bo. C 8 bt cho b nhn din ng dn o(VPI) v 16 bt cho b nhn din knh o. Cc s kt hp c gn trc ca cc gi tr VPI v VCI c a ra nh bng 5.1(Combination of Preassigned VPI, VCI, and CLP Values at the UNI). Cc gi tr c gn trc khc ca VPI v VCI dnh cho mc ch nghin cu su hn, tu theo t chc ITU-T. Gi tr 0 ca VCI khng s dng cho s nhn din knh o ngi s dng. Nhng bit bn trong trng VPI v VCI c s dng cho nh tuyn v ch nh vi cc quy tc sau: Cc bit c gn ca trng VPI l lin tc.

Cc bt c gn ca trng VPI l bt t ngha nht ca trng VPI, v bt u bit th 5 ca byte th 2.

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Cc bit c gn ca trng VCI l lin tc.

Cc bt c gn ca trng VPI l bt t ngha nht ca trng VCI,v bt u t bit th 5 ca byte th 4. Trng loi ti trng(PT) Ba bit dnh cho s nhn din loi ti trng, bng 5.2 (PTI Coding) cho ta vic m ho b nhn din loi ti trng. Mc ch c bn ca PTI l phn bit giu cc t bo ngi s dng(nh l., thng tin mang i trong t bo) v nhng t bo khng dnh cho ngi s dng. Bn nhm m ho u tin(0000-001) c s dng hin th cc ngi s dng. Trong 4, 2 v 3(010 v 011) c s dng hin th rng tc nghn tri qua. Nhng nhm 5 v 6(100 v 101) c s dng cho cc chc nng qun l mc kt ni knh o(VCC). Bng 5.1. M ha PTI

Mt vi thnh phn mng b tc nghn, nh vo vic nhn mt d liu ngi s dng, c th iu chnh PTI nh sau: Cc t bo nhn vi PTI = 000 hay PTI = 010 c truyn vi PTI = 010. Cc t bo nhn vi PTI = 001 hay 011 c truyn vi PTI = 011. Cc thnh phn mng khng b tc nghn th khng i PTI.

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Hnh 5.5. HEC: Cc ch hat ng ca b nhn(da theo ITU-T Rec.I.432, Ref.4). u tin tn tht t bo (CLP) Da vo cc iu kin mng, cc t bo ni m CLP c t(th d gi tr CLP l 1) l i tng loi b u tin ti cc t bo ni m CPL khng c t(CPL =0). Khi nim y l xc nh vi frame relay v bit DE(tnh thch hp loi b) . Cc chuyn mch ATM c th gn th cc t bo c CLP =0 m n c d bi UPC( iu khin tham s s dng) trong s vi phm ca tho thun lu lng , vic gn ny bng cch i bit CLP t 0 thnh 1. Trng kim tra li header(HEC) HEC l mt trng 8 bit v n bao trm ton b header ca t bo. M c s dng cho chc nng ny c kh nng cho c sa li bit n ln d li nhiu bit. Trong mt thi gian ngn, bn truyn tnh ton gi tr trng HEC. Bn nhn c hai mode hot ng c ch ra nh hnh 5. ch mc nh c kh nng sa li n. Mi header t bo c kim nghim v nu c mt li c d thy, th mt trong hai hoat ng s c t ch. Hot ng no c t th ph thuc vo trng thi ca ngi. ch sa li, ch nhng li bit n c th c sa v bn nhn chuyn mch ti mode d. mode d, tt c cc t bo vi nhng li header c d th b loi b. Cn c mt ch rng khng c s bo v li cho ti trng ca mt t bo. Nu mt li c tm thy trong header ca mt t bo m khng th c sa, th t bo s b loi b. Chc nng bo v khi c li c cung cp bi HEC th cho php c phc hi nhng li bit n v mt xc sut thp ca s phn pht t bo vi nhng header li, di nhng iu kin li truyn lot.

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b. Cc t bo ri Cc t bo ri l do khng c hoat ng g mt node nhn ngoi tr cho vic m t t bo bao gm c s xc nhn HEC. N c chn v c rt trch bi lp vt l lm thch ng vi tc tri t bo ng bin gia lp ATM v lp vt l cho dung lng ti trng sn sng ca phng tin truyn dn. y c gi l tch ring tc t bo. Cc t bo nhn ri c xc nh bi kiu mu c chun ho cho phn u t bo c minh ho bng sau. Ni dung ca trng thng tin l 01101010 c nhc li 48 ln cho mt t bo ri. Bng 5.3. Kiu mu phn u cho s nhn dng t bo ri

5.1.4. S m t v xo trn t bo S m t t bo cho php xc nh nhng ng bin ca t bo. Trng HEC ca t bo hon thnh s m t t bo. Tn hiu ATM phi c giao chuyn thng sut trn tt c cc giao din mng m khng c bt c rng buc t nhng h thng truyn dn c s dng. S xo trn c s dng nng cao tnh bo mt v tnh cht mnh m ca c cu m t t bo HEC. Hn na, n gip lm ngu nhin d liu trong trng thng tin cho nhng s ci tin c th s thc thi truyn dn. S m t t bo c thc hin bng vic s dng s tng quan gia cc bit phn u (header) c bo v (4 octets u tin trong phn u) v octet HEC. Octet ny c cung cp im cui khi u bng cch s dng mt a thc sinh bao ph 4 octet u tin ny ca t bo. a thc sinh l X 8 + X2 + X +1. C mt mi tng quan im cui nhn gia 4 octet u tin ny vi octet HEC, ci m chng ta c th gi l s d. iu ny ch ng khi khng c li phn u. Khi c mt li, mi tng quan khng cn hon ton, v b x l s i n t bo tip theo. 5.1.5. Phn lp ATM v BISDN a. Lp vt l Lp vt l bao gm hai lp ph. Lp ph phng tin truyn thng vt l (PM) bao gm ch cc chc nng c lp - phng tin truyn thng vt l. Lp hi t truyn dn (TC) thc hin tt c chc nng c yu cu chuyn i mt
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lung cc t bo n mt lung ca cc n v d liu (nh l bit, ci m c th c truyn v nhn qua mt phng tin truyn thng vt l. n v d liu dch v (SDU) i qua ng bin gia lp ATM v lp vt l l mt lung nhng d liu hp l. Lp ATM l c nht (c lp vi lp vt l pha di). Lung d liu chn vo ti trng h thng truyn dn l phng tin truyn thng vt l c lp v t cung cp. Lp vt l hp nht lung t bo ATM vi thng tin thch hp cho s khc ha t bo v lp vt l cn mang theo thng tin qun l vn hnh v bo dng (OAM) lin quan n lung t bo ny.

Hnh 5.6. Phn lp chc nng B ISDN/ ATM Lp ph PM cung cp kh nng truyn dn bit bao gm chuyn i bit v s chun trc bit, cng nh m ng v s bin i in quang. Chc nng nguyn l l s to v nhn ca nhng dng sng thch hp vi phng tin truyn thng, v m ng ni n c yu cu.

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Chc nng lp ph hi t truyn dn Gia nhng chc nng quan trng ca lp ph ny l s to ra v khi phc khung truyn dn. Mt chc nng khc ca n l s thch ng khung truyn n bao gm nhng hot ng cn thit ti cu trc ca dng t bo ty thuc cu trc ti tin ca khung truyn (hng truyn), v ly ra dng t bo ny khi khung truyn (hng nhn). Khung truyn c th l mt vt tng ng t bo (v d nh lp v bc ngoi c thm vo dng t bo, mt lp v SDH/ SONET, mt lp v E1/ T1, hng truyn, chui HEC c tnh v y vo phn u. hng nhn, chng ta bao gm s kim tra phn u t bo. Cc phn u t bo c kim li v sa li nn c th. Cc t bo c loi b ni m n c xc nh l cc phn u b li v khng th sa c. Mt chc nng hi t truyn dn khc l tch ring tc t bo. N gm vic a vo v loi b nhng t bo ri thch ng vi tc ca nhng t bo ATM hp l vi dung lng trng ti ca h thng truyn dn. Ni mt cch khc, cc t bo phi c to ra lm y mt cch chnh xc trng ti ca SDH/ SONET. b. Lp ATM Lp ATM c lp hon ton vi vi lp vt l. Mt chc nng quan trng ca lp ny l s ng gi. N bao gm s to ra v s rt ra phn u. pha truyn, chc nng to ra phn u nhn mt trng thng tin t bo t mt lp cao hn v n to ra mt phn u t bo ATM thch hp ngoi tr dy HEC. Chc nng ny cn bao gm s phin dch t mt b nhn din im truy cp dch(SAP) v ra mt VPI v VCI. pha nhn, chc nng ly ra phn u t bo th ri b phn u t bo ATM v a trng thng tin ln lp cao hn. Nh trong pha truyn, chc nng ny cn bao gm mt s phin dch VPI v VCI sang mt b nhn dng SAP. trong trng hp ca NNI, th trng GFC c p dng lp ATM. Thng tin iu khin lung c mang trong cc t bo c gn v khng c gn. Cc t bo mang thng tin ny th c to ra lp ATM. Mt b chuyn mch lp ATM th xc nh ni m cc t bo i vo s c chuyn tip, lp li cc nh danh xc nh kt ni tng ng cho lin kt tip theo, v chuyn tip cc t bo. Lp ATM cn iu khin nhng chc nng qun l lu lng gia cc node ATM c hai bn ca UNI (nh on lin kt VP n) trong khi m knh o c xc nh bng mt gi tr VCI = 4 c th c s dng

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cho nhng chc nng qun l im cui im (ngi dng ngi dng) mc VP. Nhng lung nh lung F4l ci g. Nhng lung OAM x l nhng t bo c dnh cho qun l thc thi v li ca h thng ton b. Coi ATM nh l h phn cp ca cc mc c th trong SDH/ SONET, ci m l nhng nh dng mang tnh nguyn l cho ATM. Lp thp nht ni m chng ta c nhng lung F1 l phn ti to ( c gi l mc on trong SONET). iu ny cho php bi nhng lung mc F2 mc on s ( c gi l mc ng trong SONET). C nhng lung F3 cho tuyn truyn dn ( c gi l mc tuyn trong SONET). ATM thm nhng lung F4 cho nhng tuyn o (VPs) v nhng lung F5 cho nhng knh o (VCs), ni m nhiu VCs cha y trong mt VP n. c. Lp thch ng ATM Phn lp ph ca ATM h tr cc dch v trn lp AAL th nhng chc nng c lp c yu cu cho AAL. Nhng chc nng ny c t chc trong hai lp ph logic: (1) l lp ph hi t (CS), v (2) l lp ph chia v hp on (SAR). Nhng chc nng u tin ca nhng lp ny l: SAR S phn on ca thng tin lp cao hn thnh mt kch c thch hp cho trng thng tin ca mt t bo ATM. S tp hp li nhng ni dung ca nhng trng thng tin t bo ATM i vo thng tin lp cao hn. CS y l chc nng ch yu c cung cp cho dch v AAL AAL SAP. Lp ph ny l lp ph thuc dch v. S phn loi dch v ca AAL S phn loi dch v c da theo nhng tham s sau: Mi quan h thi gian gia ngun v ch ( iu ny c gn vi s yu cu ca lu lng c yu cu hay khng c yu cu); Tc bit: khng i hay bin i, v; Ch kt ni: l hng kt ni hay khng kt ni. Khi chng ta kt hp nhng tham s ny, bn lp dch v c a ra nh ch ra nh hnh 5.7. V d nhng dch v hnh 5.7 s nh sau: Lp A: tc bit khng i nh l thoi v hnh nh khng c nn;

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 Lp B: m thanh v hnh nh tc bit bin i, lu lng ng b hng kt ni; Lp C: truyn d liu hng kt ni, tc bit bin i, lu lng khng ng b; v Lp D: truyn d liu khng kt ni, lu lng khng ng b nh SMDS. Vi lu l SMDS i din cho dch v d liu chuyn mch multimegabit. N c to ra bi BEll v c thit k ch yu cho lin kt LAN Cc loi AAL C 5 loi AAL khc nhau. Loi n gin nht l AAL 0. N ch truyn cc t bo di mt ng dn. ng dn thng l mt lin kt si quang. Mt cch l tng th tc bt y l bi s ca 53x 8bit hay 424 bits. V d nh, 424 Mbps c th iu khin 100 triu t bo mi giy - AAL 1 c s dng cung s chuyn vn cho nhng dng bit ng b. ng dng ch yu ca n l thch ng ng truyn t bo ATM vi cc mch in hnh E1/ DS1 v SDH/ SONET. AAL 1 c s dng c bit cho truyn thng thoi (POTS; dch v in thoi c). AAL 1 ly mt octet trong header cha hai trng ch yu: (1) s dy (SN) v (2) s bo v s dy (SNP).

Hnh 5.7. Nhng s phn loi cc dch v ca AAL (theo Refs.2.8, v 10) Mc ch chnh ca hai trng ny l kim tra xem s mt sp xp theo chui ca thng tin khng xut hin - bng vic kim tra mt b m dy 3 bit. N cn cho php nh thi gian ng h gc ca d liu c nhn im cui xa ca lin kt. nh dng SARPDU ca AAL 1 c ch ra hnh 5.8. Bn bit SN c phn nh thnh1 bit CSI (Convergence Sublayer Indicator) v mt dy m.

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SNP gm 3 bit CRC v mt bit chn l. S ng b u cuiu cui (end to end) l mt chc nng quan trng cho loi lu lng c mng trn AAL1. Vi mt ch hot ng, s hi phc ng h c qua mt time stamp cn d tha ng b (SRTS) v ng h mng thng thng ca mt time stamp d tha 4 bit c rt ra t CSI t cc t bo vi nhng s dy c. Time stamp d tha c truyn qua 8 t bo. N h tr nhng dng s DS1, DS3, v E1. Mt ch hot ng khc l truyn d liu cu trc (SDT). SDT h tr mt octet - dch v c cu trc n x DS0

Hnh 5.8. nh dng SAR-PDU cho AAL-1 AAL 2. iu khin trng hp tc bit thay i (VBR) nh l Video MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group). N c nh ngha bi t chc ITU T. - AAL-34. Khi u trong ITU-T Rec. I.363 (Ref. 10) c hai AALs ring bit, mt cho nhng dch v d liu tc thay i (AAL-3) v mt cho dch v khng kt ni. Khi nhng thng s m ra, nhng th tc tng t c pht trin cn thit cho c cc dch v ny, v nhng thng s c hp li tr thnh chun AAL-3/3. Chun ny c s dng cho truyn vn ATM ca SMDS, CBDS (cc dch v d liu bng rng khng kt ni, mt sng kin ca ETSI), IP, v Frame relay. AAL-3/4 c thit k mang nhng khung/gi c di bin i v phn on chng thnh nhng t bo. S phn on ny c lm trong mt cch m bo v d liu truyn khi s sai lc nu nhng t bo b mt hay khng theo th t. Hnh 5.9 ch ra nh dng t bo ca mt AAL-3/4. Nhng loi ny ca nhng t bo ch c mt trng ti 44 octet, v nhng trng overhead thm vo c thm vo phn u (header) v ui (trailer). Nhng phn ny mang, ly v d nh nhng b hin th BOM, COM v EOM (c mang trong
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loi on ST) cng nh mt b nh danh ghp knh(MID) m thng ip gc c th c phc ha. Phn u cn bao gm mt s dy cho bo v s phn pht khng theo yu cu. C mt trng ph MID, l trng c s dng xc nh kt ni CPCS(lp ph kt hp phn thng thng) trn mt kt ni lp ATM n. N cho php nhiu hn mt kt ni CPCS cho mt kt ni lp ATM n.

Hnh 5.9. nh dng SAR-PDU cho AAL-3/4 (T ITU-T Rec. I.363, Figure 6I.363, p. 13 [Ref. 10].) Lp ph SAR cung cp nhiu kh nng chuyn i, ngha l di CS PDUs c kh nng bin i ng thi qua mt kt ni lp ATM n gia cc thc th AAL. Phn ui ca SAR PDU gm mt b hin th di (LI) xc nh xem bao nhiu trng ti t bo c in y. Trng kim li CRC l mt dy 10 bit c s dng d nhng li i qua ton b SAR PDU. Mt thng ip CS PDU hon chnh c chia ra thnh mt t bo BOM, mt s lng cc t bo COM, v mt t bo EOM. Nu mt thng ip hon chnh c th va trong mt t bo, n c gi l mt thng ip on n (SSM), ni m CS PDU l 44 octect hay t hn. AAL-3/4 c nhng bin php khc nhau m bo tnh trung thc ca d liu ci m c phn on v truyn i nh l cc t bo. Ni dung ca t bo c bo v bi CRC 10; nhng s dy bo v s khng theo yu cu. Mt bin php khc m bo cc PDU b sa sai ang c phn pht l s bo v EOM/ BOM. Nu EOM ca mt CPSP PDU v BOM ca ci tip theo b rt v mt vi l do th dng t bo c th c th hin nh l PDU hp l. bo v nhng loi li ny th nhng gi tr s BEtag trong nhng phn u v phn

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ui ca CPCS PDU c so snh m bo rng chng so khp. Hai ch ca dch v c nh ngha cho AAL-3/4 nh sau: Message Mode Service. Loi ny cung cp cho s truyn ti ca mt hay nhiu n v d liu dch v AAL m kch c c nh trong mt hay nhiu CS-PDU.

Streaming Mode Service. n v d liu dch v AAL ny c a qua giao din AAL trong mt hay nhiu n v d liu giao din AAL (IDUs). S chuyn i AAL IDU ny qua giao din AAL c th xut hin tch bit vi thi gian, v dch v ny cung cp s truyn ti ca nhng AAL SDUs di bin i. Dch v ch dng bao gm mt dch v bi b, s loi b ca mt AAL SDU chuyn i tng phn qua giao din AAL th c th c yu cu. Ni mt cch khc, ch dng th mt gi n c i qua n lp AAL v c truyn trong nhiu CPCS PDUs khi v nh l nhng phn ca gi c nhn. Ch dng c th c s dng trong nhng b chuyn mch trung gian hay nhng b Router ATM to SMDS v th chng c th bt u truyn li mt gi ang c nhn trc khi ton b gi n. iu ny gim tr qua bi ton b gi.

5.1.6. Cc dch v: hng kt ni v khng kt ni Cc vn nh nhng s quyt nh v nhng kin trc nh tuyn c mt nh hng n nhng dch v hng kt ni ni m nhng node cui BISDNATM phi bo qun hay ly truy cp tra cu nhng bng, ci m phin dch a ch ch sang cc ng dn mch. Nhng ng dn mch tra cu nhng bng l khc nhau tt c node cn c bo qun trong mt kiu gn nh thi gian thc. iu ny s phi c lm bi mt vi loi giao thc nh tuyn. Mt cch gii quyt vn ny l to ra mt vn mng bn trong v s dng dch v khng kt ni nh c miu t trong ITU-T Rec. I.364 (Ref. 11). Chng ta cn nh rng v c bn ATM l mt dch v hng kt ni. y chng ta s lm thch ng n cung cp mt dch v khng kt ni. Kin trc chc nng S cung cp dch v d liu khng kt ni trong B-ISDN c tin hnh vi nhng b chuyn mch ATM v nhng chc nng dch v khng kt ni (CLSF). Cc b chuyn mch ATM h tr truyn ti ca nhng khi d liu khng kt ni trong B-ISDN gia nhng nhm chc nng xc nh ni m CLSF iu khin

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giao thc khng kt ni v cung cp cho s thch ng ca nhng khi d liu khng kt ni thnh nhng t bo ATM c chuyn trong mt mi trng hng kt ni. Vi lu rng nhm chc nng CLSF c th c t ngoi BISDN, trong mt mng khng kt ni ring, vi mt nh cung cp dch v c bit hay bn trong B-ISDN. Chuyn mch ATM c thc thi bi nhng node ATM (b chuyn mch ATM/ kt ni cho), ci m l mt phn chc nng ca mng truyn ti ATM. Nhm chc nng CLSF kt thc giao thc khng kt ni B-ISDN v bao gm nhng chc nng cho s thch ng ca nhng giao thc khng kt ni cho giao thc lp ATM v bn cht hng kt ni. Nhng chc nng v sau ny c thc thi bi lp thch ng ATM loi 3/4 (AAL -3/4), trong khi nhng s kt thc nhm CLSF c tin hnh bi nhng dch v lp trn AAL c gi l CLNAP (Connectionless Network Access Protocol). Giao thc khng kt ni bao gm nhng chc nng nh l la chn nh tuyn, nh a ch, v QoS. thc thi nh tuyn cc n v d liu khng kt ni (CL) th CLSF phi tng tc vi nhng mt iu khin/qun l ca mng ATM nm bn di.

Hnh 5.10. Cu trc giao thc chung cho s cung cp dch v d liu CL trong B-ISDN Cu trc giao thc ni chung cho vic cung cp dch v d liu CL c minh ha hnh 5.10. Hnh 5.11 ch ra kin trc giao thc h tr dch v lp khng kt ni. Lp CLNAP s dng loi AAL 3/4, dch v khng chc chn v bao bm nhng chc nng cn thit cho dch v lp CL. Lp dch v CL cung cp cho s truyn thng sut cc khi d liu c kch thc bin i t mt ngun ti mt hay nhiu ch mt kiu m nhng khi d liu b mt hoc b sa sai khng c truyn li. S truyn ny c thc thi bng cch s dng mt k thut CL, bao gm s a vo cc a ch ngun v ch vo trong mi khi d liu.
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Hnh 5.11. Kin trc giao thc cho s h tr dch v khng kt ni 5.1.7. Chuyn mch v nh tuyn trong B ISDN/ ATM Mt tuyn truyn dn ATM h tr cc tuyn o (VPs) v bn trong nhng tuyn o l nhng knh o (VCs) nh c minh ha hnh 5.12. phn IV chng ta miu t phn u t bo ATM. Mi phn u t bo gm mt nhn m xc nh r rng t bo thuc knh no. Nhn ny bao gm hai phn: (1) mt b nh danh knh o (VCI) v (2) mt b nh danh tuyn o (VPI).

Hnh 5.12. Mi quan h gia VC v VP v tuyn truyn dn a. Mc knh o (Virtual Channel Level) Knh o l mt thut ng chung c s dng miu t mt kh nng truyn thng n hng cho s truyn ti ca nhng t bo ATM. Mt VCI xc nh mt lin kt VC c th cho mt kt ni tuyn o(VPC) nht nh. Mt gi tr xc nh ca VCI c gn mi thi im cho mt VC c chuyn mch trong mng. Mt kt ni VC l mt kh nng n hng cho s truyn ti ca cc t bo ATM gia hai thc th ATM lin tc ni m gi tr VCI c phin dch. Mt lin kt VC c bt u hay kt thc bi s gn hay loi b ca gi tr VCI. Cc chc nng nh tuyn ca nhng knh o c lm ti chuyn mch VC/cross-connect(VC cross-connect l mt thnh phn mng m kt ni cc tuyn VC. N kt thc cc VPC v phin dch cc gi tr VCI, v c nh hng bng cc chc nng pha qun l m khng phi bi nhng chc nng pha iu khin.). S nh tuyn bao gm s phin dch ca cc gi tr VCI ca nhng lin kt VCI i vo sang nhng gi tr VCI ca nhng lin kt VC i ra.

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Cc lin kt knh o c ni vo nhau hnh thnh mt lin kt knh o (VCC). Mt VCC m rng gia hai im cui VCC( trong trng hp ca nhng s sp t im ti nhiu im) hay nhiu hn hai im cui VCC. Mt im cui VCC l mt im m ni trng thng tin t bo c chuyn i gia lp ATM v ngi s dng ca dch v lp ATM. mc VC, cc VCC c cung cp cho mc ch ca chuyn i thng tin gia ngi s dng ngi s dng, ngi s dng mng, hay mng mng. Tnh nguyn vn ca dy t bo c duy tr bi lp ATM cho nhng t bo thuc cng VCC. b. Mc ng o (Virtual Path Level) Tuyn o (VP) l mt thut ng chung cho mt b nhng lin kt knh o; tt c nhng lin kt trong mt b c cng nhng im cui ging nhau. Mt VPI xc nh mt nhm cc lin kt VC ( mt im tham chiu nht nh) m chia s cng VPC. Mt gi tr xc nh ca VPI c gn ti mi thi im cho mt VP c chuyn mch trong mng. Mt lin kt VP l mt kh nng c hng cho s truyn ti ca cc t bo ATM gia hai thc th ATM lin tc ni m gi tr VPI c dch. Mt tuyn VP c bt u v kt thc bi s gn hay ri b ca gi tr VPI. Nhng chc nng nh tuyn cho cc VP c thc thi mt b chuyn mch VP/ crossconnect. Vic nh tuyn ny gm s phin dch ca nhng gi tr VPI ca nhng tuyn VP i vo vo trong nhng gi tr VPI ca nhng tuyn ni VP i ra. Nhng kt ni VP c ni lin nhau hnh thnh nn mt VPC. Mt VPC m rng hai im cui VPC (trong trng hp ca nhng s sp t im ti nhiu im) hay nhiu hn hai im cui VPC. Mt im cui VPC l mt im ni m cc VCI c bt u, phin dch, hay kt thc. mc VP th cc VPC c cung cp cho mc ch ca chuyn i thng tin gia ngi s dng ngi s dng, ngi s dng mng, hay mng mng.

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Hnh 5.13. S th hin ca h phn cp chuyn mch VP v VC: (a) VC v VP; (b) chuyn mch VP (T ITU-T Rec. I.311, Figure 4I.311, p. 5 [Ref. 12].) Khi cc VPC c chuyn mch, VPC h tr cc lin kt VC i vo c kt thc u tin v mt VPCC i ra mi sau c to ra. Tnh nguyn vn ca dy t bo c m bo bi lp ATM cho cc t bo thuc v cng VPC. V th tnh ton vn dy t bo c duy tr cho mi lin kt VC trong mt VPC.

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Hnh 5.13 l mt s th hin ca mt h phn cp chuyn mch VP v VC, ni m lp vt l l lp thp nht th bao gm mt mc phn b to, mt mc phn s, v mt mc tuyn truyn. Lp ATM c tr trn lp vt l v bao gm mc VP; trn cng l mc VC. 5.1.8. Cc yu cu bo hiu a. S thit lp v gii phng ca cc VCC Thit lp v gii phng cc VCC giao din ngi s dng mng (UNI) c th c thc hin theo cc cch khc nhau nh sau: Nhng th tc khng s dng bo hiu. Cc mch c thit lp pha thu bao vi nhng kt ni vnh cu hay bn vnh cu; Nhng th tc bng siu bo hiu(meta-signalling), ni m mt VCC c bit c s dng thit lp hay gii phng mt VCC c s dng cho bo hiu. Meta-signalling l mt giao thc n gin c s dng thit lp v ri b cc knh bo hiu. Tt c nhng s trao i thng tin trong siu bo hiu c tin hnh qua nhng thng ip t bo n; Nhng th t tc bo hiu ngi s dng mng, nh l mt bo hiu VCC thit lp hay gii phng mt VCC c s dng cho kh nng kt ni end to end; Nhng th tc bo hiu ngi s dng ngi s dng, nh l mt bo hiu VCC thit lp hay gii phng bn trong mt CPC c thit lp trc gia hai UNI. b. Bo hiu cc knh o Nhng yu cu cho bo hiu cc knh o Vi mt cu hnh bo hiu im ti im, th yu cu cho bo hiu cc knh o nh sau: Mt kt ni knh o mi hng c ch nh ti mi thc th bo hiu. Gi tr VPI/ VCI ging nhau c s dng c c cc hng. Mt gi tr VCI chun ha c s dng cho knh o bo hiu (SVC) im ti im. Ni chung, mt thc th bo hiu c th iu khin, vi s gip ca nhng SVC im ti im c kt hp th ngi dng VCs thuc v mt vi VP b kt thc trong cng thnh phn mng.
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 Nh l mt la chn mng, User VCs c iu khin bi mt thc th bo hiu c th b p buc m mi User VC c c iu khin th trong c dng ln v dng xung m cha cc SVC im ti im ca thc th bo hiu. Vi nhng cu hnh bo hiu im ti nhiu im th nhng yu cu cho cc knh o bo hiu nh sau:

Point-to-Point Signaling Virtual Channels (cc knh o bo hiu im ti im). Cho bo hiu im ti im th mt kt ni knh o mi hng c ch nh cho mi thc th bo hiu. Gi tr VPI/ VCI ging nhau c s dng cho c cc hng. General Broadcast Signaling Virtual Channel (knh o bo hiu qun b chung). Knh o bo hiu qung b chung (GBSVC) c th c dng cho s ngh cuc gi trong tt c cc trng hp. Trong nhng trng hp ni m im khng thc thi nhng miu t s lc dch v hay nhng ni a im khng h tr nhn dng m t s lc (profile) dch v th GBSVC c s dng ngh cuc gi. Gi tr VCI xc nh cho bo hiu qung b chung c dnh bi VP UNI. Ch khi siu bo hiu (meta - signalling) c s dng trong mt VP l GBSVC m kch hat trong VP. Selective Broadcast Signaling Virtual Channels ( Nhng knh o bo hiu qung b la chn). Thay v GBSVC mt kt ni knh o cho bo hiu qung b la chn (SBS) c s dng cho s ngh cuc gi, trong nhng trng hp ni m mt s m t s lc dch v c th c s dng. Khng mt s s dng no cho cc SBSVC c bit trc.

5.1.9. Cht lng dch v a. Tng quan v cht lng dch v ca ATM Mt s o lng hiu nng c bn cho mt vi h thng truyn thng d liu s l tc li bit (BER). Nhng kt ni si quang c thit k tt s chim u th hin nay v trong tng lai gn. Chng ta c th mong i nhng BER t nhng lin kt ny trong khong 1x10-12 v vi s thc thi end to end tt hn 5x10 -10 (Ref.14). Do nhng vn v s thc thi khc c th chi phi tnh hnh hin

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nay. Nhng iu ny c th c gi l nhng mc QoS c nht ATM, c tn nh sau: tr truyn t bo Cell transfer delay; S thay i tr t bo Cell delay variation; T l mt t bo Cell loss ratio; tr truyn t bo c ngha Mean cell transfer delay; T l li t bo Cell error ratio; T l ngn chn t bo b li d di Severely errored cell block ratio; T l mt chn t bo Cell misinsertion rate. b. Nhng m t tham s QoS c la chn Cell Transfer Delay. Ngoi tr thng thng qua cc thnh phn mng v nhng tuyn truyn dn, c mt tr thm vo c thm vo mt mng ATM mt b chuyn mch ATM. Nguyn nhn ca tr ny im ny l s ghp knh khng ng b thng k (statistical asynchronous multiplexing). Do iu ny m hai t bo c th b nh hng n cng mt li ra ca mt b chuyn mch ATM hay cross connect, v kt qu l c s tranh chp li ra. Kt qu l mt hay nhiu t bo b gi b m n khi c hi sn sng tip theo tip tc truyn. Chng ta c th thy rng t bo th hai s chu ng tr thm vo. tr ny ca mt t bo s ph thuc vo s lng lu lng bn trong mt b chuyn mch v do c th xy ra tranh chp. Tuyn khng ng b ca mi t bo ATM cn ng gp vo tr ca t bo. Cc t bo c th b tr mt hay nhiu chu k t bo ty thuc vo cng lu lng, kch thc chuyn mch, v ph thuc vo tuyn truyn dn i qua mng. Cell Delay Variation (CDV) c nh ngha l tr truyn dn phng m rng(lu lng ATM l khng ng b ). tr ny cn l khng nht qun trn mng. N c th l mt hm ca thi gian, hm ca thit k mng/ b chuyn mch ( nh l kch thc b m), v cc c tnh lu lng khong thi gian . Kt qu sinh ra s bin i tr t bo(CDV).

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CVD c th c cc nh hng c hi khc nhau. nh hng phn tn (hay tri ra) ca nhng thi im n ca t bo c th tc ng ti cc chc nng bo hiu hay s tp hp ca d liu ngi s dng t bo. Mt nh hng khc c gi l clumping. N xut hin khi nhng thi im n gia cc t bo truyn ngn. Chng ta c th hnh dung ra iu ny s nh hng n dung lng mng tc thi nh th no v n c th nh hng n cc dch v khc s dng mng. C hai tham s thc thi lin quan n bin i tr t bo: mt l bin i tr t bo 1 im (1-point CDV) v bin i tr t bo 2 im (2-point CDV). bin i tr t bo 1 im miu t tnh bin thin trong kiu mu nhng s kin n ca t bo c quan st mt ng bin n vi tham chiu ti tc nh m phn 1/T nh c nh ngha trong ITU-T Rec. I.371 (Ref. 13). bin i tr t bo 2 im miu t tnh bin thin trong kiu mu ca cc s kin n ca t bo khi quan st li ra ca phn kt ni (MP1) The 1-point CDV describes variability in the pattern of cell arrival events observed Cell Loss Ratio. S mt t bo c th khng thng thng trong mt mng ATM. C hai nguyn ngn mt gi c bn: (1) li trong phn u t bo hay (2) tc nghn mng. Cc t bo vi nhng li phn u b loi b t ng. iu ny ngn chn s mt nh tuyn ca nhng t bo b l, cng nh kh nng vi phm bo mt v ring t. Hin tng trn b m chuyn mch c th cn gy ra mt t bo. N trong cc b m m nhng t bo c gi trong cc hng i c dnh u tin. Nu c tc nghn, cc t bo trong mt hng i c th b loi b mt cch la chn ph hp vi mc u tin ca n. y i vo bit CLP (Cell Loss Priority) c tho lun trn. Nhng t bo vi bit ny t ln 1 th c loi b hn ci khc (nhiu t bo ti hn hn). Theo cch ny, s y b m c th c gim ngn chn hin tng trn b nh (Ref. 1). T l mt t bo c nh ngha cho mt kt ni ATM nh l : Cc t bo b mt/ Tng cc t bo truyn. Cc t bo truyn v mt c m trong cc khi t bo b li rt ln b loi tr t mu t bo trong vic tnh t l mt t bo (Ref. 3). c. iu khin lu lng v iu khin tc nghn
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Sau y l cc chc nng m hnh thnh nn mt framework cho qun l, iu khin lu lng v tc nghn trong cc mng ATM, cng nh n c s dng trong nhng s kt hp hp l t quan im ca ITU-T Rec. I.371 (Ref. 13):

Network Resource Management (NRM). c s dng ch nh nhng ti nguyn mng tch ring cc lung lu lng tng ng vi cc c tnh ca dch v.

Connection Admission Control (CAC). Chc nng ny c nh ngha nh l mt h cc hot ng c thc thi bi mng trong sut giai on ci t cuc gi hay l trong sut giai on thng lng li cuc gi thit lp xem mt yu cu kt ni VC hoc VP c th c chp nhn hay t chi, hay thit lp xem mt yu cu cho s ch nh li c th c iu chnh. S nh tuyn l mt phn ca cc hot ng CAC.

Feedback Controls. Nhng chc nng ny l mt h cc hot ng c thc hin bi mng v nhng ngi dng iu chnh lu lng m i qua trn nhng kt ni ATM ty theo trng thi ca cc thnh phn mng.

Usage / Network Parameter Control(UPC/NPC). Chc nng ny l mt h cc hot ng c thc hin bi mng quan st va iu khin lu lng di dng lu lng cung cp v tnh cht hp l ca kt ni ATM ti truy cp ngi dng v truy cp mng tng ng. Mc ch chnh l ca chng l bo v cc ngun ti nguyn mng t cc hnh ng ph hoi c ch tm cng nh v tnh (nhng hnh ng ny c th nh hng n QoS ca nhng kt ni thit lp sn khc).

Priority Control. Ngi dng c th to ra nhng lung lu lng u tin khc nhau bng vic s dng CLP. Mt yu t mng b tc nghn c th loi b mt cch chn la cc t bo vi mc u tin thp nu cn thit bo v s thc thi ca mng cho cc t bo vi mc u tin cao n mc c th (Ref. 13).

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Hnh 5.14 Cu hnh tham chiu cho iu khin tc nghn v lu lng trn mt mng B-ISDN/ ATM (From ITU-T Rec. .371,Figure 1/ I.371, p. 3 [Ref. 13].) 5.1.10. S truyn ti cc t bo ATM a. Trong khung ca DS3 DS3 l mt trong nhng h thng truyn dn s tc cao ph bin nht Nam M hot ng mt tc truyn dn trn danh ngha l 45 Mbps. N cn ang c thc thi rng ln cho truyn ti SMDS. H thng c s dng map cc t bo ATM sang nh dng DS3 l ging nh c s dng cho SMDS. map cc t bo ATM vo trong mt dng bit DS3 th giao thc hi t lp vt l (PLCP) c trin khai. Mt khung PLCP DS3 c ch ra hnh 18.16. T hnh v ta thy c 12 t bo trong mt khung PLCP. Mi t bo t trc bi mt mu khung 2 octet (A1, A2) cho php b nhn ng b cc t bo. Sau mu khung c mt b hin th m bao gm 12 mu bit c nh c s dng nhn dng v tr ca t bo trong khung (POI). Ci ny c theo bi mt octet ca thng tin overhead m c s dng cho qun l ng dn. Sau khung hon chnh c m vi 13 nibble hay 14 nibble (1 nibble = 4 bits) ca phn ui a tc truyn dn ln tc bit ca DS3 chnh xc. Khung DS3 khi m chng ta nhn ra c thi gian hiu lc l 125 s. DS3 phi vt qua nhng s sut ca mng (nhng khung c thm vo/ nhy xung iu chnh s lin kt ng b). Do PLCP c m vi mt s bin i ca cc bit iu chnh c th iu chnh nhng s sut v thi gian. Octet overhead C1 hin th di n. BIP (bit-interleaved parity) kim tra trng ti v cc chc nng overhead cho s gim st thc thi v cc li. Thng tin thc thi ny c truyn trong overhead.

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Hnh 5.15. nh dng ca khung PLCP DS3 (From Ref. 1, courtesy of Hewlett-Packard.) b. nh x DS1 Mt mc tiu map cc t bo ATM vo trong mt khung DS1 l s dng mt th tc ging nh khi c s dng vi PLCP ca DS3. Trong trng hp ny ch c 10 t bo c b bn trong mt khung, v hai trong Z cc octet ca overhead b ri b. Vic n vo ca khung c t 6 octet. Khung ton b mt 3 ms truyn v ko nhiu khung DS1 ESF (Extended SuperFrame). Vic map ny c minh ha hnh 18.17. PDU ca L2 l mt thut ng c s dng vi SMDS. N l khung mc cao hn so vi nhng t bo ATM ly c t s chia on ca n. Mt iu cn phi quan tm l s ca v tr. Mi khe thi gian DS1 c di 8bit hay 1 octet. Theo nh ngha c 24 octet trong mt khung DS1. Tt nhin iu ny mang n mt phng php th 2 ca vic truyn ti cc t bo ATM trong DS1 bng cch map trc tip cc t bo ATm vo trong DS1. iu ny c lm bng cc nhm ca 53 octet (1cell) v cho qua nhng ng bin khung DS1 truyn ti mt t bo hon chnh.

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Hnh 5.16. nh x DS1 vo trong PLCP. (From Ref. 1, courtesy of Hewlett-Packard.) c. nh x E1 E1 PCM c mt tc truyn l 2.048-Mbps. Mt khung E1 c 256 bits th hin 32 knh hay khe thi gian, trong c 30 knh mang lu lng. Cc khe thi gian (TS) 0 v 16 c dnh, trong TS0 c dng ng b ha v TS16 dng cho bo hiu. Khung E1 c minh ha nh hnh sau. Cc dy ca cc bit t bit 9 n bit 128 v t bit 137 n bit 256 c th c dng cho map t bo ATM. Cc t bo ATM cn c th c map trc tip vo trong cc khung E3 v E4 c bit. E3 th c 530 octet sn sng cho cc t bo (chnh xc l 10 t bo) v E4 c 2160 octet (khng th chia u c).

Hnh 5.17. nh x cc t bo ATM trc tip vo trong E1. (From Ref. 1, courtesy of Hewlett-Packard.)
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d. nh x cc t bo ATM vo trong SDH tc STM-1 (155.520 Mbps) Hnh 5.18 minh ha th tc mapping ny. Dng t bo ATM u tin c map vo trong C-4, sau n lc n c map vo trong b cha VC-4 cng vi overhead ng dn VC-4. Cc ng bin t bo ATM c sp hng vi cc ng bin octet STM. Khi m dung lng C-4 (2340) khng l bi s nguyn ca chiu di t bo (53 octets) th mt t bo c th i qua cc ng bin C-4. Con tr AU-4 ( cc octet H1 v H2 trong SOH) c s dng tm kim octet u tin trong VC-4.

Hnh 5.18. nh x t bo ATM vo trong STM-1 (155.520 Mbps rate) ti SDH-based UNI. (From ITU-TRec. I.432, Figure 8/ I.432, p. 13 [Ref. 4].)
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 tc STM-4(622.080 Mbps). Nh ch ra hnh 5.19, cc dng t ba ATM c map u tin vo trong C-4-4c v sau c ng gi vo trong b cha VC-4-4c cng vi overhead VC-4-4c. Cc ng bin c xp thng hng vi cc ng bin ca octet STM-4. Dung lng C-4-4c (9360 octet) khng l mt bi s nguyn ca chiu di cell; do mt cell c th i qua ng bin ca C-4-4c. Cc con tr AU c s dng tm kim octet u tin ca VC-4-4c.

Hnh 5.19. nh x cc t bo ATM vo trong cu trc khung STM-4 (655.080 Mbps rate) cho SDH m da trn UNI. (From ITU-T Rec. I. 432, Figure 10I.432, p. 15 [Ref. 4].) e. nh x cc t bo ATM vo trong SONET Cc t bo ATM c nh x trc tip vo trong trng ti (ti tin) SONET (49,54 Mbps). Cng ging vi SDH, ti trng trong cc octet khng l mt b s nguyn ca chiu di t bo, v do mt t bo c th qua mt ng bin t
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bo STS. Khi nim nh x ny c ch ra trong hnh 18.21. Con tr H4 c th hin th ni m cc t bo bt u bn trong mt khung STS. Mt phng php tip cn khc l xc nh cc phn u t bo, v t bo u tin trong khung.

Hnh 5.20. nh x cc t bo ATM trc tip vo trong mt khung SONET STS-1. (From Ref. 1, courtesy of Hewlett-Packard.) 5.2. Cc h thng chuyn mch ATM 5.2.1. Tng quan v mng ATM Giao thc ATM tng ng vi lp 2 nh c nh ngha trong m hnh tham chiu lin kt cc h thng m (OSI). ATM l loi hng kt ni, c ngha l mt lin kt end to end (hay knh o) cn phi c thit lp trc khi nh tuyn cc t bo ATM. Cc t bo c nh tuyn da theo hai gi tr quan trng c cha trong 5 byte phn u t bo: b nh danh tuyn o (VPI) v b nhn danh knh o (VCI) ni m mt tuyn o bao gm mt s lng cc knh o. S lng cc bit c ch nh cho mt VPI ty thuc vo loi giao din. Nu n l giao din mng ngi s dng (UNI) gia ngi dng v b chuyn mch ATM u tin, cn 8 bit c cung cp cho VPI. iu ny c ngha l ti a 2 8 = 256 tuyn o c th s dng c im truy cp ngi dng. Mt khc, nu n l giao din gia cc node mng (NNI) gia cc b chuyn mch trung gian th 12 c cung cp cho VPI. iu ny cho thy c 212 = 4096 tuyn o c th gia cc ATM. c UNI v NNI u c 16 bit cho VCI. Do s c 2 16 = 65 536 knh o cho mi tuyn o. S kt hp ca VPI v VCI s xc nh mt kt ni o c th gia hai im cui. Thay v c cng VPI/ VCI cho ton b tuyn nh tuyn, m VPI/ VCI c

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xc nh trn mi c s tuyn ni v thay i mi b chuyn mch ATM. Mt cch c th th mi lin kt li vo ti mt node chuyn mch, mt VPI/ VCI c th c thay th vi mt VPI/ VCI khc lin kt li ra vi s tham chiu ti mt bng c gi l bng thng tin nh tuyn (RIT) trong b chuyn mch ATM. iu ny v cn bn lm gia tng s lng cc ng dn nh tuyn trong mng ATM. Hot ng ca cc t bo nh tuyn nh sau. Mi b chuyn mch ATM c RIT ca chnh n, v RIT bao gm t nht cc trng sau: trng VPI/ VCI c, trng VPI/ VCI mi, a ch cng li ra, v trng u tin (ty chn). Khi mt t bo ATM n mt li vo ca b chuyn mch, n c chia ra 5 byte phn u v 48 byte phn trng ti (d liu). Bng vic s dng VPI/ VCI m cha trong phn u nh l gi tr VPI/ VCI c th b chuyn mch nhn vo RIT cho VPI/ VCI mi ca t bo n. Khi gi tr ny so khp th gi tr VPI/ VCI b thay th bng gi tr c. Hn na, a ch cng ra tng tng ng v trng u tin c nh km vi ti tin 48 byte trc khi n c gi ti c cu chuyn mch. i ch cng ra ch ra cng ra m t bo nn c nh tuyn ti. C ba ch nh tuyn trong c cu chuyn mch: ch unicast l ch trong mt t bo c nh tuyn ti mt cng li c th, ch multicast l ch trong mt t bo c nh tuyn n mt s lng cc cng, v ch broadcast l ch trong mt t bo c nh tuyn n tt c cc cng ra. ch unicast, log2N bit (trong N l s lng cc cng vo/ ra) l cho bit s lng cng li ra. Tuy nhin, ch multicast/ broadcast, th N bit (mi bit kt hp vi mt cng li ra c th) l cn thit trong mt b chuyn mch tng n. Trng u tin cho php b chuyn mch truyn cc t bo mt cch la chn ti cc cng li ra hay loi b chng khi b nh m trn ty thuc vo cc yu cu ca dch v. Cc kt ni ATM c thit lp trc qua vic cung cp hay c ci t ng ty theo yu cu bng cch s dng bo hiu (nh bo hiu UNI v bo hiu nh tuyn giao din mng mng ring (PNNI) ). Bo hiu UNI c quy cho nhng kt ni o c nh (PVC), trong khi PNNI c qui cho cc kt ni o c chuyn mch (SVC). Vi SVC th RIT c cp nhp bi b x l cuc gi trong sut thi gian ci t cuc gi, n tm mt ng dn nh tuyn thch hp gia ngun v ch. VPI/ VCI ca mi lin kt dc theo tuyn ni, cc a ch cng li ra ca cc b chuyn mch v trng u tin c xc nh v in y vo trong bng bi b x l gi. B x l gi phi m bo rng iu mi b

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chuyn mch, VPI/ VCI ca cc t bo n t cc lin kt khc nhau nhng i n cng cng li ra l khc nhau. Thc t c mt b x l gi cho tt c b chuyn mch ATM. n gin, hnh 5.21 ch mt b x l gi cp nht RIT ca mi b chuyn mch trong mt cch da trn khi nim.

Hnh 5.21. S phin dch VPI/ VCI dc theo tuyn ni. i vi hnh 5.21, khi mt thit lp cuc gi c hon thnh th ngun bt u gi mt t bo ca VPI/ VCI c th hin bng w. Ngay khi t bo ny n b chuyn mch u tin, ton b bng c tm kim. Nu c mt thc th no so khp c tm thy vi mt VPI/ VCI mi x, n thay th VPI/ VCI c w. a ch cng li ra tng ng (gi tr ca n l 100) v trng u tin c nh km vi t bo m t bo c th c nh tuyn ti cng li ra 100 ca b chuyn mch u tin. b chuyn mch ATM th 2, VPI/ VCI ca t bo m c gi tr l x c cp nhu mt gi tr mi l y. Da vo a ch cng li ra t c t bng, t bo i vo c nh tuyn n cng ra 10. Hot ng ny lp li cc b chuyn mch khc dc theo tuyn ni n ch. Khi kt ni b chm dt th b x l cuc gi s xa cc thc th kt hp ca cc bng nh tuyn dc theo tuyn ni. Trong trng hp multicast, mt t bo c sao chp vo trong nhiu bn sao v mi bn sao c nh tuyn n mt cng ra. Khi VPI/ VCI ca mi bn sao cng li ra c th l khc nhau th s thay th VPI/ VCI thng thc hin li ra thay v li vo. Kt qu l bng nh tuyn thng c tch thnh 2 phn, mt li vo v mt li ra. li vo th c hai trng trong RIT l gi tr VPI/

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VCI c v N bit thng tin nh tuyn. li ra c 3 trng trong RIT l s cng li vo, gi tr VPI/ VCI c, v gi tr VPI/ VCI mi. S kt hp ca s cng vo v VPI/ VCI c c th xc nh duy nht kt ni multicast v c s dng nh l mt ch s nh v VPI/ VCI mi li ra. Khi nhiu VPI/ VCI t cc cng li vo khc nhau c th hp li ti cng cng li ra v c gi tr VPI/ VCI c xc nh, do n phi s dng thng tin thm vo nh l mt phn ca ch mc cho RIT. S dng s cng vo l mt cch t nhin v d dng. 5.2.2. Cu trc tng chuyn mch ATM Hnh 5.22 a miu t mt m hnh h thng chuyn mch ATM in hnh, n gm b iu khin cng vo (IPC), mt c cu chuyn mch, v mt b iu khin cng ra (OPC). Trong thc t, IPC v OPC thng c xy dng trn cng mt mch in, c gi l card giao din ng (LIC Line Interface Card). Nhiu IPC v OPC c th c xy dng trn cng mt LIC. C cu chuyn mch trung tm cung cp cc lin ni gia cc IPC v cc OPC. Hnh 5.22 b ch ra mt chasis bao gm mt card ngun, mt card CPU thc thi cc chc nng vn hnh, qun l, v bo dng (OAM) cho h h thng chuyn mch, mt card c cu chuyn mch v nhiu LIC. Mi LIC c mt b truyn v mt nhn (RCV).

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Nh ch ra hnh 5.23 a mi IPC kt cui mt ng li vo v rt cc phn u t bo x l. Trong v d ny, u tin cc tn hiu quang c chuyn thnh tn hiu in bng b chuyn i quang in (O/E) v sau c kt cui bi mt b to khung SONET. Cc ti tin t bo c lu tr trong mt b m FIFO, trong khi cc phn u c rt ra cho x l nh tuyn. Cc t bo i vo c xp hng trc khi c nh tuyn trong c cu chuyn mch n lm n gin ha thit k ca c cu chuyn mch. Dng t bo c ct x v thi gian c yu cu truyn mt t bo qua mng l mt khe thi gian.

Hnh 5.23 S khi iu khin cng li ra v li vo hnh 5.23b, cc t bo n t c cu chuyn mch c lu vo mt b m FIFO. Thng tin nh tuyn (v thng tin khc nh l mt mc u tin nu c th) s c lt v trc khi cc t bo c vit vo FIFO. Cc t bo sau c mang i trong ti tin ca cc khung SONET (sau n c chuyn thnh tn hiu quang qua mt b chuyn i E/O). OPC c th truyn ti hu ht mt t bo ti tuyn truyn trong mi khe thi gian. Bi v cc t bo n l ngu nhin trong mng ATM, n dng nh rng nhiu hn mt t bo c dnh cho cng mt cng ra. S c ny c gi l s tranh chp hay xung t cng li ra. Mt t bo s c chp nhn cho truyn i, v nhng ci khc cn c loi b hoc c m li. V tr ca cc b m
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khng ch nh hng ng k n ch tiu cht lng chuyn mch m cn nh hng n tnh phc tp ca s thc thi chuyn mch. S la chn ca nhng k thut gii quyt tranh chp cn b nh hng bi v tr ca cc b m. C hai phng php nh tuyn cc t bo qua mt c cu chuyn mch: t nh tuyn (self-routing) v nh tuyn theo nhn (label routing). Trong phng php t nh tuyn th mt trng a ch cng ra (A) b treo trc ti mi t bo cng vo trc khi cc t bo i vo c cu chuyn mch. Trng ny ( n c log2N bit cho cc t bo unicast hay N bit cho cc t bo multicast/ broadcast) c s dng iu hng cc t bo ti cc cng li ra ch ca n. Mi bit ca trng a ch cng li ra c kim tra bi mi tng ca thnh phn chuyn mch. Nu bit ny l 0 th t bo c nh tuyn ti cng bn trn ca thnh phn chuyn mch. Nu bit ny l 1 th n c nh tuyn ti li ra thp hn ca n. Nh ch ra hnh 5.24, mt t bo m a ch ra ca n l 5 (101) c nh tuyn ti li vo 2. Bit u tin ca a ch cng li ra (1) c kim tra bi tng th 2 ca thnh phn chuyn mch. T bo c nh tuyn ti li ra thp hn v i n tng th 2. Bit tip theo (0) c kim tra bi tng th 2 v t bo c nh tuyn ti li ra cao hn ca thnh phn chuyn mch. tng cui cng ca thnh phn chuyn mch th bit cui cng (1) c kim tra v t bo c nh tuyn ti cng thp hn ca n tng ng vi cng s 5. Khi t bo n cng ra th a ch cng ra b loi b.

Hnh 5.24. Mt v d ca phng php t nh tuyn trong mt mng delta Vi s tng phn th trong nh tuyn nhn th trng VPI/ VCI trong phn u c s dng bi tng module chuyn mch quyt nh kt ni li ra. Tc
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l mi module chuyn mch c mt bng tm kim VPI/ VCI v chuyn mch t bo ti mt kt ni li ra tng ng vi vic nh x gia VPI/ VCI v cc kt ni vo/ ra trong bng ny. nh tuyn nhn khng ph thuc vo lin ni c th ca cc thnh phn chuyn mch nh t nh tuyn v n c th c s dng ty tin bt c ni no cc module chuyn mch c lin ni. 5.3. Cc khi nim trong chuyn mch ATM 5.3.1. Hin tng Blocking lin kt ni (bn trong) Trong khi mt t bo ang c nh tuyn trong mt c cu chuyn mch, n c th gp phi mt vn tranh chp gy nn t vic hai hay nhiu t bo cnh tranh nhau mt ti nguyn. Hin tng chn ng kt ni bn trong xut hin khi nhiu t bo u tranh cho mt kt ni cng thi im bn trong c cu chuyn mch, c ch ra trong hnh 2.1. iu ny thng xy ra trong mt b chuyn mch da trn cng ngh ghp knh phn chia theo khng gian, ni m mt kt ni vt l bn trong c chia s bi nhiu lin kt gia cc cng vo/ra. Mt b chuyn mch blocking l mt chuyn mch c hin tng blocking bn trong. Mt b chuyn mch m khng chu ng hin tng blocking bn trong th c gi l nonblocking. Trong mt b chuyn mch c m bn trong, tranh chp c iu khin bi vic thay th cc b m im xung t. Vic thay th cc b m bn trong trong b chuyn mch s gia tng tr truyn t bo v lm gim thng lng ca b chuyn mch.

Hnh 5.25. Hin tng blocking trong mt mng delta xung t hai t bo c dnh cho cc cng ra 4 v 5
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5.3.2. S tranh chp cng ra (Output Port Contention) S tranh chp cng ra xut hin khi hai hay nhiu t bo n t cc cng vo khc nhau v c dnh trc cho cng cng ra, c ch ra trong hnh 5.26. Mt cng ra n c th truyn ch mt t bo mt khe thi gian; do cc t bo khc cn thit c loi b hoc a vo b m. trong cc switch m li ra, mt b m c thay th mi li ra lu tr nhiu t bo c dnh trc cho cng li ra .

Hnh 5.26. S tranh chp cng ra 5.3.3. Head-of-Line Blocking Mt cch khc gii quyt tranh chp cng li ra l thay th mt b m mi cng li vo, v la chn ch mt t bo cho mi cng li ra gia cc t bo c dnh cho cng ra trc khi truyn t bo. Loi b chuyn mch ny c gi l b chuyn mch m li vo. Mt b phn x s quyt nh t bo no nn c chn v t bo no nn b t chi. Quyt nh ny c th c da trn s u tin t bo hay tem thi gian t bo, hay ngu nhin. Mt s lng cc c cu phn x c xut, nh l s dnh ring vng, sort and arbitrate, v route and arbitrate. Vi s dnh ring vng, cc cng vo c lin kt qua mt vng, ci m c s dng u cu truy cp cc cng ra. Cho cc b chuyn mch m da trn mt c cu mm c cu chuyn mch, tt c cc t bo yu cu cng cng s xut hin gn k vi nhau sau khi sp xp. Vi dng route-andarbitrate cc t bo c nh tuyn qua c cu chuyn mch v c b phn x d tranh chp im xung t.

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Mt vn c bit n nhiu trong b chuyn mch ch thun ty m li ra vi b m li vo first-in-first out (FIFO) l vn head-of-line (HOL) blocking. iu ny xy ra khi cc t bo b ngn chn t vic t c mt li ra ri bi v cc t bo khc, t bo m phn u ca n trong b m v khng th c truyn qua c cu chuyn mch. Nh ch ra hnh 5.27, t bo ng sau t bo HOL cng vo O c dnh trc cho mt cng s 1 ri. Nhng n b chn bi t bo HOL, ci m mt mt ng truyn do mt tranh chp li ra. Do hin tng HOL blocking, nn thng lng ca b chuyn mch m li vo l hu nh 58.6% dnh cho lu lng khng thay i ngu nhin

Hnh 5.27. Blocking phn u ca ng 5.3.4. K thut truyn Multicasting h tr cho vic qung b d liu v hi tho video-audio, cc b chuyn mch ATM c tnh nng multicast v broadcast. Mt vi c cu chuyn mch t c multicast bng vic sao chp nhiu bn copy ca cc t bo v sau nh tuyn mi bn copy ti cc cng ch ca chng. Cc switch khc t oc multicast bng vic ng dng tnh cht pht qung b vn c ca phng tin c chia s m khng to mt bn copy ca cc t bo ATM no. 5.3.5. S phn i cuc gi (Call Splitting) Mt vi nguyn tc sp xp cuc gi c xut cho chc nng multicast, nh l sp xp mt ln duy nht, phn i cuc gi chnh xc v phn i cuc gi theo hng rng. Sp xp mt ln duy nht th yu cu tt cc cc bn sao ca cng mt t bo c truyn trn cng mt khe thi gian. Cn phn

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i chnh xc v phn i theo hng rng cho php s truyn dn ca t bo c phn chia ra mt vi khe thi gian khc nhau. Cho cc ng dng thi gian thc, s tr khc nhau gia cc b nhn lm cho vic phn i cuc gi nn c gii hn. Mt ma trn c a ra m t hot ng ca thut ton sp xp, c ch ra hnh 5.28, y mi hng (ct) tng ng vi mt ng truyn li ra (li vo) ca b chuyn mch. Vi c tnh multicast mi hng cha hai hay nhiu hn mt knh n so vi trng hp unicast. mi khe thi gian ch c mt t bo c la chn t mi ct hnh thnh mt kt ni.

Hnh 5.28. Nhng phng php lp lch cuc gi a) Sp xp mt ln duy nht(One-Shot Scheduling) ch sp xp mt ln duy nht, tt cc bn sao ca cng mt t bo phi cn c chuyn mch thnh cng trong mt khe thi gian. Nu mt bn sao mt s tranh chp cho mt cng ra, th t bo gc i trong hng i vo cn truyn li mt ln na trong khe thi gian tip theo. Tt nhin rng chin lc ny gip cc t bo t bn sao hn(ngha l gip cc cuc gi vi t bn nhn hn), v thng chn ng cc t bo multicast nhiu hn vi nhiu bn sao hn b) Phn i cuc gi theo hng chnh xc(Strict-Sense Call Splitting)

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 ch mt ln duy nht, nu ch mt bn sao mt s tranh chp, th t bo gc(tt c cc bn sao ca n) cn lm li trong khe thi gian tip theo, do lm gim thng lng ca b chuyn mch. iu tr ngi ny xut vic truyn cc bn sao ca t bo multicast mt cch c lp. Vi phn chia cuc gi theo hng chnh xc, hu ht mt bn sao t cng mt t bo c th c truyn trong mt khe thi gian, l, mt t bo multicast cn ch trong hng i li vo cho cc khe thi gian khc nhau cho n khi tt c bn sao ca n c truyn. Nu mt t bo multicast c K bn sao truyn, th n cn t nht K khe thi gian truyn chng. Mt cch thng k th thut ton ny dn n mt thng lng thp khi b chuyn mch ch cha trong sut lu lng nh, khi thut ton khng thay i mt cch ng vi kiu dng lu lng. c) Phn chia cuc gi theo hng rng( Wide-Sense Call Splitting) Trng hp ca lu lng nh nn c cp khi ch mt ng vo ch ng c mt t bo multicast c truyn v tt c cc cng ra l ri. Trong trng hp ny phn i cuc gi SS ch cho php mt t bo c trn mi khe thi gian, iu ny dn n mt ng dng thp. Phn i cuc gi theo hng rng c xut cho php nhiu hp mt bn sao t cng mt t bo multicast dnh c truy cp ti cc cng ra mt cch ng thi min l nhng cng ra ny l ri. Tht r rng l ch mt ln duy nht c s hiu nng thng lng thp nht trong 3 thut ton ny; tuy nhin, n li d dng nht thc hin. Phn i SS thc thi tt hn One-shot trong trng hp lu lng, nhng n dng nh cng nhc trong trng hp lu lng nh v dn n mt ng dng thp. Phn i cuc gi WS c u y ca vic s dng cc trung k ra, n cho php cc t bo multicast s dng tt c cc cng free, iu ny dn n thng lng cao hn. 5.4. Phn loi kin trc chuyn mch ATM Chuyn mch ATM c th c chia da trn cc k thut chuyn mch ca n, bao gm hai nhm sau: Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian(Time Division Switching TDS) v chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian(Space Division Switching SDS). TDS c chia ra lm hai loi l dng chung b nh(shared memory) v loi dng chung mi trng(shared medium). SDS c chia ra thnh loi chuyn mch n tuyn(single path) v a tuyn(multiple path). Trong chuyn mch a tuyn li c chia ra thnh mt vi loi khc nhau, c minh

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ha hnh 5.29. Trong phn ny, chng ta m t s lc v hot ng, u im, v nhc im, v gii hn vn c ca mi loi chuyn mch.

Hnh 5.29. S phn loi cc kin trc chuyn mch ATM 5.4.1. Chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian Trong TDS, c mt cu trc truyn thng n bn trong, ci m c chia s bi tt c cc t bo di chuyn t cc cng vo ti cc cng ra qua b chuyn mch. Cu trc truyn thng bn trong c th l mt BUS, mt vng, hay l mt b nh. Nhc im chnh ca k thut ny l gii hn dung lng chnh xc ca n trong cu trc truyn thng bn trong. Tuy nhin, loi ny cung cp mt u im l tt c cc t bo chy dc theo mt cu trc truyn thng n, n c th d dng c m rng h tr cc hot ng multicast v broadcast. a) Chuyn mch dng chung mi trng trong mt b chuyn mch dng chung mi trng, cc t bo n cc cng vo c ghp knh theo thi gian trong mt phng tin tc cao thng nh l mt bus hay mt vng(ring), th di thng s bng vi N ln tc ng truyn vo. Thng lng ca mi trng c chia s ny xc nh dung lng ca b chuyn mch y . Nh ch ra hnh 5.30, mi ng truyn ra c kt ni ti mi trng tc cao c chia s qua mt giao din gm mt b lc a ch(Address Filter - AF) v mt b im FIFO li ra. B lc a ch kim tra phn u(header) ca cc t bo li vo, v sau chp nhn ch nhng t bo dnh cho chnh n. Phng php tp trung ny c mt u im l mi cng ra c th hot ng c lp v c th c xy dng tch bit nhau. Tuy nhin, nhiu

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nguyn l thit k phn cng v nhiu b m c yu cu cung cp cc giao din tch bit cho mi cng ra.

Hnh 5.30. Cu trc chuyn mch dng chung mi trng Mt khe thi gian c chia lm N khe nh. Trong mi khe nh, mt cell t mt u vo c qung b ti tt c cc cng u ra. iu ny lm n gin ha qu trnh truyn a hng. Mt bit sp t cc cng li ra vi mi bit hin th nu t bo c nh tuyn ti cng li ra m c th c nh km ti phn trc ca t bo. Mi AF s kim tra ch nhng bit tng ng vi quyt nh xem t bo c lu tr trong FIFO theo y. Mt nhc im ca cu trc ny l kch c ca b chuyn mch N b gii hn bi tc ca b nh. Ni mt cch c th l khi tt c cc t bo li vo N c dnh cng cng li ra th FIFO khng th lu tr tt c N t bo trong mt khe thi gian nu kch c b chuyn mch l qu ln hay tc ng vo l qu cao. Mt nhc im khc l s thiu b nh bi vic chia s gia cc b m FIFO. Khi mt cng li ra b tc nghn tm thi do np vo lu lng cao th b m FIFO b y v bt u loi b cc t bo. Trong lc , cc b m FIFO khc c th c mt t khong trng nhng khng th c dng bi cng tc nghn. Kt qu l, mt b chuyn mch dng chung b nh c dng thay th. b) Chuyn mch dng chung b nh Trong mt b chuyn mch dng chung b nh nh hnh 5.31, tt c cc t bo i vo c ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian vo trong mt dng d liu n v c ghi mt cch tun t ti b nh dng chung. Vic nh tuyn cc t bo ny c thit lp bng vic rt ra nhng t bo lu tr hnh thnh mt
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lung d liu li ra n. Lung d liu ny sau c phn knh vo trong nhng ng ra khc nhau. Cc a ch m cho c vic ghi cc t bo i vo v c cc t bo lu tr ra th c cung cp bi mt module iu khin ty theo thng tin nh tuyn c rt ra t cc phn u t bo.

Hnh.5.31. Cu trc c bn ca cc chuyn mch dng chung b nh u im ca loi chuyn mch ny l n cung cp ng dng b nh tt nht, khi tt c cc cng li vo/ li ra chia s cng b nh. Kch c b nh nn c hiu chnh ty theo vic gi tc mt t bo di mt gi tr chn. C hai s khc nhau trong vic dng chung b nh gia cc cng l: dng chung y (full sharing) v dng chung chia phn y (complete partitioning). Vi s dng chung chia phn y th ton b b nh c chia thnh N phn bng nhau, trong N l s lng cc cng vo/ra, v mi phn c gn vi mt cng ra c th. Cn s dng chung y , th ton b b nh c dng chung bi tt c cc cng ra m khng c s t dnh ring no. Mt vi c cu khc dng vic t mt ng bin trn v bin di trong khng gian b nh th c dng ngn chn s gi c quyn ca b nh bi mt vi cng ra. Ging nh cc b chuyn mch dng chung mi trng, cc b chuyn mch dng chung b nh c nhc im l tc truy cp b nh gii hn kch thc b chuyn mch v hn na s iu khin trong cc b chuyn mch dng chung b nh th phc tp hn. Bi v nhng ng dng m tt hn ca n nn loi dng chung b nh vn ph bin hn v c nhiu bin th hn loi dng chung mi trng.

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5.4.2. Chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian Trong TDS, mt cu trc truyn thng bn trong n c chia s bi tt c cc cng vo v ra. Trong khi trong SDS tt c nhiu ng dn vt l c cung cp gia cc cng vo v ra. Nhng ng dn ny hot ng ng thi lm sao nhiu t bo c th c truyn qua b chuyn mch cng mt lc. Dung lng tng cng ca b chuyn mch do l tch s ca di thng ca mi ng dn v s lng cc ng dn m c th truyn cc t bo ng thi. Tuy nhin trong thc t n b gii hn bi cc rng buc ca s thc thi phn cng nh l pin thit b, cc gii hn kt ni, cc vn ng b. Cc b chuyn mch SDS c chia da trn s lng cc ng dn c hiu lc gia mt vi cp vo/ra. cc b chuyn mch n ng th ch c mt ng dn tn ti cho mt vi cp vo/ra, trong khi cc b chuyn mch a ng th c nhiu hn mt ng dn cho mt vi cp vo ra. b n ng c s iu khin nh tuyn n gin hn b a ng, nhng b a ng th li c dung li(fault tolerance) cao hn. a) Cc b chuyn mch n ng Cc b chuyn mch n ng c chia thnh cc b chuyn mch da trn crossbar, cc b chuyn mch lin ni y v cc b chuyn mch da trn banyan Cc b chuyn mch Crossbar Mt b chuyn mch crossbar c ch ra hnh 5.32 cho trng hp N =4, trong cc ng ngang th hin cc li vo, v cc ng dc th hin cc li ra. Mt cch c bn, mt b chuyn mch NxN bao gm mt mng hnh vung ca N2 cc crosspoint hot ng ring, n tng ng vi mt cp vo ra. Mi crosspoint c hay trng thi c th: cross(mc nh) v bar. Mt kt ni gia cng vo i v cng ra j c thit lp bng vic t cp crosspoint (i, j) trng thi bar trong khi cc crosspoint khc dc kt ni duy tr trng thi cross. Trng thi bar ca mt crosspoint c th c kch hot ring l bi tng t bo i vo trong khi ch ca n c lm thch hp vi cc a ch li ra. Khng mt thng tin ton b no v cc t bo khc v cc ch ca n c yu cu. c tnh ny c gi l c tnh t nh tuyn(self-routing), v vy tnh phc tp trong vic iu khin c gim i trong c cu chuyn mch khi chc nng iu khin c phn b gia tt c cc crosspoint.

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Cc b chuyn mch crossbar c ba tnh cht th v l: nonblocking, cu trc n gin, v m un ha. Tuy nhin n s tr nn phc tp khi m s lng cc crosspoint ln n N2. S quyt nh la chn thnh cng cho tt c cc li ra trong mi khe thi gian c th cn tr thnh mt s nghn c chai h thng khi m kch c ca b chuyn mch gia tng. C 3 v tr c th cho cc b m trong mt b chuyn mch crossbar: (a) ti crosspoint trong c cu chuyn mch, (b) ti cc li vo ca b chuyn mch, v (c) cc li vo v cc li ra ca b chuyn mch. mi ci li c nhng u v nhc im ring.

Hnh 5.32. Mt b chuyn mch crossbar c 4x4 Hnh 5.33a minh ha chin lc m cc t bo cc crosspoint. B chuyn mch ma trn bus (BMX) c xut bi Fujitsu l mt v d ca loi ny. AF th chp nhn cc t bo dnh trc cho cng ra tng ng v lu chng trong b m. Cc t bo m i trong cc b m cng mt ct th c chn cho cng ra vi mt t bo mi khe. B chuyn mch lm vic v khng tri qua gii hn thng lng c gnh bng vic m li ra. Trong mt hon cnh c th n tng t t c vic xp hng i li ra, vi s khc nhau l hng i cho

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mi li ra c phn b qua N b m. Khi khng c s chia s gia N b m th tng b nh c yu cu cho mt tc mt cho trc l ln hn yu cu cho xp hng i li ra(nh trong trng hp dng chung mi trng). Khi b nh m yu cu nhiu dung lng c nh trong mt chip hn l logic crosspoint th vic bao gm cc b m crosspoint trong mt chip s gii hn kht khe s lng cc crosspoint trong mt chip. Hnh 5.33b minh ha b chuyn mch xp hng i li vo. Vic tch bit cc b m t cc crosspoint l ng mong mi t tm nhn mang tnh sc tch ca mch m nn. Mt t bo n mt li vo trc tin s vo b m, ch i n phin n c chuyn mch qua b chuyn mch. Vi gii php tranh chp c phn tn th xung t c gii quyt mt cch ring l cc crosspoint. Khi mt t bo n mt crosspoint m sn c t bi mt t bo trc , hay n mt s tranh chp vi t bo khc ang tranh chp th mt tnh hiu blocking c to ra v gi ti cng li vo. iu ny l block s truyn dn ca t bo v gi t bo trong b m li vo cho nhng c gng sau ny. Vi gii php tranh chp tp trung th chc nng phn x c s dng cho mi cng ra gii quyt tranh chp, v ch mt t bo c dnh cho mt cng ra l c cho php c chuyn tip n c cu chuyn mch. Cc b chuyn mch lin ni y Trong mt b chuyn lin ni y , tnh kt ni y gia cc li vo v li ra thng c hnh thnh bi nhng bus qung b ring r t tt c cc cng li vo ti tt c cc cng li ra, nh ch ra hnh 5.34. N b m ring l c yu cu trong mt b chuyn mch ny, mi ci mi cng li ra. Tuy nhin nu tng ci trong N b m li ra ny trong b chuyn mch lin ni y c chia v ch nh ti tng ng vo th n tr nn ging ht vi b chuyn mch m ti crosspoint v do cung cp cng tnh phc tp ca s thc thi v hiu nng.

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Hnh 5.33. Cc chin lc m khc nhau cho mt b chuyn mch crossbar

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Hnh.5.34. Mt b chuyn mch lin ni y B chuyn mch lin ni y hot ng trong mt loi ging nh b chuyn mch dng chung mi trng. Mt t bo t mt vi cng li vo c qung b ti tt c cng li ra. Do cc t bo t cc cng li vo ring r c th c truyn cng mt lc ti cng cng li ra. V vy cc b lc t bo v cc b m c ch nh (mi loi cho mt cng li ra) c yu cu lc nhng t bo c phn pht nhm v lu tr tm thi nhng t bo c tr nh t trc ng cch. Tuy nhin b chuyn mch lin ni y khc vi b chuyn mch dng chung mi trng ch yu cu overhead ca s tng tc b gy bi s truyn tun t qua mi trng dng chung th c thay th bi yu cu overhead khng gian ca N2 bus qung b ring r. y l mt nhc im tnh ton ca loi chuyn mch ny. u im ca b chuyn mch lin ni y nm cu trc nonblocking v n gin, n ging nh b chuyn mch crossbar. B chuyn mch knockout l mt v d ca loi ny. Cc b chuyn mch kiu Banyan( Banyan-Based Switches) Nhng b chuyn mch Banyan l mt h ca loi chuyn mch t nh tuyn c xy dng t 2x2 thnh phn chuyn mch vi mt ng dn n gia mt vi cp vo/ra. Nh ch ra hnh 5.35 c 3 tp thuc h Banyan l cc mng Delta, Omega v banyan. Tt c chng yu cu s thc thi tng ng. B chuyn mch Banyan cung cp nhng u im khc nhau: th nht n c mt tnh phc tp ca cc ng dn v cc yu t chuyn mch ca N logN (cc yu t ny lm n ph hp hn b chuyn mch crossbar v lin ni y ), tnh phc tp ca n l N2 cho cu trc ca cc b chuyn mch ln. S t nh tuyn
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cn l mt c tnh thu ht ch khng cn c cu iu khin cho vic nh tuyn cc t bo. Thng tin nh tuyn c cha trong tng t bo, v n c dng khi t bo c nh tuyn dc ng dn(tuyn ni). Cu trc song song ca b chuyn mch cung cp mt im li ch nhng t bo ring r trn cc tuyn khc nhau c th c x l ng thi. Ty thuc vo cu trc qui v module ca n m cc b chuyn mch c ln c th c xy dng bng cch s dng cc thnh phn chuyn mch s cp m khng chnh sa nhng cut trc ca n. iu ny c th c thc hin mt cch thch hp bi VLSI.

Hnh 5.35. Ba tp khc nhau ca chuyn mch Banyan Mt hn ch chnh ca b chuyn mch kiu banyan l n l b chuyn mch blocking bn trong. S thc thi ca n lm gim st nhanh chng khi kch thc ca b chuyn mch gia tng. S thc thi c th c ci tin nu MxM thnh phn chuyn mch c trin khai thay cho 2x2 thnh phn chuyn mch. iu ny a n lp ca cc b chuyn mch delta. B chuyn mch delta l mt h ca cc b chuyn mch t nh tuyn c xy dng t MxM thnh phn chuyn mch vi mt ng dn n gia mt vi cng li vo v ra. Trong khi s thc thi ca b chuyn mch delta c th tt hn b chuyn mch loi banyan khc, nhng n vn l mt b chuyn mch blocking. S thc thi ca b chuyn mch b gim i ty thuc vo s tranh chp bn trong. iu ny c th c ci tin bng cch gia tng tc ca cc lin kt ni bn trong b chuyn mch i vi nhng cng ra v vo hay a vo cc b m vo trong cc thnh phn chuyn mch. b) Cc b chuyn mch a ng

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Cc b chuyn mch a ng c chia thnh cc b chuyn mch augmented banyan, cc b chuyn mch Clos, cc b chuyn mch multiplane, v cc b chuyn mch quay vng(recirculation) nh ch ra hnh 5.36

Hnh. 5.36. Nhng b chuyn mch a ng phn chia theo khng gian
Augmented Banyan Switches

trong mt b chuyn mch banyan NxN bnh thng cc t bo i qua logN tng ca cc thnh phn chuyn mch trc khi n cc ch ca chng. B chuyn mch augmented banyan c nhiu tng hn b chuyn mch banyan bnh thng. b chuyn mch banyan bnh thng, khi mt t bo b chch hng ti mt kt ni khng ng v do lc ng t mt tuyn ni c nht nh trc th t bo khng c m bo n li ra c yu cu ca n. Cn trong b chuyn mch augmented banyan nhng t bo b chch hng c cung cp nhiu c hi c nh tuyn ti nhng ch ca n ln na bng vic s dng cc tng c tng ln(augmented) sau. Khi nhng t bo b chch hng khng n ch ca n sau tng cui cng n s b loi b. u im ca b chuyn mch banyan c tng thm l t l mt t bo c gim i. S thc thi ca b chuyn mch ny c ci tin. Cn nhc im ca loi chuyn mch ny l lc nh tuyn phc tp ca n. Cc t bo c kim tra tt c cc tng c tng thm xc nh xem n n nhng cng ra yu cu ca chng hay cha. Nu ng th chng c gi ti module giao din li ra. Cn nu khng, n c nh tuyn n tng tip theo v s b kim
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tra ln na. Mt nhc im na l s lng cc tng c tng ln cn c ln thch hp. Vic thm tng tng vo b chuyn mch th lm gia tng tnh phc tp ca phn cng. B chuyn mch banyan tandem v b chuyn mch trao i b tr li i (dual shuffle exchange switch) l mt v d ca loi ny. Three-Stage Clos Switches Cu trc ca cc chuyn mch Clos ba tng c ch ra hnh 5.36b, n bao gm 3 tng ca cc module chuyn mch. tng u tin, N ng li vo c chia thnh r nhm ca n ng. Mi nhm ca cc ng ny n mi module chuyn mch ca tng u tin. C m li ra trong module chuyn mch tng u tin; mi ci kt ni ti tt c m module chuyn mch tng th hai. Tng t nh th mi module chuyn mch tng th hai c t li ra ri n li kt ni ti tt c t module chuyn mch tng th 3. Cn tng th 3, N li ra c cung cp nh t nhm ca s ng. Mt iu cn quan tm vi loi chuyn mch Clos ba tng l n c th c blocking. Hnh 5.37 ch ra mt b chuyn mch Clos 3 tng vi N = 9, n = 3 v m = 3. Nhng ng m biu th cc tuyn m sn sng c dng. N cng ch ra rng li vo cng s 9 khng th c kt ni ti c cng li ra 4 ln li ra s 6, ngay c khi nhng li ra ny sn sng. Bng cch gia tng gi tr ca m (s lng ca cc cng ra t mi module chuyn mch tng u tin hay s lng cc module chuyn mch tng th 2) th c th gim c hin tng blocking. tm c gi tr ca m cho mt b chuyn mch ba tng nonblocking chng ta hy xem hnh 5.38.

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Hnh 5.37. V d v hin tng blocking ni trong mt b chuyn mch Clos 3 tng Chng ta cn thit lp mt tuyn ni t cng a ti cng ra b. Mt tnh trng xu cho blocking xut hin nu tt c n 1 ng vo v n 1 ng ra cn li li ang bn v ang c kt ni ti cc module chuyn mch tng gia khc. Do c (n 1) + (n 1) = 2n 2 module chuyn mch tng gia l khng sn sng to ra mt tuyn ni t a ti b. Tuy nhin, nu c hn 1 module chuyn mch tng gia tn ti th mt lin kt thch hp s sn sng cho kt ni. Do , mt b chuyn mch Clos ba tng s l nonblocking nu: m > 2n 2 + 1 = 2n 1. Tng s Nx crosspoint trong mt b chuyn mch Clos ba trng thi khi n i xng ( nh l khi t = r v s = n) l:
N N x = 2 Nm + m . n
2

Thay m = 2n 1 vo phng trnh trn cho Nx ta c biu thc cho b chuyn mch Clos ba tng nonblocking nh sau:
N N x = 2 N ( 2n 1) + (2n 1) . n
2

Vi nhng b chuyn mch c ln, n ln th chng ta c th ly xp x:

N N N x 2 N ( 2n) + (2n) = 4 Nn + 2 . n n
2 2

Hnh 5.38. iu kin nonblocking cho mt b chuyn mch Clos ba tng

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 ti u ha s lng crosspoint th ta ly vi phn biu thc ca N x theo n v t kt qu bng 0. Ta c n N 2 . Thay gi tr ca n vo biu thc Nx ta 2 c: N x = 4 2 N
3 2

( )

= O( N 2 ) . B chuyn mch Clos ba tng c mt u im l

n gim c s phc tp ca phn cng t O(N2) ca b chuyn mch crossbar xung O(N3/2) v n c th c thit k nonblocking. Hn na n cn cung cp tin cy hn bi v n c nhiu hn mt tuyn ni qua b chuyn mch kt ni t bt c cng vo ti bt c cng ra no. Nhc im chnh ca b chuyn mch loi ny l mt vi c cu thng minh v nhanh cn c sp xp li nhng kt ni trong tt c cc khe thi gian t bo theo cc t bo n cho blocking bn trong c th c ngn nga. iu ny s c hin tng nghn c chai khi kch thc b chuyn mch tr nn ln ln. Thc t tht l kh ngn chn hin tng blocking bn trong mc d b bn thn b chuyn mch l nonblocking. Khi kt ni trn nhng lin kt bn trong xut hin th thng lng b gim. iu ny c th c ci tin bng vic gia tng s lng cc lin kt bn trong gia cc module chuyn mch lm sao c nhiu tuyn ni hn cho cc t bo nh tuyn. Vic gia tng di thng ca cc lin kt bn trong cn c ch ch thay cho vic c mt t bo cho mi kt ni bn trong mi khe thi gian bng nhiu hn mt t bo t module li vo( module m c dnh trc cho cng module th 3) c th c nh tuyn. Mt cch khc gim blocking bn trong l nh tuyn cc t bo trong mt kiu ngu nhin. Nu cc module chuyn mch trung tm c nhng b m th phi c lm cc cng li ra duy tr s sp xp th t t bo. Multiplane Switches Nh ch ra hnh 5.36c, b chuyn mch multiplane quy cho nhng b chuyn mch m c nhiu (thng l xc nh)plane chuyn mch. Nhng b chuyn mch multiplane c ngh ch yu nh l cch gia tng thng lng h thng. Bng vic s dng mt vi c cu phn b ti lu lng i vo th nhng s xung t t bo bn trong cc b chuyn mch c th c gim. Hn na nhiu hn mt t bo c truyn ti cng mt cng ra bng cch s dng tng plane chuyn mch, m cc ng li ra khng phi hot ng tc cao hn cc ng li vo. Mt u im khc ca cc b chuyn mch multiplane l n c th c s dng t c tin cy cao bi v s mt mt ca ton b plane chuyn mch s gim dung lng nhng khng gim kh nng

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lin kt ca cc b chuyn mch. Tuy nhin s sp xp t bo c th c phn b tr khi cc t bo thuc cng mt kt ni c y dng cng mt mt. b chuyn mch banyan song song v b chuyn mch Sunshine l nhng v d ca b chuyn mch multiplane. Recirculation Switches Nhng b chuyn mch quay trn hnh 5.36d c thit k iu khin nhng vn kt ni cng ra. Bng vic quay trn cc t bo (cc t bo m khng n c cng ra ca n trong sut khe thi gian hin ti) tr li nhng cng li vo qua mt h cc tuyn ni quay trn th t l mt t bo c th c gim. iu ny lm cho thng lng ca h thng gia tng. Nhc im ca cc b chuyn mch quay trn l n yu cu mt b chuyn mch ln t nhng cng quay trn. V vic quay trn cn lm xut hin nhng li sp xp. Mt vi c cu cn duy tr s sp xp t bo gia cc t bo cng mt kt ni.

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CHNG VI CNG NGH CHUYN MCH MPLS 6.1. Khi nim c bn v chuyn mch nhn Khi nim chuyn mch nhn tng i n gin. hnh dung vn ny chng ta xem xt mt qu trnh chuyn th in t t h thng my tnh gi n h thng my tnh nhn. Trong mng internet truyn thng (khng s dng chuyn mch nhn) qu trnh chuyn th in t ging ht qu trnh chuyn th thng thng. Cc a ch ch c truyn qua cc thc th tr (cc b nh tuyn). a ch ch s l yu t xc nh con ng m gi tin chuyn qua cc b nh tuyn. Trong chuyn mch nhn, thay v s dng a ch ch quyt nh nh tuyn, mt nhn c gn vi gi tin v c dt trong tiu gi tin vi mc ch thay th cho a ch v nhn c s dng chuyn lu lng cc gi tin ti ch. Mc tiu ca chuyn mch nhn a ra nhm ci thin hiu nng chuyn tip gi tin ca cc b nh tuyn li qua vic s dng cc chc nng gn v phn phi nhn gn vi cc dch v nh tuyn lp mng khc nhau. Thm vo l lc phn phi nhn hon ton c lp vi qu trnh chuyn mch. Trc ht ta xem xt mt s l do c bn hin nay ang c quan tm vi cng ngh mng ni chung v chuyn mch nhn: tc v tr, kh nng ca h thng, tnh n gin, ti nguyn mng, iu khin nh tuyn. Tc v tr Theo truyn thng chuyn tip gi tin da trn phn mm rt chm trong qu trnh x l ti lu lng ln trong internet v intranet, tr ch yu trong qu trnh ny l qu trnh x l nh tuyn tm ra thch hp cho cc gi tin u vo. Mc d c nhiu ci thin trong vic tm kim bng nh tuyn nh k thut tm kim nhanh trong bng nh tuyn, nhng ti lu lng trong bng nh tuyn lun ln hn kh nng x l, v kt qu c th mt lu lng, mt u ni v gim hiu nng ca ton mng (mng IP). Chuyn mch nhn a ra cch nhn nhn khc vi chuyn tip gi tin IP thng thng, s cung cp gii php c hiu qu gii quyt vn trn. Chuyn mch nhn thc hin qu trnh gn nhn cho gi tin u vo v s dng nhn truy nhp vo bng chuyn tip ti b nh tuyn nh mt ch s ca bng. Qu trnh truy nhp ny ch yu cu duy nht cho mt ln truy nhp ti bng thay v hng ngn qu trnh tm kim c thc hin trong bng nh tuyn truyn thng. Kt qu l cc hot ng ny hiu qu hn v v vy lu lng ngi s dng trong gi tin c gi qua mng nhanh hn, gim
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tr v thi gian p ng tt hn cho cc chuyn giao thng tin gia cc ngi s dng. Mng my tnh lun tn ti cc hiu ng tr, khi cc gi tin chuyn qua rt nhiu nt v nhiu chng khc nhau ti ch n to ra cc hiu ng tr v bin ng tr. S tch tr trn cc cung on s to ra tr tng th gia cc u cui. Ti mi nt mng a ch ch trong gi tin c xc minh v so snh vi cc a ch ch c kh nng chuyn tip trong bng nh tuyn tm ra ng ra. Cc gi tin chuyn qua cc nt mng to ra tr v bin ng tr khc nhau, tu thuc vo kh nng x l ca b nh tuyn cng nh lu lng ca lung tin s nh hng trc tip n tr ca ngi dng u cui. Mt ln na, c ch hot ng ca chuyn mch nhn vi kh nng chuyn tip gi tin nhanh l gii php gii quyt vn ny. Kh nng ca h thng Tc l mt kha cnh quan trng ca chuyn mch nhn v tng qu trnh x l lu lng ngi dng trn mng internet l vn rt quan trng. Nhng cc dch v tc cao khng phi l tt c nhng g m chuyn mch nhn cung cp. Chuyn mch nhn cn c th cung cp mm do cc tnh nng khc nhau p ng cc nhu cu ca ngi dng internet. Thay v hng lot cc a ch IP (tng ln rt nhanh tng ngy) m b nh tuyn cn phi x l th chuyn mch nhn cho php cc a ch ny gn vi mt hoc vi nhn. tip cn ny lm gim kch thc bng a ch v cho php b dnh tuyn h tr nhiu ngi s dng hn. Tnh n gin Mt kha cnh khc ca chuyn mch nhn l s n gin trong cc giao thc chuyn tip gi tin (hoc mt tp cc giao thc), v nguyn tc rt n gin:chuyn tip gi tin da trn nhn ca n. Tuy nhin, cn c k thut iu khin cho qu trnh lin kt nhn v m bo tnh tng quan gia cc nhn vi lung lu lng ngi s dng, cc k thut ny i khi kh phc tp nhng chng khng nh hng n hiu sut ca dng lu lng ngi dng. Sau khi gn nhn vo dng lu lng ngi dng th hot ng chuyn mch nhn c th nhng trong phn mm, trong cc mch tch hp c bit (ASIC) hoc trong b x l c bit. Ti nguyn s dng Cc k thut iu khin thit lp nhn khng chim dng ti nguyn ca mng, cc c ch thit lp ng chuyn mch nhn cho lu lng ngi s dng mt cch n gin l tiu ch thit k cc ng chuyn mch nhn.
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iu khin nh tuyn nh tuyn trong mng Internet c thc hin vi cc a ch IP (trong mng LAN l cc a ch MAC). Tt nhin, c rt nhiu thng tin c ly ra t gi IP thc hin qu trnh nh tuyn ny, v d nh: Trng kiu dch v IP (TOS), ch s cng...l mt phn quyt nh ca chuyn tip gi tin. Nhng nh tuyn theo ch l phng php thng thng nht hin ang c s dng. nh tuyn theo a ch ch khng phi l phng php lun em li hiu qu. Cc vn lp vng trn mng cng nh s khc nhau v kin trc mng s l tr ngi trn mt bng iu khin chuyn tip gi tin i vi phng php ny. Mt vn t ra na l cc nh cung cp thit b (b nh tuyn, cu). Trin khai phng php nh tuyn da theo a ch ch theo cch ring ca h: mt s thit b cho php nh qun tr mng chia s lu lng, trong khi mt s khc s dng cc trng chc nng TOS, ch s cng... Chuyn mch nhn cho php cc b nh tuyn chn tuyn u ra tng minh theo nhn, nh vy c ch ny cho cung cp mt phng thc truyn ti lu lng qua cc nt v lin kt ph hp vi lu lng truyn ti, cng nh l t ra cc lp lu lng bao gm cc dch v khc nhau (da trn yu cu QOS) trn . Chuyn mch nhn l gii php tt hng lu lng qua mt ng dn, m khng nht thit phi nhn ton b thng tin t giao thc nh tuyn IP ng da trn a ch ch. nh tuyn da trn IP (PRB) thng gn vi cc giao thc chuyn mch nhn, nh FR, ATM hoc MPLS. Phng php ny s dng cc trng chc nng trong tiu gi tin IP nh: trng TOS, ch s cng, nhn dng giao thc IP hoc kch thc ca gi tin. Cc trng chc nng ny cho php mng phn lp dch v thnh cc kiu lu lng v thng c thc hin ti nt u vo mng(thit b g mng). Cc b nh tuyn trn lp li c th s dng cc bt ti thit b g quyt nh x l lung lu lng n, qu trnh x l ny c th s dng cc kiu hng i khc nhau v cc phng php xp hng khc nhau. nh tuyn da trn IP cng cho php nh qun l mng thc hin phng php nh tuyn rng buc. Cc chnh sch da trn IP cho php b nh tuyn: t cc gi tr u tin vo trong tiu gi tin IP. Thit lp bc k tip cho gi tin IP. Thit lp giao din ra cho gi tin. Thit lp bc k tip cho gi tin khi khng tn ti hng trong bng nh tuyn.

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Chuyn mch nhn khc vi phng php chuyn mch khc ch n l k thut iu khin giao thc chuyn mch IP theo kiu topo. Mt khc s tn ti ca mt a ch mng ch s xc nh qu trnh cp nht trong bng nh tuyn ra mt ng dn chuyn mch hng ti ch. N cng khi qut c cu chuyn tip v trao i nhn, phng php ny khng ch thch hp vi cc mng ln nh ATM, chuyn mch khung, PPP, v n c th thch hp vi bt k phng php ng gi no. 6.2. Tng quan v cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc 6.2.1. Cc c im c bn ca cng ngh MPLS MPLS l mt cng ngh tch hp tt nht cc kh nng hin ti phn pht gi tin t ngun ti ch qua mng Internet. C th nh ngha MPLS l mt tp cc cng ngh m da vo chun Internet m kt hp chuyn mch lp 2 v nh tuyn lp 3 chuyn tip gi tin bng cch s dng cc nhn ngn c chiu di c nh. Bng cch s dng cc giao thc iu khin v nh tuyn Internet MPLS cung cp chuyn mch hng kt ni o qua cc tuyn Internet bng cch h tr cc nhn v trao i nhn. MPLS bao gm vic thc hin cc ng chuyn mch nhn LSP, n cng cung cp cc th tc v cc giao thc cn thit phn phi cc nhn gia cc chuyn mch v cc b nh tuyn . Nghin cu MPLS ang c thc hin di s bo tr ca nhm lm vic MPLS trong IETF. MPLS vn l mt s pht trin tng i mi, n mi ch c tiu chun ho theo Internet vo u nm 2001. S dng MPLS trao i khe thi gian TDM, chuyn mch khng gian v cc bc sng quang l nhng pht trin mi nht. Cc n lc ny c gi l GMPLS (Generalized MPLS ). Nhm lm vic MPLS a ra danh sch vi 8 bc yu cu xc nh MPLS l: MPLS phi lm vic vi hu ht cc cng ngh lin kt d liu. MPLS phi thch ng vi cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng v cc cng ngh Internet c lin quan khc. MPLS cn hot ng mt cch c lp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn. MPLS phi h tr mi kh nng chuyn tip ca bt k nhn cho trc no. MPLS phi h tr vn hnh qun l v bo dng (OA&M). MPLS cn xc nh v ngn chn chuyn tip vng.

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 MPLS cn hot ng trong mng phn cp MPLS phi c tnh k tha. Tm yu cu ny chnh l cc n lc pht trin cn tp trung. Lin quan ti cc yu cu ny, nhm lm vic cng a ra 8 mc tiu chnh m MPLS cn t c: Ch r cc giao thc c tiu chun ho nhm duy tr v phn phi nhn h tr nh tuyn da vo ch unicast m vic chuyn tip c thc hin bng cch trao i nhn. (nh tuyn unicast ch ra mt cch chnh xc mt giao din; nh tuyn da vo ch ng l nh tuyn da vo a ch ch cui cng ca gi tin). Ch r cc giao thc c tiu chun ho nhm duy tr v phn phi nhn h tr nh tuyn da vo ch multicast m vic chuyn tip c thc hin bng cch trao i nhn. (nh tuyn mulicast ch ra hn mt giao din u ra. Nhim v tch hp cc k thut multicast trong MPLS vn ang tip tc nghin cu v pht trin. Ch r cc giao thc c tiu chun ho nhm duy tr v phn phi nhn h tr phn cp nh tuyn m vic chuyn tip c thc hin bng cch trao i nhn , phn cp nh tuyn ngha l hiu bit v topo mng trong h thng t tr. Ch r cc giao thc c tiu chun ho nhm duy tr v phn phi nhn h tr cc ng ring da vo trao i nhn. Cc ng ny c th khc so vi cc ng c tnh ton trong nh tuyn IP thng thng ( nh tuyn trong IP da vo chuyn tip theo a ch ch ). Cc ng ring rt quan trng trong cc ng dng TE. Ch ra cc th tc c tiu chun ho mang thng tin v nhn qua cc cng ngh lp 2. Ch ra mt phng php tiu chun nhm hot ng cng vi ATM mt phng iu khin v mt phng ngi dng. Phi h tr cho cc cng ngh QoS ( nh l giao thc RSVP) (QoS l mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng nht ca MPLS, MPLS QoS s c th mang li nhiu li ch cho mng th h sau). Ch ra cc giao thc tiu chun cho php cc host s dng MPLS. 6.2.2. Cch thc hot ng ca MPLS MPLS c th c xem nh l mt tp cc cng ngh hot ng vi nhau phn pht gi tin t ngun ti ch mt cch hiu qu v c th iu khin c.

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N s dng cc ng chuyn mch nhn LSP chuyn tip lp 2 m c thit lp bo hiu bi cc giao thc nh tuyn lp 3

Cc lp trn Mt phng iu khin Mt phng chuyn tip Nhn gi u vo Duy tr tuyn nh tuyn La chn cng ra Chuyn mch Pht gi u ra

Cc cng u vo

Cc cng u ra

Hnh 6.1. M hnh chung v chuyn tip v chuyn mch ti b nh tuyn Bi v cc khi nim chuyn tip, chuyn mch v nh tuyn l nhng vn quan trng hiu MPLS hot ng nh th no do vy ta xem xt cc vn ny trong b nh tuyn. Mt thit b nh tuyn chuyn mt gi tin t ngun ti ch bng cch thu hoc nhn, chuyn mch v sau chuyn tip n ti mt thit b mng khc cho ti khi n ti ch cui cng. Hnh 6.1 trn y m t m hnh chung v chuyn tip v chuyn mch ti b nh tuyn. Mt bng iu khin qun l mt tp cc tuyn ng m mt gi c th s dng, trong m hnh ny mt gi i vo thit b mng qua giao din u vo, c x l bi mt thit b m n ch x l thng tin v gi a ra quyt nh logic. Quyt nh logic ny c thng tin c cung cp t mt bng iu khin cha cc tuyn, cho cc thng tin v gi c cp nht ti thit b khc chuyn tip gi thng qua giao din u ra ti ch ca gi tin . y l m hnh n gin nht trong cc cng ngh mng, nhng n l s bt u cho cc vn lin quan ti MPLS c thc hin nh th no. Cc cng ngh MPLS a ra m hnh mi cho vic nh tuyn, chuyn mch v chuyn tip chuyn cc gi tin trong mng Internet. Mt m hnh khc thng gp m t lung cc gi tin gia cc thit b mng (v d nh l cc b nh tuyn) c trnh by trong hnh v di y.

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router A ph m n m ng u i khi n ng ch m ( u khi i n)

router B ph m n m ng u i khi n

data

ng chuy n ti p ph cng n

ng nhanh (dli u)

ng chuy n ti p ph cng n

data

Hnh 6.2. M hnh lung gi tin gia hai thit b mng Lu lng trong mng c th c hiu theo hai cch: Lu lng iu khin bao gm cc thng tin v qun l v nh tuyn v Lu lng d liu. Lu lng d liu th i theo ng nhanh v c x l bi cc thit b mng. Trong hu ht cc thit b mng hin i, ng nhanh c thc hin bi phn cng. Bt c thit b mng no nhn mt gi tin khi x l tiu ca gi, thng tin v gi c gi ln ng iu khin x l. Cc gi iu khin bao gm cc thng tin yu cu cho vic nh tuyn gi, bt c mt gi no khc c th cha thng tin iu khin, cc gi d liu u tin vv.. th c x l chm bi v chng cn c kim tra bi phn mm. V l do ny ng x l ny thng c gi l ng chm. M hnh ny rt quan trng hiu MPLS hot ng nh th no bi v n ch ra ng iu khin v ng chuyn tip l ring bit. Kh nng ca MPLS phn bit cc chc nng quan trng ny to ra mt phng php mi lm thay i phng thc truyn cc gi d liu qua mng Internet. MPLS ch yu lm vic vi cc giao thc lp 2 v lp 3, v cng hot ng trong nhiu kiu thit b mng khc. Cng ngh lp 2.5 l mt cch nhn v MPLS. Hnh sau trnh by MPLS c xem nh l mt lp chn m t t n vo gia lp mng v lp lin kt d liu. Lp 4 7 (Lp truyn ti, phin, trnh din, ng dng) Lp 3 (lp mng) Lp 2.5 (MPLS) Lp 2 (lin kt d liu)

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Lp 1 (lp vt l) Hnh 6.3. Lp chn MPLS M hnh ny ban u xut hin nh l mt m hnh khng ng nht vi OSI, m hnh ny ch ra rng MPLS khng phi l mt lp mi ring, m n l mt phn o ca mt phng iu khin di lp mng vi mt phng chuyn tip nh ca lp lin kt d liu. MPLS khng phi l mt giao thc tng mng mi bi v n khng c kh nng t nh tuyn hoc c s a ch, m yu cu phi c trong giao thc lp 3. MPLS s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn v cch nh a ch ca IP ( vi s iu chnh v m rng cn thit) MPLS cng khng phi l mt giao thc tng lin kt d liu bi v n c thit k hot ng trong nhiu cng ngh lin kt d liu ph bin m cung cp yu cu chc nng v a ch lp 2. 6.2.3. Cc thut ng trong MPLS B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn v b nh tuyn bin nhn(LSR v LER) Cc thit b tham gia trong k thut giao thc MPLS c th c phn loi thnh cc b nh tuyn bin nhn ( LER) v cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn (LSR). Mt LSR l 1 thit b nh tuyn tc cao trong li ca 1 mng MPLS, n tham gia trong vic thit lp cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP) bng vic s dng giao thc bo hiu nhn thch ng v chuyn mch tc cao lu lng s liu da trn cc ng dn c thit lp. Mt LER l 1 thit b hot ng ti bin (cnh ) ca mng truy nhp v mng MPLS. Cc LER h tr a cng c kt ni ti cc mng khng ging nhau ( chng hn FR, ATM v Ethernet ) v chuyn tip lu lng ny vo mng MPLS sau khi thit lp LSP, bng vic s dng cc giao thc bo hiu nhn ti li vo v phn b lu lng tr li mng truy nhp ti li ra. LER ng vai tr quan trng trong vic ch nh v hu b nhn, khi lng vo trong hay i ra khi mng MPLS Lp tng ng chuyn tip (FEC) FEC l mt s biu din ca nhm cc gi, cc nhm ny chia x cng yu cu trong s vn chuyn ca chng. Tt c cc gi trong mt nhm nh vy c cung cp cng cch chn ng ti ch. Ngc li vi chuyn tip IP truyn thng, trong MPLS vic gn mt gi c th vo mt FEC c th c thc hin

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ch mt ln khi cc gi vo trong mng. Cc FEC da trn cc yu cu dch v i vi mt tp cc gi cho trc hay n gin l i vi mt a ch cho trc (address prefix). Mi LSR xy dng mt bng xc nh xem mt gi phi c chuyn tip nh th no. Bng ny c gi l mt bng thng tin nhn c bn (LIB: Label Information Base), n l t hp cc rng buc FEC vi nhn Tiu MPLS MPLS nh ngha mt tiu c di 32 bit v c to nn ti LSR vo. N phi c t ngay sau tiu lp 2 bt k v trc mt tiu lp 3. y l IP v c s dng bi ingress LSR (LSR vo) xc nh mt FEC, lp ny s c xt li trong vn to nhn. Sau cc nhn c x l bi LSR transit (LSR chuyn tip). Khun dng v tiu MPLS c ch ra trong hnh1.4 . N bao gm cc trng sau: Nhn: Gi tr nhn 20 bits, gi tr ny cha nhn MPLS. Exp: thc nghim s dng 3 bits. S : bit ngn xp,1 bit, s dng sp xp a nhn. TTL: Thi gian sng, 8 bit, t ra mt gii hn m cc gi MPLS c th i qua. iu ny l cn thit bi v trng TTL IP khng c kim tra bi cc transit LSR (LSR chuyn tip)
Ti Tiu IP m MPLS Tiu lp 2

Nhn (20)

COS (3)

S (1)

TTL (8)

Hnh 1.4: nh dng cu trc nhn Ngn xp nhn Chuyn mch nhn c thit k co dn cc mng ln v MPLS h tr chuyn mch nhn vi cc hot ng phn cp, hot ng phn cp ny da trn kh nng ca MPLS c th mang nhiu hn mt nhn trong gi. Ngn xp nhn cho php thit k cc LSR trao i thng tin vi nhau v hnh ng ny ging nh vic to ng vin node to ra mt min mng rng ln v cc LSR khc. C th ni li rng cc LSR khc ny l node bn trong (transit node) mt min v khng lin quan n ng vin node (vi cu to router lin vng) v cc nhn c kt hp trong cc router ny.

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S x l mt gi nhn c hon thnh c lp vi tng mc ca s phn cp. l cc mc nhn th khng c LSR kim tra. gi hot ng n, cc chng trnh x l thng xuyn da trn nh nhn m khng cn quan tm n nhn trn n lc trc, hoc di n ti thi im hin ti. Kt hp lung FEC Cch thc cc lu lng o n cc FEC ti ra mt FEC ring bit cho mi a ch prefix. Phng php tip cn ny c kt qu trong vic thit lp cc FEC, cc lp ny c nh tuyn ging nhau ti node ra, vic hon i nhn c th ch c s dng chuyn lu lng ti node k tip. Trong tnh hung ny trong min MPLS, cc FEC ring r thc hin th s khng em li hiu qu tt. Trong quan nim ca MPLS, kt hp cc FEC ny to ra mt FEC c trng cho tt c l em li hiu qu nht. Trong tnh hung ny c hai la chn: Lin kt mt nhn ring bit ti mt min FEC.

- Lin kt mt nhn ti mt min, ng dng nhn kt hp vi tt c lu lng trong min. Th tc lin kt mt nhn n ti mt min kt hp cc FEC, min ny chnh l mt FEC (trong min MPLS ging nhau) v ng dng cc nhn cho tt c cc lu lng trong min kt hp. S kt hp lm gim bt s lng nhn cn thit iu khin mt cch chi tit mt b gi v cng lm gim i s lng lu lng iu khin phn phi nhn cn thit. Nhn v s lin kt nhn Mt nhn c s dng xc nh ng dn cho mt gi i qua. Mt nhn c mng hay c ng gi vo trong tiu lp 2 cng vi gi. B nh tuyn nhn kim tra cc gi vi ni dung nhn ca n quyt nh chng k tip. Mi khi gi c dn nhn th phn cn li hnh trnh ca gi qua ng trc mng c da trn chuyn mch nhn. Gi tr nhn ch c ngha cc b, ngha l chng ch lin quan n cc chng gia cc LSR. Mi ln mt gi c phn loi nh mt FEC mi hay FEC ang tn ti, mt nhn c phn b cho gi. Cc gi tr nhn nhn c t lp lin kt d liu nm pha di. Vi cc lp lin kt d liu (nh FR hay ATM), cc b nhn dng lp 2 nh l b nhn dng kt ni tuyn s liu (DLCI: Data Link Connection Identifier) trong mng chuyn tip khung (FR: Frame Relay) hay b nhn dng ng o (VPI: Virtual Path Identifier)/ b nhn dng knh o (VCI: Virtual

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Channel Identifier) trong mng ATM, c th c s dng mt cch trc tip nh cc nhn. Cc gi sau c chuyn tip da vo gi tr nhn ca chng. Cc nhn c rng buc ti mt FEC nh mt kt qu ca mt vi s kin hay chnh sch. iu ny ch ra mt yu cu cho rng buc nh vy. Nhng s kin ny c th hoc l cc rng buc d liu hay cc rng buc iu khin. Rng buc iu khin hay c s dng hn do c cc tnh cht m rng tin tin v c s dng trong nh tuyn thng tin trong mng MPLS. Cc quyt nh phn b nhn c th da trn cc tiu chun chuyn tip, chng hn nh: nh tuyn n hng ch. K thut lu lng. a hng (Multicast). Mng ring o (VPN: Virtual Private Network). QoS. Nhn c th nhng trong tiu ca lp lin kt d liu (VPI/VCI ATM v DLCI FR ) hay trong lp m . To nhn v phn b nhn C mt s phng php c s dng trong vic to nhn: + Phng php da trn hnh (topology-based): s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn thng thng nh OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) v BGP (Border Gateway Protocol: Giao thc cng ng bin). + Phng php da trn yu cu (request-based): s dng iu khin lu lng da trn yu cu nh RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol: Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn). + Phng php da trn lu lng: s dng s tip nhn ca gi phn b thng tin nhn Cc phng php da trn hnh v da trn yu cu l cc v d v cc rng buc nhn iu khin, trong khi phng php da trn lu lng l mt v d v cc rng buc d liu. Kin trc MPLS khng s dng mt phng php bo hiu phn b nhn. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ang tn ti nh BGP, c tng cng mang thng tin nhn trong ni dung ca giao thc. RSVP cng c m rng h tr vic trao i nhn c mang. IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force: Nhm c trch k thut Internet) nh ngha mt giao thc c gi l Giao thc phn b nhn (LDP: Label Distribution Protocol) cho bo hiu tng minh

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v qun l khng gian nhn. S m rng ti giao thc LDP c bn cng c nh ngha h tr nh tuyn tng minh da trn cc yu cu v QoS v CoS. Nhng s m rng ny c lu gi trong nh tuyn da trn rng buc (CR: Constraint-based Routing) - nh ngha giao thc LDP. Mt tng kt v cc lc khc nhau cho vic trao i nhn nh sau: LDP - nh x cc ch IP n hng vo cc nhn. RSVP, CP-LDP - c s dng cho k thut lu lng v t trc ti nguyn. Multicast c lp giao thc - c s dng cho vic nh x nhn cc trng thi a hng. BGP cc nhn bn ngoi (VPN). ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP) Mt tp hp MPLS cc thit b c cho php biu din mt min MPLS. Trong mt min MPLS, mt ng dn c thit lp cho mt gi c di chuyn da trn mt FEC. LSP c thit lp trc truyn dn d liu. MPLS cung cp 2 chc nng sau thit lp mt LSP:

nh tuyn theo tng chng (hop by hop routing): Mi LSR la chn mt cch c lp tuyn k tip vi mt FEC cho trc. Phng php ny l tng ng vi phng php c s dng hin nay trong cc mng IP. LSR s dng mi giao thc nh tuyn c th nh OSPF, giao din mngmng ring ATM (PNNI: Private Network to Network Interface), etc

nh tuyn tng minh (ER:Explicit Routing): nh tuyn tng minh tng t vi nh tuyn ngun. LSR li vo (ngha l LSR ni m dng d liu bt u ti mng u tin) xc nh danh sch cc node m ER-LSP i qua. ng dn c xc nh c th l khng ti u. Dc ng dn cc ti nguyn c th c t trc m bo QoS cho lu lng d liu. ng ny lm gim nh cho k thut lu lng thng qua mng v cc dch v khc nhau c th c cung cp bng cch s dng cc lung da trn cc chnh sch hay cc phng php qun l mng. LSP thit lp cho mt FEC v bn cht l khng n hng. Lu lng ngc li phi s dng LSP khc. Khng gian nhn Cc nhn c s dng bi mt LSR vi cc rng buc FEC-nhn c lit k nh sau:

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 per platform Cc gi tr l duy nht vt qua ton b LSR. Cc nhn c b tr t mt thng cha nhn chung. Khng c 2 nhn c phn b trn cc giao din khc nhau c cng gi tr. per interface Vng nhn (phm vi nhn) c kt hp vi cc giao din. Cc thng a nhn c nh ngha cho cc giao din v cc nhn c cung cp trn cc giao din ny c nh v t cc thng tch bit. Gi tr cc nhn c cung cp trn cc giao din khc nhau c th ging nhau. Hp nht nhn Dng lu lng n t cc giao din khc nhau c th c kt hp cng nhau v c chuyn mch bng vic s dng mt nhn chung nu chng ang i qua mng hng ti cng mt ch cui cng. iu ny c bit nh l s hp nht lung hay kt hp cc lung. Nu mng truyn ti nm bn di l mt mng ATM, cc LSR c th s dng hp nht ng o (VP) hay knh o (VC). Trong kch bn ny, cc vn an xen t bo xut hin khi nhiu dng lu lng c kt hp trong mng ATM, cn phi c trnh. S duy tr nhn MPLS nh ngha s c x cho cc rng buc nhn nhn c t cc LSR, khng phi l chng k tip vi mt FEC cho. Hai ch c nh ngha: Bo ton (conservative) Trong ch ny, cc rng buc gia mt nhn v mt FEC nhn c t cc LSR khng l chng k tip cho mt FEC cho trc b hu b. Ch ny cn mt LSR duy tr s nhn t hn. y l ch c khuyn khch s dng cho cc LSR ATM. T do (liberal) Trong ch ny, cc rng buc gia mt nhn v mt FEC nhn c t cc LSR khng l chng k tip vi mt FEC cho trc c gi nguyn. Ch ny cho php tng thch nhanh hn vi cc thay i cu hnh v cho php chuyn mch lu lng ti cc LSP khc trong trng hp c s thay i. iu khin nhn MPLS nh ngha cc ch cho vic phn b nhn ti cc LSR ln cn nh sau: c lp (Independent) Trong ch ny, mt LSR nhn dng mt FEC no v ra quyt nh rng buc mt nhn vi mt FEC mt cch c lp phn b rng buc n cc thc th ng mc ca n. Cc FEC mi c nhn dng bt c khi no cc tuyn (route) tr nn r rng vi router. C th t (ordered) Trong ch ny, mt LSR rng buc mt nhn vi mt FEC no nu v ch nu n l router li ra hay n nhn c mt rng
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buc nhn cho FEC t LSR chng k tip ca n. Ch ny c khuyn ngh s dng cho cc LSR ATM. 6.2.4. Cc c tnh hot ng, iu hnh ca MPLS Cc bc sau phi c thc hin vi mt gi d liu i qua mt min MPLS: To v phn b nhn. To bng ti mi router. To cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP). Chn/tm kim bng nhn. Chuyn tip gi. Ngun gi d liu ca n ti ch. Trong mt min MPLS khng phi tt c lu lng ngun l cn thit c chuyn qua cng ng dn. Ph thuc vo c tnh lu lng, cc LSP khc nhau c th c to cho cc gi vi cc yu cu CoS khc nhau. Trong hnh 6.5, LER1 l router li vo v LER4 l router li ra

Cc bc sau y minh ho hot ng MPLS tc ng ti gi d liu trong mt min MPLS. To & phn b nhn Trc khi lu lng bt u, cc router quyt nh rng buc mt nhn vi mt FEC xc nh v xy dng bng ca chng. Trong LDP, cc router ng xung khi to s phn b cc nhn v rng buc nhn/FEC.
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Ngoi ra, cc c tnh lin quan lu lng v kh nng MPLS c tho thun bng vic s dng LDP. To bng Ti pha nhn cc rng buc nhn, mi LSR to cc li vo trong c s thng tin nhn (LIB : Label Information Base). Ni dung ca bng s xc nh nh x gia mt nhn v mt FEC. nh x gia cng vo v bng nhn u vo ti cng ra v bng nhn u ra. Cc li vo c cp nht bt c khi no s ti m phn v rng buc nhn xy ra. To ng dn chuyn mch nhn . Nh c biu din bng ng ngt qung trong hnh 1.5, cc LSP c to phng ngc li vi s to cc li vo trong cc LIB. Chn/tm kim bng nhn Router u tin (LER1 trong hnh 1.5) s dng bng trong LIB tm chng k tip v yu cu mt nhn ch FEC xc nh. Cc router ch ln lt s dng nhn tm chng k tip. Mi ln gi chm ti LSR li ra (LER4), nhn c xo b v gi c cung cp cho ch. Chuyn tip gi . LER1 c th khng c nhn no cho gi ny khi l ln u tin xy ra yu cu ny. Trong mt mng IP, n s tm s ph hp a ch di nht tm chng k tip. Cho LSR1 l chng k tip ca LER1. LER1 s khi to mt yu cu nhn chuyn ti LSR1. Yu cu ny s pht thng qua mng. Mi router trung gian s nhn mt nhn t router pha sau n bt u t LER2 v i ln trn cho n LER1. Thit lp LSP c ch bo bi ng xanh da tri gy khc bng vic s dng LDP hay bt k giao thc bo hiu no khc. Nu k thut lu lng c yu cu, CR-LDP s c s dng trong vic quyt nh thit lp ng dn thc s chc chn yu cu QoS/CoS c tun th. LER1 s chn nhn v chuyn tip gi ti LSR 1. Mi LSR ln lt, ngha l LSR2 v LSR3, s kim tra nhn vi cc gi nhn c, thay th n vi cc nhn u ra v chuyn tip n. Khi gi ti LER4, n s xo b nhn bi v gi s ri khi min MPLS v phn pht ti ch. 6.2.5. Kin trc ngn xp trong MPLS Cc thnh phn MPLS ch yu c th c phn chia thnh cc phn sau: Cc giao thc nh tuyn (IP) lp mng.
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 Chuyn tip bin ca lp mng. Chuyn tip da trn nhn mng li. Lc nhn. Giao thc bo hiu phn b nhn. K thut lu lng. Kh nng tng thch vi cc lc chuyn tip lp 2 khc nhau (ATM, FR, PPP: Point to Point Protocol). Hnh 6.6 m t cc giao thc c th c s dng cho cc hot ng MPLS. Module nh tuyn c th l bt c giao thc no trong cc giao thc cng nghip ph bin. Ph thuc vo mi trng hot ng, module nh tuyn c th l OSPF, BGP hay PNNI ca ATM, etcModule LDP s dng TCP truyn dn tin cy cc d liu iu khin t LSR ny n LSR khc trong sut mt phin. LDP cng duy tr LIB. LDP s dng UDP trong sut qu trnh khm ph ca n v trng thi hot ng. Trong trng thi ny, LSP c gng nhn dng cc phn t ln cn v cng nh s c mt ca chnh cc tn hin ca n vi mng. iu ny c thc hin thng qua trao i gi. IP Fwd l module chuyn tip IP c in, n tm kim chng k tip bng vic so snh ph hp vi a ch di nht trong cc bng ca n. Vi MPLS, iu ny c thc hin ch bi cc LER. MPLS Fwd l module chuyn tip MPLS, n so snh mt nhn vi mt cng u ra v chn s ph hp nht vi mt gi cho.Cc lp c biu din trong hp vi ng gp khc c th c thc hin bng phn cng hot ng nhanh v c hiu qu.

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TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Nguyn Hng Sn, C s k thut chuyn mch v tng i, NXB Gio dc, 2001 [2] Dng Vn Thnh, C s k thut chuyn mch, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2000 [3] Tm hiu v mng th h mi NGN, Trung tm ng dng cng ngh- Vin KHKT Bu in, 2005 [4] H. Jonathan Chao, Cheuk H. Lam, Eiji Oki, Broadband Packet Switching Technologies [5] Roger L. Freeman, Fundamental of telecommuniction

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