PRESENTED BY:Prem Ranjan Singh GET 2006, 81929 Batch C

INTRODUCTION TO AERODYNAMICS


Aerodynamics is a branch of fluid dynamics concerned with the study of forces acting on objects moving through the air.

The solution of an aerodynamic problem normally involves calculating for various properties of the flow, such as velocity, pressure, density, and temperature, as a function of space and time.

AERODYNAMIC DRAG


When a Object moves, the air exerts a force on the object that resists its motion. This force is the aerodynamic drag. Aerodynamic drag w1/2 D x A x V 2
Drag = 1/391 x Cd x A x V 2 (For Real Body Shape)

Coefficient of drag (Cd): This is a number that is a measure of an objects resistance to the fluid it passes through.lower numbers meaning the object has greater aerodynamic properties. In case of automobile this number should be as low as possible.

COMPONENTS OF DRAG


Aerodynamic drag has two components. Form or pressure drag. Pressure drag is almost 80% responsible for the total aerodynamic drag Skin friction drag : The skin friction drag is caused by the shear forces acting on the sides of vehicle and contributes only 20% of the total aerodynamic drag.

AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON PLANE

CLASSIFICATION OF AERODYNAMICS
AERODYNAMICS

Flow Environment

Flow Speed Subsonic aerodynamics Transonic aerodynamics Supersonic aerodynamics Hypersonic Aerodynamics

Flow Viscosity Inviscid Flow

External aerodynamics Internal aerodynamics

Viscous Flow

APPLICATION OF AERODYNAMICS
 

Aerospace engineering. In structural engineering to calculate wind loads in the design of large buildings and bridges. It is a significant factor in any type of vehicle design, including automobiles. Prediction of forces and moments in sailing. The field of environmental aerodynamics studies the ways atmospheric circulation and flight mechanics affects ecosystems. The aerodynamics of internal passages is important in heating/ventilation, gas piping, and in automotive engines.

 

FORCE CALCULATION


Two Ways to calculate these forces:1. Experimental testing of any object by using wind tunnel test. -Fabricate the object. -measure all flow parameters in flowing fluid

CONTINUED
2. AERODYNAMIC MODELING AND SIMULATION By Modeling of that object in 3D solid modeling software like PRO-E and CATIA and then Analysis of that object by using any CFD (computational fluid dynamics) software like FLUENT. - Geometrical and Material specification. - Make a 3D solid model of object. - Analysis in CFD software.

AIRODYNAMIC SIMULATION


COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS CFD is a tool to analyze fluid flow. CFD is meant for engineers designing products that relate to the flow of gases or liquids, heat transfer and fluid forces on solids . Advantage of using CFD simulation :- Costs incurred in time and resources are much less than experimental testing. - This cost advantage comes with no compromise on the accuracy of the results. - Another advantage of CFD is that it need not wait for the design to be complete. CFD analysis is done on a parallel basis along with the design phase and hence further timesavings. - All information can be used in future.

STEPS INVOLVED IN CFD SIMULATION

 

The geometry (physical bounds) of the problem is defined. The volume occupied by the fluid is divided into discrete cells (the mesh). The physical modelling is defined. Boundary conditions are defined. This involves specifying the fluid behaviour and properties at the boundaries of the problem. For transient problems, the initial conditions are also defined. The equations are solved iteratively as a steady-state or transient. Analysis and visualization of the resulting solution.

 

 

MESHING

AND

SIMULATION

Assumptions Made In Aerodynamics



Continuity Assumption: properties such as density, pressure, temperature, and velocity are taken to be well-defined at infinitely small points, and are assumed to vary continuously from one point to another. The discrete, molecular nature of a gas is ignored. Conservation laws: Conservation of mass: Matter is not created or destroyed. If a certain mass of fluid enters a volume, it must either exit the volume or increase the mass inside the volume. Conservation of momentum: Also called Newton's second law of motion Conservation of energy: Although it can be converted from one form to another, the total energy in a given system remains constant

AUTOMOTIVE AERODYNAMICS


Automotive aerodynamics is the study of the aerodynamics of road vehicles. Automotive aerodynamics differs from aircraft aerodynamics First the characteristic shape of a road vehicle is bluff , compared to an aircraft. Second, the vehicle operates very close to the ground, rather than in free air. Third, the operating speeds are lower.

Concerns of automotive aerodynamics: - How to reduce drag ? - How to reduce wind noise? - How to Prevent undesired lift forces at high speeds? - To produce desirable downwards aerodynamic forces to improve traction and thus cornering abilities in racing cars.

TRUCK AERODYNAMICS

The fuel cost is approx. 1/3 of the operational cost

What is the challenge?

Airflow pattern around an Unaerodynamic truck

Main Development Areas

      

Cab shape. Cab details. Air deflectors. Sun visor, Rear view mirrors. Chassis details. Side skirts. Wheel deflectors, floor panels.

What is the solution to reduce drag?



Tractor Aerodynamics: -By using roof fairings (an integrated air deflector mounted on the top of the cab). -Cab extenders (known as gap seals, which reduce the gap between the tractor and the trailer) -Side fairings. -And a front bumper air dam (to reduce air flow beneath the truck) Trailer Aerodynamics: -Reducing trailer gap from 45 to 25 inches could improve fuel economy as much as 2 percent. -By using side skirts can improve fuel economy by up to 5 percent. -Reduce drag by arranging cargo as low and smooth as possible.

Reducing Drag by using streamline flow

By Reducing Frontal Area



Aerodynamic drag w1/2 D x A x V 2

Type of vehicles Typical frontal area (m2) Typical wind-averaged coefficients

Rigid

8.75

0.7

Articulated

9.5

0.85

By using Nosecone


Nosecone smoothes airflow over the whole pan by reducing turbulence and drag at sides and rear.

Side Forces without nosecone

Side Forces with nosecone

Position Of Load

By using Concept Truck



These trucks are designed by the scania motor for future application .In this truck drag coefficient will be very low.

Development?

Where We (Ashok Leyland) Stand .???

REFERENCES

         

http://www.scania.co.uk/technology (Scania Ltd). http://www.cfdrc.com (CFD Research Corporation). http://www.wikipedia.org (Online Encyclopedia). http://www.howstuffworks.com http://www.nosecone.com.au (Nosecone the wind deflector). http://www.epa.gov/smartway (U.S.A Environmental Protection Agency). http://www.nasa.gov http://www.volvo.com http://www.google.com