B. Cytoplasmic Inclusions 1. Carbohydrates Characteristics a) They have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

b) Form bulges on the cell membrane on top of proteins and lipids. c) Fiber, sugar and starches are the main forms of carbohydrates. d) Polar and hydrophilic e) Form ring structures in water. a) 60-85% most abundant substance b) Universal solvent c) Has cohesion and adhesion. d) Has turbidity e) Made of hydrogen bonds f) High heat fusion g) Has a polarity h) Specific conductivity i) High heat Fusion j) Surface resistance low a) Many types of protein are found in the cell membrane. b) Perform a variety of functions. c) Extended through the lipid bilayer. d) Mostly are transmembral protein. e) Most proteins are GLYCOPROTEINS. f) Associate more loosely with the polar heads of membrane lipid. g) Made of amino acids. a) Basic structural framework b) Made of 3 types of lipid molecules: Phospholipid, Cholesterol, Glycolipid. c) Ampiphatic-have polar Functions a. For nutrition of the cell: glucose, glycogen b. Encourage the growth of healthy bacteria in the intestines for digestion c. Protect in heart disease and stroke. d. Low fat and sugar and promote weight loss. e. Enhance the health of the large intestine. a) Provide fluid medium for dissolved substances. b) Allow suspended particles to freely flow from one area to another. c) Facilitates in digestion d) Eliminates waste and toxins from the body. e) Helps to regulate body temperature. a) Function as receptors on membrane surfaces. b) Form channels for the passage of ions and molecules. c) Transport specific substances across the membrane by changing shape. d) Recognizes ligands and alter cell functions. e) Catalyze reactions inside and outside the cell. f) Cell identity marker. g) Anchor filaments in and out of the cell. f) Serves as an energy storage. g) Facilitates cellular metabolism. h) A barrier for the cell. i) Controls and regulate

2. Water

3. Proteins

4. Lipid a. Fats

and non polar parts. d) Selectively permeable. e) Make a major part of the cell membrane in the form of glycolipids. b. Oil a) Contain Fatty acids b) An organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. c) Form of glycerides. d) It assumes as a lipid molecule created from a basic compound called glycerol. e) Hydrophobic.

j)

the floew of the material in and out of the cell. Signal transduction or transmission of information in cells.

a) It provides energy. b) For essential functioning and structures of body tissues. c) Acts as a carrier fat soluble vitamins. d) Lubricant system to prevent friction e) Serves as a protective padding and support.

III Nucleus

1. Nuclear Membrane

2. Nucleoplasm

3. Chromatin Network

4. Chromosomes

5. Genes

Characteristics 1. enclosed in a double- layered nuclear envelope. 2. Enhouses the genetic material 1. Double membrane nuclear envelope 2. Surrounding membrane the nucleus. 1. A liquid organic soup which fills out the nucleus. 1. The appearance of basophilic material in the nuclei of many cells after fixation. 1. Long molecule of DNA coiled together with several proteins. 2. Strands of genetic information 3. A threadlike structure containing dna. 1. Basic unit of genetic material.

Functions directs all cell activities.

Discoverer Robert Brown

1. Controls movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm. 1. Fills out the nucleus. 1. Proteins that makes up chromosomes.

Robert Brown

Walter Flemming

1. Directs protein synthesis. 2. Contains DNA that directs the cellular activity. 3. Carry genetic information.

Karl Wilhelm von Ngel

1. Acts as a unit of controlling information of a single polypeptide chain.

Gregor Mendel