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12.5
8.8
6.8
293
^!,
1995
34.2
34.2
10.5
19.6
,9.2
6.6
2.6
^!?,
14.5
22.4
1995
36.3
37.5
11.0
23.2
,14.6
6.1
8.5
^!?,
20.7
3.7
1995
13.0
10.0

49.2
51.1
12.3
21.6
7.1
13.6
6.5

41.9
41.9
8.1
17.6
13.1
20.3
7.3
16.2
4.1
;!? ,0 1995
49.5
50.5
12.4
19.7
6.8
43.6
45.4
,17.6
8.1
9.5
39.3
39.3
5.6
15.7
,9.3
18.6
8.1

43.2
44.4
16.6
24.1
15.2
7.9
1.4

18.0
1.1
294
15.2
1.1
1995
1 8 , 0
1995
,?118
39.2
39.2
17.6
27.1
,5.4
2.7
2.7
21.6
5.4
52.5
54.5
13.0
18.5
7.3
4.7
45.9
45.9
8.1
17,6
,5.4
2.7
55.3
57.5
9.7
17.0
2.7
23.0
15.0
4.1
6.8
13.8
4.8
J M C C
, ^ 0 0 1994
45.5
15.4
, J M C C
46.9
37.8
15.4
1994

40.0
14.2
47.6
30.0
9.9
12.5
43.3
11.9
46.3
40.9
10.8
47.3
29.9
23.9
23.1
16.8
12.9
295
, 1995
33.3
8.0
34.9
14.7
32.0
18.4
,!&:(: < 1996 (

43.4
8.4
45.0
17.4
22.4
15.2
42.3
7.7
46.1
9.6
38.9
12.3
41.6
18.5
44.2
17.1
23.4
18 ,1994 18
250
^!,(:
1994
33,8
32.7
7.8
19.5
32.3
7.1
18.4
28.7
6.5
13.1

, 1994
25.0
20.8
8.3
6.8
8.3
37.6
8.9
20.4
296
44.2
19.7
^ ! ? , 1994
^ ! ? , 1995
31.2
14.3
5.2
11.8
37.5
37.2
14.1
3.8
19.2
25.6
118 ,0 1995
^ ! ? , 1995
46.1
14.5
1.3
5.3
32.9

48.5
18.4
5.8
8.6
18.7

53.4
14.6
3.6
10.0
18.4

56.5
13.5
3.2
7.6
19.2
45.2
14.3
55.4
11.1
3.6
7.1
29.8
4.0
8.4
,CPRS 1995
50.7
6.8
5.5
13.7
23.3
20.2

49.3
13.4
3.9
7.6
25.7
297
38.6
14.3
4.3
10.0
32.9
58.4
14.1
3.2
8.6
16.3
,0?118 1995
48.1
68.5
8.9
43.1
7.4
24.1
,(:
1995
?
>>^1 ,. 1995
29.4
5.9
5.9
2.9
8.8
7.4
9.0
29.4
1.3
32.7
5.0
2.2
8.7
2.6
1.0
10.7
14.3
20.0
39.6
41.0
3.2
0.9
7.2
1.3
18.2
11.4
,3&10
< 1996 (
3.8
1.2
34.0
20.8
298

,^00
1995
66.7
9.8
9.8
2.0
11.9

55.6
3.0
6.2
1.4
7.1
26.7
118 ,0 1994

10.4
10.4
22.1
17.3
10.4
16.3
2.6
11.5
5.5
49.4
39.0
5.2
,0?1*8 1995
16.3
5,0
15.2
12.6
12.5
8.8
6.3
11.5
9.9
6.7
51.3
43,8
1994
38.7
51.5
45.3
39.8
9.8
8.5
6.4
299
3^100 , 1994
51.3
48.7
56.5
34.5
9.0
^00] 1 , 1995
20.0
44.4
16.7
18.9
39.8
27.3
14.5
13.7
4.7
:0?1*8
1994
1995
1995
1995
1995
16.0
34.0
19.6
10.0
12.0
30.0
51.0
38.0
36.0
29.0

,?118 1995
38.2
55.3
2.6
3.9
53,0
36.0
8.0
3.0
,0?1*8- 1995
17.4
79.3
43.5
3.5
300
45.2
9.8
1.5

,?118- 1995
42.7
24.7
32.6
49.5
28.8
21.7
,0?1*8 1995
45.0
21.3
20.0
13.8
59.6
12.1
24.2
0.4

(1 ,, 1995
19.2
46.2
34.6
21.7
51.8
25.2
1.3
,^00 1995
59.3
31.4
57.9
27.0
4.7
6.7
8.4
1(: ,,1 1995
13.0
58.0
18.8
10.1
25.5
48.4
14.7
7.5
3.9
301
, ^ 0
1995
34.4
46.2
15.1
4.3
45.0
36.2
12.2
4.4
2.2

,?118 1994

51.2

43.8

,?118 1994
40.0
53.3
5.0
49.8
38.7
11.5
! ? , 1994
53.8
20.5
64.5
18.5
21.8
3.9
14.4
2.6
!? , 1995
60.5
19.7
11.8
7.9
65.0
15.0
14.0
6.0
,?118- 1995
68.9
61.2
7.6
17.2
22.1
1.4
20.2
1.4
302

1996 ,Segal and Sa'id

19.0
21.0
15.0
18.0
27.0

30.0
20.0
15.0
16.0
19.0
, ,


18.0
34.0
15.0
10.0
23.0

23.0
29.0
16.0
16.0
16.0

16.0

22.0
18.0
21.0
13.0
20.0
16.0
22.0
30.0
23.0
,
31.0
44.0
16.0
23.0
30.0
20.0
21.0
15.0
303

! ? , 0 1994
7,7
24.4
17.9
17.9
19.2
12.8
! ? , 0 1995

8.8
22.6
29.5
15.6
3,1
20.4
10.5
15,8
14.0
23.0
19.7
17.1
30.0
9.0
8.0
16.0
7.9
28.9
8 ,0?1 1995
5.6
29.5
33.1
10.5
28.1
35.2
6.9
5.4
19.5
12.5
6.1
7.6

, ^ 0 0 1995
43.8
40.5
32.3
24.0
32.3
17.0
2.1
8.1
304
1995
24.3
47.1
28.6

37.1
38.0
15.0
1.5
8.4

^ ! ? , - 1996
58.2
18.3
17.4
6,1
70.8
0.7
13.8
14.7

,^(:0
1995
,mcc
54.9
30.8
14.3
1995

52.0
24.7
13.9
9.4
31.2
51.4
45.7
22.9
25.9
11.8
10.9
,0?118 1995
48.8
38.8
12.4

46.0
33.5
20.5
305
,0?1*8 1995
35.5
34.2
30.3
33.0
44.0
23.0
,?1*8
11.2
79.8
9.0
69.7
14.6
15.7
80.9
15.7
18.3
24.3
3.4
6.5
,?1*8 1996
20.0
74.0
6.0
21.1
70.1
8.7
57.4
33.7
8.9
58,5
31.9
9.6
16.2
29.3
53.5
11.3
30.5
50.0
1995
73.9
7.8
67.6
23.7
8.7
69.2
,0?1*8 1995
21.5
75.9
2.5
4.6
,0?118 1995
60.5
22.4
67.0
21.0
17.1
12.0
306

14.1
81.3
118 ,0 1995
59.5
27.4
13.1
65.0
22.7
12.3
18 ,0- 1995
59.5
27.4
13.1
70.6
18.8
10,6
-
,0?118 1994
52.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
51.7
10.9
20.4
17.0

^ ! ? ,- 1995
92.0
3.4
3.4
86.3
9.0
2.8
1.1
1.9

,0?118 1994
56.3

67.3
13.0
14.2
,0?118 1994
51.3
30.3
57.3
26.4
17.9
16.3
307
,0?118 1995
64.0
22.7
13.3
67.8
19.4
12.8
^ , 1995
74.4
11.4
71.3
13.8
13.9
14.9
0 > ^ , 1996
92.3
7.7
83.9
8.4
7.7

^ , 1996

38.2

77.2

,?1*8 1995
67.6
29.7
2.7
80.4
15.0
4.6

^ ! ? , 1995
74.7
25.3
308

70.4
24.7
4.9
, 1995

, ^ ( : 0 1995
17.9
19.2
22.1
20.4
26.6
8.6
78.8
10.0
42.5
84.7
18.8
56.8
53.8
22.5
13.8
22.7
23.9
43.4
39.7
0.3
, ^ ( : 0 1996
19.2
18.9
3.4

) >

16.1
22.6
1.1
44.1
16.1

19.9
17.5
3.0
45.0
7.6
7.0
19.1
28.1
57.4
23.5
49.8
14.0
8.1
309
2

1997
A

6

313
315

,
,
American Foreign Policy, Near and Middle East Documents
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FBIS, Daily Report

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169
236
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3 7 - 1 3 8 ,118 ,108 ,101 ,96 ,93 ,
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245 ,219 ,180 ,177 ,169 ,145
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268-270 ,265-266 ,261 ,254

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223-225
267 ,254 ,244-245 ,235 ,232 ,213 ,211
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131,38
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215
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246 ,200 ,117

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50,46
223-224 ,215 ,99

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83 ,80-81
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197
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271
106-107
158
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236
31
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31
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245-246
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88-90 ,81-84

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23
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221,174,170,166
33
81-95

172
252 ,40
192-193
201
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178
149
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216
335

264 ,232 ,226 ,79-80 ,60-61
40 , 6 ;
65 ,140 ,131 ,117 ,94-95 ,73-75 ,38,
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) 8 0 0 ( ;27 ,64 ,44
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;73-74
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222-223 ,117 ,73-75 ,64 ,44 ,29-34
;265-266 ,161-183 ,141-144 ,133-136

11
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;73-74
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;171 ,151-161 73
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264 ,250 ,246 ,221 ,210 ,206 ,180-182
;249 ,110 ,100-107 ,98 ,85-87

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,82-85 ,73 ,69-70 ,63,31-32

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;268
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;257 ,235-237 ,227-232 ,227
171-176 8 1 7 6 -
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;231 ,68-69 ,63-64
;246 ,242-243 ,235 ,34 ,27-29
;228-229 ,222-223 ;80-81
246 ,242-243 ,28-35
83-84
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,100 ,93-96 ,90 ,85 ,76-81 ,55 ,37
251-252
,148-149 ,142 ,124 ,121 ,118 ,103-113

,250 ,248 ,237 ,224 ,188 ,182-185
;263-266 ,255-256
,199 ,196 ,189 ,34

251 ,216 ,212-213 ,203-206
;238 ,227 ,104 ,74

;151-161 ,95 ,73
161,6
,180 ,178 ,161 ,155 ,140 ,131 ,100-101

;269,256,238,213,209,196
162
;84 ,74-75 242 ,74

;233,135,84 4 , 8 6 -
112
;157 ,139 ,142-143,73-114
,76-77 ,34-35 ,27-30 ,22-23,11
;227 ,115-132,88-97,82,38
133-148
268-270 ,260-261 ,110
337
,203-207 ,193 ,45 ,17-23 ,11-14

271 ,258-260 ,236-238
,88 ,80-84 ,68 ,65 ,61 ,29-31 ,21-27

,145 ,141 ,131 ,120-124 ,103 ,91-96
,210 ,205 ,202 ,198 ,195 ,181 ,174 ,162
169 ,134 ,20-21
;253 ,245 ,237 ,223-227 ,219 ,214

,123-134 ,119 ,115 ,88-97 ,73
6-7
;265 ,250-253 ;123

,242 ,119-132 ,115
,239 ,236 ,231-233 ,81 ,77-78 ,59
;253 - 8 2 ; 8
3 0 - 1 3 1 , 1 2 8 ,85 ,82 :
267 ,246
;121 ;149 ,119-127

,127-131,115-116
;263 ;263,116 1988
;29-34 1967
;119-124,81-82,36-37 1967
;117-118 1990 1982
;123
;116-117 -,116 1987 1996
;133,85,52-53,47-49,37-38 1967
;116 ;263,117-118,75 1989
,133,57 ,50 ,35 ,30
117
260 ,246 ,143
,124-128 ,121,115
14-17
;263 ,253 ,223 ,115 ,100

223 ,148 ,125
,196 ,189 ,139-140 ,128 ,37-38 ,27

270 ,252-253 ,211-212
,120 ,78 ,53 ,47 ,40-41 ,35-38 ,23-24

,210-214 ,200 ,137 ,133-134 ,128-131
25-26
;252-253 ,246 ,242 ,240

128-132
,267 ,257-259 ,20-26 ,14

;271 91 ,26 9 4 , ,
270-271 ,257-258 ,246 ,235-238
;248-249
;248-251 269
) 1948( 1967 ;57 ,29-30

) ( ) 1982 ;43 ,35-36(
;5-11 6
71 ,96
) 1991 ;264 ,116 ,80( 90 ,87-88

,111 ,102,98 ,87,85 ,82 ,66 ,57 ,53
;250 ,46-50 250-251 ,49-50
,193-196 ,191 ,188-189 ,136 ,129-130

,244 ,232-233 ,225 ,218 ,216 ,211 200,
;270 ,269 ,264 ,260 ,255
;27-29
50 ,30-35
,111 ,84-87 ,81-82 ,71 ,66-67 ,53-54

,189-196 ,186 ,148 ,130 ,117-118 ,114
,232-237 ,217-226 ,209-211 201,
45
269-271 ,262-264 ,254-258
338
116-117 ,59-72
0 260 ,249 ,232 ,209 ,148 ,24-26
249-251
268 ,149-161
258-259

,253-254 ,249 ,43-45 ,22-23 ,12-13
,82-83,62 ,60 ,34 ,30-32
;267-270 ,259-261 50 ,34-35
,120-122 ,116 ,112 ,109 ,100-106

,235 ,242-244 ,225 ,131 ,125-126
5-11
;260 ,248-254 ,252 ,40-41

;263 ,82 ,66-67 ,62-63
8-11
;242-245 ,76-77 ,70 ,61-63 ,39

6-7
;123 ,79-80 ;100 ,68 ,24

/ ;210-215
220 ,215 ,57-58
,131 ,128 ,115 ,78 ,41 ,38 ,24

;242-243 ,225 ,213-215 ,210 ,139-140
/ ,55 ,49 ,36-40 ,27
,199 ,120-132 ,100-106 ,82-83 ,62 ,59
,57 ,47-48 ,23 ,17

260-261 ,254
;252-253 ,225 ,213-215 ,209-210

;263 ,68 ,41-43
;39-40 252-253 ,39-40
,211,76 ,66 ,59 ,56 ,39-42 ,33
,165 ,144-147 ,140 ,131 ,101-103 ,35

,245-247 ,241 ,220 ,210 ,178-183 ,170
;268-269 ;245 ,166
;252 ,224 ,130-135 ,24
)( ,167-168 ,164
,233 ,225 ,217 ,210-215 ,193 ,148
;177-178 ;166 ,99
; 270 ,263 ,261 ,256 ,252-253
;176-181
;166-171 ;144 ,140
;225 ,131 ,79 ,41 ,37
164-165 ,151-161
197
;67 ,60 ;62-72
;62-72 62-72
45

133-134
;35-37 56 ,52
86 ,147 ,139,197 ,190 ,
181-183 ,166-169
,259 ,252-253 ,211-213 ,206 ,202-203
262
;216 ,18-19 216,18
;254 ,140
;254 ,248-249 ,200-201 ,17-18
,137 ,127-129 ,121-124
,201-203
;196 ,190-192 ,155
257
,196-197 ,185-186 ,167 ,144 ,138-139

;270 ,221 ) (17
339
;197,140,131
;140
;220
) ( ,190-191 ,161 ,143 ,38

256
;210
;266-267 ,137 ,130
,209
,135-137,122,98-114 ,25-26
,238
;202-203 ,186 ,140
,207-234 ,197 ,157 ,147 ,142-143
,109-110 ,100-102 ,85
;266-271 ,261-262 ,255 ,245 ,241
,181-183 ,161-165 ,145-148 ,139-140

,245-247 ,239 ,218-219 213,
,250
;268,192,146 ,138,130-132
; P I S G A
,108 ,84 ,79-80 ,62-72
,263-264
,117
267
,141-148
,255-256 ,246-248 ,238-241 ,168-170

;268-270 ,259-262
;146 ,138
,180 ,128-131
;196
- ,241-248 ,235 ,219

;270
97-98

;269 ,259 ,255-256
;49
- 1 1 5 ,86-100 ,73,71 ,
;165
,191-194 ,50 ,19-20 ,14 ,8

,256-257 ,236-238 ,207-234 ,198-200
;270-271
,189
;269,259,255,250,184,164
,20-22
;257,230,228,191-194
,161
,104-114 ,48-49 ,38 ,26
;17-18
,18-20
50-54
,185-191 ,159 ,141-148 ,138 ,124-126

,262 ,249-258 ,225-231 ,201-220 ,197
;221
;268-270
;262 ,222 ,216 ,208 ,203
;251
,139
203
,228 ,216 ,204-207 ,21

,257-259
;270 ,249 ,203-207
,21
) ( ,56 ,41-42
,139
151-183
270
,203-207
270
1967
,89-90 ,86 ,80 ,76-77 ,53,45
,214-215 ,193 ,182 ,134 ,131
,218
,258-260 ,255 ,240-250 ,235-241

;266-267
,264
,68-71 ,60-65
111-113 ,101-102

,123
,109 ,89-90 ,86 ,59 ,53 ,45
,123
,181-182 ,179 ,170 ,163 ,157 ,132-134

,258 ,255 ,220 214,
264
340
Appendices
Maps
1. Documents from resolutions of Arab Summit conferences

2. Documents from negotiations between Israel and Egypt
3. Documents from negotiations between Israel and
the Palestinians
4. Jordan and the Holy Places in Jerusalem
5. Between Israel and Jordan
6. Israeli documents
7. Palestinian documents
8. Palestinian public opinion surveys, 1994-1996
273
275
281
283
287
289
291
292
1. Jerusalem: Recommended jurisdictional and physical

boundaries for the city
311
2. Metropolitan Jerusalem: Distribution of Jewish and Arab

population, 1997, in view of the Oslo Accords
3. The Metropolitan Area of Jerusalem
313
315
References
317
Name Index
329
Subject Index
337
Chapter Five
Chapter Six
The PLO Takes Steps to Bolster Palestinian Identity

of East Jerusalem
Boycotting of institutions and political processes
Establishment of counter-institutions
Jerusalem versus Gaza
133
134
136
141
The Political Profile of East Jerusalem Inhabitants

and their Representatives
Public opinion positions
Political support: organizations and political parties
Support of candidates to head the Palestinian Authority
149
149
151
153
A political stance on current affairs

"Soft" protest in Jerusalem
Political behavior: Elections for the Palestinian Authority's
Legislative Council and its Presidency
156
159
Palestinian willingness to participate in elections

Election arrangements, candidate lists, preparations
162
and propaganda
The elections
164
175
The elected delegates

An outline of the Palestinian political organization
176
181
Chapter Seven Israeli Policies and Steps
161
185
Closing Palestinian institutions and offices and curtailing

their moves
185
The Jerusalem Municipality versus the Government of Israel

Jerusalem: an escape hatch from the Oslo Accords
Competition for exclusively Arab space
Israel appeals on the demographic balance
Attempts to undermine the Oslo Accords using the
planning and building laws
Har Homa: the barrier on the way to realization of the
Oslo Accords
Conclusion
191
195
198
203
207
216
Bridges Over a Torn City
235
Beginning permanent status negotiations

Beilin-Abu-Mazen understandings
235
241
Patterns of division, function and competition
248
Peace in small doses
260
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter One
1
The Arena: A Frontier City
A frontier city and multi-cultural cities
Soft, flexible and passable borders
The division of Jerusalem: 1937-1967
Jerusalem versus The Temple Mount
A city united in theory but divided in reality
Chapter Two
5
5
11
27
38
43
The Curtain Rises: Jerusalem in the Peace

Negotiations between Israel and Egypt
59
To Sinai via Jerusalem: President Sadat's journey to Jerusalem
59
The Camp David Summit: Peace despite Jerusalem

Jerusalem and the autonomy negotiations: a bilingual dialogue
The Camp David model: An indirect approach and its limitations
62
65
70
Chapter Three The PLO: From the Sidelines to Center Stage
73
The PLO: Politics stops at the gates of Jerusalem

Professor Walid Khalidi: East Jerusalem is separate from
73
the 1948 and the 1967 territories

The Hamas: East Jerusalem stretches to the 1948 borders
75
78
Bypassing Jerusalem and the PLO

80
An accepted lie: the PLO is not active in Jerusalem
88
From Jerusalem to Tunis, Madrid, Washington, Oslo and back
95
The Declaration of Principles between Israel and the Palestinians 109
Flexibility, remorse and competition
113
Chapter Four
The Chorus Sings: The Collective Organizations

and their Contribution to the Negotiations
115
Arab summit meetings
116
Conference of Islam States
119
The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies Research Series No. 81
The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies engages in policy studies, applied research,
and public discussion in the following areas: The peace process; Jerusalem;
technological-industrial policy in Israel and in the world at large; and social
policy.
During the last few years, a think tank has been working on options for the
solution to the Jerusalem issue within the framework of a permanent accord
between Israel and the Palestinians. The author is a member of this team. However,
the views expressed in this paper reflect solely the views of the author and not the
views of the team.
This publication was made possible by funds granted by the Charles H. Revson
Foundation of New York
The statements made and the views expressed are the sole
responsibility of the author
ISSN 033-8681
1999, The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies

The Hay Elyachar House
20a Radak St., 92186 Jerusalem
www.jiis.org.il
Doves over Jerusalem's Sky

The Peace Process and the City 1977-1999
Menachem Klein
The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies

,
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.

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81

20 , 92186
02-5630175 :
02-5639814 :

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