M

A
T
H

Z
C
2
3
2
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g

M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s

I
I
B
y
D
r
.

S
a
r
o
j

K
u
m
a
r

S
a
h
a
n
i
B
a
s
i
c
s

o
f

L
a
p
l
a
c
e

T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
D
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n

L
e
t

f
b
e

a

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

d
e
f
i
n
e
d

f
o
r











.

T
h
e
n

t
h
e

i
n
t
e
g
r
a
l
a
n
d

d
e
n
o
t
e
d

b
y















i
s

s
a
i
d

t
o

b
e

t
h
e

L
a
p
l
a
c
e

T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
o
f

f
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d

t
h
e

i
n
t
e
g
r
a
l

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
s
.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
s

2
.
L
(
e
a
t
)

=

E
x
p
[
-
(
s

a
)
t
]

d
t

=

1
/
[
s

a
)


f
o
r

s

>
a
.
0

t
(
)

0
d
t
t
f
e
s
t
(
)
{
}
t
f
L
{
}
s
s
t
d
t
e
L
s
e
s
t
1
1
0
0
=

=
=

0
>
s

L
i
n
e
a
r
i
t
y

p
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
:

L
[
f
(
t
)

+

g
(
t
)
]

=

L
[
f
(
t
)

+

L
[
g
(
t
)
]

I
f

w
e

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
e

f
i
r
s
t

e
x
a
m
p
l
e

w
r
t

s
,

o
n

b
o
t
h

s
i
d
e
s

w
e

g
e
t

A
g
a
i
n

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
i
n
g
,

w
e

g
e
t

C
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
n
g


i
n

t
h
i
s

w
a
y

w
e

g
e
t

T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,

L
(
t
n
)

=

n

!

/

s
(
n
+
1
)

=
| |
\ |
=


0
2
0
1
1
s
d
t
t
e
o
r
s
d
s
d
d
t
e
d
s
d
s
t
s
t

=
0
3
2
2
s
d
t
t
e
s
t
1
0
! +

n
n
s
t
s
n
d
t
t
e
P
i
e
c
e
w
i
s
e

C
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
y

A

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

f

i
s

s
a
i
d

t
o

b
e

p
i
e
c
e
w
i
s
e

c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s

o
n

[
0
,

)
,
i
f

,

i
n

a
n
y

i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l



0

b
,

t
h
e
r
e

a
r
e

a
t
m
o
s
t

a

f
i
n
i
t
e

n
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

p
o
i
n
t
s

t
k
,

k

=

1

t
o

n
,

a
t

w
h
i
c
h

f

h
a
s

f
i
n
i
t
e

d
i
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
i
e
s

a
n
d

c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s

o
n

e
a
c
h

o
p
e
n

i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l

(
t
k

1

,

t
k
)
.

E
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l

O
r
d
e
r
E
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l

O
r
d
e
r
E
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l

O
r
d
e
r
E
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l

O
r
d
e
r
A

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

f

i
s

s
a
i
d

t
o

b
e

o
f

e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l

o
r
d
e
r

c

i
f

t
h
e
r
e

e
x
i
s
t
s

a

c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t

c
,

s
u
c
h

t
h
a
t

f
o
r

s
o
m
e

M

>

0

a
n
d

T

>

0

w
e

h
a
v
e



|
f
(
t
)
|

M

E
x
p

(
c
t
)


f
o
r

a
l
l


t

>

T
.
S
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
S
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
S
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
S
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
:

L
a
p
l
a
c
e

T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m

o
f

f
(
t
)

e
x
i
s
t
s

i
f

f
(
t
)

i
s

P
i
e
c
e
w
i
s
e

c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s

a
n
d

o
f

e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l

o
r
d
e
r
.
F
i
r
s
t

T
r
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
o
n

T
h
e
o
r
e
m

(
4
.
6
,

p
.

2
0
4
)

C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
R
e
p
l
a
c
i
n
g

s

b
y

s
-
a

o
n

b
o
t
h

s
i
d
e
s

g
i
v
e
s
N
o
t
e
:
I
f

y
o
u

k
n
o
w

L
T

o
f

f
(
t
)
,

t
h
e
n

y
o
u

c
a
n

w
r
i
t
e

L
T

o
f
b
y

r
e
p
l
a
c
i
n
g

s

b
y

s
-
a

i
n

F
(
s
)
.

I
f


















a
n
d

a
i
s

a
n
y

r
e
a
l

n
u
m
b
e
r

t
h
e
n

C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r

t
h
e

f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g

e
x
a
m
p
l
e
(
)
{
}
(
)
s
F
t
f
L
=
(
)
{
}
(
)
a
s
F
t
f
e
L
a
t

=
{
}
1
! +
=
n
n
s
n
t
L
{
}
(
)
1
5
5
!
+

+
=

n
n
t
s
n
t
e
L
{
}
(
)
6
5
3
3
!
5

=
s
t
e
L
t

(
)
(
)
s
F
d
t
t
f
e
s
t
=

0
(
)
(
)
a
s
F
d
t
t
f
e
e
a
t
s
t

0
(
)
t
f
e
a
t
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
1
.

W
e

k
n
o
w

t
h
a
t

L
[
t
7
]

=

7
!

/

s
8
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,

w
e

g
e
t

L
[
e
-
5
t

t
7
]

=

7
!

/

(
s

+

5
)
8
W
e

a
l
s
o

g
e
t

L
[
e
1
0
1
t
t
7
]

=

7
!

/

(
s

1
0
1
)
8
2
.

W
e

k
n
o
w

t
h
a
t

L
[
s
i
n

4
t
]

=

4

/

(
s
2
+
1
6
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e

w
e

g
e
t








































L
[
e
-
3
t

s
i
n

4
t
]

=

4

/

[
(
s

+
3
)
2
+
1
6
)
.
D
e
r
i
v
a
t
i
v
e
s

o
f

L
a
p
l
a
c
e

T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m

(
4
.
8
,

p
.

2
1
5
)

I
f
































i
s

k
n
o
w
n
,

t
h
e
n

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
i
n
g
b
o
t
h

s
i
d
e
s

w
r
t

s
g
i
v
e
s
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
i
n
g

n

t
i
m
e
s
N
o
t
e
:
Y
o
u

c
a
n

u
s
e

t
h
i
s

r
e
s
u
l
t

t
o

f
i
n
d

L
T

o
f











i
f

L
T

o
f

f
(
t
)
i
.
e
.

F
(
s
)

i
s

k
n
o
w
n
.

E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:
G
i
v
e
n
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
l
y

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
i
n
g

o
n
c
e

m
o
r
e
(
)
{
}
(
)
(
)
s
F
d
t
t
f
e
t
f
L
s
t
=
=

0
(
)
(
)
s
F
d
t
t
f
t
e
s
t

0
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
s
F
d
t
t
f
e
t
n
s
t
n
=

0
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
s
F
d
t
t
f
t
e
n
n
n
s
t
1
0

(
)
t
f
t
n
{
}
2
5
5
5
s
i
n
2
+
=
s
t
L
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
2
2
2
2
5
1
0
2
5
1
0
1
5
s
i
n
+
=
+

s
s
s
s
t
t
L
{
}
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
5 3
2
5
1
0
2
5
4
2
5
1
0
2
5
2
2
2
5
1
0
2
5
1
0
5
s
i
n
+

=
+

+
=
+

+
=
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
t
t
L
C
o
m
b
i
n
e
d

E
x
a
m
p
l
e
s

E
x
a
m
p
l
e

1

F
i
n
d

L
T

o
f

S
o
l
.


F
r
o
m

r
e
s
u
l
t
s

o
n

p
.

1
9
3
,
U
s
i
n
g

t
r
a
n
s
l
a
t
i
o
n

t
h
e
o
r
e
m

4
.
6

(
p
.

2
0
4
)
N
o
w

u
s
i
n
g

t
h
e
o
r
e
m

4
.
8

(
p
.

2
1
5
)
t
t
e
t
3
s
i
n
2

{
}
9
3
3
s
i
n
2
+
=
s
t
L
{
}
(
)
1
3
4
3
9
2
3
3
s
i
n
2
2
2
+
+
=
+
+
=

s
s
s
t
e
L
t
{
}
(
)


+
+

1
3
4
3
1
3
s
i
n
2
2
s
s
d
s
d
t
t
e
L
t
(
)
2
2
1
3
4
1
2
6
+
+
+
=
s
s
s
c
o
n
t
d

I
n
v
e
r
s
e

L
a
p
l
a
c
e

T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m

(
I
L
T
)

W
e

n
e
e
d

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

f
(
t
)
g
i
v
e
n

i
t
s

L
T

F
(
s
)

s
u
c
h

t
h
a
t
f
(
t
)

i
s

c
a
l
l
e
d

I
n
v
e
r
s
e

L
a
p
l
a
c
e

t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m

o
f

F
(
s
)
.

I
n

g
e
n
e
r
a
l

a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h

t
o

f
i
n
d

i
n
v
e
r
s
e

L
T
,

w
e

u
s
e

p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s

k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e

o
f

L
T
s

o
f

s
o
m
e

i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t


f
o
r
m
s

o
f

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
.

T
o

b
e
g
i
n

w
i
t
h
,

w
e

u
s
e

p
a
r
t
i
a
l

f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
.

A
s

d
o
n
e

i
n

e
x
a
m
p
l
e

1
(
p
.
1
9
7
)
U
s
i
n
g

s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d

r
e
s
u
l
t
s

(
p
.

1
9
6
)

N
o
t
e
:
S
o
m
e

r
e
s
u
l
t
s

a
r
e

l
i
s
t
e
d

o
n

p
.

1
9
6
.

M
e
m
o
r
i
z
e

t
h
e
m

f
o
r

u
s
e

i
n

p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
.
(
)
{
}
(
)
s
F
t
f
L
=
(
)
(
)
(
)
4
3
0
1
2
6
2
5
1
5
1
6
4
2
1
9
6
2
+
+

=
+

+
+
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
(
)
(
)
(
)
t
t
t
e
e
e
s
s
s
s
s
L
4
2
2
1
3
0
1
6
2
5
5
1
6
4
2
1
9
6

+
+
=
) `

+

+
+
I
L
T

E
x
a
m
p
l
e

F
i
n
d

I
L
T

o
f
o
n

t
a
k
i
n
g

I
L
T
,

w
e

g
e
t
(
)
(
)
9
3
2
+
+
s
s
s
(
)
(
)
(
)


+
+
+
+

=
+
+

9
3
6 1
3
6
1
9
3
2
2
s
s
s
s
s
s
(
)
(
)
(
)
9
6
3
9
6
3
6
1
2
2
+
+
+
+
+

=
s
s
s
s
(
)
(
)
t
t
e
s
s
s
L
t
3
s
i
n
6 1
3
c
o
s
6 1
6 1
9
3
3
2
1
+
+

=
) `

+
+

C
o
n
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

T
h
e
o
r
e
m

(
4
.
9
)

C
o
n
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

T
h
e
o
r
e
m


I
f

f
(
t
)

a
n
d

g
(
t
)

a
r
e

p
i
e
c
e
-
w
i
s
e

c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s

o
n











a
n
d

o
f

e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l

o
r
d
e
r
,

t
h
e
n
w
h
e
r
e

F
(
s
)

a
n
d

G
(
s
)

a
r
e

L
T

o
f

f
(
t
)
a
n
d

g
(
t
)
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.

W
r
i
t
i
n
g

i
n

i
n
v
e
r
s
e

f
o
r
m

E
x
a
m
p
l
e

U
s
e

c
o
n
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

t
h
e
o
r
e
m

t
o

f
i
n
d
w
h
e
r
e

t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,


[
)

,
0
{
}
(
)
(
)
) `

d
u
u
t
g
u
f
L
g
f
L
t 0
(
)
(
)
s
G
s
F
=
(
)
(
)
{
}
(
)
(
)
d
u
u
t
g
u
f
s
G
s
F
L
t

0
1
(
)


+

2
2
1
1
1
s
L
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
t
f
t
f
s
s
L

=


+

+
=

1
1
1
1
2
2
1
(
)
{
}
1
1
s
i
n
s
i
n
2
+
=
=
s
t
L
t
t
f
Q
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)

t
t
d
u
u
t
u
d
u
u
t
g
u
f
t
g
t
f
0
0
s
i
n
s
i
n
(
)
{
}
(
)
t
t
t
d
u
t
t
u
t
c
o
s
s
i
n
2 1
c
o
s
2
c
o
s
2 1
0

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

o
f

I
n
i
t
i
a
l

V
a
l
u
e

P
r
o
b
l
e
m
s

(
I
V
P
)

W
e

n
e
e
d

T
h
e
o
r
e
m

4
.
4

m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d

b
e
l
o
w
.

I
f





























a
r
e

c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s

o
n







a
n
d

a
r
e

o
f

e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l

o
r
d
e
r

a
n
d








i
s

p
i
e
c
e
-
w
i
s
e

c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s

o
n









t
h
e
n

E
x
a
m
p
l
e

S
o
l
v
e

t
h
e

I
V
P


















































u
s
i
n
g

L
T
(
)
1
,
,
,

n
f
f
f
f
[
)

,
0
(
)
n
f
[
)

,
0
(
)
{
}
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
0
0
1
2
1

=
n
n
n
n
n
f
f
s
f
s
s
F
s
t
f
L
1
9
6
=
+

y
y
y
(
)
0
0
=
y
(
)
1
0
=

y
{
}
{
}
{
}
{
}
1
9
6
L
y
L
y
L
y
L
=
+

(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
[
]
(
)
s
s
Y
y
s
s
Y
y
s
y
s
Y
s
1
9
0
6
0
0
2
=
+

(
)
(
)
s
s
s
s
Y
s
s
1
1
1
9
6
2
+
=
+
=
+

(
)
(
)
(
)
2
2
3
3
3 1

+
=
+
=

s
C
s
B
s A
s
s
s
s
Y
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
3
3
4
3
9
1
9
1

s
s
s
s
Y
(
)
t
t
e
e
t
y
3
3
3 4
9 1
9 1
+

=
O
n

t
a
k
i
n
g

I
L
T
E
x
a
m
p
l
e

P
r
o
b
l
e
m

o
n

I
V
P

U
s
i
n
g

L
T
,

s
o
l
v
e

t
h
e

I
V
P
S
o
l
.
O
n

t
a
k
i
n
g

L
T

o
n

b
o
t
h

s
i
d
e
s

t
e
y
d
t
y
d

6
4
2
2
(
)
1
0

=
y
(
)
4
0
=

y
{
}
{
}
1
6
4
+
=

s
y
L
y
L
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
6
4
0
0
2
+
=

s
s
Y
y
s
y
s
Y
s
(
)
(
)
1
6
4
4
2
+
=

s
s
s
Y
s
(
)
(
)


+
+
+

1
6
4
4
1
2
s
s
s
s
Y
(
)
(
)


+
+
+
+

1
6
4
4
4
1
2
2
s
s
s
s
s
s
Y
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
2
2
2
5
1
4
1
0
3
2
2
+
+

=
+

+
+

s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
Y
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
2
2
1
1
2
5
+

=
+

s
s
s
s
s
s
Y
O
n

t
a
k
i
n
g

I
L
T
(
)
t
t
e
e
t
y

=
2
2
I
f

F
(
s
)

i
s

t
h
e

l
a
p
l
a
c
e

t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m

o
f

f
(
t
)

a
n
d

i
f
(
)
1
,
.
.
.
,
,

n
f
f
f
a
r
e

c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s

o
n
)
[

,
0
a
n
d

a
r
e

o
f

e
x
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
a
l

o
r
d
e
r

a
n
d

i
f
(
)
(
)
t
f
n
i
s

p
i
e
c
e
w
i
s
e

c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s

o
n
)
[

,
0
(
)
(
)
0
.
.
.
)
0
(
)
0
(
)
(
1
2
1

=
n
n
n
n
f
f
s
f
s
s
F
s
T
h
e
n

(
)
(
)
{
}
t
f
L
n
(
i
i
)
(
)
{
}
s
s
F
d
u
u
f
L
t
)
(
0
=

(
i
)
(
)
(
)
{
}
)
(
s
F
e
a
t
u
a
t
f
L
a
s

(
i
i
i
)
w
h
e
r
e
(
)

>
<

a
t
a
t
a
t
U
,
1
0
,
0
(
i
v
)
(
)

=

0 0
0
,
0
,
t
t
t
t
t
t

i
s

c
a
l
l
e
d

D
i
r
a
c

D
e
l
t
a

F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
F
o
r
(
)
{
}
0
0
0
,
0
s
t
e
t
t
L
t

>

T
h
e

g
e
n
e
r
a
l

s
e
c
o
n
d

o
r
d
e
r

l
i
n
e
a
r

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

i
s

g
i
v
e
n

b
y
(
)
(
)
)
1
(
0
2
2
=
+
+
y
x
Q
d
x
d
y
x
P
d
x
y
d
I
f

t
h
e

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s

a
n
d

a
r
e

c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
s

t
h
e
n

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
1
)

c
a
n

b
e

s
o
l
v
e
d

i
n

t
e
r
m
s

o
f

f
a
m
i
l
i
a
r

e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s

(
e
.
g
.

)
.

B
u
t

s
u
c
h

s
i
m
p
l
e

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s

w
i
l
l

n
o
t

i
n

g
e
n
e
r
a
l

s
a
t
i
s
f
y

a

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

w
i
t
h

v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s
.

F
o
r

s
u
c
h

a

c
a
s
e
,

i
t

i
s

e
a
s
i
e
r

t
o

f
i
n
d

t
h
e

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
i
n

t
h
e

f
o
r
m

o
f

a
n

i
n
f
i
n
i
t
e

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
t

s
e
r
i
e
s

a
n
d

o
f
t
e
n

t
h
e
s
e

s
e
r
i
e
s

a
r
e

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s
.
(
)
x
P
(
)
x
Q
m
x
e
S
e
r
i
e
s

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

o
f

L
i
n
e
a
r

E
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
S
e
r
i
e
s

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

P
o
w
e
r

S
e
r
i
e
s

C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

I
n
t
e
r
v
a
l

o
f

C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

R
a
d
i
u
s

o
f

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

T
e
s
t

f
o
r

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

P
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s

(
A
b
o
u
t

o
r
d
i
n
a
r
y

p
o
i
n
t
s
)

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t
s
P
o
w
e
r

S
e
r
i
e
s
A

s
e
r
i
e
s

o
f

t
h
e

f
o
r
m
i
s

k
n
o
w
n

a
s

a

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s

c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d

a
t






.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
)
2
(
.
.
.
0
2
2
1
0
n
n
n
a
x
c
a
x
c
a
x
c
c
x
y

=
+

+
=

=
a
E
x
a
m
p
l
e

(
1
)
:

=
=
+
+
+
+
=
0
3
2
!
.
.
.
!
3
!
2
1
n
n
x
n
x
x
x
x
e
i
s

a

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

t
h
e

o
r
i
g
i
n
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
A

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s

o
f

t
h
e

f
o
r
m

(
2
)

i
s

s
a
i
d

t
o

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e

a
t

a

s
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d

v
a
l
u
e

o
f


x
i
f

t
h
e

l
i
m
i
t

o
f

t
h
e

p
a
r
t
i
a
l

s
u
m

(
)
n
N
n
n
N
a
x
c
L
i
m

0
e
x
i
s
t
s
.

T
h
e

l
i
m
i
t
i
n
g

v
a
l
u
e

i
s

c
a
l
l
e
d

t
h
e

s
u
m

o
f

t
h
e

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s
.

I
t

i
s

c
l
e
a
r

t
h
a
t

t
h
e

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
s

a
t

s
i
n
c
e
a
x
=
(
)
(
)
0
2
2
1
0
.
.
.
c
a
a
c
a
a
c
c
=
+

+
I
n
t
e
r
v
a
l

o
f

C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
E
v
e
r
y

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s

h
a
s

a
n

i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l

o
f

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

a
b
o
u
t








.

W
i
t
h
i
n

t
h
i
s

i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
,

t
h
e

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
s

a
n
d

d
i
v
e
r
g
e
s

o
u
t
s
i
d
e

t
h
e

i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
.
a
x
=
E
x
a
m
p
l
e

(
2
)
:
T
h
e

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s

a
b
o
u
t

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
3
2
0
+
+
+
+
=

=
x
x
x
x
n
n
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
s

f
o
r
:
D
i
v
e
r
g
e
s

f
o
r
:
1
>
x
0
=
x
)
,
1
(
)
1
,
(

x
)
1
,
1
(

x
1
<
x
o
r
o
r
R
a
d
i
u
s

o
f

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
F
o
r

e
v
e
r
y

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s
,

t
h
e
r
e

e
x
i
s
t

a

p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e

r
e
a
l

n
u
m
b
e
r

R
,

c
a
l
l
e
d

t
h
e

r
a
d
i
u
s

o
f

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

w
i
t
h

t
h
e

p
r
o
p
e
r
t
y

t
h
a
t

t
h
e

s
e
r
i
e
s

(
2
)

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
s

f
o
r


















a
n
d

d
i
v
e
r
g
e
s

f
o
r

















.
R
a
x
<

R
a
x
>

N
o
t
e
:
I
f













t
h
e
n

e
v
e
r
y


x
s
a
t
i
s
f
i
e
s














I
f












t
h
e
n

n
o


x
s
a
t
i
s
f
i
e
s
0
=
R

=
R
R
a
x
<

R
a
x
>

I
n

t
h
e

e
x
a
m
p
l
e

(
2
)

t
h
e

r
a
d
i
u
s

o
f

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

i
s











.
1
=
R
T
e
s
t

f
o
r

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
T
h
e

r
a
t
i
o

t
e
s
t

i
s

o
f
t
e
n

u
s
e
d

t
o

d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d

t
h
e

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

o
f

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s
.

S
u
p
p
o
s
e
(
)
(
)
L
c
c
a
x
a
x
c
a
x
c
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
L
i
m
L
i
m
=

=

+

+
+

1
1
1
.
0
n
c
n

I
f

-
T
h
e

s
e
r
i
e
s

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
s
I
f
-
T
h
e

s
e
r
i
e
s

d
i
v
e
r
g
e
s
I
f
-
T
h
e

t
e
s
t

f
a
i
l
s
1
<
L
1
>
L
1
=
L
N
o
w
,

t
h
e

f
o
r
m
u
l
a

f
o
r

r
a
d
i
u
s

o
f

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e

i
s

1
+

=
n
n
n
c
c
R
L
i
m
P
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

o
r
d
i
n
a
r
y

p
o
i
n
t
(
)
(
)
)
1
(
0
2
2
=
+
+
y
x
Q
d
x
d
y
x
P
d
x
y
d
T
h
e

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r

o
f

t
h
e

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

o
f

t
h
e

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
N
e
a
r

a

p
o
i
n
t


x
0


d
e
p
e
n
d
s

o
n

t
h
e

b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r

o
f

t
h
e

i
t
s

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s








a
n
d









n
e
a
r

t
h
i
s

p
o
i
n
t
.

A

p
o
i
n
t

x
0

i
s

s
a
i
d

t
o

b
e

a
n

o
r
d
i
n
a
r
y

p
o
i
n
t
o
f

t
h
e

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
1
)

i
f

b
o
t
h








a
n
d








a
r
e

w
e
l
l
-
b
e
h
a
v
e
d
/
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c

a
t


x
0

.

S
o

t
h
e

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s

P
(
x
)

a
n
d

Q
(
x
)

c
a
n

b
e

r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d

b
y

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s
.

T
h
e

p
o
i
n
t

t
h
a
t

i
s

n
o
t

a
n

o
r
d
i
n
a
r
y

p
o
i
n
t

i
s

k
n
o
w
n

a
s

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t
.
(
)
x
P
(
)
x
Q
(
)
x
P
(
)
x
Q
E
x
a
m
p
l
e

(
3
)
:
C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r

t
h
e

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

































H
e
r
e
















a
n
d












.

T
h
e
s
e

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s

a
r
e

a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c

a
t

a
l
l

t
h
e

p
o
i
n
t
s
.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e

(
4
)
:
C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r

t
h
e

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
H
e
r
e


0
"
=
+
y
y
(
)
0
=
x
P
(
)
1
=
x
Q
(
)
0
6
'
2
'
'
1
2
=
+
+

y
x
y
y
x
(
)
;
1
2 2

=
x
x
x
P
(
)
1
6
2

=
x
x
Q
C
l
e
a
r
l
y
,

















o
r














a
r
e

t
h
e

o
n
l
y

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t
s

o
f

t
h
e

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
.

A
l
l

o
t
h
e
r

v
a
l
u
e
s

o
f


x
a
r
e

o
r
d
i
n
a
r
y

p
o
i
n
t
s
.









0
1
2
=

x
1

=
x
T
h
e
o
r
e
m

5
.
1

E
x
i
s
t
e
n
c
e

o
f

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
I
f










i
s

a
n

o
r
d
i
n
a
r
y

p
o
i
n
t

o
f

t
h
e

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
1
)
,

t
h
e
n

t
h
e
r
e

e
x
i
s
t

t
w
o

l
i
n
e
a
r
l
y

i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s

i
n

t
h
e

f
o
r
m

o
f

a

p
o
w
e
r

s
e
r
i
e
s

c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d

a
t





.
A

s
e
r
i
e
s

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
s

a
t

l
e
a
s
t

o
n

s
o
m
e

i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l

d
e
f
i
n
e
d

b
y

,

w
h
e
r
e


R


i
s

t
h
e

d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

f
r
o
m







t
o

t
h
e

n
e
a
r
e
s
t

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t
.
0
x
x
=
0
x
0
x
R
x
x
<

0
W
o
r
k
i
n
g

r
u
l
e
s

t
o

s
o
l
v
e

t
h
e

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

b
y

s
e
r
i
e
s

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

a
b
o
u
t

o
r
d
i
n
a
r
y

p
o
i
n
t
s

(
s
a
y

x

=

0
)
:

A
s
s
u
m
e

i
t
s

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

t
o

b
e

o
f

t
h
e

f
o
r
m

C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e











a
n
d

s
u
b
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

t
h
e

v
a
l
u
e

o
f














i
n

t
h
e

g
i
v
e
n

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
.

E
q
u
a
t
e

t
o

z
e
r
o

t
h
e

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

o
f

t
h
e

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

p
o
w
e
r
s

o
f


x


a
n
d

d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e























i
n

t
e
r
m
s

o
f

S
u
b
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
n
g

t
h
e

v
a
l
u
e
s

o
f



















i
n

t
h
e

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
,

w
e

g
e
t

t
h
e

d
e
s
i
r
e
d

s
e
r
i
e
s

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

h
a
v
i
n
g











a
s

i
t
s

a
r
b
i
t
r
a
r
y

c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
.

(
)
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
2
1
0
+
+
+
+
+
=
n
n
x
c
x
c
x
c
c
x
y
'
'
,
'
y
y
'
'
,
'
,
y
y
y
,
.
.
.
,
,
4
3
2
c
c
c
.
,
1
0
c
c
,
.
.
.
,
,
4
3
2
c
c
c
1
0
,
c
c
E
x
a
m
p
l
e

(
5
)
:
S
o
l
v
e

L
e
g
e
n
d
r
e

s

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
S
o
l
:

I
t

i
s

c
l
e
a
r

t
h
a
t

t
h
e

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
(
)
(
)
0
1
'
2
"
1
2
=
+
+

y
p
p
x
y
y
x
(
)
;
1
2
2
x
x
x
P

=
(
)
(
)
2
1
1
x
p
p
x
Q

+
=
a
r
e

a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c

a
t

t
h
e

o
r
i
g
i
n
.

T
h
e

o
r
i
g
i
n

i
s

t
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e

a
n

o
r
d
i
n
a
r
y

p
o
i
n
t
.

L
e
t

u
s

a
s
s
u
m
e

a

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

o
f

t
h
e

f
o
r
m
(
)
n
n
n
x
c
x
y

=
=
0

=
1
1
'
n
n
n
x
n
c
y
O
n

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
t
i
n
g
,

w
e

c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
p


i
s

a

r
e
a
l

n
u
m
b
e
r
P
u
t
t
i
n
g

t
h
e
s
e

v
a
l
u
e
s

i
n
t
o

t
h
e

g
i
v
e
n

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
,

w
e

g
e
t
(
)
2
2
1
'
'

=
n
n
n
x
c
n
n
y
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
1
2
1
1
0
1
1
2
2
2
=
+
+

=
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
c
p
p
x
n
c
x
x
c
n
n
x
A
f
t
e
r

s
h
i
f
t
i
n
g

t
h
e

s
u
m
m
a
t
i
o
n

i
n
d
i
c
e
s
,

w
e

g
e
t
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
1
2
1
1
2
1
0
2
1
1
2
2
2
=


+
+
+
+


+

=
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
c
x
c
c
p
p
x
n
c
c
x
x
c
n
n
x
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
0
2
1
2
2
2
=
+
+
+
+
+
+

=
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
c
p
p
x
c
p
p
c
p
p
x
n
c
x
c
x
c
n
n
x
c
n
n
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
6
2
2
1
0
2
1
2
2
4
3
2
=
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

=
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
c
p
p
x
c
p
p
c
p
p
x
n
c
x
c
x
c
n
n
x
c
n
n
x
c
c
o
r
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
6
2
2
1
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
=
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

=
+
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
c
p
p
x
c
p
p
c
p
p
x
n
c
x
c
x
c
n
n
x
c
n
n
x
c
c
o
r
(
)
[
]
(
)
(
)
[
]
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
[
]
0
1
2
1
6
2
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
2
0
=
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+

=
+
n
n
n
n
x
c
n
p
n
p
c
n
n
x
c
c
p
p
c
c
p
p
A
f
t
e
r

c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g

t
h
e

t
e
r
m
s

o
f

s
a
m
e

o
r
d
e
r
E
q
u
a
t
i
n
g

t
h
e

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s

o
f

v
a
r
i
o
u
s

p
o
w
e
r
s

o
f


x


o
n

b
o
t
h

t
h
e

s
i
d
e
s
,

w
e

h
a
v
e
(
)
0
2
1
2
0
=
+
+
c
c
p
p
(
)
(
)
0
6
2
1
3
1
=
+
+

c
c
p
p
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
1
2
1
2
=
+
+

+
+
+
+
n
n
c
n
p
n
p
c
n
n
(
)
0
2
!
2
1
c
p
p
c
+

=
(
)
(
)
1
3
!
3
2
1
c
p
p
c
+

=
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
n
n
n
n
p
n
p
n
c
c
2
1
1
2
+
+
+
+

=
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4
,
3
,
2
=
n

W
h
e
n


n

t
a
k
e
s

t
h
e

v
a
l
u
e
s

2
,
3
,

4

.

(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
2
4
!
4
3
1
2
)
4
)
(
3
(
3
2
c
p
p
p
p
c
p
p
c
+
+

=
+

=
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
3
5
!
5
4
2
3
1
)
5
)
(
4
(
4
3
c
p
p
p
p
c
p
p
c
+
+

=
+

=
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
4
6
!
6
5
3
1
4
2
)
6
)
(
5
(
5
4
c
p
p
p
p
p
p
c
p
p
c
+
+
+

=
+

=
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
5
7
!
7
6
4
2
5
3
1
)
7
)
(
6
(
6
5
c
p
p
p
p
p
p
c
p
p
c
+
+
+

=
+

=
B
y

i
n
s
e
r
t
i
n
g

t
h
e
s
e

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
s

i
n
t
o

t
h
e

a
s
s
u
m
e
d

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
,

w
e

o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d

(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)


+
+
+
+

+
+

+
+

+


+
+
+
+

+
+

+
+

=
.
.
.
.
.
!
7
6
4
2
5
3
1
!
5
4
2
3
1
!
3
2
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
!
6
5
3
1
4
2
!
4
3
1
2
!
2
1
1
7
5
3
1
6
4
2
0
x
p
p
p
p
p
p
x
p
p
p
p
x
p
p
x
c
x
p
p
p
p
p
p
x
p
p
p
p
x
p
p
c
y
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s

a
b
o
u
t

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t
s
S
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t
s
R
e
g
u
l
a
r

S
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

P
o
i
n
t
s
I
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
r

S
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

P
o
i
n
t
s
A

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t


x
0
i
s

s
a
i
d

t
o

b
e

a

r
e
g
u
l
a
r

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t
o
f

t
h
e

D
E
.

(
1
)

i
f
(
)
(
)
(
)
x
P
x
x
x
p
0

=
(
)
(
)
(
)
x
Q
x
x
x
q
2
0

=
a
r
e

b
o
t
h

a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c

a
t


x
0
.
A

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t

t
h
a
t

i
s

n
o
t

r
e
g
u
l
a
r

i
s

k
n
o
w
n

a
s

i
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t
o
f

t
h
e

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
.
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:
C
l
a
s
s
i
f
y

t
h
e

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t
s

o
f
S
o
l
:

W
r
i
t
i
n
g

t
h
e

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

i
n

t
h
e

s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d

f
o
r
m
(
)
(
)
0
5
'
2
3
'
'
4
2
2
=
+

y
y
x
y
x
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
4
5
'
4
2
3
'
'
2
2
2
2
=

+
y
x
y
x
x
y
H
e
r
e
(
)
(
)
(
)
;
2
2
3
2
+

=
x
x
x
P
(
)
(
)
2
2
4
5
=
x
x
Q
C
l
e
a
r
l
y
,

a
n
d
a
r
e

t
h
e

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t

o
f

t
h
e

g
i
v
e
n

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
.
2
=
x
2

=
x
C
a
s
e

I
:
C
h
e
c
k

w
h
e
t
h
e
r
i
s

r
e
g
u
l
a
r

o
r

n
o
t
.
2
=
x
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
2
3
2
+
=

=
x
x
P
x
x
p
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
2
2
5
2
+
=

=
x
x
Q
x
x
q
a
n
d
B
o
t
h









a
n
d








a
r
e

a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c

a
t










.

H
e
n
c
e








i
s

a

r
e
g
u
l
a
r

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t

o
f

t
h
e

g
i
v
e
n

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
.
(
)
x
p
(
)
x
q
2
=
x
2
=
x
C
a
s
e

I
I
:
C
h
e
c
k

w
h
e
t
h
e
r
i
s

r
e
g
u
l
a
r

o
r

n
o
t
.
2

=
x
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
2
3
2
+

=
+
=
x
x
x
P
x
x
p
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
2
2
2
5
2

=
+
=
x
x
Q
x
x
q
a
n
d
S
i
n
c
e










i
s

n
o
t

a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c

a
t










.

H
e
n
c
e











i
s

a

i
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
r

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t

o
f

t
h
e

g
i
v
e
n

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
.
2

=
x
(
)
x
p
2

=
x
F
r
o
b
e
n
i
u
s

T
h
e
o
r
e
m
I
f

i
s

a

r
e
g
u
l
a
r

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t

o
f

t
h
e

d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
1
)
,

t
h
e
n

t
h
e
r
e

e
x
i
s
t
s

a
t

l
e
a
s
t

o
n
e

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

o
f

t
h
e

f
o
r
m
0
x
x
=
(
)
(
)
(
)

=
+

=
0
0
0
0
0
n
r
n
n
n
n
n
r
x
x
c
x
x
c
x
x
y
w
h
e
r
e

t
h
e

n
u
m
b
e
r


r

i
s

a

c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t

t
o

b
e

d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
.

T
h
e

s
e
r
i
e
s

w
i
l
l

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e

a
t

l
e
a
s
t

o
n

s
o
m
e

i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l


















.
R
x
x
<

<
0
0
N
o
t
e

(
1
)
:
F
o
r

t
h
e

s
a
k
e

o
f

s
i
m
p
l
i
c
i
t
y
,

w
e

s
h
a
l
l

a
l
w
a
y
s

a
s
s
u
m
e

i
n

s
o
l
v
i
n
g

d
i
f
f
.

e
q
.

t
h
a
t

t
h
e

r
e
g
u
l
a
r

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t

i
s


x

=

0
.
N
o
t
e

(
2
)
:
I
f


x
=

0

i
s

a

i
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
r

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t

t
h
a
n

i
t

i
s

n
o
t

p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e

t
o

f
i
n
d

a
n
y

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

o
f

t
h
e

f
o
r
m





















.

=
+
=
0
n
r
n
n
x
c
y
E
x
a
m
p
l
e
:
S
o
l
v
e

S
o
l
:

W
r
i
t
i
n
g

t
h
e

g
i
v
e
n

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

i
n
t
o

s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d

f
o
r
m
(
)
0
'
1
'
'
2
=
+
+
+
y
y
x
x
y
H
e
r
e
(
)
0
2
1
'
2
1
'
'
=
+
+
+
y
x
y
x
x
y
(
)
(
)
;
2
1
x
x
x
P
+
=
(
)
x
x
Q
2
1
=
(
)
(
)
(
)
;
2
1
x
x
x
P
x
p
+
=
=
(
)
(
)
2
2
x
x
Q
x
x
q
=
=
B
o
t
h









a
n
d











a
r
e

a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c

a
t



x
=

0

.

S
o
,


x
=

0


i
s

a

r
e
g
u
l
a
r

s
i
n
g
u
l
a
r

p
o
i
n
t

o
f

t
h
e

g
i
v
e
n

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
.
B
y

F
r
o
b
e
n
i
u
s

t
h
e
o
r
e
m
,

s
u
b
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
n
g


























i
n
t
o
t
h
e

g
i
v
e
n

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
.
(
)
x
p
(
)
x
q

=
+
=
0
n
r
n
n
x
c
y
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
1
1
2
0
0
1
0
2
=
+
+
+
+

+
+

=
+

+
n
r
n
n
n
r
n
n
n
r
n
n
x
c
x
c
r
n
x
x
c
r
n
r
n
x
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
=
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

=
+

=
+

+
n
r
n
n
n
r
n
n
n
r
n
n
n
r
n
n
x
c
x
c
r
n
x
c
r
n
x
c
r
n
r
n
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
1
1
2
2
0
0
1
=
+
+
+

+
+

=
+

+
n
r
n
n
n
r
n
n
x
c
r
n
x
c
r
n
r
n
o
r
o
r
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
1
1
2
2
0
0
1
=


+
+
+

+
+

n
n
n
n
n
n
r
x
c
r
n
x
c
r
n
r
n
x
o
r
o
r
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
0
1
1
2
2
1
2
0
1
1
1
0
=


+
+
+

+
+
+

n
n
n
n
n
n
r
x
c
r
n
x
c
r
n
r
n
x
c
r
r
x
1

=
n
k
n
k
=
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
[
]
0
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
0
1
1
0
=


+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

=
+

k
n
k
k
r
x
c
r
k
c
r
k
r
k
x
c
r
r
x
(
)
)
(
0
1
2
A
r
r
=

(
)
(
)
(
)
[
]
)
(
;
0
1
1
2
2
1
1
B
c
r
k
c
r
k
r
k
k
k
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
,
2
,
1
,
0
=
k
E
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
A
)

i
s

c
a
l
l
e
d

t
h
e

i
n
d
i
c
i
a
l

e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f

t
h
e

p
r
o
b
l
e
m
.

T
h
e

i
n
d
i
c
i
a
l

r
o
o
t
s

a
r
e
;
2 1
1
=
r
0
2
=
r
C
a
s
e

I
:
F
o
r














e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
B
)

g
i
v
e
s

2 1
1
=
r
(
)
0
1
2 1
1
1
2
1
2 1
1
=


| |
\ |
+
+
+
+
+
| |
\ |
+
+
+
k
k
c
k
c
k
k
o
r
(
)
;
1
2
1
+

=
+
k
c
c
k
k
2 3

k
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
,
2
,
1
,
0
=
k
;
1
.
2
0
1
c
c

=
!
2
.
2
2
.
2
2
0
1
2
c
c
c

=
;
!
3
.
2
3
.
2
3
0
2
3
c
c
c

=
!
4
.
2
4
.
2
4
0
3
4
c
c
c

=
P
u
t
t
i
n
g

t
h
e

v
a
l
u
e
s

o
f


k
,

w
e

g
e
t
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
l
y

t
h
e

n
t
h
t
e
r
m

i
s

g
i
v
e
n

b
y
(
)
!
.
2
1
0
n
c
c
n
n
n

=
T
h
u
s

f
o
r

t
h
e

i
n
d
i
c
i
a
l

r
o
o
t
w
e

o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d

=
+

+
=
0
2
/
1
1
2
/
1
1
!
2
)
1
(
!
2
)
1
(
1
)
(
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
x
n
x
n
x
x
y
,
2 1
1
=
r
T
h
i
s

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

i
s

v
a
l
i
d

f
o
r

a
l
l

x

s
i
n
c
e

t
h
e

s
e
r
i
e
s

c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
s

a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
l
y

f
o
r

a
l
l

x
.
C
a
s
e

I
I
:
F
o
r














e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
B
)

g
i
v
e
s

0
2
=
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3
,
2
,
1
,
0
=
k
1
2
1
+

=
+
k
c
c
k
k
P
u
t
t
i
n
g

t
h
e

v
a
l
u
e
s

o
f


k
,

w
e

g
e
t
;
1
0
1
c
c

=
3
.
1
3
0
1
2
c
c
c
=

=
;
5
.
3
.
1
5
0
2
3
c
c
c
=

=
7
.
5
.
3
.
1
7
0
3
4
c
c
c
=

=
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
l
y

t
h
e

n
t
h
t
e
r
m

i
s

g
i
v
e
n

b
y
(
)
(
)
1
2
.
.
.
.
7
.
5
.
3
.
1
1
0

=
n
c
c
n
n
T
h
u
s

f
o
r

t
h
e

i
n
d
i
c
i
a
l

r
o
o
t
w
e

o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d

,
0
2
=
r
(
)
(
)
,
1
2
.
.
.
.
7
.
5
.
3
.
1
1
1
)
(
1
2
n
n
n
x
n
x
y

+
=
T
h
e

g
e
n
e
r
a
l

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

i
s


(
)
(
)
x
D
y
x
C
y
y
2
1
+
=

<
|
|
x
(
)

,
0
x