Frame Relay

- High-performance WAN Protocol - Operates at physical and data linklayer - Carries data bet user DTE & DCE devices @ WAN edge - Packet Switched technology -Reduces network costs by using: - Less equipment -Less complexity - Easier implementation - Reduces network overhead - Implem.simple congestion-notification mecha. -Offers simpler network architectureand lower cost of ownership - Does not provide error correction - Commonly supported on Synchro. Serial Interfaces - Configon a Cisco router in Cisco IOS CLI - Provides NBMA connectivity between remote sites -Statistically Multiplexed - Transmits only one frame at a time -Handles volume and speed efficiently - By combi. Funcs.of data link and network layers into 1 simple protocol - Provides grtrbandwidth, reliability, and resiliency than Private/Leased Lines - Easier to manage and configure than ISDN - Lower overhead than X.25(fewer capabilities) - Streamlined (Simpler)version of older X.25 standard - Provides mult. Logical Conn.ovr single Physcl. Crct.

X.25
- Popular packet switching technology - Provreliable conn ovr unreliable cabling infrastruc

Partial Mesh
- More interconnections req. than star arrangement, but not as many as for a full mesh

show frame-relay lmiCommand

- Definition of the messages used bet the DTE (R1) and the DCE (the Frame Relay switch owned by the service provider)

ANSI
- Corresponding to the ANSI standard T1.617 Annex D

NBMA Networks
1.Frame Relay 2. ATM 3. X.25

q933a
- Corresponding to the ITU standard Q933 Annex A

Physical Component
- Defines Mechanical, Electrical, Functional, and Proceduralspecs for the conn. bet. devices

Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

- Obtains Layer 3 addr of othrstatns from Layer 2 addr - egDLCI in Frame Relay networks -Ena by default for all protocols ena on physical interf *When the network responds with a FULL STATUS response, it includes status information about DLCIs that are allocated to that line

NBMA Networks frame-relaylmi-type [cisco | ansi | q933a]

- Interface configcommand to SET the LMI type - Disables the autosense feature -Allow only data transfer from one computer to another over a VC or across a switching device - Do not support multicast or broadcast traffic, so a single packet cannot reach all destinations

Link Layer Component

- Defines the protocol that estabs. conn. bet. - DTE device(Router) - DCE device(Switch)

Dynamic Address Mapping

-RELIESon Inverse ARP - To Resolvea next hop net protocol addrto local DLCI value - Performed by theInverse ARP feature - Because inverse ARP is enabled by default

Encapsulation
- Defines the headers used by a DTE to communicate information to the DTE at the other end of a VC

10 Seconds
- Default keepalive time interval on Cisco serial interf

broadcastKeyword
- Simplified way to forward routing updates - Because NBMA does not support broadcast traffic - Allows broadcasts and multicasts over the -Turns broadcast into a unicast so that the other node gets the routing updates

Frame Relay Switch

- DCE device

LMI Extensions
- Provadd. capab for complex internet. config mode 1. 2. 3. 4. VC Status Messages Multicasting Global Addressing Simple Flow Control

keepalive interface configuration command

-Change the keepalive interval

Frame Relay Access Device(FRAD)

- Used DTE in computing equipment -akaFrame Relay Assembler/Dissembler - Dedicated Appliance/Router config to support FR - Located on the Customer's Premises - Connects to a Switch Porton the srvc prov. net.

Frame Relay Router

- SENDS OUTInverse ARP requests on its PVC - To DISCOVER the protocol address of the remote device connected to the Frame Relay network

LMI Messages
- Carried in a variant of LAPF frames

Configuring Static Address Maps

CMD PARAMETERS protocol Defines DESCRIPTION the supported protocol, bridging, or logical

VC Status Messages
- Provide info about PVC integrityby

ip addressCMD
- Command to set the IP address of the interface

Static Mapping
- Required to complete the remote network layer address to local DLCI resolution - Manually configured on a router

- Comm. and sync. bet. devices - Periodically reporting the existence of new PVCs and the deletion of already existing PVCs - Prevent data from being sent into black holes

Switched Virtual Circuits (SVC)

- Established dynamically -By sending signaling messages to the network

encapsulation frame-relay CMD

- Interface configuration command - Enables Frame Relay encapsulation - Allows Frame Relay processing on supported interf protocol-address

link

control:

appletalk,

decnet, dlsw, ip, ipx, llc2, rsrb, vines, and xns. Defines address the of Network the layer

Dynamic Inverse ARP Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVC)

- Preconfiguredby the carrier - Only operate in Data Transferand IDLE modes - After they are set up - Relies on the presence of a direct point-to-point connection between two ends -Only works between Hub and Spoke, - Spokes req static mapping to provide reachability to each other

Black Holes
- PVCs that no longer exist

destination

Eric Scace
- Engineer at Sprint International -Invented Frame Relay - Implemented with the use ofStrataCom Switches

bandwidthCMD Multicasting
- Allows a sender to transmit a single frame that is delivered to multiple recipients -Supports efficient delivery of routing protocol -CMD to set the bandwidth of the serial interface - Specify bandwidth in kb/s - Notifies the routing protocol that bandwidth is statically configured on the link broadcast dlci

router interface. Defines the local DLCI used to connect to the remote

protocol address. (Optional) Allows broadcasts and multicasts over the VC.

Frame Relay connections

- Created by config. CPE Routersor other Devcs.to comm.w/a service provider Frame Relay switch 1st thing to consider is the Bandwidth

16 - 1007
- Range of assigned DLCIs by service providers frame-relay map protocol protocol-address dlci [broadcast] [ietf] [cisco]

messages and address resolution procedures that are sent to many destinations simultaneously

EIGRP&OSPF
- 2 routing protocols that use the bandwidth value to calculate and determine the metric of the link

Permits the use of dynamic routing protocols over the VC.

0-15 & 1008-1023

- Range of assigned DLCIsthat are rsrvdfor special purposes

->CMD to map bet next hop prtcladdr& DLCI destaddr

Global Addressing ietfKeyword

- Use when connecting to a non-Cisco router - Gives Conn. ID. globalrather than local significance - Allowing them to be used to identify a specific interface to the Frame Relay network - Makes the Frame Relay network resemble a LAN in terms of addressing

Requirementof each site

encapsulation frame-relay [cisco | ietf] CMD

- CMD to change the encapfrom HDLC to Frame Relay

NBMA Clouds
- Usually use a hub-and-spoke topology

Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVC)

- Logical path along an originating Frame Relay link -Uniquely defines the path bet. 2 endpoints

Topology
- Map/Visual layout of the Frame Relay network

broadcast Keyword
- Simplify the configuration for the OSPF protocol

no encapsulation frame-relayCMD
-Removes the Frame Relay encapon the interface - Returns the inter to the default HDLC encapsulation

Split Horizon
- Technique used to prevent a routing loop in networks - Using distance vector routing protocols - Only IP allows you to disable split horizon - Disabled for physical interfaces with a single PVC

Virtual Circuit
- Provides flexibility in network design - Connection through a Frame Relay Net. bet. 2 DTEs - Prov.Bidirectional Commpath from1 devc-another - Identified by DLCIs

Topology Types
1.Star 2.Full Mesh 3. Partial Mesh

frame-relay map Command

- Static mapping of the address - Allows users to select the type of FR encapsulation used on a per-VC basis

Simple Flow Control

- Provides for an XON/XOFF flow control mechanism - Intended for those devices whose higher layers cannot use the congestion notification bits and need some level of flow control

Cisco Encapsulation
- Default Frame Relay ecapenaon supported interf

Disabling Slit Horizon

- Allows routing updates to be forwarded out the same physical interface from which they came - Increases the chance of routing loops in any network

Star Topology Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI)

- Number to identify at the end of each connection - Stored in the Addr Field of every frame transmitted - Tell net. how frame is routed -Identifies the Logical Conn.used to reach interface - Simplest WAN topology - akaHub and Spoke Topology - Cause reachability issues

show frame-relay mapCommand

-To verify the Frame Relay mapping

IETF 0 1023
- 1,024 VC identifiers supported in 10-bit DLCI field - Encaptype complies w/RFC 1490 and RFC 2427 - Use this option if connecting to a non-Cisco router

Frame Relay Design Full Mesh Topology

- Connects every site to every other site - Help solve reachability issues - Is Expensive - Services to be accessed are - Geographically dispersed - Highly reliable access to them - Prov packet-switched data transfer w/min. end-toend delays

Types of LMIs Supported by Cisco Routers

1. Cisco 2. Ansi 3. q933a

Ways to Solve Reachability Issues show interfaces serial command

-command that verifies the configuration 1. Full Mesh (Expensive) 2. Subinterfaces

X.25 Protocol
- WAN technology joining the end sites - Used in the late 1970s - early 1990s

Local Management Interface (LMI)

-Keepalive mechanism - Provides status information about FR conn bet Router(DTE) and the Frame Relay Switch (DCE)

frame-relay map protocol protocol-address dlci [broadcast] CMD

- Command to map between a next hop protocol address and a DLCI destination address

Subinterfaces
- Multiple virtual interface a Frame Relay can partition - Logical interface that is directly associated with a physical interface

Cisco
- Original LMI extension

Frame Relay SubinterfacesConfig

1. Point-to-Point Mode 2. Multipoint Mode

CIR
- Customers normally choose a CIR lower than the port speed or access rate - This allows them to take advantage of bursts

Point-to-point
- Establishes one PVC connection to another physical interface or subinterface on a remote router - In hub and spoke topologies: - Subinterfacesact as Leased Lines - Each point-to-point subinterfreqits own subnet

Oversubscription
- Analogous to airlines selling more seats than they have in the expectation that some of the booked customers will not show up

Bursting Multipoint
Estab.mult. PVC conn.tomult. physicalinterf. orsubinterfaces on remote routers - In partial-mesh and full-mesh topologies: -Subinterfacesact as NBMA so they do not resolve the split horizon issue - Can save addr space because it uses single subnet - Allows devices that temporarily need additional bandwidth to borrow it at no extra cost from other devices not using it

Terms Used to Describe Burst Rates

1. Committed Burst Information Rate (CBIR) 2. Excess Burst Size (BE)

encapsulation frame-relay CMD

- Command that is assigned to the physical interface Before considering how to pay for Frame Relay services, there are some key terms and concepts to learn: 1.Access Rate or Port Speed 2.Committed Information Rate (CIR)

Committed Burst (Bc)

- Max no of bits the net. guarantees to deliver in normal circumstances

Committed Burst Information Rate (CBIR)

- Negotiated rate above the CIR w/c the customer can use to transmit for short burst - Allows traffic to burst to higher speeds - cannot exceed the port speed of the link

Access Rate/Port Speed

- d'

capacity of d' local loop

- SrvcProv provides a serial connection/access link to the Frame Relay network over a leased line

Discard Eligible (DE)

- Identifies less important traffic that can be dropped during periods of congestion

Access Rate
- Rate @w/c access circuits join the Frame Relay net. - @ 56 kb/s, T1 (1.536 Mb/s), or Fractional T1 (a multiple of 56 kb/s or 64 kb/s)

Excess Burst (BE)

- Describe the bandwidth available above the CBIR up to the access rate of the link - Unlike the CBIR, it is not negotiated

Committed Information Rate (CIR)

- d' capactiy of d' local loop guaranteed by d' provider - Customers negotiate CIRs w/SrvcProvfor each PVCz - Amnt of data that net receives from the access crct

- Frames may be transmitted at this level but will most likely be dropped

Congestion-Notification Mechanisms
1. Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) - indeirect one 2. Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) - direct notification

Frame Relay Cost Components

1. Access or port speed 2. PVC 3. CIR

Delays
-Lead to unnecessary retransmissions -Occur when higher level protocols receive no ackn within a set time

Access/Port Speed
- Speed of the line -Cost of the access line from the DTE to the DCE (customer to service provider) - Line is charged based on the port speed that has been negotiated and installed - Clocked on the Frame Relay switch

FECN Bit
-Indicated by "F" -Set on every frame that the switch receives on the congested link

BECN Bit
- indicated by "B" - Set on every frame that the switch places onto the congested link

PVC
-Basis of cost component - Once a PVC is estab, the additional cost to incr. CIR is small and can be done in small (4 kb/s) increments