Tiu lun: H phn tn

LI M U
Cng vi s pht trin ngy cng cao ca cng ngh thng tin. S ra i v pht trin t ca my vi tnh v cc phng tin x l thng tin khc, cng nh nhu cu trao i thng tin trong mi hot ng x hi loi ngi. i hi s pht trin ng b cc phng php truyn thng. Mng my tnh ra i lm cho mi ngi trn th gii tr nn gn nhau hn. H tin hc phn tn ra i nhm pht trin nhu cu ca cng ngh thng tin . H tin hc phn tn hay ni ngn gn l h phn tn (Distributed System) l h thng x l thng tin bao gm nhiu b x l hoc b vi x l nm ti cc v tr khc nhau v c lin kt vi nhau thng qua phng tin vin thng di s iu khin thng nht ca mt h iu hnh. m bo tnh gn b ca h, yu cu t ra trc ht l ng b ha cc tin trnh. Trnh t v ng b cc tin trnh trong h phn tn ch ra cho ta cc vn ng b c th s dn n phi thit ch mt trt t tng qut ca cc s kin din ra trong h. Cn phi xc nh mi lin h trao i thng qua cc thng ip vi thi gian truyn khc nhau, nhng thng tin tm thi trao i khng c gi tr tuyt i v trnh t tng qut cn phi c th hin bng phng tin gii thut m bo hot ng nhp nhng gia cc tin trnh d liu c lin quan vi nhau. Mc tiu nghin cu ca ti nhm tm hiu v s gn b d liu trong h qun l bi xe v cng nh a ra gii thut sp xp cc message n da trn ng h lgc gii quyt trnh t cp nht thng tin nht thit phi ging nhau trn cc trm trong h phn tn. Ni dung ch yu trnh by ca ti c phn b trn ba chng : - Chng 1 : Phn c s l thuyt nhng vn chung nht ca h tin hc phn tn lm c s cho cc phn sau ca ti. - Chng 2 : Phng php m bo gn b d liu - Chng 3 : Ni dung ca bi ton h qun l bi xe v nu ra nhng vn khng gn b d liu trn cc trm. - Chng 4 : Nhng nguyn l v thut ton sp xp cc thng ip n da trn ng h lgc. (ni dung ca gii thut c trnh by theo gii thut Lamport). hon thnh tiu lun ny, chng ti xin chn thnh cm n s ch bo tn tnh ca Thy gio: PGS.TS.L Vn Sn v cc bn hc vin trong lp nhit tnh gp .

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CHNG 1 CC KHI NIM C BN V H TIN HC PHN TN

1.1. TNG QUAN V H TIN HC
Mt cch tng qut, h tin hc c th bao gm cc thnh phn c bn nh phn cng, h iu hnh, cc chng trnh ng dng. H tin hc ni chung c th c m hnh ho nh sau:

II

III

PHN CNG H IU HNH I

... Hnh 1.1 Cc thnh phn ca h tin hc Cc thit b phn cng bao gm b x l trung tm, b nh v cc thit b ngoi vi v ng vai tr l mt trong hai loi ti nguyn c s ca h thng tin hc. Cc chng trnh ng dng l thnh phn tip theo sau h iu hnh, l cc phn mm c s phc v cho vic trin khai cc ng dng c th. V d nh chng trnh dch, h qun tr c s d liu, cc chng trnh tr gip s dng cc thit b chuyn dng, cc tr chi in t... Ngi s dng l mt khi nim c hiu theo ngha rng, di gc h iu hnh. c th l cc nh chuyn mn, cc my tnh, cc h t ng vn hnh gn vi my tnh. . . ang khai thc h thng qua cc lnh iu khin theo mt thut ton no nhm t c mc tiu xc nh t trc. H iu hnh cc my tnh v mng my tnh c t st phn cng. N gn kt cht ch vi thit b bi mt h thng cc chng trnh iu khin v sp xp nhm khai thc phn cng phc v cho cc chng trnh ng dng khc nhau vi kt qu v hiu nng chp nhn c. Nh vy, xt v mt qun l - iu hnh cc hot ng ca h thng th cc thc th va nu trn bao gm phn cng, phn mm v d liu. L nhng i tng m h iu Hc vin: Nguyn H Huy Cng, Nguyn Vn Khng Trang 2

Tiu lun: H phn tn hnh phi quan tm. Nhng i tng ny chnh l thc th c bn ca h tin hc v c m t hnh 1.2

Phn cng

Phn mm

D liu

Hnh 1.2 Ba thc th ca h tin hc Nh vy, h thng tin hc l mt h thng bao gm hai phn c bn l phn cng v phn mm gn b hu c vi nhau v c kh nng x l thng tin.

1.2. H TP TRUNG
Tiu biu l h thng my n, l my khng kt ni vt l v logic vi cc my khc nh hnh v sau:

U1 U2 ... Un B nh trong

Hnh 1.3 H thng my n mt thi im nht nh, my n c iu hnh bi mt h iu hnh duy nht. H thng nh vy c gi l h tin hc tp trung, thch hp vi cc my tnh loi trung v loi ln. Tm li, h tin hc tp trung bao gm mt h thng my n c iu khin bi mt h iu hnh duy nht v qun l ton b thng tin trn thit b nh cc b ca mnh.

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1.3. H TIN HC PHN TN

H tin hc phn tn (Distributed System) l h thng khng chia s b nh v ng h, khc vi xu hng phn tn cc tnh ton trn nhiu b x l ca h thng a x l. Nh vy, h tin hc phn tn i hi h thng phn cng ca mnh phi trang b b nh cc b, cc b x l trao i thng tin vi nhau thng qua cc h thng ng truyn nh cp chuyn dng, ng in thoi, cp quang. . . Nh vy, h tin hc phn tn c th bao gm bn thc th nh sau:

Phn cng

Phn mm
Truy n

D liu

thng

Hnh 1.4 Cc thc th ca h phn tn Mt t tng ln ca h tin hc phn tn l phn tn ho cc qu trnh x l thng tin v thc hin cng vic trn cc trm khc nhau. l c s cn bn cho vic xy dng cc ng dng ln nh thng mi in t, gio dc in t, chnh ph in t, th vin in t, . . . Hin nay, ng trn nhng phng din khc nhau, c th c cc nh ngha khc nhau v h tin hc phn tn, nhng ph bin hn c l nh ngha sau: H tin hc phn tn (h phn tn) l h thng x l thng tin bao gm nhiu b x l hay vi x l nm ti cc v tr khc nhau v c lin kt vi nhau thng qua phng tin vin thng di s iu khin thng nht ca mt h iu hnh. T nh ngha trn, h phn tn c cc u im cn bn so vi h tp trung, nh sau: - Tng tc bnh qun trong tnh ton, x l. - Ci thin tnh trng lun sn sng ca cc loi ti nguyn. - Tng an ton cho d liu. - a dng ho cc loi hnh dch v tin hc. - m bo tnh ton vn ca thng tin.

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CHNG 2 PHNG PHP M BO GN B D LIU

2.1. T VN
Vn gn b d liu trong cc h thng phn tn ni chung v cc h thng thng tin ng k trn mng ni ring nh vic ng k cc tua du lch, mua bn trong cc giao dch thng mi in t, ng k gi ch trong giao thng vn ti, ng k d thi trong cc h thng thng tin o to,... tr thnh mt lnh vc thu ht nhiu s quan tm ca cc nh nghin cu l thuyt ln cc nh sn xut phn mm nhm tm ra cc gii php hu hiu m bo tnh gn b thng tin trong cc c s d liu truy cp ngu nhin vi s lng truy cp ln [6,5,4,1]. Vic nghin cu, pht trin cc phng php m bo gn b d liu trong mi trng phn tn n nay c mt s thnh cng ng k. Trc ht, phi ni n s tch hp hng lot cc hm vo cc h iu hnh, h qun tr c s d liu, ngn ng lp trnh vi phng thc ring r ca tng h cho php m bo phn c bn ca vic gn b thng tin ni chung trong qu trnh a truy cp thng qua h thng vin thng. Vic trin khai phng php cho php gn b d liu trong mi trng phn tn trong iu kin l tng (khng c bt k s c no) c p dng v mang li nhng hiu qu nht nh cho cc h thng ng k [4,5,1]. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh trin khai lp trnh v vn hnh cc h thng ng k, vn gn b d liu trong cc c s d liu khi h thng b s c ang t ra nh l vn quan trng v c ngha sng cn trong vic pht trin ton h ni chung. Ni tm li, s c trong cc h thng ni chung, h thng ng k ni ring c th xy ra v l nguyn nhn dn n h thng c s d liu khng th m bo tnh gn b c na. Trong phm vi ca bi vit ny, chng ti gii thiu mt gii php c pht trin da trn gii thut hai pha tuyn tnh v gii thut MAONT kt hp vi m hnh x l phn tn JavaRMI v cc k thut chuyn tc trong SQL Server 2000 nhm m bo tnh gn b d liu phn tn trong iu kin c s c phc v cho cc h thng thng tin ng k.

2.2. TC NG CA S C I VI GN B D LIU
Nhm nghin cu v pht trin phng php m bo gn b d liu mt cch kh thi trong iu kin c s c cho cc h thng thng tin ng k ni ring, cc h thng tin hc phn tn ni chung, bn cht ca vn gn b d liu cng nh nguyn nhn dn n s c lm cho d liu khng cn gn b c ch ra v nhm ghp trong qu trnh phn tch, thit k h thng.
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Mt c s d liu no c gi l gn b, nu n tha mn mt tp cc rng buc v ton vn ng ngha. m bo tnh gn b d liu nhiu c ch khc nhau nh iu khin hot ng ng thi [5], kim sot tnh ton vn ng ngha, c s dng [4]. Vic kim sot tnh ton vn ng ngha tt s m bo c tnh gn b d liu ca h thng thng tin. Hin nay, ngi ta ang p dng hai phng php ch yu : 1. Loi b cc chng trnh/th tc cp nht c th dn n trng thi khng gn b d liu trong cc c s d liu [CKP1] 2. Triu gi cc chng trnh/th tc c bit c ci t trn h thng nhm khi phc trng thi ban u trc khi cp nht [CKP2]. Cc rng buc ton vn c phn lm hai loi ch yu : 1. Rng buc cu trc (Structural Constraint) din t nhng c tnh ng ngha c bn vn c trong m hnh. V d nh rng buc th hin bng kha duy nht trong m hnh quan h hoc cc lin kt theo kiu 1 n, (n > 1) gia cc i tng trong m hnh mng 2. Rng buc hnh vi (Behavioral Constraint) nhm iu ha cc hot ng ca cc ng dng. Trong qu trnh nghin cu bi ton, cc tc gi vn dng phng php tng qut m bo gn b d liu v cc rng buc ton vn thng tin phc v cng tc phn tch, thit k h qun tr c s d liu cho h thng c s d liu ng k vi thng tin gn b trong iu kin phn tn. Nhng thng tin chi tit c th tham kho trong ti liu [7]. c th khi phc li d liu v trng thi gn b thng tin ca ton h thng khi c s c din ra, mt trong nhng vn quan trng hng u l cn phi xc nh c loi, bn cht v v tr din ra s c m t nhn bit mt cch t ng v chuyn n phng n gii quyt no cho ph hp. Bn cht (m) s c v th tc gii quyt s c c lin quan n gn b c lu tr ti trung tm hoc phn tn trn cc trm ca h ng k phn tn. Trong trng hp cc th tc c phn tn, th bn thn cc th tc cng i hi phi c gii php m bo gn b ging nh d liu bnh thng [5]. V tng quan, cc s c c chia lm hai loi chnh l s c xy ra do cc trm trn h thng phn tn v s c do h thng vin thng gy ra [4,5]. Song tin lp trnh gii php, ngi ta c th ho ra thnh bn mc vi cc nguyn nhn tng ng th hin trong bng 1.

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Bng 1. Cc loi s c v nguyn nhn gy ra s c TT Loi s c Ting Anh Nguyn nhn Do mt li no trong bn thn giao dch gy nn. V d nh d liu nhp khng ng hoc do pht hin ra mt kha gi tim tng hoc hin hu

S c giao dch

Transaction Failure

S c 2 V tr Site Failure

Do mt li pht sinh trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng. Li ny c th bt ngun t phn thit b nh b x l/b vi x l, b nh, cc thit b ngoi vi,... b s c. Khi b s c, h thng lp tc b ngng hot ng. H thng chng trnh, c bit l cc chng trnh iu khin cng c th sinh li. l cc li do thut ton, do lnh vit sai, do phn lu tr chng trnh hay do virus. Cc li ny thng l cc chng trnh v c s d liu Do s c ca cc thit b lu tr th cp dng lu c s d liu. Khi c s c ny th mt phn hoc tt c c s d liu trn thit b c xem nh b hy hoi hoc khng th truy cp mt cch bnh thng c Do li trong cc thng ip, cc thng ip v trt t, thng ip b tht lc hoc khng phn phi thng ip v s c khc lin quan n ng truyn.

S c phng tin

Media Failure

S c 4 ng truyn

Transmission Failure

Phng php tng qut cho vic khc phc bn loi s c ny c trnh by trong bng 2 [4].

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Bng 2. Phng php tng qut khc phc s c TT Loi s c Cch khc phc [CKP1] + [CKP2] Hy b giao dch, sau t li c s d liu v trng thi ca n trc khi khi ng giao dch ny [CKP2] Thit k nghi thc y thc nguyn t khng b phong ta [CKP0] c xem nh nhng vn cc b ca mt v tr, v vy khng xem xt trong trng hp cc h thng phn tn [CKP2] S dng b m thi gian v c ch qu hn theo di xem qua bao lu k t khi v tr gi khng nhn c thng ip tr li ca v tr n.

S c giao dch

S c v tr

S c phng tin

S c truyn

ng

2.3. PHT TRIN GII PHP K THUT M BO GN B D LIU

d dng m t cc gii thut m bo gn b d liu phn tn, chng ta gi thit rng, ti v tr ngun ca giao dch mt tin trnh thc hin cc thao tc ca n, tin trnh ny c gi l iu phi vin (Coordinator). iu phi vin trao i vi cc thnh vin (Participant) ti nhng v tr c tham gia vo vic thc hin cc thao tc ca giao dch. Ci tin gii thut hai pha tuyn tnh ( Linear 2PC ) [4], gii thut MAONT [1], ta thit k gii thut m trong cc thnh vin c th trao i vi nhau. C mt th t gia cc v tr trong h thng dnh cho vic giao tip. Chng ta hy gi thit rng th t gia cc v tr c tham gia vo vic thc hin mt giao dch l 1, 2,, N vi iu phi vin l v tr u tin trong th t ny (Gii thut c minh ha bng hnh 1). Theo m hnh trong hnh v, ta c cc i tng sau : 1. C1, C2,..., Cn l cc Client truy cp Web Server bng trnh duyt Web 2. Servlets l cc i tng x l yu cu c gi t cc Ci, i=1,n

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3. TPC-Server-App1, TPC-Server-App2,.., TPC-Server-AppN l cc RMI Server ci t thut ton 2PC tuyn tnh (Linear Two Phase Commit - TPC) 4. TPCMonitorServer l mt trnh gim st cho php hin th qu trnh dch chuyn ca danh sch di chuyn [6] trong qu trnh x l ca cc TPC-ServerAppi, i = 1,N 5. ConnectionPool l chng trnh iu khin cc lin kt c s d liu dng chung 6. Database1, Database2,..., DatabaseN l cc c s d liu quan h phn tn trn mng. M t hot ng : Cc C1, C2,.., Cn l cc Client truy cp vo Web Server bng trnh duyt Web. Cc yu cu ny i hi vic x l phi truy vn n cc c s d liu phn tn. Do vic x l thnh cng hay khng ph thuc vo kt qu ca tt c cc truy vn ny. iu c ngha l, x l s thnh cng nu tt c cc truy vn u thnh cng, ngc li, x l s khng thnh cng nu c bt k mt truy vn no b li hoc khng thc hin c. Khi nhn c mt yu cu t cc Ci, i=1,n, cc Servlet s da vo yu cu ny thnh lp nn mt danh sch cc Database Server s truy vn v cc cu lnh SQL tng ng c thc hin ti mi Server. Vic thnh lp danh sch cc cu lnh SQL truy vn ti mi Database Server c da theo th t u tin SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE, INSERT. Sau khi thnh lp danh sch di chuyn, Servlet chuyn danh sch di chuyn ny cho TPC-Server-App u tin trong danh sch di chuyn thng qua phng thc gi t xa RMI.
Database1 1 ConnectionPool Database2 2 1 ConnectionPool Database3 3 ConnectionPool ... DatabaseN n ConnectionPool

3 ...

C1 TPCMonitorServer C2 TPC-Server-AppN
N

TPC-Server-App1

TPC-Server-App2

text

TPC-Server-App3

Servlets

...

Cn
1. W e bSeve r 2 3

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...

H 1. S h t n c g i p k t u b og n b d u nh o g a i hp h t m li H 1 S h n c g i p k t u mb ogbd li nh . ot g a i hp h t n u

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Mi TPC-Server-App ci t mt giao din cung cp phng thc x l theo thut ton 2PC tuyn tnh vi tham s l danh sch di chuyn, ch mc hin ti ca danh sch v tr v kt qu l danh sch kt qu truy vn ca chnh n v cc Server ng pha sau n trong danh sch di chuyn. public interface TPCApp extends Remote { public ResultQueryList queryApp(MovableList movableList,int index) throws RemoteException; } Nu qu trnh x l ti bt k mt TPC-Server-App no b li th kt qu tr v l null. Da vo kt qu tr v ny, cc TPC-Server-App commit hoc rollback transaction ang qun l. Nh vy, khi TPC-Server-App u tin nhn c danh sch di chuyn, TPC-Server-App bt u mt transaction thc hin cc cu lnh SQL truy vn CSDL cc b thng qua kt ni CSDL c ly t ConnectionPool cc b .Tip theo, TPC-Server-App tng ch mc hin ti ca danh sch di chuyn ln 1 v chuyn danh sch di chuyn ny n TPC-ServerApp k tip. Qu trnh ny c lp li cho n khi kt thc danh sch di chuyn. Ti Server cui cng trong danh sch di chuyn, nu vic truy vn CSDL cc b thnh cng, TPC-Server-App commit transaction v tr v kt qu l ResultQueryList khc null. Da vo kt qu tr v ny, Server ng trc trong danh sch di chuyn s commit hoc rollback transaction cc b v tr v kt qu cho Server lin trc. Khi Servlet nhn c kt qu l null c ngha l x l khng thnh cng. Ngc li, Servlet s tip tc x l kt qu nhn c tr v cho Client. Cc bc c bn ca gii thut xut nhm minh ha cho vic ci tin gii thut MAONT v gii thut hai pha tuyn tnh c m t qua hnh 2. Vic trin khai xy dng chng trnh bng ngn ng lp trnh Java cng vi th vin RMI v tin hnh thc nghim sau t c kt qu nht nh.

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B t u Nh yu c n u t Clie nt Servle thnhlp t da sch nh di chuy n TPCServerAppN Khi s Tra ction nsa N Truy v CSDL n cc b N Gi ph th ng c t xatrn TP C kti p

TP rve CSe rApp1 Khi s Transa ction 1 Truy vn CSDL cc b 1 Gi ph thc ng t xatrn TPC kti p

TPCServerApp2 Khi s Tra ction nsa 2 Truy vn CSDL cc b 2

...

Serve cui c ng r

Se r cui c ng rve

!=NULL

!=NU LL

!=NULL

Com it m Transa ion ct

Rollba ck Tra nsaction

Com it m Tra ction nsa

Rollb ack Tra ction nsa

Com it m Tra nsaction

Rollba ck Transa ction

...

Ch dt hot m ng caTra nsaction

Ch dt hot m ng caTransa ion ct

Chmdt hot ng caTra ction nsa

Trk quv t Se r N-1 rve

Tr k quv t Se rvlet & Clie nt

Trk quv t Se r 1 rve

K thc t

H 2. S m ha gi phpk thut bo g b d li nh inh i m n u H 2. S m ha gii php k thut mbo g b dli nh inh n u

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Tiu lun: H phn tn

CHNG 3 S GN B D LIU TRONG H QUN L BI XE

3.1. T VN
1. Nhn chung, cc tin trnh k cc tin trnh xut pht t cc ng dng c lp mun truy cp vo cc ti nguyn vi s lng vn rt hn ch hay truy cp vo thng tin dng chung cng mt lc. Trng hp ny gi l truy cp tng tranh. V vy, tng tranh l nguyn nhn chnh ca cc xung t gia cc tin trnh mun truy cp vo ti nguyn dng chung y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn phi thc hin c ch ng b ho cc tin trnh. 2. Cc tin trnh ca cng mt h ng dng hot ng theo kiu hp lc gii quyt cc bi ton t ra v cho kt qu nhanh chng nht. iu ny cho php tng hiu nng s dng thit b v hiu qu hot ng ca chng trnh. y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn phi thc hin c ch ng b ho cc tin trnh.

3.2. TRT T TNG PHN

Vn ng b ho c gii quyt thng qua c ch loi tr tng h. C ch ny cho php sp t (xc lp trt t) hon ton cc s kin. Trong thc tin, ni mt cch chnh xc, c mt h thng vn v ng b ho ch i hi trt t tng phn. Chnh v vy trt t ho tng phn gia cc s kin m cc tin trnh ca n cn phi ng b l vn cn phi quan tm gii quyt. Trong cc h thng phn tn, vic ng b ho ch t ra duy nht vn thit lp mt trt t gia cc s kin. Gia cc trm khc nhau, trt t ch c th hin c thng qua vic trao i cc thng ip vi nhau. Gi s rng ta c th xc nh mt trt t gia cc s kin ca h phn tn nh vo quan h c k hiu l v gi l c trc hay ngay trc. Quan h ny ti thiu phi tho mn c rng buc th hin trong bng sau y : C1 : Nu A v B l hai s kin ca cng mt trm v nu A c thc hin trc B th theo trt t cc b ca trm ta c A B. C2 : Nu A l pht thng ip bi mt trm no v nu B l thu ca thng ip ny th ta c A B.

3.3. GI NH CC IU KIN CHUNG

Cc h phn tn c xy dng trn c s cc trm lm vic c mc ni vi nhau (ni mng). Mi mt trm c b nh ring ca mnh v tuyt i khng c b nh chung.

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Tiu lun: H phn tn STT K.H 1 2 3 4 H1 H2 H3 H4 Thuyt minh Mt trm trong cc trm u c th lin lc vi cc trm cn li trong h Khng c li truyn thng tin v khng mt thng ip Trt t nhn trn trm j ca dy cc thng ip cng ging nh chnh ti trm I l ging vi trt t ca ni pht S c hay gin on vt l ti mt trm no c pht hin s lp tc thng bo n tt c cc trm c nh lin lc vi n.

3.4. BI TON QUN L BI XE

Trong BV - ngi bo v c nhim v phn phi ch cho cc xe t. VT - V tr cho tng xe t c th.

Trong bi ton - Bi u xe chnh l ti nguyn - Xe chnh l cc tin trnh - Nu mt ca l tp trung cn nhiu ca s din ra tranh chp

Hnh 1: Tnh hung th 1 : Ta gi s rng bi xe t l loi bi ln c mt cng vo di s kim sot ca mt ngi bo v (NBV) duy nht. NBV ch bit c mt phn ca trng thi bi xe. Trong khi anh ta ngh rng bi xe b y, khi li c nhiu li xe ang cho xe chy ra cng. V suy ngh nh vy, trong trng hp ny, anh ta khng gii quyt c cho cc xe khc tip tc c vo bi na, mc d lc ny trong bi ang c ch trng, nh vy, NBV khng nm c trng thi hin hnh ca bi. Tnh hung th 2 :

VT

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Tiu lun: H phn tn Nu ta c bi xe c nhiu cng vo v ti mi cng c mt ngi bo v th mi ngi bo v ch c th bit c trng thi vi tr nht nh v iu dn n tnh hung th 2. l tnh hung c nhiu trung tm ra quyt nh nh trong hnh v. Trn thc t mt ngi bo v no tin rng khng cn ch trng na, trong khi mt ngi bo v khc li va mi cho ra khi bi mt s xe m anh ta cha kp bo cho cc ngi bo v khc. Cng c th din ra trng hp l cng mt lc cc ngi bo v gii quyt cc xe vo cng mt v tr trong bi do v h thiu thng tin Tnh hung th 3 : Gi s rng thi im cho trc ta c 4 ngi bo v v c 100 ch cn trng. Tt c cc ngi bo v u c thng tin . Trng thi lc ny ca h l gn b. Ba trong s h pht i cc thng tin sau : STT 1 2 3 K hiu M1 M2 M3 Thng tin pht i Thm 20 ch trng c 10 ch b chim Dnh 10% ch trng qut dn sn bi

Bo v 1

Bo v 2

Bo v 3

Bo v 4

M1 M1 M2 t

M1

M2

M2

M3

M3

M3

Hnh 2.1 : Thi hn truyn v nhn thng ip c trt t

Hc vin: Nguyn H Huy Cng, Nguyn Vn Khng

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Tiu lun: H phn tn

3.5. GN B D LIU BI TON QUN L BI XE

Trt t x l Bo v 1 Thng ip Gi Tr 100 1 2 3 M1 M2 M3 120 110 99 M1 M2 M3 Bo v 2 Thng ip Gi Tr 100 120 110 99 M1 M2 M3 Bo v 3 Thng ip Gi Tr 100 120 110 99 M1 M2 M3 Bo v 4 Thng ip Gi Tr 100 120 110 99

Bng 1: S gn b gia 4 bo v Tnh hung th 4 Gi s rng thi im cho trc ta c 4 ngi bo v v c 100 ch cn trng. Tt c cc ngi bo v u c thng tin . Trng thi lc ny ca h l gn b. Ba trong s h pht i cc thng tin sau :

STT 1 2 3

K hiu M1 M2 M3

Thng tin pht i Thm 20 ch trng c 10 ch b chim Dnh 10% ch trng qut dn sn bi

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Tiu lun: H phn tn

Bo v 1 Bo v 2 Bo v 3 Bo v 4

M1

t M3 M3 M2 M1

M1

M2

M2

M3

Hnh 2.2 : Thi hn truyn v nhn thng ip

Trt Bo v 1 t Thng Gi x l ip Tr 100 1 2 3 M1 M3 M2 120 108 118

Bo v 2 Thng ip Gi Tr 100 M2 M3 M1 90 81 101

Bo v 3 Thng Gi ip Tr 100 M3 M1 M2 90 110 100

Bo v 4 Thng Gi ip Tr 100 M1 M2 M3 120 110 99

Bng 2: S khng gn b gia cc bo v

3.6. KT LUN
Trong bi ton h qun l xe vic khng gn b d liu lun lun xy ra cc trm nu khng c mt c ch thc hin ng b ho cc tin trnh (cho php cc t vo bi u theo mt trnh t). Khi thc hin phn tn chc nng cung cp trn nhiu trm khc nhau (cc bo v) s hot ng gn b vi nhau gia cc chng trnh cung cp l rt cn thit m bo cho hot ng cung cp hon ton chnh xc. Trn c s phn tch bi ton trn chng ta nhn thy vn khng gn b d liu trn cc h phn tn cn phi c cch gii quyt thch hp. Phng php gii quyt vn ny c nu ln phn tip theo.

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Tiu lun: H phn tn

CHNG 4 SP XP CC THNG IP N DA TRN NG H LOGIC

4.1 C S L THUYT
4..1.1 Cc quy tc
STT 1 Quy tc Cc b cung cp bt buc phi thc hin cng mt gii thut

Cc b cung cp u nhn tt c cc thng ip pht i t cc tin trnh Cc thng ip phi c x l cng mt trt t nh nhau trong cc chng trnh cung cp

4.1.2. L do s dng ng h logic

Trong h thng khng ng b, thng khng th bit s kin no xy ra trc s kin no Mt s v d V d A p0 gi thng bo m0 cho p1 Trc khi m0 ti p1, p1 gi thng bo m1 cho p0 p0 v p1 khng th bit thng bo no c gi trc V d B p0 gi thng bo m0 cho p1 Sau khi m0 ti p1, p1 gi thng bo m1 cho p0 p0 v p1 bit m0 c gi v nhn trc khi m1 c gi Cn sp xp cc s kin theo th t b phn

4.1.3. Th t b phn xy ra trc

Trong mt thc hin, s kin tnh a xy ra trc s kin tnh b, k hiu a b, nu 1. a v b xut hin trn cng mt b x l v a xy ra trc b trong thc hin trn b x l , hoc Hc vin: Nguyn H Huy Cng, Nguyn Vn Khng Trang 17

Tiu lun: H phn tn 2. a gy ra vic gi thng bo m v b bao hm vic nhn thng bo m, hoc 3. s kin tnh c sao cho a c v c b Xy ra trc c ngha l thng tin t s kin a c th nh hng n s kin b Nu trong hai s kin khng c s kin no xy ra trc th chng tng tranh, k hiu

4.1.4. ng h logic
Khi nim ng h logic L cc gi tr gn cho cc s kin tnh cung cp thng tin v th t xy ra ca chng S nguyn L(e) gn cho s kin e trong mt thc hin tha mn iu kin a b L(a) < L(b) Gii thut nhn thi gian logic Mi b x l pi duy tr mt bin m (nhn thi gian logic) Li, c gi tr ban u l 0 Mi thng bo pi gi i c gn nhn thi gian gi tr hin thi ca Li Vi mi s kin tnh a, Li c tng > gi tr trc v nhn thi gian ca mi thng bo nhn c L(a) l gi tr ca Li khi s kin a kt thc, k hiu Li(a) V d: ng h logic

p0 p1 p2

a 1c 1

b 2 g 2 1 d h 2 e 3 f 4 i 5

Th t b phn V d a b : L(a) = 1 < 2 = L(b) f i : L(f) = 4 < 5 = L(i) a e : L(a) = 1 < 3 = L(e) Th t ton phn S dng thm id ca b x l trong nhn thi gian V d L(a) = (1,0) < (1,1) = L(c)

4.1.5. ng h vector
Vn i vi ng h logic a b L(a) < L(b); cha chc L(a) < L(b) a b "Xy ra trc" l th t b phn, trong khi cc gi tr ng h logic l nhng s nguyn c th t ton phn Trang 18

Hc vin: Nguyn H Huy Cng, Nguyn Vn Khng

Tiu lun: H phn tn ng h vector tng qut ha ca ng h logic Cc gi tr c ly t mt tp th t b phn thay v mt tp th t ton phn Khi nim ng h vector L cc gi tr gn cho cc s kin cung cp cc thng tin khng nhn qu v nhn qu gia chng Gi tr V(e), thuc tp th t b phn, gn cho s kin e trong mt thc hin tha ng tha mn a b V(a) < V(b)

4.1.6. Gii thut nhn thi gian vector (vector timestamps)

Mi b x l pi duy tr mt vector Vi n chiu, c gi tr ban u l (0,..., 0) Mi thng bo pi gi i c gn nhn thi gian gi tr hin thi ca Vi Vi mi s kin tnh a ca pi Gn Vi[i] := Vi[i] + 1 Vi mi thng bo pi nhn c c nhn thi gian T Cp nht Vi[j] := max(T[j], Vi[j]) j i Nhn thi gian vector V(a) = Vi(a) l gi tr ca Vi khi s kin a kt thc

4.1.6. So snh nhn thi gian vector

Cho V1 v V2 l hai vector nguyn n chiu Bng V1 = V2 V1[i] = V2[i] i E.g. (3,2,4) = (3,2,4) Nh hn hoc bng V1 V2 V1[i] V2[i] i E.g. (2,1,4) < (3,2,4) Nh hn V1 < V2 V1 V2 nhng V1 V2 E.g. (2,1,4) < (3,2,4) Khng th so snh V1 V2 V1 V2 v V2 V1 E.g. (3,2,4) (4,1,4) Lu Cc php so snh khng theo nh th t ch ci V d v nhn thi gian vector

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Tiu lun: H phn tn V(g) = (0,0,1) v V(b) = (2,0,0) l khng th so snh mc d L(g) = 1 v L(b) = 2

4.1.7. Thc hin

Xt mt thc hin trn mt mng y Mi b x l pi lin tip gi mt thng bo n pi+1, pi+2,..., pn-1, p0,..., pi-2 Gi s kin gi u tin l ai Mi pi lin tip nhn c mt thng bo t pi-1, pi-2,..., p0, pn-1,..., pi+2 Gi s kin nhn cui cng l bi

III.1.8 Thc hin vi N=4

4.1.8. Trng thi knh truyn

Vn Trng thi h thng bao gm khng ch trng thi cc b x l m c trng thi cc thng bo ang di chuyn Gii php vi nht ct gn nht Mi thnh phn ca mng store cha thm s thng bo nhn c (trc tip) t mi b x l hng xm tnh nht ct nht qun gn nht, mi pi thc hin Duyt mng store t ch s nh nht n ch s ln nht, gi lp li cc bc tnh Ghi du cc thng bo nh gi trong qu trnh gi lp Ngng gi lp khi tm thy m' gn nht sao cho store[m'] c nhn vector K Gii php 1 Hc vin: Nguyn H Huy Cng, Nguyn Vn Khng Trang 20

Tiu lun: H phn tn Mi pi thc hin pi gi ti mi b x l k cn pj s thng bo nhn c t pj theo thng tin trong store[m'] pj sau khi kt thc gi lp s xc nh c cc thng bo n nh gi cho pi nhng cha n (trng thi knh truyn) l cc thng bo thuc nht ct nht qun gn nht Gii php vi chp trng thi Mi pi ghi li chui cc thng bo nhn c t pj gia thi im pi thit lp bin answer v thi im pi nhn c thng bo nh du t pj l cc thng bo ang di chuyn thuc nht ct nht qun

4.1.10. Hng i
Queue: l mt danh sch tuyn tnh m php thm c tin hnh mt u danh sch, php loi b c tin hnh ti u cn li ca danh sch. Queue cn gi l danh sch FIFO (First In First Out) Loi b Thm vo

Cui

4.2. GII THUT

Gii thut c trnh by y l gii thut Lamport nhm cho php ghi li cc s kin ca h tin hc phn tn. Gii thut ny nhm gii quyt vn trnh t (vn mu cht ca h phn tn) da trn gi tr ng h lo gch sp xp cc thng ip n. Mi trm s u c trang b cng t vi cc gi tr nguyn gi l Hs. chnh l ng h l gch tng ln gia hai s kin k tip. Trm e pht thng ip ghi du E ca mnh da trn gi tr hin hnh ca He. Khi nhn c thng ip, trm r cp nht ng h Hr ring ca mnh bng gii thut sau y : Nu Hr, th Hr := He +1 Chm dt nu

Hc vin: Nguyn H Huy Cng, Nguyn Vn Khng

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Tiu lun: H phn tn Mt s kin a sinh ra trong trm i v c nh du bi ng h cc b gi l Hi(a). Nu a v b u l hai s kin trn hai trm i v j, ta lun lun c quan h xc nh nh sau : a b Hi(a) < Hi(b) l trt t khng cht ch do v hai s kin trn hai trm khc nhau c th n cng mt thi im ging nhau. Ta c th m rng quan h thnh quan h trt t cht ch bng cch kt hp mt s khc c nh cho mi trm v bng cch nh du thi gian cho mi s kin a ca trm i bng cp (Hi(a),i). Theo nh ngha, ta c :

a b (Hi(a) < Hi(b)) hay (Hi(a) = Hi(b) v i<j)

4.3. TRNH BY GII THUT

Gi thit 1. Trm i ca mng c th gi cho cc trm khc thng ip c dng (T Hi, i), trong Hi l du ca thng ip c ngha l ng h l gch ca n v T c th nhn mt trong ba gi tr REQ, REL, v ACQ. Ba gi tr ny xc nh bn cht ca ba loi thng ip khc nhau STT Thng ip Gii thch 1 REQ Thng ip REQ c pht i cho tt c cc trm, khi trm i mun vo trong on gng 2 REL Thng ip REL c pht i cho tt c cc trm, khi trm i ri khi on gng 3 ACQ Thng ip ACQ c gi bi trm i cho trm j nhn c t trm i thng ip REQ. 2. Khi c mt thng ip c gi i bi trm i ng thi n cng c ghi trong hng i ca trm ny. Gi s rng mi hng i ban u cha cc thng ip : Mi = (REL, Hinit , i) Trong , i, Hinit l thi im khi s ging nhau cho tt c cc trm. Tiu ch sp xp da vo Hi

Hc vin: Nguyn H Huy Cng, Nguyn Vn Khng

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Tiu lun: H phn tn Mi trm qun l mt hng i cc thng ip c sp xp hon ton bi quan h theo cp <thi gian, s> ca tng thng ip. Thut ton c m t theo s sau : Khi to hng i, mi my t pht thng ip

Mi = (REL, Hinit , i) + Khi trm ang truy cp vo ti nguyn - truy cp vo ti nguyn mt trm no s pht mt thng ip yu cu Mi (T,Hi,i) n tt c cc trm khc v a yu cu vo hng i yu cu ca trm ny. - Khi trm j nhn thng ip yu cu t i, n s gi ngc li thng ip (c cha ng h logic Hj) cho trm j v a yu cu ny vo trong hng i yu cu ca n. If (state =muon) and (T, Hj,j) < (Ti, Hi,i) then Begin Send M(T,Hj,j) n trm i INSERT(Mi,hngi) c sp xp theo H End + Khi trm ang thc thi yu cu Trm i nhn mt thng ip vi ng h logic ln hn ng h thi im hin ti ca trm i v yu cu ca trm i ang v tr ca hng i yu cu ca n. If (H>Hi ) and (V tr M u ca hng i) then state=namgiu + Khi trm khng thc hin g c Xo yu cu v gi thng ip gii phng nhng trm khc s loi b yu cu tng ng If state=ranh then x l(cc thng ip hng i) sau xo Send thng ip gii phng n cc trm Nhng trm khc cng s xo yu cu ca n trong hng i ca mnh

4.3. KT LUN
- Vic sp xp cc thng ip n da trn ng h lgch cho php nh du cc s kin v xc nh mt trt t tng qut cht ch. Nhng ti y ta khng c quan h no gia cc s kin v cc gi tr ca du. - S mu thun : gi thit c hai trm 1 v 2 cng thc hin trng nhau. Ri sau c hai iu kin yu cu u nm nh ca hng i ca mi chng nhng trong trng hp ng h lgc ca trm 1 li nh hn trm 2

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Tiu lun: H phn tn - R rng l yu cu trm i phi c mt trong hng i ca trm j khi trm j ang vo on gng. iu ny cung cp s mu thun yu cu ca chnh tm j ti nh ca hng i yu cu khi mt ng h logic nh hn ang c mt.

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Tiu lun: H phn tn

MC LC
LI M U......................................................................................................................1 CHNG 1.........................................................................................................................2 cc khi nim c bN V H TIN HC PHN TN......................................................2 1.1. TNG QUAN V H TIN HC.............................................................................2 1.2. H TP TRUNG......................................................................................................3 1.3. H TIN HC PHN TN.......................................................................................4 CHNG 2.........................................................................................................................5 PHNG PHP M BO GN B D LIU............................................................5 2.1. T VN .........................................................................................................5 2.2. TC NG CA S C I VI GN B D LIU.....................................5 2.3. PHT TRIN GII PHP K THUT M BO GN B D LIU...........8 CHNG 3.......................................................................................................................12 S GN B D LIU TRONG H QUN L BI XE........................................12 3.1. T VN .......................................................................................................12 3.2. TRT T TNG PHN......................................................................................12 3.3. GI NH CC IU KIN CHUNG................................................................12 3.4. BI TON QUN L BI XE.....................................................................13 3.5. GN B D LIU BI TON QUN L BI XE...................................15 3.6. KT LUN............................................................................................................16 CHNG 4.......................................................................................................................17 SP XP CC THNG IP N DA TRN NG H LOGIC..........................17 4.1 C S L THUYT..............................................................................................17 4.2. GII THUT ........................................................................................................21 4.3. TRNH BY GII THUT..................................................................................22 4.3. KT LUN............................................................................................................23

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