CHNG 1 AI CNG VE TAI CHNH QUOC TE Cau 1: Hay neu cac ch tieu anh gia mc o m ca cua 1 nen kinh

te theo quan iem truyen thong va quan iem hien ai? Theo quan iem truyen thong, cac ch tieu o la: t le gia tr thng mai quoc te( t le gia tr xuat khau, nhap khau ) tren tong san pham quoc noi (GDP). Theo quan iem hien ai, bo sung them nhng hang hoa tiem nang co the tham gia thng mai quoc te, ch khong ch bao gom nhng hang hoa thc s c xuat khau va nhap khau. Ngoai ra con co them ch tieu von quoc te. Cau 2:Li ch va rui ro khi tham gia th trng tai chnh quoc te ? Li ch: Nha au t trong nc c cung cap nhng nguon von bo sung t nc ngoai, khi khong the huy ong tren th trng tai chnh noi bo trong nc,v vay nh th trng tai chnh quoc te cho phep nhng nha au t tm kiem them nhng nguon von t nc ngoai e bo sung vao ngan sach von cua mnh khong nhng the nh co th trng tai chnh quoc te ma cac nha au t co nhng c hoi sinh li cao va giam c nhng rui ro ln ve tai chnh. Rui ro: Khi tham gia th trng tai chnh gia cac quoc gia luon chui anh hng lan nhau ve mc tang trng kinh te ty gia, ty le lam phat. Cau 3:Tai sao tai chnh quoc te ngay cang tr nen quan trong ? Trc xu the thng mai va chu chuyen von ngay cang c quoc te hoa, nhng s kien tai chnh trong nc cung nh quoc te co anh hng ngay lap tc tren pham vi toan the gii, do o moi quan he tai chnh ngay cang tr nen c quoc hoa. Thc te cho thay nhng th trng tai chnh c lien ket chat che vi nhau khong nhng tren pham vi quoc gia ma con ca pham vi quoc te v vay nhng cong ty cac quoc gia khac nhau luon oi mat vi th trng tai chnh giong nhau. Do o vai tro cua th trng tai hnh ngay cang tr nen quan trong la mot van e khong the thieu trong nen kinh te m v: Th nhat : giup nha quan tr nhan biet c th trng quoc te se anh hwongr en cong ty nh the nao, tren c s o e ra nhung hanh ong thch hp e tan dung khai thac nhng dien bien co li va ong thi a ra nhng giai phap e tranh cong ty khoi ton that. Th hai: giup nha quan tr lng trc nhng s kien co the xay ra va t o e ra nhng quyet sach trc khi s kien xay ra
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Mat khac cac th trng lien ket chat che vi nhau cho nen nhng s kien xay ra du bat c au eu co anh hng ngay lap tc tren qui mo toan cau. v the tai chnh quoc te ngay cang t nen quan trong Cau4: Giai thch v sao thng mai quoc te tang nhanh hn thng mai noi a? Gom 2 nguyen nhan: + T do hoa thng mai va au t tai chnh tren c s giam mc thue quan, han ngach, kiem soat tien te va nhng tr ngai khac i vi s di chuyen hang hoa va von quoc te . +Khong gian kinh te c thu hep nhanh chong. ay la ket qua cau nhng cai tien trong cong nghe thong tin va van tai, lam cho chi ph kien quan en thng mai va au t giam Cau5: Li the so sanh la g: Mot hang hoa co nang suat hn cac hang hoa khac c the hien cho:cung au vao nh nhau chung ta co the san xuat hang hoa hang hoa nay co gia tr ln hn so vi trng hp neu san xuat ra hang hoa khac. Trong kinh te hoc hien tng nang suat hn con la li the so sanh. Cau 6 : Li the canh tranh phat sinh t au ? Li the so sanh a lam phat sinh li the canh tranh. Tc la cac nc tien hanh chuyen mon hoa san xuat nhng hang hoa va dch vu co nang suat hn hang hoa va dch vu khac. Nang suat cua hang hoa va dch vu nay c xem la cao hn hang hoa va dch vu kia khi chung co cung yeu to au vao nhng san xuat hang hoa va dch vu nay mang lai li ch nhieu hn. Cau 7:Rui ro quoc gia la g : Rui ro quoc gia bao gom:bung no chien tranh cach mang hay cac s kien chnh tr va xa hoi khac xay ra, khien cho nha xuat khau khong thu c tien. Rui ro quoc gia lien quan en au t nc ngoai cung nh tn dung thng mai. Rui ro quoc gia xay ra la do rat kho co the van dung tnh phap ly cung nh tch bien tai san khi ma ngi mua quoc gia khac. Ngoai ra, co the xay ra trng hp la ngi nhap khau tuy san sang nhng khong the thanh toan tien bang hang cho nha xuat khau Nhng rui ro khac lien quan en thng mai quoc te con bao gom ca nhng thay oi ot bien trong viec xuat nhap khau, han ngach, tai tr cho nhng nha san xuat noi a Cau 8 Hy nu khi nim v thut ng Hedge. Hedge l hot ng bo him ngoi hi c k hn.Nhng ngi tham gia hot ng ny gi l Hedgers (thng l cc cng ty). Hot ng ny gip cc nh tham gia bo him c an ton trc s bin ng ca t gi, trnh ri ro hi oi. Tham gia Hedge c cc thun li: Hedgers vn c th tip tc kinh doanh d khng ngoi t tr ngay cho nh xut khu v c m bo v lng ngoai t6 thanh ton khi n hn. Cau 9:Nhng li ch c ban trong au t tai chnh la g?
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La viec cai thien s phan phoi nguon von va tang c kha nang a dang hoa danh muc au t. Li ch t viec phan phoi nguon von hieu qua hn c bat nguon t mot thc te rang thong qua au t quoc te ma nhng nguon von c chu chuyen t nhng co t c hoi au t va ty suat li nhuan thap en nhng quoc gia co nhieu c hoi au t hn va ty suat li nhuan cao hn. Cau 10:Nhng rui ro c ban trong au t tai chnh quoc te la g? Nhng rui ro bao gom :rui ro ty gia va rui ro quoc gia. Nhng thay oi ty gia lam cho gia tr tai san co va tai san n bang ngoai te quy noi te thay oi Rui ro ty gia t qua trnh toan cau hoa au t tang len con do cac th trng tai chnh gia cac quoc gia phu thuoc anh hng lan nhau.S kien ngay th Hai en toi khi th trng chng khoan sup o vao thang 10 nam 1987 la minh chng cho s phu thuoc lan nhau. Ngoai rui ro ty gia,viec nam gi tai san nc ngoai luon phai oi mat vi rui ro quoc gia.Nh a neu tren,rui ro quoc gia lien quan en kha nang xay ra quoc hu hoa,b pha huy bi chien tranh hay cach mang xay ra. Ngoai ra rui ro quoc gia con lien quan en s thay oi en mc thue oi vi thu nhap nc ngoai, hay ap dung nhng han che trong thu nhap Cau 11: Neu khai niem ve thuat ng Hot money la g? La nhng ong tien nong di chuyen t trung tam tai chnh nay en trung tam tai chnh khac e tm kiem c hoi sinh li cao hn. Cu the viec chuyen dch von ngan han va hay thay oi gia cac nc xay ra, trc het nham ap ng s chenh lech ve lai suat gia cac trung tam tai chnh (kenh doanh chenh lech gia) hay d oan ve tang , giam ga hay tai nh gia ngoai te (au c). Cac ong tien nong au c co kha nang pha v viec quan ly t gia mot cach co trat t va pha v the can bang trong can can thanh toan va do vay chu s kiem soat ngoai hoi cua nha chc trach tien te. Cau 12:Khi ty gia cua USD ot ngot thay oi: a)Cong dan My nam gi trai phieu kho bac My:khi ty gia cua USD tang lam cho gia ngoai te tnh bang noi te tang, ong USD giam ,cong dan My se ban trai phieu ra e thu tien ve ,sau o ho se mua ong ngoai te.Ty gia giam th ngc lai,ho se mua them noi te. b)Cong dan My nam gi co phieu c: khi ty gia tang,ong USD se giam gia ,ong DEM se tang gia,do do nam gi co phieu c se co li,va au t nhieu hn vao co
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phieu cua c. Ngc lai,ty gia giam se t au t vao co phieu c hn. c)Cong dan My du lch tai Mexico: th ho phai oi thanh tien cua Mexico.V vay khi ty gia tang ong USD giam,1 USD oi ra tien cua Mexico se t hn so vi khi ty gia khong tang, ngi ta se mat nhieu chi ph cho viec du lch,do o ho se han che i du lch.Khi ty gia giam thi ngc lai se co nhieu ngi i du lch hn. d)Cong dan My nam gi co phieu cua hang Honda :ty gia tang,ong USD giam,ong yen Nhat tang,viec quy oi co phieu hang Honda ra USD se t hn,do o nam gi co phieu cua hang Honda khong co li.Ty gia giam thi ngc lai. e)Cong dan Canada ngh mat My :Ty gia tang ,ong USD giam,ong Canada cao gia hon,va khi oi ra USD se thu c nhieu USD hon,chi ph du lch My se giam, viec du lch My se tang. Cau 15 : nhng g ng ang sau s thanh cong cua mot nganh cong nghiep san xuat hang xuat khau: Pha sau s thanh cong cua mot nganh cong nghiep san xuat hang xuat khau la nhng rui ro bao gom rui ro ve ty gia va rui ro quoc gia Nhng bien ong khong lng trc cua ty gia anh hng rat ln en en doanh so, gia cava li nhuan cua nhng nha xuat khau . Mat khac cac nha xuat khau con phai oi mat vi rui ro quoc gia bao gom bung no chien tranh , cach mang ,hay cac s kien chnh tr ,xa hoi khac xay ra khien cho cac nha xuat khau khong thu c tien . Ngoai ra con do nhng qui nh chnh sach cua cac quoc gia khac nhaucung anh hng en cac nha xuat khau nh :qui nh han che chuyen tien ra nc ngoai, thue nhap khau, han ngach, tai tr cho nha san xuat noi acung lam giam tnh canh tranh cua cac mat hang xuat khau . CHNG 2 TH TRNG HOI OAI Cau 1 USD/GBP = (1.8020 1.8025)
1 1.8025

a) Ngan hang mua USD (ban GBP) theo ty gia 1USD =

= 0.5547 b) Ngan hang ban GBP tai ty gia 1GBP = 1.8025 USD
c) Khach hang co the ban USD tai ty gia 1USD =
1 1.8025

0.5547 Cau 2:
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Ngan hang B yet gia DEM/USD = (1,7640 1,7650) Ngan hang A co the ban DEM tai ty gia 1USD = 1,7640DEM Cu 3 T gi mua, t gi bn v spread. ESP/NOK = ( 1.1935 1.1945 ) 1/ mua c 1000000 NOK th s ESP khch hng phi thanh ton l: 1.1945 * 1000000 =1194500 ESP 2/ Nu bn 1000000 NOK th s ESP khch hng nhn c l: 1.1935 * 1000000 =1193500 ESP 3/ Nu khch hng mua 1000000 ESP th chi ph bng NOK l: 1000000 : 1.1945 = 837170.4 NOK 4/ Nu khch hng bn 1000000 ESP th th s NOK nhn c l: 1000000 : 1.1935 = 837871.8 NOK Cau 4: Nha moi gii gii thieu gia chao mua cao nhat va gia chao ban thap nhat , tren c s o thiet lap c che yet gia hai chieu tot nhat cho ngan hang hoi gia . Do vay ty gia cua nha moi gii se la: JPY/USD = (125.60 125.68) Cau 6: a) C hoi giao dch Arbitrage xay ra khi 2 ngan hang cung niem yet ty gia ma ty gia mua cua ngan hang nay ln hn ty gia ban ra cua ngan hang kia. Do vay trong trng hp nay c hoi giao dch Arbitrage xay ra v gia mua USD cua ngan hang B ln hn ty gia ban USD cua ngan hang A. b) Lai nghiep vu khi giao dch 10,000,000AUD Mua USD cua ngan hang A: 10,000,000 : 0.8525 = 11,730,205.28 USD Ban USD ngan hang B: 1,173,0205.28 * 0.8526 = 10,001,173.02 AUD Lai nghiep vu thu c: 10,001,173.02 - 10,000,000 = 1,173.02 AUD Cau 7 SGD/USD =(2.1050 2.1060) USD/SGD =( 2.1060 USD/FRF SGD/FRF =( Cau 8 JPY/USD USD/JPY DEM/USD
0.1240 1 2.1050
1 1 2.1050

=(0.1240 0.1250) 0.1250 1 2.1060

) = (0.26102 0.26325)

=(134.50 134.60) 1 134 .50

1 =( 134 .60

) )

=(1.7660 1.7670)
1 1 1.7660

USD/DEM =( 1.7670 -5-

1 1 1.7670 1.7660 JPY/DEM =( ) =(76.118 76.217) 1 1 . . 134 .50 134 .60

Cau 9

MLR/USD =(2.2810 2.2830) USD/GBP =(1.5070 - 1.5090) MLR/GBP =(

1.5070 1 2.2810

th trng) e co the tao ra 10 iem spread ve hai pha so vi ty gia hoa von th ty gia cheo cong bo phai la (3.4375+10 3.4450-10) = (3.4385 3.4440) Cau 10 HKD/USD =(6.8560 6.8580) USD/AUD =(1.0130 1.0510) Ty gia th trng AUD/HKD =(
1 6.8580 1.0510

1.5090 1 2.2830

=(3.4375 3.4450) (ty gia

1 6.8560 1.0130

) = (0.1387 0.1440)

e tao ra 1 iem spread th ngan hang phai yet gia (0.1388 0.1439) Cau 12 VND/USD DEM/USD JPY/USD =(13995 14007) =(1.7647 1.7653) =(121.12 121.34)

1 1 1.7653 1.7647 VND/DEM =( 1 ) = (7927.83 7937.33) 1 13995 14007 1 1 121 .34 121 .12 VND/JPY =( 1 ) = (115.34 115.65) 1 13995 14007 1 1 1.7653 1.7647 =( 1 ) = (68.612 68.760) 1 121 .12 121 .34

JPY/DEM

Cac phng an thu nhap cua cong ty bang VND: Nhan c 140 trieu JPY, cong ty em ban cho ngan hang thu c so tien VND la: 140000000*115.34 = 161476*1010 (vnd) Khi can tra tien cho nha xuat khau c ngan hang em VND mua DEM. So tien ma cong ty phai tra: 1600000*7937.33 = 1.27*1010 Cau 13:Hay trnh bai khai niem ve cac che o ty gia :
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Nhng quoc gia oc lap bao gi cung thiet lap mot khung phap ly danh cho cac giao dch tai chnh quoc te cua rieng mnh. Yeu to then chot cau khung phap ly la:Che o ty gia hoi oai, no bao gom nhng nguyen tac xac nh phng thc mua ban ngoai hoi oi vi cac chu the nhan va phap nhan la ngi c tru va ngi khong c tru. Cac quoc gia khac nhau co che o ty gia khac nhau va che o ty gia cua quoc gia co the thay oi thi gian nay qua thi gian khac. Co ba loai che o ty gia c ban: +Che o ty gia tha noi hoan toan: la che o trong o che o ty gia c xac nh hoan toan t do theo quy luat cung cau th trng ngoai hoi ma khong co bat c s can thiep nao cua NHTW +Che o ty gia co nh: NHTW buoc phai can thiep tren th trng ngoai hoi e duy tr ty gia bien ong xung quanh ty gia co nh trong mot bien o hep a c nh trc.trong che o ty gia co nh , NHTW buoc phai mua vao hay ban ra ong noi te nham gii han s bien ong cua ty gia trong bien o a nh +Che o ty gia tha noi co ieu tiet :Khac vi che o ty gia tha noi hoan toan , che o ty gia tha noi co ieu tiet ton tai khi NHTW tien hanh can thiep tren th trng ngoai hoi nham anh hng len ty gia Cau 14: Ban chat cua che o t gia tha noi hoan toan va vai tro cua NHTW trong che o nay? Ban chat cua che o t gia tha noi la viec t gia t ieu chnh e phan anh nhng thay oi trong quan he cung cau tren th trng ngoai hoi va vai tro cua NHTW tren th trng ngoai hoi la hoan toan trung lap. Vai tro cua NHTW: Trong che o t gia tha noi hoan toan, NHTW khong can thiep nham anh hng len t gia thong qua hoat ong mua vao hay ban ra ong noi te tren th trng ngoai hoi. NHTW e cho t gia c xac nh hoan toan t do bi quy luat cung cau tren th trng ngoai hoi nen cung cau ngoai hoi tren th trng luon trang thai can bang. Trong che o t gia tha noi, khi cau mot ong tien tren th trng ngoai hoi tang lam cho ong tien nay len gia( USD len gia ) va khoi lng giao dch bang USD tren th trng ngoai hoi tang. Ngc lai, khi cung mot ong tien tren th trng ngoai hoi tang lam cho ong tien nay giam gia va khoi lng giao dch bang ong tien nay tren th trng ngoai hoi tang. Cau 15: Ban chat cua che o t gia co nh va vai tro cua NHTW trong che o t gia nay? Ban chat cua che o t gia co nh: NHTW buoc phai can thiep tren th trng ngoai hoi e duy tr t gia bien ong
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xung quanh t gia co nh( goi la t gia trung tam ) trong mot bien o hep a c nh trc. e tien hanh can thiep tren th trng ngoai hoi oi hoi NHTW phai co san nguon d tr ngoai hoi nhat nh. Do moi ong tien quoc gia eu co t gia vi cac ong tien khac, do o t gia cua mot ong tien co the c tha noi vi ong tien nay nhng lai c neo co nh vi 1 ong tien khac. Vai tro cua NHTW: NHTW phai duy tr mot lng d tr ngoai hoi nhat nh e tien hanh can thiep tren th trng ngoai hoi nham duy tr t gia co nh. Khac vi che o t gia tha noi, trong che o t gia co nh NHTW la ngi can thiep e duy tr t gia co nh tren th trng. Cung giong nh tren cac th trng hang hoa khac, khi chnh phu co nh gia ca th luon ton tai 1 o lech nhat nh gia cung va cau tren th trng. Trong trng hp th trng ngoai hoi, e cho th trng can bang, NHTW buoc phai hap thu toan bo mc chenh lech gia cung va cau ngoai hoi bang cach mua vao hay ban ra ong noi te cua mnh. Cau 17 Neu t gia trung tam do Ngan hang Trung ng an nh thap hn t gia can bang c hnh thanh theo quan he cung cau tren th trng ngoai hoi th ong tien yet gia c coi la ong tien nh gia thap va ong tien nh gia c coi la ong nh gia cao so vi t gia can bang va ngc lai, neu t gia trung tam cao hn t gia can bang th ong tien yet gia c coi la ong tien nh gia cao va ong tien nh gia c coi la ong nh gia thap so vi t gia can bang. Cau 18: Nhan to buoc NHTW phai thay oi ty gia trung tam : Do lc lng cung cau tren th trng thng xuyen thay oi,do o gia cung va cau ngoai hoi luon co mot o lech nhat nh ,khi o lech tr nen gay gat va d tr ngoai hoi can kiet,buoc NHTW phai thay oi ty gia trung tam. Ngoai cac yeu to ve chnh tr va xa hoith th trng luon la yeu to thng trc va to ra kho triet tieu khien NHTW phai tien hanh can thiep. Khi NHTW an nh t gia ngoai te qua thap e duy tr t gia co nh, buoc NHTW phai ban ngoai te va mua ngoai te, neu quan he cung-cau th trng khong thay oi th d tr ngoai hoi cua NHTW se can kiet dan dan en mot cuoc khung hoang ngoai hoi co the xuat hien. Buoc NHTW phai ap at cac bien phap kiem soat ngoai hoi hay ong ca th trng ngoai hoi. e tranh tai hoa NHTW phai ieu chnh t gia trung tam tang len sat vi t gia can bang lam cho d tr ngoai hoi cua NHTW dng, khong giam na.
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T gia trung tam tang lam cho gia cua ngoai te tnh bang noi te tang va ngi ta goi hanh ong ieu chnh tang t gia trung tam cua NHTW la Pha gia noi te. Khi ieu chnh t gia trung tam giam xuong lam cho gia cua ngoai te tnh bang noi te giam xuong, ngi ta goi hanh ong nay la nang gia noi te. Pha gia lam cho noi tegiam gia, Nang gia lam cho noi te len gia. Pha gia va nang gia c ap dung trong che o t gia co nh khi NHTW ieu chnh t gia trung tam, con len gia va giam gia c dung trong che o t gia linh hoat khi t gia tren th trng thay oi. S khac nhau gia pha gia(nang gia) va giam gia(len gia) ch la ve mat thuat ng. Cau 20 a/ Anh va My duy tr ch61 o ty gia tha noi, vay ty gia can bang cung chnh la ty gia can bang cung cau tren th trng: Ta co: QS = QD 10-3E=5+2E E=1 So lng GBP c giao dch tren th trng QD=QS=7000000 bang Anh b) Cuc d tr lien bang My quyet nh can thiep mua 3000000 bang Anh tren th trng ngoai hoi Ham cung cua bang Anh: QD=2+2E QS=QD 10-3E=2+2E E=8/5 Neu can thiep cua FED la s kien duy nhat xay ra tren th trng,tac ong cua can thiep len ty gia ch la tam thi v ty gia chu anh hng cua nhieu yeu to xuat nhap khau , au c ngoai te . c)Gia s Anh va My duy tr che o ty gia co nh tai mc ty gia USD/GBP=2 Mc cau ngoai te tren th trng: Qd=4 000 000 GBP Mc cung ngoai te tren th trng: Qs=9 000 000 GBP e ty gia co nh th d tr ngoai hoi cua My phai tang lenvi so lng Qs- Qd=5 000 000 GBP Giai thch: vi mc ty gia E=2th se tac ong lam cho cac doanh nghiep cua My tang xuat khau lam cho cung ngoai te tang lenva giam nhap khau lam cho cau ngoai te giam xuong. khi o cung tang cau giam se lam cho ty gia can bang thi trng giam. v vay e gi ty gia khong oi th FED phai tang d tr GBP
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CHNG 3 CAN CAN THANH TOAN QUOC TE Cau 1: BOP phan anh doanh so giao dch trong mot thi ky. V theo khai niem BOP la mot ban bao cao thong ke tong hp co he thong, ghi chep lai tat ca cac giao dch kinh te gia ngi c tru va ngi khong c tru trong mot thi ky nhat nh thng la mot nam. Cau 3:Nhng nhan to nao anh len gia tr XK hang hoa cua mot nc? 1.Nhan to ty gia :Vi cac nhan to khac khong thay oi, khi ty gia tang ,lam cho gia hang hoa tnh bang ngoai te giam, kch thch tang khoi lng dan en : a.Lam tang gia tr xuat khau thn bang ngoai te: b.Lam cho gia tr xuat khau bang ngoai te co the tang hoac giam 2.Nhan to lam phat :Vi cac nhan to khac khong oi, neu ty le lam phat cua mot nc cao hn cua nc ngoai, lam giam sc canh tranh cua hang hoa cung loai cua cac nc nay tren th trng quoc te , do o lam cho khoi lng xuat khau giam; va -Neu ng cung xuat khau tnh bang noi te va co gian vi gia ca , th gia tr xuat khau tnh bang noi te se giam, do o cau noi te tren FOREX se giam -Neu ng cung tnh bang ngoai te la khong co gian vi ga ca, th gia tr xuat khau tnh bang noite se tang , do o cau noi te tren FOREX se tang Tom lai anh hng nhan to lam phat tren gia tr xuat khau tnh bang noi te va ngoai te khong chnh xac va khong ro rang 3.Gia the gii cua hang hoa xuat khau tang:vi cac nhan to khong oi ,neu gia the gii cua hang hoa xuat khau mot nc se tang se lam tang khoi lng xuat khau , do o lam tang cau noi te va cung ngoai te . Hay noi cac khac, khi gia the gii cua hang hoa xuat khau tang, lam tang gia tr xuat khau tnh bang noi te va ngoai te 4.Thu nhap cua ngi khong c tru:vi cac nhan to khong oi, khi thu nhap thc te cua ngi khong c tru tang , lam tang cau xuat khau bi ngi khong c tru , do o lam tang cau noi te va cung ngoai te, tc lam tang gia tr xuat khau bang ngoai te va noi te 5.Thue quan va han ngach nc ngoai :vi cac nhan to khac khong oi ,gia tr xuat khau cua mot nc se giam neu ben nc ngoai ap dung mc thue quan cao , han ngach nhap khau thap cung nh ap dung cac hang rao phi thue quan
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nh:yeu cau ve chat lng hang hoa va te nan quan lieu, ket qua la giam cau noi te. Cau 4: Phan biet can can hu hnh va vo hnh? Can can hu hnh(can can thng mai): No phan anh chenh lech gia cac khoan thu t xuat khau va cac khoan chi cho nhap khau hang hoa, ma cac hang hoa nay lai co the quan sat c bang mat thng khi di chuyen qua bien gii. Khi thu nhap t xuat khau ln hn chi cho nhap khau hang hoa, th can can thng mai thang d. Ngc lai, khi thu nhap t xuat khau thap hn chi cho nhap khau hang hoa, th can can thng mai tham hut. Can can vo hnh( can can dch vu, thu nhap va chuyen giao vang lai mot chieu ): khong the quan sat c bang mat thng nh cac khoan vien tr khong hoan lai, qua tang, qua bieu va cac khoan chuyen giao khac bang tien, hien vat cho muc ch tieu dung do ngi khong c tru chuyen giao cho ngi c tru va ngc lai. Cau6: Tham hut can can thng mai .y ngha cua can can thng mai ? can can thng mai la chenh lech gia gia tr xuat khau va gia tr nhap khau ve hang hoa TB=X-M=-(SE+IC+TR+KL+KS+dR) can can thng mai tham hut khi:(X-M)<0. Y ngha: Can can thng mai la bo phan chnh cau thanh can can vang lai, can can thng mai phan anh kp thi xu hng van ong cua can can vang lai Cau 7 Can can vang lai ghi chep nhng hang muc ve thu nhap, ma ac trng cua chung la phan anh moi quan he s hu ve tai san gia ngi c tru va ngi khong c tru. Can can vang lai tham hut khi tong can can hu hnh va vo hnh la so dng. ieu nay co the hieu la tong so tien nhan c t xuat khau hang hoa va nhan chuyen giao mot chieu ln hn tong so tien chi cho viec nhap khau hang hoa va chi chuyen giao mot chieu Y ngha cua can can vang lai la cho biet dong tien cua mot quoc gia ang chay vao hay chay ra Cau 8 Can can von la luong von chay vao va luong von chay ra khoi 1 quoc gia c phan theo tieu ch chu the va khach the. Tham hut can can von xay ra khi luong von chay vao nho hn luong von chay ra khoi 1 quoc gia. Y ngha: can can von phan anh s di chuyen von vao va ra khoi mot quoc gia, trong o: * Luong von chay vao phan anh :
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Hoac giam tai san co cua ngi c tru oi vi ngi khong c tru Hoac tang tai san n cua ngi c tru oi vi ngi khong c tru * Luong von chay ra phan anh : Hoac tang tai san co cua ngi c tru oi vi ngi khong c tru Hoac giam tai san n cua ngi c tru oi vi ngi khong c tru Cau 9: Can can c ban gom can can vang lai va can can von dai han. Can can vang lai ghi chep cac han muc ve thu nhap(phan anh moi quan he s hu ve tai san cua ngi c tru va ngi khong c tru) do o can can vang lai anh hng lau dai en on nh nen kinh te, ac biet la t gia hoi oai. Cac khoan i vay k han cang dai th cang gan vi thu nhap, nhng khoan cho vay cang dai han cang gan vi nhng khoan chi t thu nhap do o cung anh hng lau dai en s on nh cua nen kinh te. V vay can can vang lai va can can von dai han a hnh thanh nen can can c ban. Can can c ban c cac nha phan tch va hoach nh chnh sach kinh te ac biet quan t6m v tnh chat on nh cua no anh hng lau dai en nen kinh te va t gia hoi oai. T o ho co nhng bien phap phu hp e ieu chnh nen kinh te ngay cang phat trien hn. Cau 10: 1. Can can tong the: Can can tong the phan anh cac hoat ong cua ngan hang trong can can vang lai va can can von. Neu cong tac thong ke at mc chnh xac tuyet oi (tc nham lan va sai sot la bang 0), th can can tong the bang tong cua can can vang lai va can can von. Trong thc te, do co rat nhieu van e phc tap ve thong ke trong qua trnh thu thap so lieu va lap BOP, do o, thng phat sinh nhng nham lan va sai sot. Khi o: Can can tong the = can can vang lai + can can von + nhan lan va sai sot 2. Y ngha cua can can tong the: - Phan anh tnh trang cua mot quoc gia co the tang d tr ngoai hoi hay boc phai ban ra d tru ngoai hoi cua mnh. + Neu can can tong the thang d, no cho biet so tien co san e quoc gia o co the s dung e tang (mua vao) d tr ngoai hoi. + Neu can can tong the tham hut, no cho biet so tien ma quoc gia o phai hoan tra bang cach giam (ban ra) d tr ngoai hoi la nh the nao.
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Cu 12 Gii thch ti sao d tr ngoi hi tng li ghi n v ngc li ? D tr ngoi hi l thnh phn c vai tr quyt nh trong cn cn b p chnh thc. bo m BOP lun cn bng th: Cn cn tng th (OB) + Cn cn b p chnh thc = 0 Khi OB thng d, trnh ngoi t ln gi, NHTW mua ngoi t vo, do d tr ngoi hi tng. Vic mua ngoi t vo ca NHTW lm tng cung ni t trn th trng ngoi hi. Theo quy tc, phi ghi n vo bt ton.V ngc li, d tr ngoi hi gim th ghi c. Cau 13: Khi cong ty khai thac vang noi a ban vang cho NHTW nc mnh, se khong xay ra BOP v ca hai ben eu la ngi c tru. Khi cong ty nay ban vang cho ngi khong c tru th BOP se xay ra. Giao dch nay se thu ve ngoai te cho quoc gia. Cau 14: Trong can can tong the, tuy theo moi chnh sach cua quoc gia ma co nc tang d tr ngoai hoi tc la thang d, co nc giam d tr ngoai hoi tc la tham hut. D tr ngoai hoi thng c cac ngan hang trung ng s dung vao can thiep e mua noi te trong nhng trng hp can bao ve noi te khong b giam gia. Do co nc tham hut, co nc thang d nen can can tong the cua IMF se can bang. Cau 15 Cac trng hp lam phat lam tang gia trxuat khau: Neu cac nhan to khac khong oi, ng cung xuat khau tnh bang noi te khong co dan vi gia ca,neu nh t le lam phat tang se lam giamsc canh tranh cua hang hoa cung loaicua nc nay tren th trng quoc te, lam khoi lng xuat khau giam(nhng giam t hn so vi gia xuat khau tnh bang no te) se lam cho gia tr xuat khau tnh bang noi te se tang(cau noi te tren FOREX theo o se tang) Noi te giam gia nhanh hn so vi t le lam phat lam cho khoi lng xuat khau tang, k vong thu c nhieu ngoai te cao dan en gia tr hang xuat khau tang. Cau17 Ti sao khi cc nhn t ngoi sinh lm tng xut khu th ni t ln gi d BOP lun bng 0 ? Cu tr li ca bn c lin quan nh th no vi quy lut cung cu khi m cung lun bng cu ngay c sau khi cu tng ln ? Xut khu tng lm tng cung ngoi t v tng cu ni t trn th trng ngoi hi, do ni t ln gi. D vy , BOP vn lun cn bng, l do BOP c hch ton theo nguyn tc bt ton kp. Mi bt ton u c i ng u trong BOP. Xut khu tng c th lm tng quy m bt ton dng., m BOP lun cn bng. iu ny c ngha l BOP cn bng mc cao hn. Nh vy n cng ph hp vi quy lut cung cu

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