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Tag uma pergunta curta e rpida no final de uma frase para se pedir uma confirmao do que se disse antes. Examples: He is a doctor, isn't he? (Ele um mdico, no ?) Quando a 1 Parte da frase for afirmativa, a segunda parte ser negativa. He isn't a doctor, is he? (Ele no um mdico, ?) Quando a 1 Parte da frase for negativa, a segunda parte ser afirmativa. - Com verbos auxiliares: Examples: It is hot today, isn't it? Paul is a good boy, isn't he? She was here, wasn't she? They were friend, weren't they? Mary has a car, hasn't she? She can't run, can she? They could work, couldn't they? You should do this, shouldn't you? - Com verbos no auxiliares: Empregamos as formas verbais: do, does, don't, doesn't para o presente did, didn't para o passado Examples: You know England, don't you? You don't live here, do you? She doesn't speak English, does she? You knew England, didn't you? She didn't speak English, did she? - Future and Conditional: Examples: You will go, won't you? He won't come on time, will he? She would come, wouldn't she? He wouldn't go, would he? Tip: - Para a 1 pessoa do singular I, a tag question tem uma forma irregular. Ex.: I am your friend, aren't I?
a) Doesshe live here? b) - Your friend, "Why doesn't Mary go to school by bus?" - You, "But she does go to school by bus!" c) She always does the homework in the evening. d) He does not like fish. e) He doesn't like fish. f) Does Peter like fish?No, he doesn't.
"It's a shame you didn't come to the party last night." "What!? I did come to the party!" - Devo usar did quando eu desejar usar o verbo principal "fazer", em expresses especficas, cuidando para no usar did no lugar de make. (Ver algumas expresses que utilizam do e consequentemente did no passado acima.) - Devo usar did + not, ou simplesmente didn't, nas negaes no Passado Simples: I didn't take vacations last year. Did you leave a message?No, I didn't.
Ex.: Why are you sad? Because my mother went to live in another city. How often... (Quantas vezes, Com que frequncia) Ex.: How often do you go to the movies? (Com que frequncia voc vai ao cinema?) Which... (Qual?) - O pronome wich denota escolha, usado para perguntas de sentido restrito. Ex.: I have two cars. Which do you prefer? How long... (Quanto mede?) Ex.: How long is the table? It's 5 feet long. How far...(Quanta distncia?) Ex.: How far is the town? It's 2 miles from here. How wide... (Qual o tamanho?) Ex.: How wide is the land? It's 30 yards wide. How tall... (Qual a altura?) Ex.: How tall is the building? It's 150 feet tall How thich... (Qual a largura?) Ex.: How thick is the wall? It's 1 inches thick. Where from...(refere-se origem das pessoas e das coisas.) Ex.: Where are they from? When...(refere-se poca em que as coisas acontecem) Ex.: When is your birthday? What color...(refere-se cor das coisas) Ex.: What color is that car? What time...(refere-se s horas - relgio) Ex.: What time is your lesson? What about...(expresso usada, depois de dar uma informao, para perguntar a mesma coisa sobre outra pessoa ou objeto) Ex.: My car is old. What about your car? Note: Weights (Peso / Kg) - Para se perguntar o peso de coisas, animais ou pessoas. Ex.: How much does it weigh? (Quanto isto pesa?) It weighs 3 ounces.
TIME - TEMPO
Para grandes unidades (ano, ms, pas, cidade) empregamos a preposio IN. Para as unidades mdias (dias da semana, datas, ruas) usamos a preposio ON. Para as unidades pequenas (horas e n de rua) usamos AT.
TIME - TEMPO
John was born in 1970 (ano) Joo nasceu in December (ms) on a Sunday (dia) on 27 December 1970 (data) at 7 o'clock (hora)
PLACE - LUGAR
John lives in Brazil (pas) Joo mora in So Paulo (cidade) on Baker Street (rua) at 27 Baker Street (n de rua)
2. Os substantivos terminados em -o, -ch, -sh, -ss, -x e -z formam o plural acrescentando-se o sufixo -es:
hero tomato church watch brush wish glass box buzz topaz
heri heroes tomate tomatoes igreja churches relgio watches pincel brushes desejo wishes copo glasses caixa boxes zumbido buzzes topzio topazes
heris tomates igrejas relgios pincis desejos copos caixas zumbidos topzios
3. Palavras estrangeiras ou formas abreviadas em -o fazem o plural em -s violoncelo cellos violoncelos cello dynamo dnamo dynamos dnamos ghetto gueto ghettos guetos quilo quilos kilo kilos libretto libreto librettos libretos magneto magneto magnetos magnetos piano piano pianos pianos photo foto photos fotos portfolio pasta portfolios pastas rdio rdios radio radios solo solos solo solos soprano soprano sopranos sopranos tango tango tangos tangos virtuoso virtuoso virtuosos virtuosos
4. Os substantivos terminados em -y, precedidos de consoante, perdem o -y e recebem ies: country pas countries pases family famlia families famlias mosca flies moscas fly
lady story
senhoras histrias
calf elf half knife leaf life loaf self sheaf shelf thief wife wolf
bezerro calves elfo elves metade halves faca knives folha leaves vida lives po loaves a prpria selves pessoa feixe sheaves estante shelves ladro thieves esposa wives lobo wolves
bezerro elfos metades facas folhas vidas pes as prprias pessoas feixes estantes ladres esposas lobos
criana child children crianas boi bois ox oxen p ps foot feet ganso gansos goose geese dente dentes tooth teeth gentleman cavalheiro gentlemen cavalheiros homem homens man men woman mulher women mulheres piolho piolhos louse lice camundongo mice camundongos mouse 8. Com substantivos compostos, pluralizamos o seu componente principal:
brother-in- cunhado brothers-in- cunhados mensageiro law mensageiros law errand-boy padrinho errand-boys padrinhos
ex-aluno alumni ex-alunos alumnus anlise analyses anlises analysis eixo eixos axis axes bacilo bacilos bacillus bacilli bactrias bacterium bactria bacteria base bases basis bases crise crises crisis crises critrio criteria critrios criterion dado dados datum data errata erratas erratum errata hypothesis hiptese hipotheses hipteses osis osis oasis oases phenomenon fenmeno phenomena fenmenos raio raios radius radii estrato estratos stratum strata H, porm, uma tendncia em pluralizar palavras de origem estrangeira com o plural ingls:
dogma dogmas dogmas escritrio bureaus escritrios comercial comerciais estdio estdios stadiums stadium trmino trminos terminuses terminus memorandum memorando memorandums memorandos dogma bureau 10. Alguns substantivos apresentam a mesma forma para o singular e o plural:
11. Alguns substantivos, por conter a idia de um grande nmero ou porque indicam que a entidade composta de duas partes iguais, so somente usados no plural: binoculars cattle glasses jeans knickers leggings pajamas pants pliers pincers police scales scissors shorts tights tongs trousers binculo gado culos jeans cales fus pijama cala alicate pina polcia balana tesoura calo meia-cala tenaz cala
PLURAL
THE PLURAL OF NOUNS Most nouns form the plural by adding -s or -es. Singular boat hat house river Plural boats hats houses rivers
A noun ending in -y preceded by a consonant makes the plural with -ies. Singular a cry a fly a nappy a poppy a city a lady a baby Plural cries flies nappies poppies cities ladies babies
There are some irregular formations for noun plurals. Some of the most common ones are listed below.
woman women man men child children tooth teeth foot feet person people leaf leaves half halves knife knives wife wives life lives loaf loaves potato potatoes cactus cacti focus foci fungus fungi nucleus nuclei syllabus syllabi/syllabuses analysis analyses diagnosis diagnoses oasis oases thesis theses crisis crises phenomenon phenomena criterion criteria datum data Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural. Singular sheep fish species aircraft Plural sheep fish species aircraft
Some nouns have a plural form but take a singular verb. Examples: news - The news is on at 6.30 p.m. athletics - Athletics is good for young people. linguistics - Linguistics is the study of language. darts - Darts is a popular game in England. billiards - Billiards is played all over the world.
Some nouns have a plural form and take a plural verb. Examples: trousers - My trousers are too tight. jeans - Her jeans are black. glasses - Those glasses are his. others include: savings, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits
am not are not, arent is not, isnt has not, hasnt have not, havent
Um exemplo de uso do aint no lugar de is not: Aint she beautiful? (Ela no bonita?). O correto seria: Isnt she beautiful? Recentemente mais uma expresso foi adicionada lista acredite se quiser: did not. No entendeu? O que antes se falava como I did not know that agora pode ser falado I aint know that. Ou seja, tudo que for: no, no sou, no fiz, acaba virando o simples aint H ainda outro uso para o aint, esse no to correto: Aint nothing so deadly as the desire to feel alive. (No h nada to mortal quanto o desejo de sentir-se vivo.)
O certo seria there is not anything (no existe nada). Mas na frase acima o there foi subtrado. Aint nothing like home usa a mesma idia, mesmo sem o there entendemos que a pessoa est falando que no existe nada como.
Dead (morto) adjetivo. Ex.: My grandmother is dead (Minha av est morta). Die (morrer) verbo. Ex.: She died last year (Ela morreu no ano passado). Death (morte) substantivo. Ex.: It was very difficult to all of us to accept her death (Foi muito difcil para todos ns aceitarmos sua morte). Dead tambm pode ser usado como advrbio de intensidade, significando realmente, completamente. Ex.: I'm dead tired (estou muito cansado ou estou morto de cansado). You're dead right (Voc est completamente certo). Usa-se tambm a palavra late com o significado de falecido. Ex.: My late grandmother was a great person (Minha falecida av era uma pessoa maravilhosa).
REMEMBER x REMIND
Estas duas palavras significam lembrar em portugus.
To remember someone or something significa lembrar-se de algo ou de algum. Ex.: I remember you ( Eu me lembro de voc). Do you remember when we first met in Denver (Voc se lembra de quando nos conhecemos em Denver)? To remind someone or something ou to be reminded of something significa fazer algum se lembrar de um fato ou de uma semelhana. Ex.: Talking about John reminds me that I have to call him (Falando em John me faz lembrar de que tenho que ligar pra ele). Remind me to send you the address (Lembre-me de lhe enviar o endereo - no me deixe esquecer). You remind me of your father (Voc me faz lembrar do seu pai).
WRONG x MISTAKE
Wrong (errado) adjetivo. Ex.: This answer is wrong (Esta resposta est errada). Mistake (erro) substantivo. Ex.: I'm sorry about my mistake (Desculpe-me pelo meu erro). O verbo errar diz-se to err (formal) ou to make a mistake. Ex.: Making mistakes is part of learning (Errar faz parte do aprendizado). To err is human (Errar humano).
VERBO TO BE
Espero que o material possa tambm ser til a muitos outros alunos, pois sei que para alguns essa matria bastante confusa. At que os alunos consigam diferenciar verbo to be dos outros verbos, continuam misturando as regras e usando do onde no devem, ou ento, invertendo a ordem do sujeito e do verbo para perguntar quando no esto usando verbo to be. TEMPOS VERBAIS do INGLS 1- PRESENTE VERBO SER/ESTAR 2- PASSADO VERBO SER/ESTAR 3- PRESENTE SIMPLES 4- PASSADO SIMPLES SER ou ESTAR = TO BE To be or not to be: that is the question. Shakespeare.
Aqui estamos falando SOMENTE do verbo TO BE, ou seja, o verbo que em portugus pode ser traduzido como SER ou ESTAR, dependendo da frase. Veja os exemplos: a) I am Lilli = Eu SOU a Lilli (no se traduz como Eu ESTOU Lilli) b) I am speaking = Eu ESTOU falando (claro, no seria Eu sou falando.) Ento, sempre que eu quiser falar algo com os verbos SER ou ESTAR, seja qual for a forma (estou, sou, ests, s, est, , estamos, somos; estava, era, estavas, eras, estvamos, ramos, etc.), eu preciso usar o Verbo TO BE. O verbo TO BE no varia tanto como no Portugus, em que ns conjugamos o verbo diferentemente para cada pessoa. No Ingls, o verbo TO BE tem trs formas am, is, are no presente, e apenas duas formas no passado was, were. Para saber com qual pessoa usar cada uma, veja as tabelas abaixo.
NEGATIVO I was not = I wasnt You were not= You werent He/She/It was not = He / She / It wasnt We were not = We werent You were not = You werent They were not = They werent INTERROGATIVO Was I? Were you? as he/she/it? Were we? Were you? Were they? Obs.: Lembre que YOU pode ser traduzido tanto como TU ou VOC (singular), como VS ou VOCS (plural). Ento: a) Are you at home? = Voc est em casa? OU Vocs esto em casa? Somente o contexto poder dizer qual das duas tradues a mais apropriada. PRESENTE SIMPLES O importante no confundir o uso do Presente Simples, que vlido para a maioria dos verbos, com as regras do Verbo To Be. VERBO TO BE X VERBOS EM GERAL Aqui entra a maioria dos verbos, quase todos alm do To Be, como, por exemplo: Close, come, do, drink, eat, get, go, hate, like, make, open, put, run, study, take, work. Vamos utilizar o verbo TAKE (tomar, tirar, levar) para exemplificar e completar nossa tabela: Afirmativo I take You take He takes She takes It takes We take You take They take Negativo Interrogativo I dont take Do I take? You dont take Do you take? He doesnt take Does he take? She doesnt Does she take? Does it take? take It doesnt take Do we take? We dont take Do you take? You dont take Do they take? They dont take
No Presente Simples, lembre-se de conjugar a terceira pessoa do singular corretamente, acrescentando s ao final do verbo: takes, comes, likes, studies, plays, cleans, nas frases afirmativas e de usar does nas perguntas e doesnt nos negativos.
PASSADO SIMPLES
Para formar frases AFIRMATIVAS NO PASSADO, voc precisa lembrar se o verbo regular ou irregular. Se for regular, ele terminar em ed. Se no for, preciso saber qual sua forma. Para tanto, voc precisa estudar uma lista de verbos irregulares no passado. Para o NEGATIVO e para AS PERGUNTAS, preciso usar DIDNT ou DID, conforme os exemplos com o verbo TAKE na tabela abaixo: Afirmativo I took You took He took She took It took We took You took They took Negativo I didnt take You didnt take He didnt take She didnt take It didnt take We didnt take You didnt take They didnt take Interrogativo Did I take? Did you take? Did he take? Did she take? Did it take? Did we take? Did you take? Did they take?
(positiva) You can have a sweet after lunch. (negativa) You can't go to the movies today. (pergunta) Can I go to the party?
make make make make make make make make make make make make make make make make make make make make
someone nervous - deixar nervoso noise - fazer barulho out - entender o significado; beijar, namorar, transar (fazer amor); sair-se a phone call (to) - telefonar a point - fazer uma observao, apresentar um ponto de vista a profit - lucrar, ter lucro progress (in) - progredir a promise (to) - prometer public - divulgar a reservation (for) - fazer uma reserva a scene - fazer uma cena, agir histericamente sense (to) - fazer sentido a speech (to) - fazer um discurso sure (about) - certificar-se trouble - criar problemas ou confuso up - inventar, improvisar, compensar, maquiar, reconciliar up your mind - decidir war - guerrear, entrar em guerra way - abrir caminho, dar passagem, progredir yourself at home - sinta-se vontade
DO EXPRESSIONS do the (my, your, ...) best (to) - fazer o melhor possvel do business (with) - trabalhar em negcios com do the cleaning (for) - fazer limpeza do damage/harm (to) - prejudicar, ferir do a deal (predominantly in the expression "it's a done deal") - negcio fechado do some dictation - fazer um ditado do the dishes - lavar a loua do drugs - usar drogas do your duty - cumprir com suas tarefas do an exercise - fazer um exerccio do an experiment - fazer uma experincia do a favor (for) - fazer um favor do good - fazer bem do a good/bad job - fazer um bom trabalho have your hair done - arrumar o cabelo do your homework - fazer o seu tema do the housework - fazer os trabalhos domsticos do the laundry - lavar a roupa do an operation (on) - operar do(something) over again - fazer de novo do overtime - fazer hora extra do a poll - fazer uma pesquisa (de opinio) do a problem/a puzzle - resolver um problema (em matemtica, por exemplo), um quebracabea do research (on) - pesquisar, fazer uma pesquisa (investigao cientfica) do the right thing - ter uma atitude correta do the shopping - fazer compras do something - fazer algo do time in prison - cumprir pena carcerria do a translation - fazer uma traduo do well/badly (in) - sair-se bem/mal that will do it - isto ser suficiente
ADJETIVO
FORMAO DO ADJETIVO
a) Muitos adjetivos so derivados de substantivos, adjetivos e verbos, como: Substantivo Adjetivo America, Amrica American, americano Atom, tomo atomic, atmico Beauty, beleza beautiful, belo Book, livro bookish, livresco Brazil, Brasil Brazilian, brasileiro Care, cuidado careful, cuidadoso / careless, descuidado Child, criana childish, infantil, pueril, tolo / childlike, infantil, inocente Cloud, nuvem cloudy, nublado / cloudless, sem nuvens, desanuviado Duty, dever dutiful, zeloso Fear, medo fearful, temvel, terrvel, medroso / fearless, destemido Feather, pena, pluma feathered, emplumado / featherless, implume / feathery, plumoso, macio e leve como plumas Glory, glria glorious, glorioso, magnfico Gold, ouro golden, ureo, dourado Harm, dano harmful, daninho, danoso / harmless, inofensivo Home, lar homelike, confortvel / homely, caseiro; simples / homeward, de regresso (viagem) Hope, esperana hopeful, esperanoso / hopeless, desesperanoso, desanimado Instinct, instinto instinctive, instintivo Man, norte manlike, msculo, varonil, prprio de homem. / manful , ousado, resoluto, decidido. / manly, viril, valente; nobre North, norte northerly, que vem do norte (vento), situado no norte, que vai para o norte.
GRAUS DO ADJETIVO
Grau Comparativo de Igualdade O Comparativo de Igualdade formado pela anteposio e posposio de as (to, tanto, como) ao adjetivo: This building is as high as that one, este edifcio to alto quanto aquele. OBSERVAO: O primeiro as geralmente substitudo por not so (no to) na negao: This building is not so high as that one, este edifcio no to alto quanto aquele. Grau Comparativo de Superioridade Analtico Forma-se o Comparativo de Superioridade Analtico antepondo-se more (mais) e pospondo-se than (que, do que) forma normal do adjetivo: This book is more interesting than that one, este livro mais interessante que quele. Grau Comparativo de Superioridade Sinttico Forma-se pelo acrscimo de - er ao adjetivo, pospondo-se-lhe a conjunothan: This book is thicker than that one, este livro mais grosso que aquele.
Grau Comparativo de Inferioridade O Comparativo de Inferioridade formado pela anteposio de less (menos) e posposio de than ao adjetivo: Charles is less strong than Robert, Carlos menos forte que Roberto. OBSERVAO: Esta construo geralmente substituda pela forma negativa do Comparativo de Igualdade: Charles is not so strong as Robert, Carlos no to forte como Roberto. Grau Superlativo Grau Superlativo Relativo de Superioridade Analtico Para formar-se o Superlativo de Superioridade Analtico antepe-se the most (o mais) ao adjetivo: This is the most populous city in this country, esta a cidade mais populosa deste pas. Grau Superlativo Relativo de Superioridade Sinttico Forma-se por anteposio de - the e acrscimo de - est ao adjetivo: This is the broaddest avenue in this city, esta a avenida mais larga desta cidade. Grau Superlativo Relativo de Inferioridade Forma-se o Superlativo de Inferioridade pela anteposio de the least (o menos) ao adjetivo: Which is the least difficult of theses exercises? Qual o menos difcil destes exerccios? OBSERVAO: O Superlativo de Inferioridade pode, em certos casos, ser substitudo pelo Superlativo de Superioridade de um adjetivo de significado oposto: Which is the easiest of these exercises? Qual o mais fcil destes exerccios? Grau Superlativo Absoluto Forma-se antepondo-se ao adjetivo, na forma normal: most, very, very much, highly, absolutely, exceedingly, extremely, perfectly, etc, ou, em linguagem coloquial, awfully, terribly, prettily, jolly, just, simply too, only, etc. He was most kind to me, ele foi amabilssimo para comigo. I am awfully tired, estou cansadssimo. This problem is simply too intricate, este problema , na verdade, por demais intrincado.
TRIPLE / TREBLE como triplicar The workforce has tripled in size since the new factory opened. (A fora de trabalho triplicou em tamanho desde que a nova fbrica abriu.) The price of property has almost trebled in the last ten years. (O preo do imvel quase triplicou nos ltimos dez anos.) TRIPLE / TREBLE como triplo The number of one-parent U.S. households reached 10.1 million in 1991, nearly triple that of 1971. (O nmero de famlias americanas com somente um dos pais alcanou 10,1 milhes em 1991, quase o triplo de 1971.) He earns almost treble the amount that I do. (Ele ganha quase o triplo do que eu fao.)
E agora como falar duplicar e dobro: DOUBLE como dobrar/duplicar Company profits have doubled since the introduction of new technology. (Os lucros da empresa dobraram desde a introduo da nova tecnologia.) DOUBLE como dobro I paid double for those trousers before the sale. (Paguei o dobro por estas calas antes da liquidao.)
VERBO TO BE
Espero que o material possa tambm ser til a muitos outros alunos, pois sei que para alguns essa matria bastante confusa. At que os alunos consigam diferenciar verbo to be dos outros verbos, continuam misturando as regras e usando do onde no devem, ou ento, invertendo a ordem do sujeito e do verbo para perguntar quando no esto usando verbo to be. TEMPOS VERBAIS do INGLS 1- PRESENTE VERBO SER/ESTAR 2- PASSADO VERBO SER/ESTAR 3- PRESENTE SIMPLES 4- PASSADO SIMPLES SER ou ESTAR = TO BE To be or not to be: that is the question. Shakespeare. Aqui estamos falando SOMENTE do verbo TO BE, ou seja, o verbo que em portugus pode ser traduzido como SER ou ESTAR, dependendo da frase. Veja os exemplos: a) I am Lilli = Eu SOU a Lilli (no se traduz como Eu ESTOU Lilli) b) I am speaking = Eu ESTOU falando (claro, no seria Eu sou falando.)
Ento, sempre que eu quiser falar algo com os verbos SER ou ESTAR, seja qual for a forma (estou, sou, ests, s, est, , estamos, somos; estava, era, estavas, eras, estvamos, ramos, etc.), eu preciso usar o Verbo TO BE. O verbo TO BE no varia tanto como no Portugus, em que ns conjugamos o verbo diferentemente para cada pessoa. No Ingls, o verbo TO BE tem trs formas am, is, are no presente, e apenas duas formas no passado was, were. Para saber com qual pessoa usar cada uma, veja as tabelas abaixo.
You were not = You werent They were not = They werent INTERROGATIVO Was I? Were you? as he/she/it? Were we? Were you? Were they? Obs.: Lembre que YOU pode ser traduzido tanto como TU ou VOC (singular), como VS ou VOCS (plural). Ento: a) Are you at home? = Voc est em casa? OU Vocs esto em casa? Somente o contexto poder dizer qual das duas tradues a mais apropriada. PRESENTE SIMPLES O importante no confundir o uso do Presente Simples, que vlido para a maioria dos verbos, com as regras do Verbo To Be. VERBO TO BE X VERBOS EM GERAL Aqui entra a maioria dos verbos, quase todos alm do To Be, como, por exemplo: Close, come, do, drink, eat, get, go, hate, like, make, open, put, run, study, take, work. Vamos utilizar o verbo TAKE (tomar, tirar, levar) para exemplificar e completar nossa tabela: Afirmativo I take You take He takes She takes It takes We take You take They take Negativo Interrogativo I dont take Do I take? You dont take Do you take? He doesnt take Does he take? Does she take? She doesnt take Does it take? It doesnt take Do we take? We dont take Do you take? You dont take Do they take? They dont take
No Presente Simples, lembre-se de conjugar a terceira pessoa do singular corretamente, acrescentando s ao final do verbo: takes, comes, likes, studies, plays, cleans, nas frases afirmativas e de usar does nas perguntas e doesnt nos negativos.
PASSADO SIMPLES
Para formar frases AFIRMATIVAS NO PASSADO, voc precisa lembrar se o verbo regular ou irregular. Se for regular, ele terminar em ed. Se no for, preciso saber qual sua forma. Para tanto, voc precisa estudar uma lista de verbos irregulares no passado.
Para o NEGATIVO e para AS PERGUNTAS, preciso usar DIDNT ou DID, conforme os exemplos com o verbo TAKE na tabela abaixo: Afirmativo I took You took He took She took It took We took You took They took Negativo I didnt take You didnt take He didnt take She didnt take It didnt take We didnt take You didnt take They didnt take Interrogativo Did I take? Did you take? Did he take? Did she take? Did it take? Did we take? Did you take? Did they take?
Que vergonha! / Que chato! - What a shame! / How embarrassing! No adianta. - It doesn't help. / It won't help. / It's no use. / It's no help. Isto no tem lgica; no faz sentido. - It doesn't make any sense. / It's nonsense. No deixa de aproveitar esta oportunidade. - Don't let this opportunity go by. / Don't let it slip away. Quem no arrisca, no petisca. - Nothing ventured, nothing gained. No queremos abrir precedente. - We don't want to set a precedent. Nem toca no assunto. - Don't bring it up. Em primeiro lugar, ... - First of all, ... Em ltimo caso, ? - As a last resort ? Finalmente! / At que em fim! - At last! C entre ns ? - Just between you and me, ? / Just between the two of us, ? No toa que ? - It's no wonder ? Pensando bem? - On second thought ? At certo ponto? - To a certain extent ? Na pior das hipteses, ? - If worse comes to worst ? / If worst comes to worst ? / At worst ? Cedo ou tarde? - Sooner or later ? Vamos fazer cara ou coroa. - Let's flip a coin. Conto com voc. - I'm counting on you. Temos que nos ajudar um ao outro. / ... nos ajudar uns aos outros. - We have to help each other. / We have to help one another. Cuidado! - Be careful! / Watch out! Te cuida. / Cuide-se (Numa despedida) - Take care. / Take care of yourself. Opa! (interjeio referente a um pequeno engano ou acidente) - Oops! a vida? - That's life ?
ARTIGOS
ARTIGO DEFINIDO
O artigo definido - the , o, a, os, as, invarivel em gnero e nmero: Singular Masculino Feminino Comum Neutro Plural the boy , o menino the girl , a menina the pupil , o aluno the table , a mesa
The fontica e semanticamente, uma forma reduzida do demonstrativo - that e conserva ainda esse sentido em algumas expresses, como: at the moment , naquele momento at the time , naquela ocasio for the purpose , para esse fim it was cheap at the price , foi barato por esse preo
ARTIGO INDEFINIDO O artigo indefinido - an, a , um, uma, no varia em gnero e usado antes de substantivo no singular. Emprega-se a forma - an antes de som voclico An apple , uma ma; an hour ( h mudo), uma hora. A forma - a empregada antes de som consonantal: A country , um pas; a hero , um heri. OBSERVAES: 1 Antes de - h aspirado em slaba tona comum o emprego de - an , como - an hotel , um hotel, an historical fact , um fato histrico. 2 Usa-se - a e no - an antes de semiconsoantes. Ex.: a European country , um pas europeu a ewe , uma ovelha a oneway street , uma rua de mo nica a university , uma universidade a window , uma janela < a year, um ano.
OBSERVAO: H excees, como: Eden , den, Heaven , Cu, Hell , Inferno, Paradise , Paraso, Purgatory , Purgatrio. e) Antes de coletivos e de nomes de coletividades: - the crowd , a multido - the navy , a Marinha OBSERVAO: Com alguns coletivos e nomes de instituies, como: humanity , humanidade society , sociedade Congress , Congresso Parliament , Parlamento, comum a omisso do artigo.
f) Quando o substantivo acompanhado de um adjetivo, de uma frase ou de uma orao que o torna nico: - The boys of our school , os meninos de nossa escola. - The hat that is in the show-window , o chapu que est na vitrina. g) Antes de nomes de medidas: - the mile , a milha. - the pound , a libra. - the ton , a tonelada. h) Antes de nomes de molstias comuns: - the grippe , a gripe - the gout , a gota - the measles , o sarampo - the sick-headache , a enxaqueca - the whooping-cough , a coqueluche OBSERVAO: Quando o nome formado com um adjetivo, usa-se o artigo indefinido: a sore throat , uma dor de garganta to have an in-grown nail , ter uma unha encravada. i) Por nfase: - This is the motor-car , isto que automvel. j) Antes de nomes de mares, rios, oceanos, golfos, estreitos, baas, montanhas (no plural), ilhas (no plural), e pases (no plural), como; - the Mediterranean , o Mediterrneo - the Thames, o Tmisa - the Atlantic, o Atlntico - the Alps, os Alpes - the Rocky Mountains, as Montanhas Rochosas - the Hebrides, as Hbridas - the United States of America, os Estados Unidos da Amrica.
l) Antes do nome da cidade Haia: the Hague . OBSERVAO: Sem artigo - Malta, Everest, Portugal , etc. m) Como distributivo, significando each , cada: to sell by the hundred , vender ao cento eight shillings the gallon , oito xelins o galo. n) Antes de nomes de edifcios, navios, trens e bandeiras: The Empire State Building (edifcio em Nova Iorque), the Normandie (navio), the Settebello (trem Roma-Milo), the Stars and Stripes (pavilho dos Estados Unidos). o) Antes de um aposto: Brasilia, the new Capital , Braslia, a nova Capital p) Antes de um superlativo relativo: The tallest building in the world , o mais alto edifcio do mundo. q) Por antonomsia: Robert is the Einstein of our school , Roberto o Einstein de nossa escola. Juiz de Fora is the Manchester of Minas Gerais, and So Paulo the Manchester of Brazil , Juiz de Fora a Manchester de Minas Gerais e So Paulo, a Manchester do Brasil. r) Antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais; He plays the piano , ele toca piano. s) Antes de certos ttulos: the Reverend Dr. Smith , o reverendo Dr. Smith. t) Antes de nomes de famlia: the Johnsons , os Johnsons. u) Antes de um substantivo anteposto a um nome prprio que o identifique: the architect Bernardes , o arquiteto Bernardes. v) Antes dos nomes de hotis, restaurantes, teatros e cinemas: We are staying at the "Strand" , estamos hospedados no "Strand". x) Antes de nomes de meios de transporte ou de comunicao: the train, the bus, the telephone, the radio , etc. Television , porm, uma exceo - ns dizemos: I heard that on the radio , ouvi isso no rdio, e dizemos: I saw that on television , vi isso na televiso. We watch televison every night vemos televiso todas as noites. z) Em grande nmero de expresses: - by the way , a propsito
- in the open , ao ar livre - that's the thing , isso mesmo - to become the fashion , ficar na moda - to be on the watch , estar de espreita - to give someone the lie , desmentir - to run the risk , correr o risco - to stand the chance , estar sujeito a - to tell the truth , dizer a verdade - to the full , completamente - to the left , esquerda - to the right , dioreita. OBSERVAO: Em the sooner, the better , quanto mais cedo melhor, the more he drinks, the more he wants to drink , quanto mais ele bebe mais quer beber, the usado adverbialmente.
muito til conhecer os principais phrasal verbs, e mais interessante saber que muitos deles possuem mais de um significado. Hoje veremos o verbo frasal go through. EXPERIENCIAR: uma situao difcil ou desagradvel: Ive been going through a lot recently. (Tenho passado por muita coisa ultimamente.)
USAR: bastante alguma coisa: Before I gave up smoking I was going through 40 cigarettes a day. (Antes de parar de fumar eu fumava 40 cigarros por dia.) EXAMINAR: algo que contm uma coleo de coisas, com o objetivo de organiz-las ou encontrar algo: Im going through my wardrobe and throwing out all the clothes I dont wear any more. (Estou revistando meu armrio e jogando fora todas as roupas que no uso mais.) PRATICAR: Id like you to go through that manoeuvre again and then bring the car to a halt next to the kerb. (Quero que voc pratique aquela manobra novamente e pare o carro perto do meio-fio.) At agora vimos exemplos de go through something, ou seja, a pessoa experiencia, usa, examina e pratica algo. Agora vamos ver o significado do verbo go through sozinho. SER ACEITO: oficialmente ou aprovado: The proposals for the new shopping centre are unlikely to go through. ( improvvel que as propostas para o novo shopping center sejam aprovadas.)
Agora que voc j sabe da importncia dos Phrasal Verbs vamos aprender um bastante utilizado: Get off. Uso 1 sair, desembarcar (de um meio de transporte). I will get off the bus in Belo Horizonte. Eu vou descer do nibus em Belo Horizonte. Uso 2 sair, cumprir horrio (trabalho, escola, reunio) I get off work at six. Eu saio do trabalho s 6. Uso 3 escapar de um castigo ou penalidade Im
shocked to see how many politicians get off in Brazil. Estou chocando em ver quantos polticos escapam das penas no Brasil. Uso 4 partir, comear viagem. I got off to the United States at five. Inicio a viagem para os Estados Unidos s cinco. Uso 5 parar de usar (computador, telefone). Can you get off the computer now? Voc pode parar de usar o computador agora? Uso 6 enviar algo (carta, encomenda) She will get that letter off on Tuesday. Ela vai enviar aquela carta na tera. Ao escrever essa ltima frase me lembrei de uma situao interessante. Voc se lembra do Microsoft Word do Office 97? Ao digitar um dia da semana, por exemplo, "tera", ele automaticamente tranformava em "Tera". Era terrvel. Em Portugus os dias da semana no comeam com a primeira letra em Caps Lock, mas em Ingls sim. O Word acabou herdando essa caracterstica. O bug que j foi corrigido pela Microsoft. Thats all folks, See you.
Some use somente em > Frases Afirmativas + Perguntas Polidas Any use somente em > Frases Negativas + Perguntas
1- SOME:
Some significa algum, alguns, alguma, algumas e deve ser usado em afirmaes. Exemplos: Some people never give up their dreams. (Algumas pessoas nunca desistem dos seus sonhos.) There are some over there.
(H algumas logo ali.) Em alguns casos, quando estiver junto com um substantivo incontvel, uma boa traduo para some pode ser um pouco de. I drank some wine at the party yesterday. (Eu bebi um pouco de vinho na festa ontem.) Use some em Perguntas Polidas, isto , aquelas em que voc deseja ou precisa ser mais formal. Voc deve fazer isso quando oferecer algo a algum, j que any tem uma certa carga negativa. Ento, usar any em uma pergunta para oferecer algo a algum no muito educado. como em portugus. Tem aquela idia de que no se deve oferecer um cafezinho a algum usando a palavra no na pergunta, assim: Voc no aceita um cafezinho? - pois ao usar o no na pergunta, voc est induzindo a pessoa a no aceitar. Da mesma forma, no use any na pergunta para oferecer algo a algum. Use some: Would you like some coffee? (Voc gostaria de algum caf? -> a traduo literal algum no fica boa aqui, certo? Tambm no me agrada muito a traduo Voc gostaria de um pouco de caf?, porque parece que voc est ofereceno *apenas* um pouco de caf (sendo sovina!) - e no costumamos falar assim no Brasil. Ento, podemos entender melhor se simplesmente no usarmos o algum, pois no essa a idia em portugus, e sim: Voc aceita um cafezinho? )
2- ANY:
Nas negativas, pode significar nenhum ou nenhuma: I dont have any friends in Australia. (Eu no tenho nenhum amigo na Austrlia.) There arent any pens here. (No h nenhuma caneta aqui.) Any pode significar qualquer. Nesse caso, geralmente, enfatizado na fala. She is so elegant that any jeans will surely look good on her. (Ela to elegante que qualquer cala jeans certamente ficar bonita nela.)
Nas perguntas, significa algum, alguma, alguns, algumas. Muitas vezes, em portugus, simplesmente no usaramos nenhum pronome nesses casos, ou, outras vezes, usaramos o singular. Portanto, procure acostumar-se a usar any em interrogaes em ingls e a adaptar a traduo, caso seja necessria Do you have any brothers and sisters? (Voc tem (alguns) irmos e irms?) Are there any good restaurants near here? (H algum bom restaurante aqui perto? ou ainda: H (alguns) bons restaurantes aqui perto?)
reconhec-la quando ela escrita ou falada lembrar dela quando se precisa us-la em seu sentido correto us-la corretamente em uma frase pronunci-la corretamente conhecer outras palavras que podem ser usadas com ela soletr-la corretamente us-la na situao certa saber se ela tem associaes positivas ou negativas
Geralmente as pessoas aprendem mais rpido as palavras que tem mais importncia para elas. Por exemplo, uma pessoa que trabalha em um hotel lembra com mais facilidade das palavras relacionadas turismo. Voc mesmo pode testar seu conhecimento de vocabulrio sem um professor. Alguns mtodos:
lendo ( esta a maneira mais eficiente de adquirir palavras novas ) Use a palavra que aprendeu!! Ao usar a palavra vrias vezes voc a memoriza mais facilmente. Aprenda a usar o dicionrio! Aprenda um certo nmero de palavras por dia ( 3 j o suficiente ). Mas no se esquea de us-las para facilitar a memorizao. usando cartes ( escreva a palavra em Ingls em um lado e a palavra em Portugus do outro ) fazendo esquemas de palavras ( pense em uma palavra e tente se lembrar de outras relacionadas a ela )
Cada pessoa tem o seu modo especial e particular de aprender palavras: Escrever a palavra para aprend-la Ouvir fitas e repetir as palavras Traduzindo textos Copiando a palavra vrias vezes Agrupando por tpicos ( palavras relacionadas a comida, roupas, etc. ) Algo muito importante organizar o estudo de novas palavras. Algumas pessoas gravam as palavras em fitas e ouvem o vocabulrio sempre que for possvel. Outras escrevem as palavras em pedaos de papel e grudam pelo quarto. Outras ainda fazem listas de palavras. Portanto, o conselho final que voc analise qual modo de aprender palavras funcionam
Once there was a boy who loved a girl very much. The girl's father, however, did not like the boy and did not want their love to grow. The boy wanted to write the girl a letter, but he was sure that the girl's father would read it first. At last he wrote this letter to the girl. The great love I said I have for you is gone, and I find my dislike for you increases every day. When I see you, I do not even like the way you look; the one thing I want to do is to look the other way. I never wanted to marry you. Our last conversation was very dull and in no way has made me anxious to see you again. You think only for yourself.
If we were married, I know that I would find life very difficult, and I would have no pleasure in living with you. I have a heart to give, but it is not a heart I want to give to you. No one is more demanding or selfish than you, and less able to care for me and be of help to me. I sincerely want you to understand that I speak the truth. You will do me a favor if you consider this the end. Do not try to answer this. Your letters are full of things that do not interest me. You have no true concern for me. Good-bye! Believe me, I do not care for you. Please do not think I am still your loving friend. The girl's father read the letter. He was pleased, and then gave the letter to his daughter. The girl read the letter and was very happy. The boy still loved her! Do you know why she was pleased? She and the boy had a secret way of writing to each other. She read only the first line of the letter, and then the third line, and then the fifth line, and so on, to the end of the letter. This text was taken from the book 'The Love Letter' by Collier-Macmillan English Readers Comprehension - The Love Letter 1. Did you think this was a love letter when you read it for the first time? 2. Is this letter about a married couple? 3. Why did they have to find a way to avoid the girl's father? 4. Is it true that her father got very upset when he read the letter? What was his reaction? 5. Do you think their secret way of writing is a good one? Why?
FALSOS COGNATOS
Palavras e expresses inglesas
Com a globalizao, a lngua inglesa passou a desempenhar um papel ainda mais importante na comunicao entre os povos. Algumas palavras e expresses inglesas parecem muito parecidos com palavras e expresses utilizadas na lngua portuguesa. MAS CUIDADO! MUITAS VEZES, O SIGNIFICADO DESTAS PALAVRAS BEM DIFERENTE DO QUE SE IMAGINA. 1) assess = avaliar / access = acesso 2) advice = conselho / advise = aconselhar / avisar = warn
3) anthem = hino / aerial = antena 4) army = exrcito / arma = gun / arm = brao 5) assist = ajudar / watch = assistir 6) chute = corredeira/pra = quedas / kick = chute 7) cigar = charuto / cigarro = cigarette 8) collar = colarinho, gola / necklace = colar 9) college = universidade, faculdade / school = colgio 10) compass = bssola / compasso = compasses 11) conceit = convencimento / conceito = concept 12) data = dados, fatos, identificao / data = date 13) deception = fraude, trapaa / disappointment = decepo 14) educated = instrudo, culto / polite = educado, corts 15) eventually = finalmente, por fim.= finally / Occasionally = eventualmente 16) exit = sada / success = xito 17) expert = perito, especialista / smart = esperto 18) gratuity = gorjeta / gratuitous, free = gratuito 19) guitar = violo / electric guitar = guitarra. 20) hazard = risco, dano, mal, perigo / mischance, jinx = azar 21) hospice = abrigo para viajantes / Bedlam, madhouse = hospcio. 22) intimate = ntimo(s), sugerir, insinuar (v) / summon, cite = intimar 23) large = grande / broad, wide = largo 24) lecture = conferncia / reading = leitura 25) library = biblioteca / bookstore = livraria 26) notice = observar, notar / news = notcia 27) parents = pais / relatives = parentes
28) particular = determinado, especfico / private = particular, privado 29) physician = mdico clnico / physicist = fsico 30) policy = diplomacia, poltica / police = polcia 31) pretend = fingir / intend = pretender 32) proper = adequado / own = prprio 33) push = empurrar / pull = puxar 34) quote = citar / cota = share, quota. 35) realize = perceber, dar-se conta / accomplish, achieve, realizar 36) respite = trgua/ repouso / respect = respeito 37) resume = recomear, retomar / sum up, summarize = resumir 38) retire = aposentar-se / remove = retirar 39) rim = borda, beira ( de copo, xcara ) / kidney = rim 40) sap = seiva / toad = sapo 41) sensible = sensato, ajuizado / sensitive = sensvel 42) terrific = excelente / terrvel = terrible 43) traduce = caluniar, difamar, criticar / traduzir = translate
Exceptions prove the rule, and wreck the budget. Excuses are like bodies; everybody has one! Experience is directly proportional to the amount of equipment ruined. Experience is something you do not get until just after you need it. Experience is what causes a person to make new mistakes instead of old ones. Experience is what you get when you were expecting something else. Experiment and theory often show remarkable agreement when performed in the same laboratory. Experiments should be reproducible.
They should all fail in the same way. Extremes meet. Fact without theory is trivia; theory without fact is garbage.
Vocabulary Help
rule - regra wreck - destruir budget - oramento body - corpo amount - total, quantidade after - depois need - precisar instead - ao invs de mistake - erro something else - outra coisa remarkable - formidvel, memorvel agreement - acordo fail - falhar garbage - lixo
Esta semana eu aprendi algumas regrinhas bem legais de Ingls, daquelas que a gente v no primrio para nunca mais esquecer a exemplo da regra do m antes do b e p, no caso do portugus. Veja uma delas:
Um amigo mais importante que dinheiro. - A friend is more important than money.
Os verbos irregulares do idioma ingls so todos aqueles que no seguem a regra geral de formao do Passado e do Particpio Passado. A formao do Past (Passado) e do Past Participle (Particpio Passado), de acordo com a regra geral, se d atravs do sufixo - ed. Exemplo: o verbo to walk (caminhar) regular e seu passado walked e seu particpio passado tambm walked = I walk (Eu caminho); I walked (Eu caminhei); I have walked (Eu tenho caminhado). Portanto, todo verbo que no seguir este padro, ser classificado de irregular. bom lembrar tambm que, com relao conjugao, nada diferem dos verbos regulares. A nica mudana que ocorre na terceira pessoa do singular no presente afirmativo. Lembramos ainda que o nico verbo que foge a esta regra o to be (ser e estar).
Infinitive
Past
Translation (Traduo)
(Infinitivo) (Passado)
surgir, erguer-se despertar, acordar ser, estar suportar, dar a luz bater, espancar tornar-se acontecer
beget begin behold bend bet bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring broadcast build buy cast catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig do draw
begot began beheld bent bet bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew
begotten, begot begun beheld bent bet bid bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn
procriar, gerar comear, iniciar contemplar curvar, dobrar apostar oferecer, concorrer unir, encadernar morder, engolir a isca sangrar, ter hemorragia (as)soprar, estourar quebrar, romper procriar, reproduzir trazer irradiar, transmitir construir, edificar comprar arremessar, lanar pegar, capturar escolher aderir, segurar-se vir; atingir o orgasmo custar rastejar, gatinhar cortar; reduzir negociar, tratar cavar, cavoucar fazer sacar, desenhar
drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grind grow
drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went ground grew
drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forbidden forgot, forgotten forgiven frozen gotten, got given gone ground grown
beber dirigir, ir de carro comer cair alimentar, nutrir sentir, sentir-se lutar; batalhar achar, encontrar fugir, escapar arremessar voar, pilotar proibir esquecer perdoar congelar, paralizar obter, conseguir dar, conceder ir moer crescer, cultivar www.geocities.com/odjardim
ter, beber, comer ouvir, escutar esconder bater, ferir segurar machucar, ferir guardar, manter
know lay lead leave lend let lie lose make mean meet overcome overtake pay put quit read ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set
knew laid led left lent let lay lost made meant met overcame overtook paid put quit read rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set
known laid led left lent let lain lost made meant met overcome overtaken paid put quit read ridden rung risen run sawn said seen sought sold sent set
saber, conhecer pr (ovos) liderar, guiar deixar, partir dar emprestado deixar, alugar deitar(se) perder, extraviar fazer, fabricar significar encontrar, conhecer superar alcanar, surpreender pagar colocar, pr
abandonar, largar de... ler andar, cavalgar tocar (campainha) subir, erguer-se correr, concorrer serrar dizer ver; entender procurar vender mandar, enviar pr, colocar, ajustar
shake shed shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit slay sleep slide sling speak spend spin spit spread spring stand steal stick sting stink
shook shed shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slew slept slid slung spoke spent spun spit, spat spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank
shaken shed shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slain slept slid slung spoken spent spun spit, spat spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk
sacudir, tremer derramar, deixar cair brilhar, reluzir atirar, alvejar mostrar, exibir encolher, contrair fechar, cerrar cantar afundar, submergir sentar matar, assassinar dormir deslizar, escorregar atirar, arremessar falar gastar, passar (tempo) girar, rodopiar cuspir espalhar, difundir saltar, pular ficar de p, agentar roubar, furtar cravar, fincar, enfiar picar c/ ferro(inseto) cheirar mal, feder www.geocities.com/odjardim
strike string
struck strung
struck strung
strive swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw tread undergo understand uphold wear win wind
strove swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw trod underwent understood upheld wore won wound
striven sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown trodden undergone understood upheld worn won wound
esforar-se, lutar jurar, prometer varrer nadar balanar, alternar tomar, pegar, aceitar ensinar, dar aula rasgar, despedaar contar (uma histria) pensar atirar, arremessar pisar, trilhar, seguir submeter-se a, suportar entender, compreender sustentar, apoiar vestir, usar, desgastar vencer, ganhar enrolar, dar corda
Usamos o Past Participle para formarmos o Perfect Tense, Passive Voice e Adjective Form dos verbos. Veja os exemplos abaixo:
Perfect Tense:
Present
- Have you heard from Pedro? (Voc teve notcias do Pedro?)
- No, I havent. Have you? (No, no tive. Voc teve?) - No, I havent either. (No, eu tambm no tive)
- Where have you been? I havent seen you for a long time. (Onde voc tem estado? (ou) Por onde voc anda? H muito tempo no lhe vejo) - I have been travelling a lot. (Tenho viajado muito)
Past
Helen had left by the time we arrived (Helen havia saido quando chegamos) I met them before I had gone to New York (Eu os encontrei antes de ter ido para New York) He wanted to know what had happened to his car (Ele queria saber o que havia acontecido com seu carro)
Passive Voice:
The mail was delivered by Peter (Active = Peter delivered the mail) The mail has been delivered by Peter (Active = Peter has delivered the mail) (A correspondncia foi entregue pelo Peter (Peter entregou a correspondncia)) The best wines are made in Italy (Active = Italy makes the best wines) (Os melhores vinhos so produzidos na Itlia (A Itlia produz os melhores vinhos)) That letter was written by Mary (Active = Mary wrote that letter) (Aquela carta foi escrita por Mary (Mary escreveu aquela carta))
Adjective Form: The President of the United States is a widely known person = O Presidente dos Estados Unidos uma pessoa (amplamente) conhecida (mundialmente).
A formao do Past (Passado) e do Past Participle (Particpio Passado), de acordo com a regra geral, se d atravs do sufixo - ed. Exemplo: o verbo to walk (caminhar) regular e seu passado walked e seu particpio passado tambm walked = I walk (Eu caminho); I walked (Eu caminhei); I have walked (Eu tenho caminhado). Portanto, todo verbo que no seguir este padro, ser classificado de irregular. bom lembrar tambm que, com relao conjugao, nada diferem dos verbos regulares. A nica mudana que ocorre na terceira pessoa do singular no presente afirmativo. Lembramos ainda que o nico verbo que foge a esta regra o to be (ser e estar).
IRREGULAR VERBS / VERBOS IRREGULARES Infinitive Past Past Prticiple Translation (Infinitivo) (Passado) (Particpio Passado) (Traduo) arise awake be bear beat become befall beget begin behold bend bet bid bind bite bleed blow break breed bring broadcast build buy cast catch choose cling come cost creep cut deal dig do arose awoke was, were bore beat became befell begot began beheld bent bet bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built bought cast caught chose clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did arisen awoken been born, borne beaten become befallen begotten, begot begun beheld bent bet bid bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast built bought cast caught chosen clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done surgir, erguer-se despertar, acordar ser, estar suportar, dar a luz bater, espancar tornar-se acontecer procriar, gerar comear, iniciar contemplar curvar, dobrar apostar oferecer, concorrer unir, encadernar morder, engolir a isca sangrar, ter hemorragia (as)soprar, estourar quebrar, romper procriar, reproduzir trazer irradiar, transmitir construir, edificar comprar arremessar, lanar pegar, capturar escolher aderir, segurar-se vir; atingir o orgasmo custar rastejar, gatinhar cortar; reduzir negociar, tratar cavar, cavoucar fazer
draw drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grind grow have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead leave lend let lie lose make mean meet overcome overtake pay put quit read ride ring rise run saw say see
drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went ground grew had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led left lent let lay lost made meant met overcame overtook paid put quit read rode rang rose ran sawed said saw
drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen gotten, got given gone ground grown had heard hidden, hid hit held hurt kept known laid led left lent let lain lost made meant met overcome overtaken paid put quit read ridden rung risen run sawn said seen
sacar, desenhar beber dirigir, ir de carro comer cair alimentar, nutrir sentir, sentir-se lutar; batalhar achar, encontrar fugir, escapar arremessar voar, pilotar proibir esquecer perdoar congelar, paralizar obter, conseguir dar, conceder ir moer crescer, cultivar ter, beber, comer ouvir, escutar esconder bater, ferir segurar machucar, ferir guardar, manter saber, conhecer pr (ovos) liderar, guiar deixar, partir dar emprestado deixar, alugar deitar(se) perder, extraviar fazer, fabricar significar encontrar, conhecer superar alcanar, surpreender pagar colocar, pr abandonar, largar de... ler andar, cavalgar tocar (campainha) subir, erguer-se correr, concorrer serrar dizer ver; entender
seek sell send set shake shed shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit slay sleep slide sling speak spend spin spit spread spring stand steal stick sting stink strike string strive swear sweep swim swing take teach tear tell think throw tread undergo understand uphold wear win wind write
sought sold sent set shook shed shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slew slept slid slung spoke spent spun spit, spat spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank struck strung strove swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw trod underwent understood upheld wore won wound wrote
sought sold sent set shaken shed shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slain slept slid slung spoken spent spun spit, spat spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk struck strung striven sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown trodden undergone understood upheld worn won wound written
procurar vender mandar, enviar pr, colocar, ajustar sacudir, tremer derramar, deixar cair brilhar, reluzir atirar, alvejar mostrar, exibir encolher, contrair fechar, cerrar cantar afundar, submergir sentar matar, assassinar dormir deslizar, escorregar atirar, arremessar falar gastar, passar (tempo) girar, rodopiar cuspir espalhar, difundir saltar, pular ficar de p, agentar roubar, furtar cravar, fincar, enfiar picar c/ ferro(inseto) cheirar mal, feder golpear, bater encordoar, amarrar esforar-se, lutar jurar, prometer varrer nadar balanar, alternar tomar, pegar, aceitar ensinar, dar aula rasgar, despedaar contar (uma histria) pensar atirar, arremessar pisar, trilhar, seguir submeter-se a, suportar entender, compreender sustentar, apoiar vestir, usar, desgastar vencer, ganhar enrolar, dar corda escrever, redigir
Como se forma:
Com o presente do verbo to have + been + gerndio (forma com -ing):
afirmativa I have been working. You have been working. He has been working. She has been working. It has been working. We have been working. You have been working. They have been working.
interrogativa Have I been working? Have you been working? Has he been working? Has she been working? Has it been working? Have we been working? Have you been working? Have they been working?
negativa I haven't been working. You haven't been working. He hasn't been working. She hasn't been working. It hasn't been working. We haven't been working. You haven't been working. They haven't been working.
para enfatizar a durao de uma aco que comeou no passado e que continua no presente:
e.g.: She's been working all day and she's obviously very tired.
comeou de manh e ainda no parou
para descrever uma aco que comeou no passado e terminou no passado, mas que durou muito tempo e que tem efeitos no presnte:
e.g.: Tom has been marking tests all week, so now he doesn't want to talk about school.
foi uma semana cheia de trabalho e por isso ele no quer falar disso
e.g.: You've been using my t-shirts again! You know I don't like that!
quem fala est irritado
Com o present perfect continuous usam-se as mesmas expresses temporais do que com o present perfect: how long...? (h quanto tempo...?) for (h) since (desde) lately (ultimamente) recently (recentemente)
Look at these examples of the present perfect continuous(progressive): I have been sleeping in lately. I must try to get up earlier. I have been waiting for you for two hours! Where have you been? I've been reviewing for tomorrow's exam since early this morning, and I think I now know the material. John's been sleeping. You can see he's yawning. Susan's been running. Her face is all red. I've been living here since 1990 but I've only been teaching for 5 years. I've lived here since 1990 but I've only taught for five years.
This section will help you to understand the differences between the Present Perfect Tense and the Simple Past Tense.
The present
The simple
The present
The simple
The present
is clear:
perfect is used with for and since, when the actions have
The present
not finished yet: past is used with for and since, when the actions have already finished:
The simple
years.
(I still live in Victoria.)
Present Perfect Tense: Simple Past vs Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous Simple Past
1. The simple past is used to talk about completed actions in the past 2. The simple past is often used with expressions that refer to points of time in the past
at on in no prepositions
4 o'clock/2.12/the end of year/Christmas Tuesday/19th March/the 21st/New Year's Day January/1999/the 1990s/summer yesterday/yesterday morning/last Monday/next April/a few days ago/ the day before yesterday/when I was young
5. The present prefect is often used with the words ever and never to talk about general life experience. Have you ever worked abroad. (i.e., In all your life up to now?) I have never been to China. (i.e., Not in all your life up to now.) The present perfect with ever is often followed by the simple past. We use the simple past to give more information about completed action, when referring to a specific time or context. Have you ever been in Malaysia? Yes, I have. I was in Kuala Lumpur at INET'97 when I worked in KPI. 6. The present perfect is often used with already and yet. Already is used in positive sentences. It often indicates that something has taken place slightly earlier that expected. She has already printed this page. (Note. NOT: She has printed already...) Yet is used in negatives and questions. It shows that we expect an action will take place if it has not happened up to now. Have you talked to Peter yet? (Note. NOT: Have you talked yet to Peter?) I have not talked to him yet. (Note. NOT: I have not talked yet to him.) 7. The present perfect is often used with prepositions or prepositional phrases indicating periods of time that have not finished yet. Common examples are: today, this morning, this month, this year, so far, to date, over the last few weeks, up to now, etc. This week we have received a lot of enquiries about our new web site. (The week has not finished yet, and there may be more enquiries.) If we are speaking about a situation after one of these time periods, we use the simple past because we are referring to a period of time that has finished. Have you seen John this morning? (It is now 10.30 in the morning; and the morning has not finished.) Did you see John this morning. (It is now 3.00 in the afternoon; the morning has finished.) 8. Stative verbs + for and since The present perfect simple is often used with for and since and stative verbs to talk about things that began in the past and have continued up to now. I have known about the plans to spin off this service from the company. (And I know now.) 9. We use for to talk about the duration of a period of time and since to talk about when a period started for since ten minutes/six days/two months/three years/ a long time/ages/etc. 9.30/Monday/the 14th/last week/August/1998/I graduated from university/etc.
I have been with my department for three years. I have been in Internet technologies since 1992. 10. How long ...?, for and since To ask questions about periods of time, we can use How long ...? + the present perfect How long have you been in Amsterdam? I have been here since September / for six months. Note. COMMON MISTAKE: We do not use the present simple tense with for and since to talk about something which began in the past and has gone on up to the present. WRONG: I am here since January. RIGHT: I have been here since January. 11. Negatives We can use the present perfect negative to talk about the amount of time that has passed between now and last time something happened. We haven't received any messages from him for several months / since the last working group meeting. 12. Completed actions over a period of time If we talk about a completed action (particularly if we give details about how much, how many, etc.), we can use the present perfect and since (but not for). We can also use other phrases of duration such as to date, recently, over the past two years, etc. The action itself is finished, but the period of time extends up to the present. The Commission has launched three new programs since December.
15. Negatives: Present perfect simple vs Present perfect continuous In the negative, the focus on the present perfect simple is on the amount of time that has passed since something happened. The focus of the present perfect continuous is on the verb itself. I haven't met him for six months. (The last time was six months ago.) I haven't been feeling well recently. (This has been continuing for days.) 16. Recently finished activities We use present perfect continuous to talk about an activity that was in progress, but has just finished. Normally there is some evidence. The ground is very wet. It has been raining.
The Simple Past We normally use the simple past to talk about actions that took place at a time that is separated from the present. It is used with expressions like yesterday, on Monday, last week, in 1998, etc.
Last month Vodafon launched a takeover bid for Airtouch. He did his PhD at Delft Technical University.
We can use the simple past and He lived in Amsterdam for five for to talk about something that years; then he came back to happened during a period that has England. now finished. The Present Perfect Simple The present perfect is used to talk about the present result of past actions and recent events, and often used with words like ever, never, just, already, yet, and phrases of unfinished time such as so far. A2000 has cut installation price for Internet over TV cable network by 30%. Have you ever tried Swiss wine.
The Present The present perfect can be used Perfect Simple + with for and since and stative for and since verbs, or to refer to actions that are seen as long term or permanent. We use for to talk about the duration of the period of time and since to talk about the starting point of an action or state. It is also used in the negatives
I have been with my department for three years. I have been in Internet technologies since 1992.
with for and since to talk about I haven't been feeling well the last time something took place recently. It is used with since to talk about completed action. The Present Perfect Continuous The Commission has launched three new programs since December.
The present perfect continuous The Commission has been can be used with for and since to coordinating network talk about activities that have gone development for 5 years. on repeatedly or continuously for a period of time, and are still going on.