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NUMERICAL CONTROL ( NC )

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IE 447 - CIM Lecture Notes - Chapter 3 Numerical Control

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What Is Numerical Control ?

An automated manufacturing process in which a machine tool is controlled ;
In an ordered sequence Along a predetermined path To require dimensions At a specific feed and speed rate Done through a group of alphanumeric instructionsCIM Lecture Notes - Chapter 3 IE 447 7/21/2011 Numerical Control 2

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A Definition :


Numerical Control is a system in which actions are controlled by the direct insertion of numerical data at some point. The system must automatically interpret at least some portion of the data
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NUMERICAL DATA (NC CODE)

MANUFACTURING OPERATOR

NUMERICAL CONTROLLER
Drive Control

PROCESSED PART MACHINE UNIT

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Objectives
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Increased production Reduced labor costs Make production more economical Make production jobs easier Do production jobs that are impossible without numeric control Increased accuracy on duplicate parts
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6.

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Types of Numerical Control

  

Conventional Numerical Control (NC) Direct Numerical Control (DNC) Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

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IE 447 - CIM Lecture Notes - Chapter 3 Numerical Control

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Conventional Numerical Control (NC)

Data is sent to the machine tool by means of punch cards or tapes. The reader at the machine performs no calculations or interpolations.

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IE 447 - CIM Lecture Notes - Chapter 3 Numerical Control

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Direct Numeric Control (DNC)

o Is a method where a single computer

controls many numerical control machine tools. These machine tools may or may not be of a similar nature

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IE 447 - CIM Lecture Notes - Chapter 3 Numerical Control

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Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

The idea of computer numerical control is to position a computer right at the machine tool. Most, if not all machine tools that are numericaly controlled are CNC machine tools.
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Basic Elements of a CNC System

COMPUTER

MACHINE CONTROL UNIT

MACHINE TOOL

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Basic Elements of a CNC System

DEFINE GEOMETRY CREATE TOOL PATH

COMPUTER

POST PROCESS TO CREATE CODE READ CODE TO CONTROLLER

MACHINE CONTROL UNIT

INTERPOLATE CODE INTO DRIVE

MACHINE TOOL

FINISHED PART
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Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

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Advantages
o

Reduces time for delivery of part Reduces scrap rate of material Reduces tooling costs Reduces layout time Increases machine and tool life

Reduces storage problems Less setup time Reduces actual machining time Allows rapid design changes in part Less jigs and fixtures are needed
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o o

o o o

o
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IE 447 - CIM Lecture Notes - Chapter 3 Numerical Control

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Limitations
o High initial investment Machine tools cost $30,000 - $1,500,000 o High maintenance requirements Maintenance personnel must have both mechanical and electronics expertise o Not cost-effective for low-level production on simple parts As geometric complexity or volume increases CNC becomes more economical
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Industries Most Affected by Numerical Control

o o o o o o o
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Aerospace Machinery Electrical Fabrication Automotive Instrumentation Mold making

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Numerically Controlled Machine Tools

Functionally the same as a conventional machine tool. The difference is in the way in which the various machine functions and slide movements are controlled. The functions and motions such as ;  turning the spindle on and off  setting cutting speeds  setting feed rate  turning coolant on and off  moving tool with respect to work part are performed by Machine Control Unit (MCU) in NC machine tools.
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Distributive Numerical Control

Because CNC machine tools have the ability to run multiple programs without being attached to a centralized computer this enables a centralized computer to perform many different tasks. Line balancing Scheduling Monitoring Quality
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CAD/CAM
The idea behind CAD CAM is the use of a single technical database by a both design a manufacturing personnel during the product development and production stages. CAD systems are used to define part geometries CAM systems are used to create cutter paths that can be used by the machine tool.

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